国贸·选择

1. Assume that Country X produces two goods—sugar and shoes—and that the country’s production possibility curve is “bowed-out”. As the country produces more sugar, Aa. the opportunity cost of sugar in terms of shoes foregone will increase.b. the opportunity cost of sugar in terms of shoes foregone will decrease.c. the opportunity cost of shoes in terms of sugar foregone will increase.d. the opportunity cost of sugar in terms of shoes foregone will be the same.2. In the two-country, two-good model with an increasing-cost production-possibility curve, the amount of both goods that are produced in the economy in autarky is determined by: Ca. the production-possibility curve.b. the specialization point.c. the production-possibility curve and the community indifference curve.d. the terms of trade.3. Which of the following can explain why product prices in two countries will differ in a world with no trade? C(1) Production conditions in the two countries are different and therefore the production-possibility curves in the two countries are different.(2) Consumption conditions are different in the two countries and therefore the community indifference curves in the two countries are different.(3) Trade would not be possible because the international price ratio would be the same in the two countries.a. (1) + (3)b. (2)c. (1) + (2)d.(1) + (2) + (3)4. Which of the following theories predicts that a country will export those goods that use the country’s abundant factor(s) intensively in production and import those goods that use the country’s scarce factor(s) intensively in production? Ca. Absolute advantageb. Comparative advantagec. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryd. the production differentiation model5. If Country A is labor-abundant and capital-scarce, Country B is labor-scarce and capital-abundant, Good X is produced in a labor-intensive process, and Good Y is produced in a capital-intensive process, we would expect that: Aa. Country A would export Good X.b. Country B would import Good Y.c. Country A would import Good X.d. Country B would import both Good X and Good Y.6. A product is relatively _______ if labor costs are a greater proportion of the product’s value than they are the value of other products. Da. capital-abundantb. labor-abundantc. capital-intensived. labor-intensive7. If Country A has a relatively higher ratio of labor to the other factors of production than does Country B, then: Aa. Country A is labor-abundant.b. Country A is labor-scarce.c. Country A is labor-intensive.d. Country B is labor-intensive.8. Given the following relationship:(U.K. land supply) < (Rest of the world’s land supply)(U.K. labor supply) (Rest of the world’s labor supply)one can conclude that: Aa. the U.K is labor abundant.b. the U.K. is labor intensive.c. the Rest of the World is labor abundant.d. the Rest of the World is land intensive.9. Which of the following economists proposed an international trade model that explains international trade patterns using factor proportions? Ca. Adam Smithb. David Ricardoc. Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlind. Joseph Stiglitz1. Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that trade occurs because of differences in: Da. the availability of factor inputs to production across countries.b. the proportions of factor inputs used in the production of different products.c. the composition of the work force in a country.d. both a and b.2. The theory that predicts that trade occurs because of differences in the availability of factor inputs across countries and the differences in the proportions in which the factor inputs are used in producing different products is called: Ba.the Stolper-Samuelson theory.b.the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.parative advantage.d.absolute advantage.3.Trade: Da. occurs because of differences in the availability of factor inputs across countries and differences in the proportions of those factor inputs used in producing different products.b. causes expansion in the export-oriented sector.c. causes contraction in the import-competing sector.d. all of the above.4. Which of the following is not true about trade? Ca. Trade will cause expansion in the export-oriented sector.b. Trade will cause contraction in the import-competing sector.c. Trade occurs because of similarities in the availability of factor inputs across countries and differences in the proportions of those factors that are used in producing different products.d. None of the above.5. In Country X land is relatively abundant and labor is relatively scarce. In the short-run after trade opens, which of the following groups will not gain: Ca. workers in the agricultural sector.b. landlords in the agricultural sector.c. landlords in the cloth-making sector.d. none of the above.6. In Country X land is relatively abundant and labor is relatively scarce. In the long-run after trade opens, we expect that: Aa. wages will fall in both the agricultural and cloth-making sectors.b. wages will rise in both the agricultural and cloth-making sectors.c. wages will fall in cloth-making sector and rise in the agricultural sector.d. wages will rise in the cloth-making sector and fall in the agricultural sector.7. If the domestic country is labor abundant, which of the following groups will gain in the short-run, but lose in the long-run? Ba. domestic landowners in the farming sector.b. domestic landowners in the cloth-making sector.c. foreign landowners in the farming sector.d. foreign workers in the cloth-making sector.8. The generalization that the real incomes of owners of the relatively abundant factor of production will rise and the real incomes of the owners of the relatively scarce factor of production will fall is called the : Ba. Factor-Price Equalization Theoremb. Stolper-Samuelson Theoremc. Leontief Paradoxd. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory9. Which of the following predicts that the more concentrated a factor is in the production of a good, the more likely that factor is to gain or lose from a change in the price of the product? Ba. Factor-Price Equalization Theoremb. Specialized-Factor Patternc. Heckscher-Ohlin Theoryd. Leontief Paradox10. Which of the following predicts that in the long-run following the opening of trade, labor will earn the same wage in the domestic market and in the foreign market? Aa. Factor-Price Equalization Theoremb. Specialized-Factor Patternc. Heckscher-Ohlin Theoryd. Leontief Paradox11. With free trade, if Country X is relatively land abundant and relatively labor scarce and Country Y is relatively land scarce and relatively labor abundant, the factor-price equalization theorem predicts that: Ba. wages will rise in Country X and fall in Country Y until they equalize.b. wages will rise in Country Y and fall in Country X until they equalize.c. wages will rise in Country X and land rents will fall in Country X until they equalize.d. wages will fall in Country X and land rents will rise in Country X until they equalize.12. The factor-price equalization theorem predicts that even without the migration of factors between countries, free trade will cause: Ca. workers with the same skill levels to earn the same wage rate in both countries.b. land of comparable quality will earn the same rent in both countries.c. both a and b.d. none of the above.13. Which of the following was tested by Leontief? Da. comparative advantageb. Stolper-Samuelson Theoremc. absolute advantaged. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory14. The realization that more factors of production than just land and labor need to be considered when attempting to predict trade patterns is a result of the work of: Da. Stolper and Samuelson.b. Heckscher and Ohlin.c. Adam Smith.d. Leontief.1. Which of the following is two-way trade in which the country both exports and imports products that are the same or similar? Ca. net tradeb. product differentiation tradec. intra-industry traded. internal trade2. Which of the following is the value of the difference between exports and imports for a product? Ba. product differentiationb. net tradec. intra-industry traded. constant returns to trade3. Which of the following is not an example of intra-industry trade? Ca. Europe exports Airbus airplanes and imports Boeing airplanes.b. Americans export Jeeps and import cars.c. Japan exports cars and imports oil.d. America exports films to the rest of the world and imports foreign films.4. Which of the following is the formula for the intra-industry trade (IIT) share? Ca. 1 –(Sum of |X –M|)b. 1 –(Sum of X + M)c. 1 –(Sum of |X –M|/Sum of X + M)d. X –M5. Which of the following refers to the situation that arises when consumers view products produced in an industry as similar, but not perfect substitutes for each other? Aa. product differentiationb. net tradec. intra-industry traded. constant returns to trade6. Assuming both long-run adjustments of factor inputs and constant factor input prices, average cost does not change when the quantity of output changes with __D_____.a. internal scale economiesb. external scale economiesc. economies of scaled. constant returns to scale7. _______ exist if increasing expenditures on all inputs increases the output quantity by a larger percentage. Ba. Constant returns to scaleb. Economies of scalec. Product differentiationsd. Monopolies8. If the expansion of the size of a firm is responsible for a decline in average cost, then ____A___ are present.a. internal scale economiesb. external scale economiesc. product differentiationsd. constant returns to scale9. Which of the following is a market structure in which a large number of firms compete vigorously with each other in producing and selling varieties of a basic product? Da. oligopolyb. monopolyc. product differentiationd. monopolistic competition10. If a global industry is dominated by a few large firms, we call that market structure: Aa. oligopolyb. monopolyc. product differentiationd. monopolistic competition11. The market structure in which one firm dominates the global industry for a good is called: Ba. oligopolyb. monopolyc. product differentiationd. monopolistic competition12. Which of the following is the basis for trade in a monopolistically competitive market? Ba. scale economiesb. product differentiationc. constant returns to scaled. net trade(3) Increases in technology and increases in the endowments of productive inputs can both cause the production-possibility curve to shift outward. Aa. (1) + (3)b. (2)c. (1) + (2)d. (1) + (2) + (3)3) Increases in technology and increases in the endowments of productive inputs can both causethe production-possibility curve to shift outward. Da. (1)b. (2) + (3)c. (1) + (2)d. (1) + (2) + (3)9. Which of the following statements is true? A(1)Growth can lead to an increase or a decrease in a country’s willingness to trade.(2)An increase in the size of a country’s trade triangle implies that the country is less willing to trade.(3)Biased growth and a decrease in a country’s willingness to trade go hand-in-hand.a.(1)b.(1) + (2)c.