英语纯翻译版(15分)
收不到校讯通的同学可以关注微信订阅号“夜清风工作室”。
听说这些翻译占15分。
考前晚上据说是大脑运转最快的时候。
没背的同学背背把！
1、与以英语为母语的人交谈时非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到许多东西。
We can reap a lot from the rewarding experience of communicating with native speakers of English.
2、在市长的帮助下，我们最终获准接触这起交通事故的受害者。
With the mayor’s help , we were at last allowed access to those people who suffered from the traffic accident.
3、鲍勃和弗兰克一直不和，令他们尴尬的是，他们将到同一个部门工作。
Bob and Frank did not get along with each other,It was embarrassing that they were to work in the same department .
4、小时候，我总告诉妹妹说狼来了，把她吓得直哭。
As a boy , I used to intimidate my sister into cringe by telling her that a wolf was commingle
5、做科学研究不容易，不仅需要时间、精力和经费，还需要具有自制力和奉献精神。
It is not easy to do scientific research ,it requires time ,energy and money as well as discipline and commitment
1、芬奇先生冲进她的房间，朝着她喊道：“难道你就不能把音乐关小点？”
Mr Finch burst into her room and shouted at her ,”can’t you turn down the music a little bit ?”
2、我喜欢摇滚音乐，因为它通常节奏强，寓意深。
I like rock music because it usually has a strong rhythm and a powerful message .
3、像往常一样，当他的父母不喜欢他的穿着时，便开始唠叨他。
As usual ,when his parents don’t like what he wears ,they start to bug him .
4、代沟美国有，中国也有。
Generation gap exist in the united states as well as in china .
5、桑迪的母亲比以前更爱唠叨她，而她与母亲的争论也比平常更多了。
As her mother bugged Sandy much more that before ,she argued with her mother a lot more than usual ,too
1、既然你计划移居加拿大，那你必须努力适应寒冷的气候。
Now that you are planning to move to Canada you must try to adjust to a cold weather .
2、他承诺帮助我买下那栋房子，但有点勉强。
He promised to help us to buy the house ,but with a little reluctant .
3、这是一次重要的会议，请务必不要迟到。
This is an important meeting ,please see to it that you are not late for it .
4、他是个有经验的商人；他做国际贸易已有好几年了。
He is an experienced businessman ; he has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years .
5、她力劝我接受那个新职位。
虽然那职位报酬并不优厚。
She urged me to accept the new position , although the job is not very well paid .
1、不管是有意识还是无意识，人们往往用眼神、面部表情、形体动作和态度表露真情，从而使他人产生包括从舒适到害怕的一连串反应。
Consciously or unconsciously ,people show their true feelings with their eyes .face .bodies and attitudes ,causing a chain of reactions ,ranging from comfort to fear .
2、想想你与一个陌生人的偶遇，把注意力集中在最初的七秒钟，你当时有何感想，你是如何“解读”他的呢？
Think of your encounter with a stranger ,Focus on the first seven seconds what did you feel and think ?How did you “read ”this person ?
3、当时你全身心的投入到了自己正在谈论的事情中，是那么专注，以至于完全没有感觉到害羞。
You were committed to what you were talking about and so absorbed in the moment that you lost all self - consciousness .
4、演说家常常传递着含混不清的信息，但听众总是相信亲眼所见胜于耳闻。
Public speakers often send mixed messages ,but the audience believed what they see over what they hear .
5、如果你想给人留下好印象，其诀窍在于始终如一地保持自我，你最佳的自我。
If you want to make a good impression ,the trick way is to be consistently you at your best .
1、不管花多少钱，我们都要尽最大努力延长这位感染艾滋病毒的姑娘的生命。
We will do our best to help the girl infected with the AIDS virus to live longer ,regardless of the cost .
2、请把电视机关掉，因为噪音会使她分心，以致无法专心做家庭作业。
Please turn off the TV ,because the noise will distract her from her homework .
3、由于缺乏资金和必要设备，这家公司过了很长时间才实施提高产品质量的计划。
It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of it’s goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment .
4、上课时，鲍勃常常准备一些图画来说明课文中所讲述的内容。
When giving a lecture ,Bob often prepared some pictures to illustrate how the situation mentioned in a text took place .
