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江苏省部分名校下学期高二5月英语试卷精选汇编：阅读理解专题

江苏省部分名校2020-2021学年下学期高二5月英语试卷精选汇编阅读理解专题江苏省扬州中学2020-2021学年高二下学期5月月考英语试题阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

ATRA VEL ADVISORYHere are a few things you should know before you take off on your next trip.Frontier Airlines Face Covering RequirementAs required by federal law, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Order and Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Security Directive, all passengers and employees must wear a face covering over nose and mouth throughout the Frontier travel experience including at ticket counters, gate areas, baggage claim and onboard all flights. Face coverings are not required for children under the age of 2. Face coverings must fit snugly over your nose and mouth and be secured under the chin. Not wearing an approved face covering is a violation of federal law and you may lose future travel privileges on Frontier.* Persons with a disability who cannot wear a mask, or cannot safely wear a mask, because of that disability as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act can apply for a face mask exemption. To learn about pre-travel exemption requirements, click here.Temperature Screening RequirementAnyone with a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher will not be able to board the plane. If time allows, we will give customers the opportunity to rest before receiving a second check. If the second temperature screening is 100.4 degrees or higher, our team will help the customer to rebook travel on a later date when they are feeling better.Know Your Travel PolicyCDC issued an Order on January 12, 2021(effective since January, 26, 2021) requiring proof of a negative COVID-19 test or documentation of having recovered from COVID-19 for all air passengers arriving from a foreign country to the US.21.Who can legally board a Frontier Airlines flight without wearing a face covering?A. senior manager of Frontier Airlines.B. A blind man in a wheelchair.C. A one-year-old baby.D. A high school student.22. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?A. Passengers without proper face coverings may be banned from flying with Frontier Airlines in the future.B. Passengers can take off their face coverings when they pick up their checked baggage.C. Passengers with a high fever don’t have to have their flights rescheduled.D. Passengers without proof of a negative COVID-19 test can’t enter the US on January 26, 2021.23. Where is this text most likely from?A. A brochure.B. A website.C. A guidebook.D. A newspaper.BIf history doesn't quite repeat itself, it certainly rhymes. With demand for bicycles rocketing, and nations preparing to spend billions of dollars to redesign their cities with a new focus on cycling and walking, it's worth remembering how the invention of the bicycle in the late 19th century transformed societies the world over. It was a hugely revolutionary technology, easily equal to the smartphone today. For a few heady years in the 1890s, the bicycle was the best must-have—swift, affordable, stylish transportation that could take you anywhere you cared to go, anytime you liked, for free.Almost anyone could learn to ride, and almost everyone did. The sultan of Zanzibar (a former Muslim country) took up cycling. So did the king of Russia. But it was the middle and working classes around the globe that truly made the bicycle their own. For the first time in history, the masses were mobile, able to come and go as they pleased. No more need for expensive horses and carriages.Society was transformed. Women were especially enthusiastic, abandoning their burdensome Victorian skirts, adopting reasonable clothes, and taking to the road in groups. “I think bicycling has done more to liberate women than anything else in the world,” Susan B. Anthony, the American champion of women’s suffrage said in an interview with The New York Sunday World in 1896. “I stand and feel thrilled every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel...the picture of unrestricted womanhood.”By 1898 cycling had become such a popular activity in the United States that The New York Journal of Commerce claimed it was costing restaurants and theaters more than $ 100 million a year in lost business. Bicyclemanufacturing became one of America's biggest and most advanced industries. A third of all patent applications were bicycle-related—so many that the US patent office had to build a separate building to deal with them all.The arrival of the bicycle touched virtually every aspect of life—art, music, literature, fashion, and even the human gene pool. English songwriter Henry Dacre scored a huge hit on both sides of the Atlantic in 1892 with Daisy Bell and its famous refrain A Bicycle Built for Two.24.Why did the author consider the bicycle as a revolutionary technology?A.It cost its owner too much money.B. It harmed the cyclists' health at first.C. It had a huge influence on the society.D. It made people redesign their city buildings.25. What did Susan think of women cycling?A. It changed public morals.B. It offered women more freedom.C. It made women more united.D. It made Victorian skirts more popular.26. What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refer to?A. Bicycle-related patent applications.B. Interviews with cyclists.C. Bicycle management charges.D. Broken restaurants and theaters.27. What section of a newspaper can the text be taken from?A. Business and economy.B. Environment and energy.C. Entertainment and sports.D. History and culture.CWhen memory began for me, my grandfather (“Gramp”) was past sixty. The little marks of laughter at the corners of his eyes were the product of a kindly and humorous nature. The years of work which had bent his shoulders had never reduced his humor or his love of a joke. Everywhere he went, Gramp made friends easily. At the end of half an hour you felt you had known him all your life. I soon learned that he hated to give orders, but that when he had to, he tried to make his orders sound like suggestions.One July morning, as he was leaving to go to the cornfield, he said: “Edwin, you can pick up the potatoes in the field today if you want to do that.” Then he drove away with his horses. The day passed, and I did not have any desire to pick up potatoes. Evening came and the potatoes were still in the field. Gramp, dusty and tired, led the horses to get their drink.“How many potatoes did you pick up?” Gramp inquired. “I didn’t pick any.” “Not any! Why?” “You said I could pick them up if I wanted to. You d idn’t say I had to.” In the next few minutes, I learned a lesson I will not forget: when Gramp said I could if I wanted to, he meant that I should want to.My grandmother (“Gram”) worked hard all day, washing clothes, cleaning the house, making butter, and even working in the field when help was scarce. In the evening, though, she was not too tired to read books from the community library. For more than forty years, Gram read aloud to Gramp almost every evening. In this way, she and Gramp learned about all the great battles of history and became familiar with the works of great authors and the lives of famous men.She also had a deep love of beauty. When she was almost seventy-five and had gone to live with one of her daughters, she spent a delightful morning washing dishes because, as she said, the beautiful pattern on the dishes gave her pleasure. The birds, the flowers, the clouds –– all that was beautiful around her –– pleased her. She was like the father of the French painter, Millet, who used to gather grass and show it to his son, saying, “See how beautiful this is!”In a pioneer society it is the harder qualities of mind and character that are of value. The softer virtues are considered unnecessary. Men and women struggling daily to earn a living are unable, even for a moment, to forget the business of preserving their lives. Only unusual people, like my grandparents, managed to keep the softer qualities in a world of daily struggle.28.Which of the following is TRUE about Gramp according to the passage?A. He wouldn’t listen to others.B. He was difficult to get along with.C. He gave his suggestions in the form of orders.D. He was eager to learn.29. According to the author, “softer qualities” DON’T include the ability ________.A. to earn a living.B. to find beauty in everyday life.C. to stay curious about new things.D. to stay positive in a world of daily struggle.30. In the days of the writer’s grandparents ________.A. “softer qualities” were thought necessary but often ignored.B. “harder qualities” were much harder to keep than “softer qualities”.C. average people found it a piece of cake to earn a living.D. not all people understood how to appreciate beauty in life.31. What’s the most suitable title for the passage?A. Life of My Grandparents.B. Harder Qualities VS Softer Qualities.C. Stay Soft in a Hard World.D. An Unforgettable Person.DThere is evidence that just counting money can produce valuable psychological benefits. According to a new study published in the journal Psychological Science, thumbing through your cash can reduce emotional and physical pain as well as increase feelings of internal strength, fearlessness and confidence.Focusing on the symbolic power of money, researchers started with a simple hypothesis: reminders of money can alter how people experience social interactions — especially social acceptance and rejection.To test the idea, the researchers took the following approach: 84 students at a Chinese university were divided into two groups. One group counted 80 large-denomination bills: the other group parceled out 80 pieces of plain paper. All participants then played an online video game in which, using game controls, they could throw a ball and play catch with other Internet players. But the game was rigged so that after 10 throws, half the students would no longer get the ball thrown to them, while the rest of the students continued to play catch. When the game ended, participants who had been excluded from the second round of catch rated their level of social distress and how strong they felt. Those who had counted money before being socially excluded reported lower levels of social distress than those who had counted only paper. Additionally, the participants who had counted money also reported greater feelings of inner strength and self-sufficiency.To see if counting money also reduces physical pain, the researchers repeated the earlier social-exclusion test, but this time they replaced the ball game with a pain-sensitivity task, in which half the participants were put in a moderate-pain condition (their hands were put in warm water), while the other half were subjected to a high-pain condition (hands were put in very hot water). Again, those who had counted money reported lower levels of pain.To complete their study, the researchers conducted additional experiments. They also found that reminder of having spent money aggravated feelings of social distress and that both social rejection and ideas of physical discomfort fueled participants’ desire for money as well as made them less generous.32. According to the text, which of the following behaviors can bring psychological benefits?A. Throwing coins.B. Making money.C. Counting money.D. Checking the bank account.33. Which participants reported lower levels of pain?A. Those who counted 80 large-denomination bills.B. Those who counted 80 pieces of plain paper..C. Those whose hands were put in warm water.D. Those whose hands were put in very hot water. 34. What action can cause psychological and physical distress? A. Playing ball games. B. Counting plain paper. C. Putting hands in water. D. Thinking of recent spending. 35. Which word can replace the underlined word in the last paragraph? A. reduced B. irritated C. worsened D. annoyed 21-23 CDB 24-27 C B A D 28-31 D A D C 32-35 C A D C 江苏省泰州中学2020-2021学年高二英语下学期5月月考试题第一节（共12小题；每小题2.5分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