(1) + (2) + (3)d. (2) + (3)10.A small country is defined as a country: Ca. that is less than 100,000 square miles.b. that has less than $100 million in trade per year.c. whose trade does not affect the international price ratio.d. that is not a member of the G-8.11.A large country is defined as a country: Ca. that is larger in geographic size than the average member of the United Nations.b. whose trade is greater than the trade of the 100 smallest member countries in the United Nations.c. whose trade can have an impact on the relative international price ratio.d. that is a member of the G-8.12.When economic growth expands a country’s willingness to trade it can result in such a large decline in that country’s terms of trade that the country can be worse off. This is called: Ba. Dutch diseaseb. immizerizing growthc. biased growthd. diffusion1.The consumer's problem is to maximize: (A )2. a. Utility. b. Profit. c. Trade. d. consumption.2.Producer surplus is: (D )a. found on a graph as the area under the equilibrium price and above the supply curve.b. the net gain in economic well-being associated with producing and selling the a quantity of a good.c. used to measure the impact of a change in price on the economic well-being on producers.d. all of the above.3.Buying something in one market and reselling it in another market to profit from a price difference is called: ( C )a.consumer surplus.b.producer surplus.c.arbitrage.d.one-dollar, one-vote metric.4.Which of the following is the difference between what consumers and producers either gain or lose from trade? ( D )a.Consumer surplusb.One-dollar, one-vote metricc. Arbitraged. Net national gains from trade1.A _______ is a tax on importing a good or service into a country. Ba. quotab. tariffc. consumption effectd. one-dollar, one-vote metric2.Which of the following is a tax on imports that is levied as a money amount per physical unit of import? Aa. specific tariffb. ad valorem tariffc. consumption effectd. quota4.A tariff will allow domestic producers to: C(1) expand production and sales.(2) contract production and sales.(3) raise prices.(4) lower pricesa. (1) + (2)b. (2) + (3)c. (1) + (3)d. (2) + (4)8. The imposition of a tariff CA. Generates revenue which is paid entirely by foreigners.B. Always increases the domestic price in the exporting country.C. Reduces the welfare of a "small" importing country relative to free trade.D. Is always welfare‑increasing.9. Which of the following shows the loss to consumers in the importing country that results from them reducing their consumption after the tariff is imposed? Ca.one-dollar, one-vote metricb.production effectc.consumption effectd.terms-of-trade effect11. Which of the following creates the largest net gain for the country that imposes it? Ca.specific tariffb.ad valorem tariffc.nationally optimal tariffd.effective rate of tariff protection12. The optimal tariff for a small (price‑taking) country AA. is zero.B. is a prohibitive tariff.C. is unambiguously positive.D. increases as that country’s elasticity of demand increases.13. An optimal tariff that yields a net national welfare gain requires that DA. the nation be a “price taker.”B. there be no loss of consumer surplus.C. trading partner nations not be injured by the tariff.D. the nation has monopsony power in the international market.14. The imposition of an import tariff by a large nation DA. increases the nation’s welfare.B. reduces the nation’s welfare.C. leaves the nation’s welfare unchanged.D. allows for any of the above possibilities.1. Which of the following is a limit on the total quantity of imports of a product allowed into a country in a given period of time? Ba.import tariffb.import quotac.fixed favoritismd.voluntary export restraint2.Protecting domestic producers against import competition: Aa. Helps those producers.b. Helps domestic consumers of the product.Probablyc. Helps the importing nation as a whole.d. All of the above.3. A nontariff barrier operates by: Da. Limiting the quantity of imports.b. Increasing the cost of getting imports to market.c. Creating uncertainty about the conditions under which imports will be permitted.d. All of the above.4. One of the reasons that protectionists and government officials may favor using a quota instead of a tariff is: Ba. Quotas generate more revenue for the government than do tariffs.b. A quota ensures that the quantity of imports is strictly limited.c. Quotas create less market distortions than do tariffs.d. Quotas give less power to politicians than do tariffs.5. A quota: Ca. Causes domestic prices to fall.b. Causes world prices to rise.c. Restricts the quantity of a good that can be imported.d. Is always more efficient than a tariff.6. Which of the following requires that an import distributor buy a certain percentage of the product locally? Ba. An import quota.b. A mixing requirement.c. A voluntary export restraint.d. A domestic content requirement.1. Which of the following is a meaning of normal value? Da. Normal value is the price charged to comparable domestic consumers in the home market.b. Normal value is the average cost of producing a good, including overhead costs and returns to the entrepreneur.c. Normal value in any country is equal to the world price of the good.d. Both a and b.2. Which of the following is occurring when a firm is selling its product for a low price in a foreign market, with the purpose of driving its foreign competitors out of business? Da. persistent dumpingb. cyclical dumpingc. seasonal dumpingd. predatory dumping3. Which of the following is occurring when a firm lowers its price to limit the decline in the quantity sold during a period of recession? Ba. persistent dumpingb. cyclical dumpingc. seasonal dumpingd. predatory dumping4. Which of the following is occurring when a firm lowers its price in order to sell off excess inventories of a product? Ca. persistent dumpingb. cyclical dumpingc. seasonal dumpingd. predatory dumping5. Which of the following is occurring when a firm with market power uses price discrimination between markets to increase its total profit? Aa. persistent dumpingb. cyclical dumpingc. seasonal dumpingd. predatory dumping6. Persistent dumping is profitable because the firm faces a _______ elastic demand curve in the home market and a _______ market in the foreign country. Ca. less; monopolyb. more; monopolyc. less; more competitived. more; more competitive7. Which of the following statements about dumping is inaccurate? A(1) Consumers and import-competing producers are both hurt by dumping.