5、有能力的成功商人善于利用各种资源来赚钱。
An able and successful businessman is good at making use of all the resources to make money .
1、有了他父亲给的钱，他就能在附近的镇上买栋房子了。
With the money given by his father ,he could afford a house in the town nearby .
2、那位年轻女士太激动，以致情不自禁地提起了婚姻话题。
The young lady was so excited that she couldn’t restrain herself from bringing up the subject of marriage .
3、恐怕你今天见不到他了，一小时前，他刚被派去执行一项重要任务了。
I’m afraid you can’t see him today because he was sent on an important mission
just an hour ago .
4、她年轻时，常常在笔记本里记下一些摘引自诗歌的内容。
When she was young ,she used to store quotations from poems in a notebook .
5、不管他们是谁，他们都得对这次事故负责。
Whoever they are ,they should take the responsibility for the accident .。
译林版九年级英语上册U1句子翻译
译林版九年级英语上册U1句子翻译一：句子翻译（共5小题;每小题3分；满分15分）1.海伦是个有条理的女孩子她喜欢把一切放得井井有条。
__________________________________________________________________________2.要想更好地了解世界，我们有必要学好英语。
__________________________________________________________________________3.在我们旅游之前要关注天气预报。
__________________________________________________________________________4.我不知道我适合做什么工作。
__________________________________________________________________________5.这节课结束前，你们每个人都得发言。
__________________________________________________________________________二：1．我们承担不起犯任何错误。
2．据说虎年出生的人很勇敢。
3．我们正盼望着暑假呢。
4．《江南Style》这首歌不仅在韩国而且在世界其他地方也很流行。
5．明天，既不是Lucy要去北京，也不是我要去。
三：根据汉语意思完成句子（每小题3分，满分15 分）66.在英语方面我有很多问题，你能帮助我吗？___________________________________________________________________________ 67.你应该注意你的发音和书写。
___________________________________________________________________________ 68.埃米带来各种颜色的气球，真是太聪明了。
新编英语教程5课文翻译(unit1-15)
新编英语教程5课文翻译(unit1-15) Unit 1 恰到好处你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。
而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。
他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。
语言也是如此。
一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。
差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。
他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。
The French have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,”法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。
有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。
在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。
这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。
选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。
有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。
It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by thesatisfaction that finding them brings. The e某act use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we aredealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a manis so-and-so（等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite anice chap （家伙）but he’s rather…” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to e某press what it is abouthim that you do n’t like, that constitutes（构成） hislimitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper.寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。
小学英语翻译试题及答案
小学英语翻译试题及答案一、单词翻译（每题2分，共10分）1. 学校2. 老师3. 学生4. 书本5. 桌子答案：1. school2. teacher3. student4. book5. desk二、短语翻译（每题3分，共15分）1. 做作业2. 去学校3. 听英语4. 看书5. 玩游戏答案：1. do homework2. go to school3. listen to English4. read a book5. play games三、句子翻译（每题5分，共30分）1. 我喜欢吃苹果。
2. 她喜欢唱歌和跳舞。
3. 他们正在公园里玩耍。
4. 他每天早晨都做运动。
5. 她经常帮助她的妈妈做家务。
答案：1. I like eating apples.2. She likes singing and dancing.3. They are playing in the park.4. He does sports every morning.5. She often helps her mother with housework.四、段落翻译（每题10分，共20分）1. 我有一个好朋友，他的名字是李明。
他喜欢踢足球，并且经常和我一起玩。
2. 我最喜欢的科目是英语。
我每天学习英语，因为它很有趣。
答案：1. I have a good friend, his name is Li Ming. He likes playing football and often plays with me.2. My favorite subject is English. I study English every day because it is very interesting.。
英语自我介绍带翻译8篇完美版
《英语自我介绍带翻译》英语自我介绍带翻译（一）：Hello，every one!(大家好)My name is **** 。
(我叫****)Im a 15 years old boy。
(我是一个15岁的男孩)(具体状况自我改)I live in the beautiful city of Rizhao。
(我住在美丽的Rizhao城)(你能够把Rizhao改成自我家乡的城市的名称的拼音)Im an active ，lovely and clever boy。
(我是一个活跃的可爱的聪明的男孩)In the school ， my favourite subject is maths 。
(在学校，我最喜欢数学)Perhaps someone thinks its difficult to study well 。
(也许有些人认为这很难学)But I like it。
(但我喜欢他)I belive that if you try your best， everything can be done well。
(我相信每件事付出努力就会有害结果)I also like sports very much。