一、信息性文本

一、信息性文本作者：本刊试题研究中心来源：《疯狂英语·新策略》2024年第01期Task 1Fantastic books you can read within a dayStarting a new book can feel like a bit of a commitment， but it doesnt have to be！ Here are four books you can read in a single day.The House on Mango StreetReleased in 1984 and written by Mexican⁃American author Sandra Cisneros， TheHouse on Mango Street is only 103 pages long. It deals with complex themes and importantsubject matters including language， race， and aging. It's a moving read but one fuelled byhope for a better future.The Midnight LibraryThe Midnight Library from the English author Matt Haig was released in 2020. It's288 pages. The novel is all about storytelling， with Nora Seed exploring the“ what ifs” ofher life. The novel asks a massive question： what makes a life worth living？The Perilous Life of Jade YeoReleased in 2012 and written by the fantastic Malaysian⁃English author Zen Cho， thepage count is an extremely manageable 76 pages. The novel is set in London in the 1920sand follows the life of another writer， Jade Yeo. What really sings here is the funny， page⁃turning dialogue，which Cho masters.Things Fall ApartThings Fall Apart debuted in 1958 by the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe. It's set inthe South East of Nigeria in a fictional town and tracks the journey of a local wrestlingchampion and Igbo man， Okonkwo. At 185 pages， the book is spaced out into three sec⁃tions， each of which offers a different snapshot of the developing situation.1. How would you feel if you read The House on Mango Street？A. Hopeful.B. Tired.C. Relaxed.D. Confused.2. What is typical of The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo？A. It's about a trip.B. It's suitable for the elderly.C. It's full of dialogues.D. It has a lot of songs.3. Which book will you read if you want to know about a sports champion？A. The House on Mango Street.B. The Midnight Library.C. The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo.D. Things Fall Apart.Task 2Since 2017， ARTogether has presented over 200 workshops， camps， events， andga?thering spaces for immigrants to meet， connect and build lasting connections in the commu⁃nity. Below are some of ARTogether's past and present community workshops and events.Water⁃coloring WorkshopOrganized in cooperation with Story Center， Water⁃coloring Workshop is a free onlinechannel accessible to immigrants. These Zoom workshops are a creative space for partici⁃pants to paint，chat， listen to music， and share stories.Y（our） Legacy： A Printmaking WorkshopThis is designed to give high school participants a creative practice towards their per⁃sonal journey of self⁃acceptance and healing. Led by artist Sen Mendez， participants gatherat Oakland International High School and are given ten small blocks to create a visual storyabout themselves.Women's Craft CircleARTogether's longest⁃running workshop series， the Women's Craft Circle， seeks tobring women together through the healing power of craft⁃making. In the Oakland Asian Cul⁃tural Center， participants are able to relax in a welcoming space， connecting through a lovefor art and shared experiences.Expressive Art Class for KidsAt West Oakland Branch Library， kids aged 6⁃11 from immigrant backgrounds ex⁃plore fun interactive activities such as free drawing， painting， and free dance that will letyouth appreciate artwithout pressure or strict rules. In each class， activity leaders followthe principle of guiding， not telling， which creates a stress⁃free environment that encou⁃rages creativity.1. Which workshop is available for people living outside Oakland？A. Water⁃coloring Workshop.B. Y（our） Legacy： A Printmaking Workshop.C. Women's Craft Circle.D. Expressive Art Class for Kids.2. Who can sign up for Y（our） Legacy： A Printmaking Workshop？A. A visiting teacher interested in painting.B. A female artist specializing in craft?making.C. An exchange student in an international high school.D. An experienced librarian from immigrant backgrounds.3. What do the last two workshops have in common？A. They take place at local libraries.B. They require basic drawing skills.C. They offer instructions with strict rules.D. They encourage innovation or imagination.。

