外文翻译

附录一外文资料翻译空气调节空调是保证室内舒适的空气环境而不受环境影响的一门学科。

一般说来，通风是输送可能加热了的空气，而空调则是加热或冷却空气并对空气的湿度进行调节。

通常，适宜的天气状况为：冬季室温18—20度，夏季室温为21—24度，相对湿度为40%—60%，且空气洁净度高。

这要根据地区气候、纬度、季节不同，分别对待。

例如，格兰气温区：冬季空调应提供净化过的热空气。

由于加热降低了相对湿度，因此，一般采用某种加热装置，如喷水器，蒸汽喷雾器，同时也用预热器和主加热器来控制湿度。

夏季空调应提供净化了的冷空气。

由于冷却提高了相对湿度，必须装备某种去湿装置。

是空气接触冷表面或冷水喷淋来进行去湿，因此多余的水分被冷凝并使空气在低温下处于饱和状态。

然后应提高空气的温度，利用加热或与未被冷却的空气相混合的方法来得到更适宜的相对湿度。

空气通过某种吸湿物质可以去湿。

因此，在实验室中，容器内如放入一个装有强硫酸或氯化钙的器皿，由于它们吸水力强，该容器可以保持干燥。

空气调节的应用必须考虑下列不同环境：1.人群聚集的地方，如餐厅、影院、剧院等等；2.工作不得不在有限的区间进行，这些工作既紧张，又要求精度高，如手术室、仪表装配车间等地方；3.必须排除空气中灰尘的地方；4.只有严格地控制温度和湿度值，才能够完成工艺流程的地方；5.建筑物的外型和用途促成相当多的热量的地方。

如装有大面积玻璃易受阳光照射的多层办公大楼，而且包括能产生热量的办公用的机器，计算机，密集的电力照明等；6.在各类大型会议室、演讲厅、实验室以及动物饲养房；7.进深很大的现代化建筑物的中心区域，那里的房间设施远离自然通风和窗户，并因受居住者及照明等影响，使室内获得热量。

在热带或亚热带国家，为降低室内高温使人的工作和生活条件好些，主要采用空气调节。

不列颠群岛海洋性气候和世界类似的地区中，一般不会长期酷热。

然而，现代化的建筑物及当代生活和工作方式造成的某些情况，使得为了提供可以接受的舒适环境，采用空调乃是最佳方案。

因此，我们看到：现代建筑物都或多或少地装设空调，这几乎成了惯例。

繁多的应用方式导致了相应的各种各样的系统，不过各种空调系统在主要理论上是基本相同的：亦即，为了在夏季和冬季能控制空气状况，都采用空气作为循环和环境控制的介质。

用于实验室或教室的灵活的暖通空调系统如果你还记得“ 2001: 太空旅行”看起来在将来可能会实现，那么你可能会想起机械工程师和电气工程师在门厅接受工程教育，而并非像50年前那样在你所熟知的教室和实验室中进行。