(我也很喜欢运动)Such as，running，volleyball and so on。
(像跑步、排球等等)Im kind-hearted。
(我很热心)If you need help ，please e to me 。
(如果你需要帮忙，就来找我)I hope we can be good friends!(我期望我们能成为好朋友)OK。
This is me 。
A sunny boy。
(好了，这就是我，一个阳光男孩)英语自我介绍带翻译（二）：Hello， everybody，大家好，I'm glad to meet all of you。
很高兴与大家相会，Let me tell you a little bit about myself。
高一英语课文翻译（人教版）
★以下是英⽂写作翻译频道为⼤家整理的《⾼⼀英语课⽂翻译（⼈教版）》，供⼤家参考。
第⼀课：好朋友 SPEAKING 课⽂翻译 JOHN：I’m 15 years old and I love football. I also like reading, especially 约翰：我15岁，我喜欢⾜球，我也喜欢读书，尤其 stories about people from other countries. I don’t enjoy singing, nor 是有关其他国家⼈的书。
我不喜欢唱歌，也 do I like computers. I think that rock music is terrible. 不喜欢电脑，我认为摇滚⾳乐很可怕。
ANN：Hi，I’m Ann. I’m 16 and I like dancing and computers. I also like 安妮：你们好，我是安妮。
我16岁，我喜欢跳舞和电脑。
我也喜欢 rock music. I hate hiking and I’m not /into/ classical music. I don’t 摇滚⾳乐。
我不喜徒步旅⾏，我对古典⾳乐⽆兴趣。
我不 enjoy reading too much. 太喜欢读书。
STEVE：I’m 14 years old and I love skiing. Other favourite hobbies are 史蒂夫：我14岁，我喜欢滑雪。
其他的嗜好是 reading and singing. I don’t like hiking. I think that rock music is 读书和唱歌。
我不喜欢徒步旅⾏。
我认为摇滚⾳乐 too loud, and I think that football is boring. 太吵闹，并且我认为⾜球很惹⼈烦。
PETER：I’m from Australia. I’m 15 and I’m fond of singing. I sing a lot, 彼得：我来⾃澳⼤利亚，我15岁，我喜欢唱歌，我不停地唱歌。
初中英语句子翻译学生版
根本句子翻译1．下次你应该早点儿来这儿。
2．你最好不要单独去游泳。
3．让我们开场讨论这个难题吧。
4．这箱子太重，这小孩搬不动。
5．每天我父亲去上班需要一个半小时。
6．瞧!树下有一位老人正在观看孩子们玩游戏。
7．我感到这个问题很难答复。
8．虽然他们个子不太高，人也不太强壮，但他们是一支很好的队伍。
9．你的英语学习情况怎样"10．当我们到达火车站时，火车已开走了。
11．这位老人已当了30多年英语教师了。
12．她脸色显得很焦急，因为她妈妈已病了些时候了。
13．中华人民国成立于1949年10月1日。
14．如果你不理解这篇课文，可以请教教师。
15．这两种语言有什么差异"16．为了将来更好地为人民效劳，我们学习非常刻苦。
.17．据说城里又建造了一所医院。
18．据说今天下午开班会，但你最好去证实一下。
19．她宁愿和我们一道去也不愿呆在家里。
20．星期天我宁愿看书也不愿玩。
21．这颗新星是一位中国科学家发现的。
22．他给我们提供了一条有用的信息。
23．请立刻给我带两瓶牛奶来吧。
24．你们最好不要在大街上踢足球。
25．他已被派到(Tibet)工作去了吗726．教育上已取得了很大的成绩。
27．不要嘲笑那些遇到麻烦的人。
28．我把窗户关上你不介意吧"29．做完作业后，他又接着给父母写了一封信。
30．他用了三周时间看完了这本书。
31．不要躺在床上看电视，这对你的眼睛有害。
32．从那以后我不再是个学生了。
33．我朋友因唱歌而出了名。
34．你吃得越多，长得越胖。
35．他告诉了我，我才知道这件事。
36．你能告诉我从到乘火车需要多长时间吗"37．从到的单程票价是多少"38．我不仅会说英语，而且会说法语。
39．他给我们讲了则多有趣的故事，我们都哈哈大笑。
40．那城市的变化使他们感到惊奇。
41．他们对你们的工作评价很高。
42．如今，人们彼此间仍旧做着一样的事。
43．使我吃惊的是，最后他考试及格了。
英语演讲3分钟带翻译(通用15篇)
英语演讲3分钟带翻译（通用15篇）英语演讲3分钟带翻译（通用15篇）英语演讲3分钟带翻译篇9英语演讲3分钟带翻译篇11Everyone is attracted by beauty and beauty is powerful. But what is true beauty? Perhaps you can get the answer from the following story. This morning I went to the market to buy some vegetables with my parents. On the way we all highly praised a young man in western-style clothes and leather shoes who was riding by. But he rode so fast that he knocked an old lady down carelessly.Instead of stopping， he pretended not to see this and rode away quickly. We were all very angry with the young man. To our happiness， a girl in plain dress ran forward at once，helped the lady up and took her home. We all praised the girl.From this we know we cannot judge a person by his appearance. A person who is dressed beautifully may not have a beautiful soul. Only a person who has a beautiful soul is really beautiful.英语演讲3分钟带翻译篇12We left, ushered in ignorance of our youth. Youth, let us wantonly, Chang ran his mind, as the freedom to savor the wind, feeling as the cloud itself, because youth has given us the pinnacle of life, we do not mature, we are no longer ignorant, we only have persistence.Life is the pursuit of the ideal, the ideal life is light, lost its lights, will lose the courage to live. Therefore, only by adhering to the lofty ideals of life, not only in the ocean of life lost. Tolstoy would be an ideal life into an ideal life, a phase of the ideal. The ideal of the year, a month, or even one hour a day, one minute. When you hear here, classmates, do you think of their own ideals?The flower of life is the spring of life, it is beautiful, butshort-lived. As a college student should study hard in this period, to make progress, to find their own piece of the sky. The youth is the hope of the motherland, the future of the nation. Every man is the master of his own tomorrow.