考研英语阅读unit_17

Unit 17All things are difficult before they are easy.万事开头难。

P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1The United States Interstate Highway System is an infrastructure feat of unprecedented proportions. Not only does it join all fifty states in the union together allowing for rapid transport of goods and people, but it also has legitimate claim to the title of the largest public worker program in history. The project was motivated by both military and economic goals. Interest in the project existed since the early 1940s, but was delayed by the outbreak of World War II, followed by the postwar recovery. Although approved by Congress in 1944, the building did not actually begin until 1956.The postwar prosperity in America accentuated the need for such a massive infrastructure project. After America’s success in World War II and recovery of its economy from the Great Depression, the population’s disposable income soared, allowing most families to purchase automobiles, previously thought of as luxury items. With the sudden boom of cars, a more efficient road on which to travel was desperately needed, and the interstate highway system provided that, allowing travelers to safely and reliably visit other states or destinations closer to home.The same surge in car ownership that created the need for the interstate highway system also provided the means by which to pay for the project. A new tax on gasoline provided 90 percent of the funding for the project, and state taxes covered the remaining 10 percent. With the new highway system in place, not only could travelers visit previously unfeasible destinations on their holidays and vacations, but businesses could transport their products to markets in other states, increasing competition across the country, to the benefit of consumers and product quality alike.The military had a keen eye on the system as well. Troop transport was now possible to all corners of America in a rapid and efficient manner, and the long stretches of straight highways instantly provided runways for military aircraft in times of emergency. The country, linked together by a network, of roads that greatly reducedtravel time, could now more efficiently be defended.In the last forty years alone, 17 trillion miles have been traveled on the US Interstate Highway System. Those miles can be equated to three trips around the world for every American, a trip to the moon for 75 million people, or three light years in space. No matter what figure is used, the numbers are stunning. The interstate highway has gotten and continues to get people where they need to go in America, and at a fraction of the time it would otherwise take.1. The outbreak of World War II[A] wasted precious time by delaying the Interstate Highway project.[B] had a positive impact by contributing to the means by which the Interstate Highway System was built.[C] delayed the start of the project but resulted in more money by which to fund it.[D] spurred the military to throw their support in favor of the Interstate Highway project.2. The US Interstate Highway System was built mainly[A] to respond to urgent needs that had arisen.[B] in order to better defend a country in a time of war.[C] with economic and businesses in mind.[D] from state taxpayer dollars.3. What can we infer from the Paragraph 3?[A] The tax on gasoline was the most efficient way by which to fund the building of the interstate highway system.[B] The interstate highway system was an immense financial burden that required huge amounts of resources to complete.[C] Without the postwar surge in car ownership, funding for the interstate highway system would have been insufficient.[D] Those who stood to benefit most from the interstate highway system provided the majority of the funding for its construction.4. By “Those miles…in space”(Line 2-3, Para.5), the author intends to[A] stress the effects of the interstate highway system that continue to this day.[B] highlight the incredible distances that have been traveled on the interstate highway system.[C] state the distances traveled on the interstate highway system in more comparable terms.[D] make a final statement attesting to the greatness of the interstate highway system.5. The author views the United States Interstate Highway System with[A] whole-hearted approval.[B] a judgment of the good outweighing the bad.[C] positive feelings on its economic impact.[D] critical support.Text 2The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.6. We may simply define science as[A] the study of unrelated subjects.[B] an attempt to explain natural phenomena.[C] the study of related fields.[D] labelled knowledge.7. A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach[A] applied science.[B] agriculture science.[C] pure science.[D] environmental science.18. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope,[A] may lead to antiscientific, “impure” results.[B] necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cell.[C] is not always as pure as we suppose.[D] necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell.9. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.[B] Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.[C] In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.[D] Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The Nature of Science and Scientists[B] Biology and the Science and Scientist[C] Hypotheses and Theories[D] On Distinguishing Fact from FictionText 3Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreler, the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoon, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarreling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity; hence the elementary principle: anything may be said.The unschooled, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of calling this old acquaintance a lying fraud.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage, This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness as is denied to mere sworn enemies.For all that some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types with time on their hands, likewriters, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honor are quarrelling, like jealousy, is an ail-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreler’s very self hood is on the line. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel, rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent’s feet.11. The expression“rainy afternoon”(Line 3，Para.2) implies a time when[A] brothers and sisters had to play at home.[B] brothers and sisters felt depressed.[C] family members need money.[D] it is raining in the afternoon.12. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is[A] the former involves individual pride.[B] the former concerns strong points of view.[C] the latter has well-established rules.[D] the latter concerns trivial issues.13. During the quarrel, either among children or between spouses[A] brutality is apparent.[B] politeness is used as a weapon.[C] skillful tactics are employed.[D] feeling is exaggerated.14. The word “register” (Line 5，Pra.6) means[A] show. [B] enroll. [C] conceal. [D] reconcile.15. What does the passage mainly talk about?[A] The reason why quarrel is bitter.[B] How to mind your words while arguing.[C] The characteristics of a quarrel.[D] How to make a good quarrel.Text 4After their 20-year-old son hanged himself during his winter break from the University of Arizona five years ago, Donna and Phil Satow wondered what signs they had overlooked, and started asking other students for answers.What grew from this soul searching was Ulifeline (www. ulifeline, org), a website where students can get answers to questions about depression by logging on through their universities. The site has been adopted as a resource by over 120 colleges, which can customize it with local information, and over 1.3 million students have logged on with their college IDs.“It’s a very solid website that raises awareness of suicide, de-stigmatizesmental illness and encourages people to seek the help they need,” said Paul Grayson, the director of counseling services at New York University, which started using the service nearly a year ago.The main component of the website is the Self-E-Valuator, a self-screening program developed by Duke University Medical Center that tests students to determine whether they are at risk for depression, suicide and disorders like anorexia and drug dependence. Besides helping students, the service compiles anonymous student data, offering administrators an important window onto the mental health of its campus.The site provides university users with links to local mental health services, a catalog of information on prescription drugs and side effects, and access to Go Ask Alice, a vast archive developed by Columbia University with hundreds of responses to anonymously posted inquiries from college students worldwide. For students concerned about their friends, there is a section that describes warning signs for suicidal behavior and depression.Yet it is hard to determine how effective the service is. The anonymity of the offline service can even play out as a negative. “There is no substitute for personal interaction,”said Dr. Lanny Berman, executive director of the American Association of Suicidology, based in Washington.Ulifeline would be the first to say that its service is no replacement for an actual therapist. “The purpose is to find out if there are signs of depression and then direct people to the right places,” said Ron Gibori, execut ive director of Ulifeline.Mrs. Satow, who is still involved with Ulifeline, called it “a knowledge base” that might have prevented the death of her son, Jed. “If Jed’s friends had known the signs of depression, they might have seen something,” she sai d.16.The son of Mr. and Mrs. Satow is mentioned to[A] introduce the topic of a website called Ulifeline[B] show the suffering of Mr. and Mrs. Satow[C] describe the Satows’ confusion over their son’s death[D] report the suicide of a young man17. Why do many colleges adopt the website Ulifeline?