实际上，不需要超过30岁，你就已经经历了一种教育，这种教育是将不同的课程训练分置在教室和实验室里。

因为更多学科与技术教育间的联系并且形成一种基准使这种类型的教育变得更加好了。

新建的位于Glassboro N.J.的Rowan大学的亨利·M. Rowan 礼堂就是被设计用于提供这种型式的学科间的教育的。

该建筑建筑面积为8825平方米，有三层教育和设备研究专用房间的大学附属技术学院提供四种传统的技术工程教育（法律的，化学的，电气的和机械的）。

课程没有将教师和学生分开进正式的部门。

换言之，课程在学科之间相当于一种鼓励协作的设置。

另外，在教室教理论和在实验室进行实际的应用这种教育的传统型的方法已经被更改。

许多教学区域被设置在靠着试验室的地方，以便教师和学生随时讨论一个事件并且可以就近实施、执行实验，最后聚在一起讨论出一个结果。

通用的有标准组件的暖通空调系统设计组担负了设计一家技术类学校的任务，这是一项将呈现教育的新视觉的工程，通过创建这项工程将可实现在空间上讲的广阔的和连续的适应性。

该设计应该可以实现教室转变为实验室的简单的调节以及将空气干燥的实验室转变为空气湿润的实验室。

设计组面临的技术性的挑战是当系统每次更新改变后需要完成这个转变过程中的适应性。

设计组一致采用创新的方法面对这次挑战，可以实现湿环境的实验室、干燥的实验室或教室的有标准组件的HVAC和效用系统可以使用在任何22到39 ft(7由12 m)条件下(数字1: 普遍22到39 ft(7由12 m) 实验室/教室的模件被显示出。

暖通空调系统为走廊和越过每模件的中心的机器提供服务。

供应，循环和损耗构成一个3管系统，它能接纳曾经通过为创造湿的实验室形成的流动或重新散播为干燥/教室使用.的服务)。

在开发这个有标准组件的暖通空调系统的设计方法中有两种方法被考虑:1.提供一个100% 在空气供应系统外面的并且消耗使用实验室/教室模型的，包括一个泵在内的就近加热循环系统。

2.为每个如数字1所示的同样的教室模型的实验室或教室提供一个三管(供应，循环和损耗) /的系统，它能实现被转换到实验室的模型的最大的数量。

如果作为一个提供湿环境的实验室模型而适合使用的话，它将提供独立的压力供应并且增大与实验室相连接的抑制设备系统的能耗。

如果作为一个提供干燥环境的实验室或教室模型而适合使用的话，它将提供同样的压力的独立的供应并且随系统管道的循环。

在一次大楼能量模拟中，把安装的三管系统与另外的作比较。

当能量较大时，它表现为标准的三管系统是最好的选择。

和其他系统相比较，三管系统要求不大于200吨(700 kW)冷冻的水和少于2,500lb/h(710 kW)的蒸汽。

模拟测试了三管系统每年的能量积蓄的近似为$41,000。

积蓄将偿还测试附加的通风管的能量损耗的费用，在中央空调的工具程序方面的需求减少。

根据为便携式“实用的工作台” (数字3: “实用”的实验室的工作台能随意地在沟渠中安装的面板夹中将气体和服务定位了在下面的液体突然发生混合和分离。

) 提供的一系列地板和相连的工具程序的设计中认识到一个灵活的工具程序系统(空气，空间，废物，水和能量)。

实用的工作台，在实验室或教室它能被连上使用，现有的实验室各种各样设备的配备取决于实用工作台服务的实验室的类型。

工具程序系统被使用时可靠近每4 ft(1.2 m) 通过突然发生-离开面板，在安排桌子的许可的适应性。

与管子夹紧的连接到适用工作台的连接能容易融入服务。

因为每个实验室模型把所有的服务都建立在一个电力工程实验室被转换到一个化学实验室的事件上。

能量效率作为一个主要的设计目标，设计组在设计这个普遍的支持模数的HAVC系统的基础结构中将集中了于能量效率的设计。

由2基础结构组成高效率二级的吸收chillers(9.6 lb/ton.hr)，它利用浪费的热蒸汽(100 psig[690 kPa]) 形成一台 1.5 MW校园气体汽轮机即气电共生物。