英语演讲3分钟带翻译篇13then, badly needed comforting words and touch came from grandma. i gradually regained my sense of pride and a sensible control of my feelings. yet, head down, i said: "grandma, i have no choice, and i have to give up, right?' "look at me, my dear!'she said gently. i looked up, straight into her eyes. what i saw was a shining, sweet, and loving stream from the bottom of her heart! then, there came the gentle voice of hers: "no, no, no' her head shaking, while eyes smiling. "why dont you give more attention to the details?' she continued.no other words were needed any more! i started practicing and rehearsing once again, paying special attention to those little things that i used to ignore. as a consequence, my overall performance was quickly elevated to a new high! without much trouble, in another singing contest held months later, i won!what do i learn from this experience? never give up lightly! lifes full of opportunities, and lots of them! to realize your dreams and fulfill your potential, you must learn to work hard and smart and steer your lifeboat wisely! as a li lings sportswear commercial goes "everything is possible!' but not without sweat, devotion, and tears sometimes!life is a long journey, during which we are surely going to face many challenges, experience lots of failures, and equally, many opportunities are waving to us, while sweet rewards are waiting for us! to transform these opportunities into fruitful results, or turn those challenges and failures into valuable assets, we must learn to seize the good ones and not to retreat lightly in front of difficulties.winners can never be quitters!thank you all!英语演讲3分钟带翻译篇14Everyone has their own dreams, I am the same.But my dream is not a lawyer, not a doctor, not actors, not even anindustry. Perhaps my dream big people will find it ridiculous, but this has beenmy pursuit! My dream is to want to have a folk life! I want it to become abeautiful painting, it is not only sharp colors, but also the colors are bleak,I do not rule out the painting is part of the black, butI will treasure thesebleak colors! Not yet, how about, a colorful painting, if not bleak, add color,how can it more prominent American? Life is like painting, painting the brightred color represents life beautiful happy moments. Painting a bleak colorrepresents life difficult, unpleasant time. You may find a flat with a beautiful road is not very good yet, butI donot think it will. If a person lives flat then what is the point? Lifeis only ashort few decades, I want it to go Finally, Each memory is a solid.每个人都有自己的幻想,我是一样的。
英语四级15,16翻译
16年四级翻译黄色在中国文化中，黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色，因为它具有独特的象征意义。
在封建(feudal)社会中，它象征统治者的权力和权威。
那时，黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色，皇家宫殿全都漆成黄色，皇袍总是黄色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的。
在中国，黄色也是收获的象征。
秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄。
人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。
In Chinese culture, yellow is an important color because of its unique symbolic meaning. In feudal society, it symbolizes the rulers’ power and authority. At that time, yellow was designed to use for the emperor—the royal palace was painted yellow and the imperial robe was always yellow too. However, the ordinary people were not allowed to wear yellow clothes. In China, yellow also signifies harvest. The fields grow golden yellow in autumn when the crops mature. People celebrate the harvest cheerfully.白色随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。
新娘在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。
然而，在中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。
因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。
同样，礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。
高中英语必修一课文翻译完整版(人教新课标)
高中英语必修一课文翻译：第一单元安妮最好的朋友你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮?弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，于是她就把日记档成了她最好的朋友。
安妮在第二次世界大战期间住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。
她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则他们就会被德国纳粹抓去。
她和她的家人躲藏了两年之后才被发现。
在这段时间里，她唯一的忠实朋友就是她的日记了。
她说，“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。
我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，我要把我这个朋友称作基蒂”。
安妮自从1942年7月起就躲藏在那儿了，现在，来看看她的心情吧。
1944年6月15日星期四亲爱的基蒂：我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神往过。
自从我来到这里，这一切都变了。
……比方说，有天晚上天气很暖和，我熬到11点半故意不睡觉，为的是独自好好看看月亮。
但是因为月光太亮了，我不敢打开窗户。
还有一次，就在五个月以前的一个晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的。