[A] It provides their students with campus information[B] It offers medical treatment to students in mental disorder[C] It encourages their students to seek advice about depression[D] It gives their students various help they may need18. Which of the following is true of Go Ask Alice?[A] It is a kind of side effect caused by some prescription drugs.[B] It counsels college students on mental problems[C] It is a collection of medical responses from students the world over[D] It describes the various signs of mental disorders19. The sentence “Yet it is…the service is.”(Line 1, Para. 6) shows that[A] a therapist’s office is the first place for the depressed to go.[B] the help given by the web service is doubtful.[C] doctors have expressed a negative view of the service.[D] only actual therapist can ensure adequate treatment.20. To which of the following is Mrs. Satow likely to agree?[A] J ed’s friends can prevent her son’s death[B] H er son’s suicide i s unavoidable[C] Ulifeline is a worthwhile website[D] Depression is the final cause of suicidesPart BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about City Onwards and Outwards. Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] The vague future situation of city sprawl[B] Tax-base competition encourages city sprawl[C] Reasons for city sprawl[D] The drawbacks of city sprawl[E] The continuing process of city sprawls[F] The government’s role in the process of city sprawl.Even on paper, urban sprawl looks ugly. It looks more so from the 110th floor of Chicago’s Sears Tower. From there you can survey, into the misty distance, a metropolitan area that now encompasses no fewer than 265 separate municipalities and covers 3,800 square miles in six northeastern Illinois counties. The expansion of the region is sometimes described as growth. More accurately, Chicago has simply spread out. Between 1970 and 1990 the population of the metro area increased by only 4%, while land used for housing increased by 46%. More telling, land used for commercial development increased by a whopping 74%.21.A recent series in the Chicago Tribune, “The Graying of Suburbia”, documented the population decline of inner-ring towns ranging from dilapidated Dolton and Harvey to relatively up market Elmhurst and Skokie. In the harder-hit cases, population loss has been compounded by falling property values along with rising crime and unemployment. Less mobile and poorer groups live isolately in the inner cities, and the city’s infrastructure is abandoned. Worse, these problems are now overtaking the very suburbs that were once supposed to escape them.22.The expanding towns on the edges make no apology for their prosperity. Sprawl is natural, they argue; Americans live in smaller households and they want bigger houses. Businesses in turn follow the outwardly mobile workers. They also appreciate the cheaper land and better roads. As a case in point, ask Sears. The very company that built the magnificent downtown skyscraper relocated 5,000 workers to the outer suburb of Hoffman Estates in 1992.23.An article published this summer by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago shows that various incentives in the federal tax code, including the deductibility of mortgage payments, promote over-consumption of housing. The code also allows taxpayers to defer capital-gains taxes if they buy a new home of equal or greater value, which pushes buyers towards higher-priced houses—most of them on the edges of cities. Another subsidy is provided for cars, the sine qua non of suburban life. By some estimates, existing taxes on motorists cover only 60% of the real costs of government road-related services.24.Far from expanding under one central authority, almost all metro areas are tended by a hotch-potch of city, town and other smaller governments. The quality of the services provided by these governments depends on the quality of the local property that they have to tax; so aggressive jurisdictions offer rebates or subsidies to win juicy new developments. The outcome, on one front, is often the premature development of new land. Towns on the outskirts, armed with subsidies and plenty of space, lure development away from the center.25.Over the long term, there is a chance that sprawl will not go unmanaged for ever: that the price of inner-city decline will eventually become too high. But it has not reached that point yet. The inner areas would like to see a regionally coordinated effort to pursue economic development (to diminish tax-base competition), or a region-wide sharing of commercial tax revenues, as has been tried to good effect in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area. But the deeper incentives to sprawl will still remain. Subsidies for home ownership are well guarded by lobbyists in Washington, and local governments are rightly jealous of their self-determination. For the time being, metropolitan areas like Chicago will just keep expanding.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.In the late 20th century, information has acquired two major utilitarian connotations. On the one hand, it is considered an economic resource, somewhat on a par with other resources such as labor, material, and capital. 26)This view stems from evidence that the possession, manipulation, and use of information can increase the cost-effectiveness on many physical and cognitive processes. The rise in information-processing activities in industrial manufacturing as well as in human problem solving has been remarkable. Analysis of one of the three traditional divisions of the economy, the service sector, shows a sharp increase in information-intensive activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labor force of the United States, giving rise to the so-called information society.As an individual and societal resource, information has some interestingcharacteristics that separate it from the traditional notions of economic resources.27)Unlike other resources, information is expansive, with limits apparently imposed only by time and human cognitive capabilities. Its expansiveness is attributable to the following: (1) it is naturally diffusive; (2) it reproduces rather than being consumed through use; and (3) it can be shared only, not exchanged in transactions. At the same time, information is compressible, both syntactically and semantically.28)Coupled with its ability to be substituted for other economic resources, its transportability at very high speeds, and its ability to impart advantages to the holder of information, these characteristics are at the base of such societal industries as research, education, publishing, marketing, and even politics. Societal concern with the husbanding of information resources has extended from the traditional domain of libraries and archives to encompass organizational, institutional, and governmental information under the umbrella of information resource managementThe second perception of information is that it is an economic commodity, which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth of a new segment of national economies —the information service sector. 29)Taking advantage of the properties of information and building on the perception of its individual and societal utility and value, this sector provides a broad range of information products and services. By 1992 the market share of the U. S. information service sector had grown to about $ 25 billion. This was equivalent to about one-seventh of the country’s computer market, which, in turn, represented roughly 40 percent of the global market in computers in that year. 30)However, the probably convergence of computers and television which constitutes a market share 100 times larger than computers and its impact on information services, entertainment, and education are likely to restructure the respective market shares of the information industry before the onset of the 21st century.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.infrastructure n.基础结构，基础设施2.feat n.业绩，功绩3.unprecedented a.无前例的；空前的4.legitimate a.合理的；法定的5.accentuate v.强调，使更突出6.disposable a.可支配的；一次性的7.surge n.急剧上升，猛增；(感情等的)洋溢8.unfeasible a.不能实行的，难实施的9.stunning a.令人震惊的；出色的难句突破1.[With the sudden boom of cars], (a more efficient) road (on which to travel) was[desperately] needed, and the interstate highway system provided that, [allowing travelers to safely and reliably visit other states or destinations closer to home]. 【分析】本句是由and引导的并列句。