抽整理的主要/secondary-chilled水包括不定的频率开车(VFD) 第二级的泵。

实验室设备一样使水循环凉下来的进程提供增加的水冷的DX设备。

系统使用从寒意植物的冷冻的水当时可得到(室外的空气温度在上面近似13℃)。

在冷却器天气期间，控制当时通过冷冻的处理空气单位使水凉下来的温暖的进程使进程水凉下来的汽门线路同时地预先加热供应空气。

建筑物中的一个大的空气处理单元各服务二个分支。

供给和回风的风机速率是经VFDs调节的。

回风风机扇速率是保持在一个供给和回风的空气卷之间的差别。

这差别是以量过的重新放置的实验室为基础加一些附加的有差别的保持总的建筑物正面的压力。

所有的空气处理的系统在空气节约器的外边有根据焓100%。

实验室用风机是高动量排气机，恒定的卷防止再带去，而为能效率实施。

在设计HAVC基础结构方面，队面临适当地量尺寸系统的问题为一座建筑物那会连续地看改变规划的需要。

没有是过大的基础结构需要提供一个密集的负荷的未知的数，100%处于在空气的外边的湿的实验室和能效率低的。

队设计基础结构提供其住宿——固定的百分率比率湾那能够在任何一个时刻用作湿的实验室。

北区设计成能考虑67%以便在某一时刻起到湿环境的实验室的作用。

在南区里百分率比率对75%被增加。

当管道系统是量尺寸考虑有以前的数一致的气流，大的不同在量尺寸深泠器装置里被需要并被用完扇。

30湾的全部的通过气流做了就这一次可得到的，可是深泠器装置和用风机设计成能支持一仅仅24个湾的最大的。

放置这些限制有效地防止为较大地选择参数的裕度的潜力HVAC基础结构。

操作的维持HVAC系统操作和维持是另一重要的设计参数。

操作并保持建筑物的大学的能力被几个特征增强。

建筑物空气处理集中于大的工业的等级中央的设备中。

服务各个区的定做的空气处理的单位备有二把供给风机，如此提供部分的多余，允许某人吹风以便向外为当保持建筑物活动着的时候服务被拿。

实验室通风橱和房间排气是一起复印，对在为各个区的三个风管里的直接传动的风机连接。

当实验室继续操作的时候,复合的用完扇整理考虑服务用风机。

直接传动的风机使风扇皮带维持成极小。

公共风管系统在外面设置，为从确定地漏如此使潜力成极小在限制机械的空间方面把实验室排气增压了管道系统。

蒸汽吸收冷却了水的植物在邻近的表演艺术建筑物里设计成有到冷却的为一次将来的互连的预备水的植物。

接着互连，操作工作人员将也许能跑两建筑物离开植物在" 肩 "当被需要时的季节，为服务。

机械的附件（为各个区提供）经货运升降机是可以接近的，同通道为设备移动保持。

预浇铸在披屋屋顶里的部分为潜在的深泠器移动或替换包括。

有关快速的连接装配的挖沟有多种用途的管鸣声系统许可有最小的成本和关闭时间的实验室/教室长凳的快速的重新安置。

为给气体和水装管的关闭阀经在居首位各个的模的轴里完全大小门通道容易是可以接近的。

再组合被使用者能是，被做。

在各个实验室模方面中央的盖为实验室供给和排气（实验室房间和头巾）对独立的箱施加压力从开始容易是可以接近的（为有机械的盖沿中心和通风橱向下在后部之处的电的/交通工程实验室的人像2:典型的实验室模）。