我一直等到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。
漆黑的夜晚，风吹雨打，雷电交加，我全然被这种力量镇住了。
这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚…………令人伤心的是……我只能透过脏兮兮的窗帘观看大自然，窗帘悬挂在沾满灰尘的窗前，但观看这些已经不再是乐趣，因为大自然是你必须亲身体验的。
你的安妮高中英语必修一课文翻译：第二单元通向现代英语之路16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。
后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其它地区。
于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。
如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。
以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。
请看以下例子：英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓(flat)里来看看，好吗?”美国人艾米：“好的。
计算机英语(课文内容翻译15分)
计算机英语课文内容翻译( 15 分)CHAPTER 11.1We build computer to solve problems. Early computer solved mathematical and engineering problems ,and later computers emphasized information processing for business applications. Today, computers alsocontrol machines as diverse as automobile engines, robots, and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input, processing it, and producing output. Figure 1-1illustrates the function of a computer system.Figure 1-2 shows these componentsin a block diagram. The lines between the blocks represent the flow of information flows from one component to another on the bus, which is simply a group of wires connecting the components. Processing occursin the CPU and main memory. The organization in Figure 1-2, with the components connectedto each other by the bus,is common. However, other configurations are possible as well.The classification just described is basedon physical size as opposed to storage size. A computer system user is generally more concerned with storage size, because thaist a more direct indication of the amount ofuseful work that the hardware can perform.Speed of computationis another characteristic that is important to the user. Generally speaking, users want a fast CPU and large amounts of storage, but a physically small machinefor the I/O devices and main memor.y1.2A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. Every processorcomes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processor set. Computers ins designers arefond of calling their computers machines, so theinstruction set is sometimes referred to asmachine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language! [1] You shouldn 'ctonfuse the processor 'in s truction set with the instructions found in high-level programming languages, such as BASIC or Pascal.The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. In some ways, it is analogous to a telephoneswitch-board with intelligence becauseit makes the connections betweenvarious functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operationThe arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction1.3Below the L1 cache is the Level 2,or L2 cache. In today ' s P-ecnlatisusmprocessors ,the L2 cacheis usually on the processor chipitself .In fact ,If you could lift the lid of a Pentium or Athlon processor and look atthe silicon die itself under a microscope you might be surprised to find that the biggest percentage of chip areawas taken up by the cache memoriesBelow the L1 cache is the Level 2,or L2 cache. In today 's Pen-ticulamss processors ,the L2 cacheisusually on the processor chipitself .In fact ,If you could lift the lid of a Pentium or Athlon processor and look atthe silicon die itself under a microscope you might be surprised to find that the biggest percentage of chip area was taken up by the cache memorie[s.The virtual memory interface is shown in Fig.1-6. A real memory of 16M bytes and a virtual memory of 2G bytes are shown for illustration; many modern virtual memory systems are much larger than this. Virtual-memory space is divided into equal-sized groups called pages. A page in a modern computer is 1K, 2K, or 4K bytes. Real memory is also divided into the same equal-sizedgroups, called page frames. When information is moved between virtual-memory space and real-memory space, a complete page is moved.Section 3 discussed how virtual memory extends the address spaceof a processor. However, the latency of real memory is too long to support high-performance processors.Even with the high-speed DRAMs used today for real memory, something must be done to overcome this latency problem.CHAPTER 