husky subject类型

英文回答：The subject of the husky epasses a wide range of characteristics, primarily pertaining to the distinctive canine breed recognized for its abundant fur and visually captivating attributes. Huskies are renowned for their resemblance to wolves and aremonly bred for the purpose of sled-pulling and racing. They are a remarkably energetic and astute breed, necessitating substantial physical activity and cognitive engagement to maintain their well-being and contentment. Regarding their physical appearance, huskies typically possess a dense double coat, erect ears, and captivating eyes that may be of a blue, brown, or abination of both hues. Their unparalleled appearance and amiable disposition render them a favored choice for individuals seeking a faithful and dynamicpanion.胡斯基族主题具有广泛的特征，主要涉及因其丰富的毛皮和视觉吸引性特征而得到认可的独特犬种。

名校课堂外研版英语九年级上册听力材料

名校课堂外研版英语九年级上册听力材料全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Famous Schools Listening Course: My Struggles and TriumphsAh, the dreaded listening section of our English textbook - it has been both my greatest foe and an unexpected ally in mastering the English language. As a ninth grader at one of the top schools, the expectations for English proficiency are sky-high. Little did I know that those seemingly innocuous audio clips would become ingrained in my memory, shaping my journey like an unpredictable roller coaster ride.The very first unit threw me a curveball - a lively conversation between two native speakers, their words blending together like a well-choreographed dance. I strained my ears, frantically scribbling down what I could decipher, only to be met with a sense of bewilderment when the answers were revealed. How could they speak so rapidly without pausing for breath? It felt like an impossible code to crack.Determined not to be deterred, I devised a strategy - listening to each clip multiple times, dissecting every syllable until the language began to untangle itself. Gradually, I trained my ears to discern the nuances, the rhythms, and the subtle inflections that brought the recordings to life. It was akin to learning a new language within a language, and the rewarding "aha" moments made it all worthwhile.The variety of accents and dialects presented a whole new challenge. One moment, I'd be immersed in the clipped tones of a British speaker, and the next, a lilting Southern drawl would throw me for a loop. But with each new voice, I gained a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of the English language. It was as if I was traversing a vast linguistic landscape, each region offering a unique linguistic flavor.Then came the bane of my existence - the dreaded monologues. Lengthy passages delivered at breakneck speed, covering topics ranging from history to science, philosophy to pop culture. I found myself frantically pawing through my notes, struggling to keep up with the rapid-fire delivery. It was a true test of endurance, both mentally and aurally. But with perseverance (and perhaps a few rewinding sessions), I slowlybut surely learned to extract the essential information, like a linguistic archaeologist unearthing buried treasures.Of course, no listening experience would be complete without the occasional curve ball - those deliberately obscured words or phrases designed to challenge even the most seasoned listener. It was as if the textbook authors delighted in our collective frustration, reveling in our furrowed brows and exasperated sighs. Yet, these very moments taught me the art of deduction, of piecing together clues from context and relying on my ever-expanding linguistic intuition.As the year progressed, I found myself not just improving but actively enjoying the listening exercises. What had once been a source of dread transformed into a thrilling puzzle, a linguistic maze that challenged me to push the boundaries of my comprehension. I began to appreciate the nuances of intonation, the subtle shifts in emphasis that could alter the entire meaning of a phrase.By the time the final unit rolled around, I felt like a seasoned veteran, eagerly awaiting the next auditory adventure. The once-intimidating native speakers now sounded like old friends, their cadences and idiosyncrasies as familiar as a well-worn book.I could navigate the twists and turns of their conversations withease, savoring the linguistic journey like a connoisseur appreciating a fine wine.Looking back, those listening materials were more than just a means to an end; they were a gateway into the rich tapestry of the English language. Each clip, each accent, each idiomatic expression wove itself into the fabric of my understanding, shaping my perception and broadening my linguistic horizons.To my fellow students, I say this: embrace the challenges posed by these listening exercises. Revel in the diversity of voices, the intricacies of pronunciation, and the nuances that breathe life into the language. For it is through these struggles that true mastery is achieved, and the English language reveals itself in all its glorious complexity.And who knows? Perhaps one day, we'll be the ones leaving our linguistic imprint on future generations, our voices echoing through the hallowed halls of language learning, inspiring others to embark on their own auditory odysseys.篇2Listening Lessons from New Horizon 9th Grade Vol. 1Hey there! Jessica here, and I'm super stoked to share my thoughts on the listening materials we've been covering in our9th grade English class. We're using this textbook called "New Horizon College English" which is pretty popular at a lot of the top schools around here. I've got to be honest, at first I wasn't too thrilled about having to do all these listening exercises. I kind of thought it would be a snoozefest, you know? But man, was I wrong!The great thing about these materials is how engaging and relevant they are. The dialogues and passages we listen to cover such a cool variety of topics - everything from technology and pop culture to environmental issues and philosophical questions about life. It's not just some boring person droning on about nothing. These are realistic conversations and talks that really make you think.I especially love how many different accents we get exposed to. There are speakers from the US, UK, Australia, India, and more. It's awesome prep for understanding all the various ways English is spoken around the world. My listening comprehension skills have leveled up so much already. Who knew just a few months ago I would struggle to catch thick regional accents and idioms? Now I'm like a pro!The exercises themselves are clever too. It's not just the typical "listen and answer comprehension questions" stuff,although we do get plenty of practice with that. But there are all these other cool activities mixed in that work on specific skills. Some exercises have us focus on recognizing tone, emotions, and implied meanings behind what's said. Others zeroin on tricky idioms, slang, and cultural references.篇3Outside of Class Listening Practice with the Kechuang TextbookHey everyone! For this assignment, I wanted to share my thoughts on the listening materials we've been using from our 9th grade Kechuang English textbook. As someone who has always struggled a bit with listening comprehension, I've found these materials to be really helpful for building my skills.One thing I like about the listening exercises is that they cover such a wide range of topics and accents. We've listened to conversations about everything from school life to travel to environmental issues. And the speakers come from all over the world - America, Britain, Australia, India, and more. It's great practice for understanding different pronunciations and ways of speaking.Of course, some of the accents are definitely trickier for me than others. I have to really concentrate to catch everything when we're listening to someone with a thick regional accent, whether it's a Scottish person or someone from rural Texas. But I know exposing myself to that variety is so valuable. The real world is full of diverse accents, so learning to understand them now will serve me well later.As challenging as it can be, I appreciate how the listening exercises gradually increase in difficulty over the units. The early ones start out pretty straightforward - shorter dialogues between two people without too many idioms or cultural references to trip me up. But as we progress, suddenly there are more speakers, tougher vocabulary, and more abstract or metaphorical language use. It's a great way to build up my skills step-by-step.My favorite types of listening activities are the ones where we get a transcript or some background context before listening. Having that extra support to orient me to the situation makes it so much easier to comprehend everything being said. The exercises where we go in totally blind are a lot harder for me. I find myself constantly rewinding and feeling lost a lot of the time.I've noticed the exercises with videos or visuals are my personal strong suit. For some reason, having those images to connect the words to just clicks for my brain. The fashion show dialogue from Unit 6 was hands-down my best performance because I could anchor what I was hearing to those runway scenes and modeling visuals. Pure audio-only conversations are tougher.In terms of applying strategies, I'm still working on my skills there. Trying to just absorb and understand a whole listening at once is brutal for me. I have more success when I break it into smaller chunks - listening for the gist first, then going back for details. Taking notes helps a ton too. If I can jot down quickly key names, numbers, or other verbal cues, it really anchors my comprehension.Another major area for improvement for me is dealing with unfamiliar vocab or cultural references that come up in listenings. If I blank on comprehending a certain word or phrase, it's so easy for me to get hopelessly derailed and lost. I'm trying to get better at just noting what I missed and moving forward, but it's difficult. Making vocabulary my top priority for preparation would help a lot, I think.Overall, I have to say I'm a big fan of how the Kechuang listening program is structured. The progression is perfect for gradually leveling up my skills. The variety of accents and topics keeps it engaging and applicable to real life. Having associated videos, images, or transcripts provides awesome scaffolding for stronger comprehension. There's no doubt I still have plenty of room for improvement when it comes to listening, but I'm making solid progress.I know building this critical skill will pay major dividends, not just on tests and in the classroom, but anywhere English is spoken. The listening practice may be challenging sometimes, but I'm grateful our textbook is giving me incremental,high-quality reps to work on it. The more extensive my "listening flexibility," the more doors it will open for me to connect and communicate effectively. I'm staying diligent with these exercises to expand my comprehension abilities. Listening is the first step towards communication - wish me luck!。