所有的镀锌的钢管道系统也是容易便于替换（在实验室里的分支管道系统）或看高稀释比率并是很未必可能的腐蚀（在轴里的主要的管道系统）。

DDC建筑物自动化系统监视器和控制包括所有的实验室通风/温度控制的所有的设备。

结论欧洲花楸大学的工程的学院提供一种横过纪律把那教福斯特合作为新的类型。

收容这个革新的课程的建筑物需要一次建造系统设计的革新。

弹性的实验室/教室模的成功能在建筑物怎样用于已经从以来的二多年里被考虑。

"因为建筑物的通风性，我们已经在实验室/教室模的50%上重新配置了，在多用途实验台的80%上移动了，"史蒂夫下巴联合溪谷说。

如此没有费钱的和资源被做成密集的改型。

HVAC工程师当能效率长久是一个有关的事，灵活性系统的需要发展使物质资源的长期的使用成为极小有可能实现。

象sustainability变为一个在建筑物设计里，能有效的还灵活的保藏两能物质资源在将来将变为一个现实。

附录二外文资料原文Air ConditioningThe science of Air-conditioning nay be defined as that of providing and maintaining a desirable internal atmospheric environment irrespective of external conditions. As a rule “ventilation” involves the delivery of air may be warmed, while “air-conditioning” involves delivery of air which can be warmed or cooled and have its humidity raised or lowered.The desired atmospheric condition usually involves a temperature of 18°to 22°in summer; a relative humidity of about 40 percent to 60 percent; and a high degree of air purity. This requires different treatments according to climate, latitude, and season, but in temperate zones such as England it involves:In Winter—A supply of air which has been cleaned and warmed. As the warming lowers the relative humidity, some form of humidifying plant, such as a spray or a steam injector, with preheater and main heater whereby the humidity is under control, is generally necessary.In summer—A supply of air which has been cleaned and cooled. As the cooling increases the relative humidity, some form of dehumitifying plant may be an essentialThis dehumidifying is generally accomplished by exposing the air to cold surfaces or cold spray, whereby the excess moisture is condensed and the air is left saturated at a lower temperature. The temperature of the air has then to be increased, to give a more agreeable relative humidity, which can be done by warming or by mixing with has not been cooled.Dehumidifying can also be brought about by passing the air over certain substances which absorb moisture. Thus, in laboratories, a vessel is kept dry by keeping a bowl of strong sulphuricarid in it or a dish of calcium chloride, both of which have a strong affinity for moisture.The application of air-conditioning may be considered necessary to meet a variety of circumstances:1.Where crowds of people congregate such as in restaurants, cinemas, theatres and the like.2.Where work has to be carried on in a confined space, the task being of a high precision and intensive character, such as in operating theatres, instrument assembly shops and the like.3.Where the exclusion of air-borne dust is essential.4.Where the process to be carried out can only be done efficiently within strictly controlled limits of temperature and humidity.5.Where the type of building usage thereof involves considerable heat gains such as in multi-storey office blocks with large glass areas subject to solar gain, and including heat-producing office machinery, computers, intensive electric lighting, etc.6.In a great variety of conference rooms, lecture theatres, laboratories and animal houses.7.The core areas of modern buildings planned in depth, where the accommodation in the core is remote from natural ventilation and windows and is subject to internal heat gains from occupants, lighting, etc.In tropical and sub-tropical countries, air-conditioning is primarily required to reduce the high ambient temperature to one in which working and living conditions can be tolerable. In the temperate maritime climate of the British Isles and in similar parts of the world, long spells of warm weather are the exception rather than the rule, but modern form of building and modern modes of living and working have produced conditions in which to produce some tolerable of comfort, air-conditioning is the best answer. Thus we find buildings of the present day incorporating to a greater or lesser extent, almost as a common rule, some form of air-conditioning. This great variety of applications has produced an almost equally great variety of systems, to achieve a controlled atmospheric condition both in summer and winter, using air as the medium of circulation and environmental control.Atmospheric dust is a complex mixture of smoke ,mists, fumes, dry granularparticules, and fibers suspended in air . In addition air may contain living organisms such as mold spores, bacteria, and plant pollens that may cause diseases or allergic responses.Flexible HAVC system for lab or classroom If you’re old enough to remember when ”2001:A space odyssey” seemed to be a plausible look at the future, then you probably remember an engineering education where mechanical and electrical engineers met in the hallway but not in the classroom and the labs you puttered in looked the same as they did 50 years earlier. Actually, you don’t have to be much older than 30 to have experienced an education where the various disciplines were segregated both in the classroom and laboratory. This type of education is becoming rare as a more interdisciplinary approach to engineering education becomes the