(2) Predatory dumping is frequent.(3) The process for deciding whether to impose antidumping duties is biased toward finding dumping and imposing antidumping duties.a. (1) + (3)b. (2) + (3)c. (1) + (2)d. (38. Which of the following subsidies that impact exports is prohibited under WTO rules? Da. subsidies on research and developmentb. subsidies to assist disadvantaged regions within the exporting countryc. subsidies that are used to assist firms in meeting environmental regulations.d. subsidies that are used to encourage firms to export more.1. Which of the following allows member countries to import from other member countries freely, but imposes trade barriers against imports from outside countries? Aa. trade blocsb. trade embargoesc. most favored nation principled. trade diversion3.Which of the following features does an economic union have? BI. Free trade among the members.II. Common external tariffs.III. Free movement of factors of production.IV. Harmonization of all economic policies.a. Ib. I and IIc. I, II, and IIId. I, II, III, and IV4.Which of the following states that any trade concession given to any foreign country must be given to all other countries having the same status? Ba. A trade embargo.b. A trade bloc.c. The most favored nation principle.d. Trade creation.5.Which of the following is the net volume of new trade that results from the formation ofa trade bloc? Aa. Trade creation.b. Trade diversion.c. Trade bloc.d. Trade embargo6. Which of the following is the volume of trade that is redirected from low-cost exporters to higher-cost trade bloc member countries? Ba. Trade creation.b. Trade diversion.c. Trade bloc.d. Trade embargo7. Trade embargoes: Ba. Are a theoretical curiosity.b. Are a form of trade discrimination.c. Are bans on physical goods but not on financial assets.d. Are almost always successful when used.1.Which of the following is NOT an expected effect of a tariff or nontariff barrier (NTB) on a product? Ba. An increase in domestic production of the product.b. An increase in the employment of labor and other resources used in the domestic production of the product on which the tariff or NTB is being imposed.c. An increase in domestic consumption of the product.d. An increase in government revenue.2.In a “first-best”world: Ba. Free trade is not optimal.b. Free trade is economically efficient.c. Free trade benefits everyone.d. Free trade harms everyone.3. A “first-best”world is one in which: Ba. Social marginal benefit (SMB) > Price (P) = Buyer’s private marginal benefit (MB) = Seller’s private marginal cost (MC) = Social marginal cost (SMC)b. Social marginal cost (SMC) > Price (P) = Buyer’s private marginal benefit (MB) = Seller’s private marginal cost (MC) = Social marginal benefit (SMB)c. Price (P) = Buyer’s private marginal benefit (MB) = Seller’s private marginal cost (MC) = Social marginal cost (SMC) = Social marginal benefit (SMB)d. Social marginal benefit (SMB) > Social marginal cost (SMC)5. If Social marginal benefit (SMB) > Price (P) = Buyer’s private marginal benefit (MB) = Seller’s private marginal cost (MC) = Social marginal cost (SMC): Aa. Too much is supplied.b. Too little is supplied.c. The socially optimal amount is supplied.d. Firms are not maximizing profits.6. In a second-best world, there are: Ca. Incentive distortions.b. Externalities.c. Spillover effects.d. All of the above.7.Suppose that an unfortunate side-effect of the production of paper is ground water pollution. One possible policy that could be employed to fix this externality is: Aa. A subsidy for the production of paper.b. A tax on the production of paper.c. A tariff on paper imports.d. Private ownership of paper mills.8.The _ states that if a distortion is present, the most efficient way to eliminate the discrepancy between social and private benefits or costs is to use a policy tool that is directed at the source of the distortion. Ca. Direction rule.b. Spillover effect.c. Distortion incentive.d. Specificity rule.9. Suppose that the training, skills, and attitudes received by employees in the computer gaming development industry have positive spillover effects as workers leave the industry and move on to other jobs. The specificity rule suggests that the best way to achieve more employment in this industry is to: Ba. Impose a tariff on the importation of computer games.b. Remove all sales taxes from the purchases of computer games.c. Give computer game developers a subsidy tied to their level of employment.d. Subsidize production of computer games.10. Which of the following arguments for protection postures that temporary protection is needed for an industry with initially high costs and lower costs in the long run? Aa. The developing government argument.b. The infant industry argument.c. The dying industry argument.d. The national defense argument.。