现代语言教学的十大原则

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靳洪刚：现代语言教学的十大原则
习者进一步明确语言学习的最终目的是完成生活中的各种任务，解决生活中的各种问题。任务教学设计一般须包含三个任务阶段及五个基本组成部分。任务的三个阶段分别
是：前期任务、核心任务、后期任务。前期阶段是任务准备阶段，多在课下完成。前期任务的目的是激活学习者已有知识，为新的语言学习奠定基础。从语言输入、信息来源、交际背景等方面为学生提供语言及交际框架（ scaffolding），帮助学生顺利进入核心任务阶段。因此，这一阶段的教学主要以激活已有知识、处理语言输入为主，活动多以理解诠释性阅读、听力为主。核心任务阶段包含两个方面的教学，一是以语言形式为中心的教学，目的是给学习者建立完成核心任务的交际框架，帮助学习者整合信息；二是以语言使用为中心的任务模拟、教学实施，多以口语输出、人际交流的方式在课上完成。核心任务的目的是提供具有一定认知及语言复杂度的模拟任务，让学习者有目的地使用目标语言，完成任务，取得预期结果。主要形式为，首先采用合班学习语言形式，然后分组互动，完成信息交换、信息组合、意见交换等任务。后期阶段是任务总结、反思、实际生活应用阶段，多以实地操作、书面输出或口头演说的方式在课上或课下完成，主要采用书面总结、实地调查、口头报告等形式。
一引言现代语言教育在近二十年来受到了三大领域科学研究成果的极大影响。这三大领域分别是：语言习得研究、认知心理学以及教育学。就第二语言习得领域而言，在过去的五十年中，研究者通过各种实验研究，如语言对比、错误分析、语言普遍原则、认知心理学、语言获得过程等方面的实验，对不同语言的习得顺序、习得速度、语言输入及输出的作用、课堂过程、学习策略等方面进行了系统研究，得出了不少定论。这些研究成果形成了第二语言教学领域的部分教学原则。就认知心理学来看，研究者从普遍学习理论，人类认知过程，大脑记忆、储存、加工等语言的处理过程，记忆储存方式，输入频率，视觉、听觉凸显性，反例对比等方面，提出具体的语言学习理论及第二语言教学策略，极大地影响了第二语言课堂过程及学习过程的教学原则。就教育学来看，研究者强调教学要以学习者为中心，要让学习者参与学习过程，进行各种合作及个人化的教学，强调与实际经验结合起来。从这一理论出发形成了多种第二语言教学方法，它们强调以学生为中心，以沟通为目的，通过任务教学的方式达到第二语言教学的目的。这些领域的科学研究及学科发展成果引入第二语言教学领域后，语言教学领域发生了巨大变革和根本性转变。这一根本性转变表现在语言教学的六个方面：第一，就语言教学原则（ methodological principles）而言，现代语言教学在教学经验的基础上，更重视借鉴科学的实证研究来指导教学（ empirically motivated methodological principles）；第二，就教学内容（ instructional content）而言，现代语言教学不再是单一的语言知识的学习，而是跨越三种交际模