norm.The new Henry M. Rowan Hall at Rowan University in Glassboro, N.J., was designed to provide this type of interdisciplinary education. The 95,000 f2t(8825㎡) three-story educational and research facility houses the university’s new School of Engineering, servicing the four traditional engineering disciplines (civil, chemical, electrical and mechanical).The curriculum does not separate teachers and students into formal departments. Instead, courses are setup to encourage teamwork between the disciplines. In addition, the traditional approach of teaching theory in the classroom and practical applications in the laboratory has been modified. Many lecture areas are located next to discuss an experiment, perform the experiment, and gather to discuss the results.Universal modular HV ACThe design team took on the task of designing a school of engineering that would meet this new vision of education by creating a building that would allow for extensive and continuous flexibility in space programming. The design needed to accommodate the easy conversion of classrooms to laboratories and dry labs to wet labs. The technological challenge faced by the team was to achieve this flexibility while minimizing costly retrofits each time the programming changed.The design team met this challenge with the innovation of a universal, modular HVAC and utility system that could accommodate wet lab, dry lab or classroom use in any 22 by 39 ft (7 by 12 m) module (Figure 1: the universal 22 by 39 ft (7 by 12 m) lab/class module is shown. HVAC is provided via a service chase at the corridor and a mechanical canopy extending across the center of each module. Supply, return and exhaust comprise a three-duct system, which can accommodate either once-through flow for wet lab applications or recirculating service for dry/classroom usage.). two methods were considered in developing the design of this modular HV AC system:3.Provide a 100% outside air supply system and exhaust the lab/classroommodules regardless of usage, including a pump around heat recovery system.4.Provide a three-duct (supply, return and exhaust) system for each lab/classroom module as shown in Figure 1, assuming a maximum quantity of modules that can be converted to labs. If a module were fitted out as a wet laboratory, it would be served by a pressure independent supply and exhaust tracking system connected to containment devices in the lab. If the module were fitted out as a dry lab or classroom, it would be served by the same pressure independent supply but with ducted return.A building energy simulation was performed to compare the installed three-duct option with the alternative. The three-duct option was selected as it met the flexibility criterion in a more energy efficient manner. The three-duct system requires 200 tons (700 kW) less chilled water and 2,500lb/h (710 kW) less steam than the alternative system.The simulation projected an annual energy savings of approximately $41,000 for the three-duct operation. The projected energy savings would pay for the cost of the additional ductwork required as well as reduce demand on the central utilities plant.A flexible utility system (gas, vacuum, waste, water and power ) was realized with the design of a series of floor trenches providing piped and wired utilities to portable “smart tables ” (Figure 3: “Smart” bench for labs can be readily hooked into gas and liquid services located under pop-off panels in trench via quick disconnect clamps. ).The smart table, which can be hooked up for either lab or classroom use, is outfitted with various pieces of off-the-shelf lab equipment depending on the type of lab it serves. The utility trenches are made accessible every 4 ft (1.2 m ) through pop-off panels, allowing for flexibility in arranging tables. The smart table can be easily hooked into the services with quick-connect pipe clamps. Because every lab module has all services built in, an electrical engineering lab can be converted to a chemistry lab in a matter of hours.Energy efficiencyThe design team focused on energy efficiency as a primary goal in designing the infrastructure that would support this universal modular HAVC system. The infrastructure consists of two high-efficiency two-stage absorption chillers (9.6 lb/ton.hr ), which make use of waste heat steam (100 psig [690 kPa]) form a 1.5 MW campus gas turbine electric cogeneration plant. The primary/secondary-chilled water pumping arrangement includes variable frequency drive (VFD) secondary pumps. A process cooling water loop serves supplementary water-cooled DX equipment as well as laboratory equipment. The system uses chilled water from the chiller plant when available (outdoor air temperatures above approximately 13℃). During cooler weather, control valves route the warmed process cooling water through the air-handling unit chilled water coil to cool the process water while simultaneously preheating the supply air.One large air-handling unit serves each of the building’s two wings. Supply and return