propagandatechniquesintodaysadvertising原文翻译

propagandatechniquesintodaysadvertising原文翻译广告人想从你那里得到生意，他们会用各种各样的聪明的广告标语去得到它。

如果你曾经回应过广告，你就已经对有效的宣传摇摆不定。

你可能把宣传和政府使用的强有力的策略联系起来。

但Ann McClintock提供了证据表示我们每天都是宣传的目标，并且它塑造了我们很多的观点和决定。

似乎无论是孩子还是成年人的美国人都在被怂恿。

他们正在被洗脑。

而且几乎没有人反抗。

为什么？因为怂恿者和洗脑者是我们乐意地邀请他们到我们家里的，我们是受害者，我们满足地，甚至迫切地渴望被害。

我们在报纸和杂志上阅读广告人的宣传文章，我们观看他们极具诱惑力的电视影像。

我们将他们的信息和图像吸收进我们的潜意识里。

我们所有人都在这样做——即便是那些自我感觉看穿了广告人的把戏并且对其魅力有抵抗力的人们。

广告人极其依赖于宣传来销售，无论这产品是牙膏品牌，一个候选人，或者是一个特别的政治观点宣传是为了赢得人们确定的意见和支持而用来影响人们观点的一种系统的努力。

宣传不必要在意对错，好坏。

宣传者只是想让人们相信他们发出的信息。

通常，宣传者将会完全使用谎言或详细的描述去动摇人们的观点，在宣传战中，任何的策略都是公平的。

当我们听见“宣传”这个词，我们常常想到一种异常的恐吓：极权主义政权播放反美广播节目或者对人质实行洗脑策略。

虽然宣传可能看似仅仅与政治领域有关系，但是，这种理念可以广泛的被采用到产品和理念销售中去。

事实上，绝大多数人都是广告宣传战中的目标。

每天，我们都被标语，宣传报和弹窗广告，商广告，包装报道，广告牌，商标，标志和设计品牌——宣传的所有形式炮轰。

一份调查显示，我们每一个人，平均每天被五百条不同类型的广告所侵染。

这种浸透可能在未来还会增长，因为当前的倾向是电影荧幕，商品车，音频磁带甚至公用电视都充斥着广告。

广告宣传技术有哪些类型？这儿有七种基本的类型。

对骂：对骂是一种宣传策略中带用消极的名字打击对方一侧或竞争对手。

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题汇总

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South, Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains, and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the countrys most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a crueland merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainlydiscuss?(A) The influence of science on literature(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers(C) The emergence of realism and naturalism(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism2. The word prevailed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) dominated(B) transformed(C) entered(D) generalized3. The word they in line 8 refers to(A) authors(B) dialects(C) stories(D) relationships4. According to the passage , a highly significant factor in the development of realist andnaturalist literature was(A) the Civil War(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular(C) an increased interest in the study of common speech(D) an economic depression5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT(A) human relationships(B) characteristics of different regions(C) the idealization of life(D) social and historical theories6. The word depicted in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) emphasized(B) described(C) criticized(D) classified7. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors(C) As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style8. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?(A) Ellen Glasgow(B) Sarah Orne Jewett(C) Hamlin Garland(D) Mark Twain9. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he(A) was the first realist writer in the United States(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach(C) wrote humorous stories and novels(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech10. The word foremost in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) most difficult(B) interesting(C) most focused(D) leading11. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage ?(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.(C) He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C托福阅读真题2The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady sellerbecause their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Laws governing the printing industry.(B) Competition among printers(C) Types of publications produced(D) Advances in printing technology2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle majorprojects.(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly(B) were in great demand in European markets(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists4. The word they in line 17 refers to(A) chapbooks(B) tales(C) jokes(D) pages5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) predecessor(B) format(C) imitation(D) component6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by(A) fine paper(B) cardboard covers(C) elaborate decoration(D) a large number of pages7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) dependable(B) respectable(C) enduring(D) attractive8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) topic(B) season(C) interest(D) place10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Broadsides (line 6)(B) catechisms (line 15)(C) chapbooks (line l6)(D) Almanacs (line 25)PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB托福阅读真题3Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (todays Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tatehams Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North Americacreated many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB。

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Short communicationA new split Hopkinson tensile bar designRobert Gerlach *,Christian Kettenbeil,Nik PetrinicUniversity of Oxford,Department of Engineering Science,Parks Road,Oxford OX13PJ,United Kingdoma r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 17April 2012Received in revised form 18August 2012Accepted 21August 2012Available online 27August 2012Keywords:Split Hopkinson tensile bar Pulse shaping techniques MetalsCompositesHigh strain rate testinga b s t r a c tThis work presents a new design for a split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB)as well as generated representative experimental results.The new design uses a U shaped striker bar as projectile and addresses several shortcomings of classical SHTB designs using hollow striker bars.The results presented show that the non-symmetrical striker bar is capable of generating a clean and virtually oscillation free square pulse signal ﬁve times longer than typically achieved by classical striker tubes,whilst at the same time offering superior signal quality.Due to the longer stress pulse duration,the new SHTB design allows for the characterisation of materials at strain rates that were dif ﬁcult to achieve for hydraulic testing machines and classical striker tube based SHTB designs.In addition,the developed SHTB is based on a simple and modular design and allows for a wide range of pulse shaping methodologies to be applied.Therefore,materials requiring different input stress pulse shapes,such as square (ductile),trapezoid or triangular (brittle),can be experimentally characterised at a large range of strain rates.Ó2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionSplit Hopkinson Bar (SHB)methods are widely used to experi-mentally characterise the mechanical properties of materials undergoing rapid deformation [1e 3],and are generally classi ﬁed into compression (SHCB),torsion (SHToB)and tension (SHTB)split Hopkinson bars.In these systems,a stress pulse is generated through various means,e.g.through the impact of a projectile with the loading/input bar.This stress pulse then travels through the loading and/or input bar,the specimen and the output bar,and is recorded in order to draw conclusions about the specimen material behaviour [1].The shape,duration and magnitude of this stress pulse determine the loading conditions of the specimen and the accuracy with which the experimentally generated data can be analysed.For SHCB designs,the compressive input pulse is generated through a striker bar which impacts the loading bar,resulting in a relatively simple design for the SHCB apparatus.For SHTBs however,the generation of the tensile input pulse becomes more challenging.The method most commonly applied makes use of a striker tube [4e 13]and is shown schematically in Fig.1A.The striker tube sits around the loading bar and is accelerated by compressed air,moving along the input bar and hitting the impactﬂange,which generates the desired tensile stress pulse in the loading bar.By adjusting the gas pressure,the stress pulse magni-tude can be regulated.In addition,the constant cross section area along the length of the striker tube results in a comparably ‘clean ’square shape of the stress signal.Furthermore,various forms of pulse shaping methodologies can be applied with this design [14].Unfortunately,however,using a striker tube also results in the loading bar remaining unsupported along the entire length between impact ﬂange and the beginning of the striker tube,as shown in Fig.1A.Unless this length,and consequently the projec-tile,is kept comparably short,the input tube sags,and partially rests on the striker tube.This means that a)the stress wave travels through a sagging bar,resulting in low signal quality and b)during acceleration,the striker tube touches the loading bar and drags it with it,moving the specimen out of focus of optical displacement measurement devices.Consequently,the classical SHTB design is limited to projectile lengths of typically around 500mm.As the projectile length determines the length of the input pulse,the classical SHTB design is thus limited to test durations of w 0.2ms.However,a longer pulse duration is desirable,as it not only allows for the testing of more ductile materials,but also for tests to be performed at lower strain rates.The last point is of particular importance,as many hydraulic testing machines are not ideal for strain rates above 10/s,resulting in a range of strain rates that cannot be covered by hydraulic machines and classical SHTBs.In addition,the classical SHTB design has a number of further minor disadvantages:*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ441865613452;fax:þ441865273906.E-mail addresses:robert.gerlach@ ,robert.gerlach@ (R.Gerlach).Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectInternational Journal of Impact Engineeringjournal homep age:www.elsevie/locate/ijimpeng0734-743X/$e see front matter Ó2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.08.004International Journal of Impact Engineering 50(2012)63e 67e The loading bar is surrounded by a high pressure system,making maintenance and bar changes dif ﬁcult.e The small cross section area of the striker tube necessitate high pressures for the projectile acceleratione Whilst possible for designs using an external impact ﬂange,pulse shaping methodologies are dif ﬁcult to apply to a number of striker tube designs [14]where the access to the impact ﬂange is restricted (see Fig.1A)A number of alternative design concepts for SHTBs have been proposed in the literature,and address some of the issuespresented above.In order to improve the acceleration of the striker bar,a ﬂange around the striker which increases its cross section has been proposed [15].However,the ﬂange negatively affects the signal quality and no clean square pulse can be generated.Another SHTB design concept makes use of pre-stressed bars [16,17].This simpli ﬁed design allows for the generation of long stress pulses.However,a complex clamping or friction lock mechanism is required,and it can be dif ﬁcult to generate a continuously rising stress pulse [18].Furthermore,SHTB designs based on pre-stressed bars make the use of dummy-specimen-based pulse shaping techniques dif ﬁcult.Recently,SHTB designs using a hollowincidentFig.1.Classic (A)and new (B)design for the tensile Split Hopkinson Barapparatus.Fig.2.Front view of the 2.5m long U shaped projectile (A),its cross section dimensions (B)and the Hopkinson bar apparatus as installed in the Impact Engineering Laboratory Oxford (C).R.Gerlach et al./International Journal of Impact Engineering 50(2012)63e 6764tube have been proposed[19e21].A major advantage of this method is the ability to adopt well established pulse shaping techniques commonly used for SHCB designs.A further SHTB design that enables the use of SHCB pulse shaping methods is based on the SHCB setup and uses a stress transfer part surrounding the specimen[22].This design also allows for the generation an input stress pulse of long duration.However,the specimen is preloaded in compression prior the arrival of the tensile wave,and the fact that a compressive wave precedes the tensile wave makes the generation of a clean signal and the accurate analysis of the experimentally generated data more difﬁcult.Therefore,the decision to develop a new split Hopkinson bar design that is able to address the so far described issues was made. In order of priority,the following requirements for the new design were set:1.Generation of a clean and close to rectangular stress pulse(freeof signiﬁcant stress peaks and oscillations)2.Ability to generate stress pulses with a duration of at least onemillisecond3.Prevention of any movement of the loading bar(and thusspecimen)prior to impact with the striker without introducing any constraints to its longitudinal movement4.Ability to readily apply various forms of pulse shapingtechnologies5.Simple modular design allowing for easy maintenance andchanges of loading bar and striker6.Ability toﬁre with low air pressures and easily reload theapparatus7.Efﬁcient and reliable manual reloading mechanism2.SHTB design and experimental resultsThe main goal of this study was to investigate whether the classical striker tube based SHTB design could be modiﬁed such that it allows for the generation of a longer stress pulse,i.e.through supporting the loading bar along its entire length,whilst at the same time improving signal quality.Supporting the loading bar along its entire length requires the use of a striker with a non-circular cross section.The possibility of such striker to generate a clean square stress pulse is investigated in the following.The new SHTB design is built around a titanium loading bar of 3.6m length and20mm diameter.In order to generate the input signal,a striker with a U shaped cross-section(Fig.2A and B)has been manufactured from an annealed35mm diameter Titanium Ti 6/4solid cylindrical bar by machining a slot of24mm width along its entire length,and is2.5m long.The U shaped striker surrounds the loading bar(Fig.1B),without being in contact with it.The U shaped cross section of the striker allows for the loading bar to be supported along its entire length and thus prevented from bending (Fig.1B).The striker is supported along its circumference through brass railings,and can freely slide along the length of the loading bar in order to strike the impactﬂange.The impactﬂange is sup-ported through a circular bearing in order to prevent movement other than in longitudinal direction and bending of the loading bar/ impactﬂange section.A pulling rod mounted above the striker bar is connected to a hook(in form of a cylinder)towards the input bar and apiston Fig.3.Stress measured in the input bar(A),comparison of different pulse shaping methods(B)and comparison of signal quality for three different projectile velocities(C).R.Gerlach et al./International Journal of Impact Engineering50(2012)63e6765towards the impact ﬂange.The piston sits within a low-pressure chamber (Figs.1B and 2C)and,due to its relatively large cross section,can be accelerated using low pressure compressed air.The piston pulls the pulling rod,which,via the hook,accelerates the U shaped striker towards the impact ﬂange.The piston is then decelerated,which causes the hook to lose contact with the striker.The striker continues moving towards and eventually hitting the impact ﬂange,and generates the input stress pulse.The SHTB is reloaded by manually moving the projectile (and thus also the pulling rod including piston)back towards the input bar.Fig.3A shows a comparison of a typical input stress pulse ach-ieved using the classical striker tube design [11]with a pulse ach-ieved using the new SHTB design.The raw pulse achieved by the old design has a duration of approximately 0.2ms,depicts a signi ﬁcant initial stress pulse and a falling plateau stress.The pulse achieved with the new design has a duration of approximately 1ms.Despite the use of an impactor with unsym-metrical (U shaped)cross section,the pulse generated with the new design shows signi ﬁcantly less stress oscillations compared to the pulse generated with the striker tube design and is of almost ideal square shape.It can therefore be assumed that the support and guiding mechanism employed for the U shaped projectile,loading bar and impact ﬂange successfully prevents signi ﬁcant bending due to the unsymmetrical impact.Due to the free access to the front of the impact ﬂange,pulse shaping techniques using dummy specimens [23e 31]can bereadily applied to alter the form of the impact pulse.Fig.3B shows a comparison of the raw signal (no pulse shaper)with signals generated using pulse shapers placed in front of the impact ﬂange which were made from cardboard,rubber and copper.The cardboard pulse shaper consists of 0.5mm thick circular piece surrounding the loading bar and covering the complete area of the impact ﬂange hit by the impactor,and results in a small reduction of the initial stress oscillations.The rubber pulse shaper consists of a rubber ring of approximately 32mm diameter and 3mm cross section and results in a signi ﬁ-cantly increased rising time and an approximately trapezoid shape of the input pulse.The copper pulse shaper consists of two pieces of 3mm diameter copper wire placed left and right of the impact ﬂange and was used in order to demonstrate the ability of the developed SHTB to generate stress pulses with long rising times.For this relatively stiff pulse shaper material,a symmetric arrangement was chosen in order to prevent the generation of bending waves due to unsymmetrical loading.The resulting stress pulse depicts a roughly triangular shape,and is therefore suitable for testing brittle materials,such as carbon ﬁbre reinforced polymers [28,29].In order to investigate the effect of the speed of the striker on the generated signal quality,results obtained for pressures ranging from 10to 20psi were compared in Fig.3C.The results show that the signal quality does not noticeable deteriorate with increasing impact speed.In the following,a number of representative experimental results generated with the newly developed SHTB design are shown.All of the experiments were performed without the use of a pulse shaper.Fig.4shows a typical recording of strain gauge signals during a representative experiment using a steel specimen.Strain gauge stations one (input pulse)and two are attached to the input bar,2560mm and 92mm away from the interface with the specimen,respectively.Strain gauge station 3is attached to the output bar,115mm away from the interface with the specimen.All generated strain gauge station signals depict a very low amount of oscillations.Fig.5shows typical stress strain curves generated for six spec-imens made from an aluminium alloy and three different steels.The three different steel specimens were tested at strain rates ranging from 180s À1to 500s À1whilst the aluminium alloy specimens were tested at strain rates ranging from 700s À1to 1500s À1.These results demonstrate the ability of the newly developed SHTB design to generate nearly oscillation free specimen stress strain curves for a large range of strainrates.Fig.4.Strain gauge signals recorded during a representative experiment using a steel specimen and no pulseshaper.Fig.5.Stress versus strain for a number of representative experiments performed at various strain rates using different materials.R.Gerlach et al./International Journal of Impact Engineering 50(2012)63e 67663.ConclusionsA new design for a split Hopkinson Tensile bar(SHTB)has been presented.The new design allows for the generation of clean and oscillation free square stress pulses with a duration of1ms and more,whilst at the same time allowing for various forms of pulse shaping technologies to be applied.The design enables the experimental characterisation of a wide range of materials ranging from ductile metals requiring square pulse shapes to brittle and high strength composite materials requiring triangular pulse shapes.Most importantly,due to the long pulse durations achievable,the new design covers a wider range of strain rates and helps to bridge the gap between hydraulic testing machines and classical SHTBs.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Stuart Carter,Neil Warland and Graham Hillsdon for their technical support and their advice 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