fan speed is modulated via VFDs. The return fan speed is modulated to maintain a differential between supply and return air volumes. This differential is reset based on measured lab exhaust volume plus some additional differential to maintain overall building positive pressure. All air-handling systems have enthalpy-based 100% outside air economizers. Laboratory exhaust fans are high momentum discharge exhausters, with constant volume to prevent reentrainment, but staged for energy efficiency.In designing the HA VC infrastructure, the team was confronted with the problem of appropriately sizing systems for a building that would see continuously changingprogramming needs. The infrastructure needed to accommodate an unknown number of load intensive, 100% outside air wet labs without being oversized and energy inefficient. The team designed the infrastructure to accommodate a fixed percentage of bays that could be used as wet labs at any one time. The north wing was designed to allow for 67% of the bays to function as wet labs at a given time. In the south wing the percentage was increased to 75%.While ductwork was sized to allow for airflows consistent with the previous numbers, greater diversity was taken in sizing the chiller plant and exhaust fans. A total of 30 bays were made available for once through airflow, yet the chiller plant and exhaust fans were designed to support a maximum of only 24 bays. Setting these limits effectively prevented the potential for significantly oversizing the HV AC infrastructure.Operations and maintenanceEase of operation and maintenance of the HVAC systems was another important design parameter. The university’s ability to operate and maintain the building was enhanced by several features. Building air handling is concentrated in larger industrial grade central equipment. The custom air-handling units serving each wing are furnished with two supply fans, thus providing partial redundancy, and allowing one fan to be taken out for servicing while keeping the building in operation.Laboratory fume hood and room exhaust are manifolded together, and connected to direct-drive fans in one three-fan manifold for each wing. The multiple exhaust fan arrangement allows for servicing one exhaust fan while laboratories continue operation. The direct-drive fans minimize fan belt maintenance. Lab exhaust fan systems are located outside, thus minimizing potential for leakage from positively pressurized lab exhaust ductwork in confined mechanical spaces.The steam absorption chilled water plant was designed with provisions for a future interconnection to a chilled water plant in the adjacent performing arts building. With this interconnection, operations staff will be able to run both buildings off one plant during “shoulder” seasons and, when required, for servicing. Mechanical penthouses (one for each wing) are accessible via freight elevator, with access aisles maintainedfor equipment removal. Pre-cast sections in the penthouse roof are included for potential chiller removal or replacement.The trenched utility piping system with quick-connect fittings permits rapid relocation of the lab/classroom benches with minimal cost and shutdown time. Shutoff valves for piped gases and water are easily accessible via full size door access in the shaft at the head of each module. Reconfiguration can be, and is done, by the users.Pressure independent boxes for lab supply and exhaust (lab room and hood) are easily accessible from the outside of the central canopy in each lab module (figure 2: typical lab module for electrical/communications engineering lab with mechanical canopy down the center and fume hood at rear ). All of the galvanized steel ductwork is either easily accessible for replacement (branch ductwork in labs ), or sees high dilution rates and is very unlikely to corrode (main ductwork in shafts). A DDC building automation system monitors and controls all equipment including all lab ventilation/temperature controls.ConclusionRowan university’s college of engineering has a mission to provide a new type of teaching that fosters collaboration across disciplines. Designing the building to house this innovative curriculum required an innovative approach to building systems design.The success of the flexible lab/classroom module can be seen in how the building has been used in the two years since opening. “since the building opened, we have already reconfigured over 50% of the lab/classroom modules, and over 80% of the smart tables have been moved, ” said Steve Chin, associate dean.All this has been accomplished without expensive and resource intensive retrofits. While energy efficiency has long been a concern of HV AC engineers, the need to develop flexible system that will minimize the long-term use of material resources is a more recent concern. As sustainability becomes an imperative in building design, energy efficient yet flexible HVAC systems that conserve both energy and material resources will become a commonplace part of the future.。