22.1Multiprogramming, which was developed to improve performance, also allows time sharing. Time shared operating systems allow many users (from one to several hundred) to use a computer system inter-leavingly at the same time. Other operating systems types include real time systems and multiprocessor systems.The management of resources in a computer system is another major concern of the operating system. Obviously, a program cannot use a device if that hardwareis unavailable. As we have seen, the operational software oversees the execution of all programs. It also monitors the devices being used. To accomplish this, it establishes a table in which programs are matched against the devices they are using or will use .The operating system checks this table to approve or deny use of a specific device.In effect , the program undergoing execution signals the operating system that an I/O operation is desired, using a specific I/O device. The controlling software calls on the IOCS software to actually complete the I/O operation. Considering the level of I/O activity in most programs, the IOCS instructions are extremely vital.CHAPTER 33.1Selecting a PC for home or business use must begin with the all-important question “What do I want the system to do?” Once you' ve determined what tasks the system will be used for, you must choose among the software and hardware alternatives available. If yo'ure not really sure what you want a system to do, you should think twice about buying one. Computer systems that are configured to match the requirements of certain applications (such as preparing a novel) often perform poorly at ot hers (playing power-hungry multimedia games, for example). You can easily make expensive mistakes if yo'u re uncertain about what you want a system to do.When you take possession of a new computer system, you should find that most of the hardware and software you need are alreadyin place. You' ll need to connect the components and start the systemup;then, you' ll be off and running. If your system does not include a piece of hardware or software that you want itto have, you can usually buy and install it yourself relatively easily.A final, but optional, step in setting up your new system is customizing the settings. Most PCs include options for background images, color schemes, themes, screen savers, screen resolution, the order of items on the menus, and soforth. In Windows, the desktop options are accessible through the Control Panel, as shown in Fig.3-1, You can also use the Control Panel to set up your network and Internet settings.3.2The Windows desktop appears on thescreen after a computerusing the Windows operating system has completed the boot process. The desktop is where documents, folders, programs, and other objects are displayed when they are being used, similar to the way documents and file folders are laid on a desk when they are being used. Thought the appearanceof the Windows desktop can be customized, all desktops contain common elements, such as desktop icons, the taskbar, the Start button, windows, and task buttons (see Fig.3-2).The principle component of the GUI is the window. As mentioned earlier, a window is a rectangular area of information that is displayed on the screen. These windows can contain programs and documents, as well as menus, dialog boxes,icons, and a variety of other types of data.A menu is a set of options--usually text based—from which the user can choose to initiate a desiredaction in a program. At the top of many windows is a menu bar showing the main menu categories (see Fig.3-2). Pull-down menus (also called drop--down menus) display on the screen when the user selects an item on the menu bar. As shown on the right-most screen in Fig.3-2, in some Microsoft programs (such as Windows and someversions of Microsoft Office) a feature called personalizedmenus can be used.CHAPTER 44.1The OSI model is shown in Fig.4-1 (minus the physical medium). This model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as the first step toward international standardization of the protocols used in the various layers. The model is called the ISO OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model because it deals with connecting open systems—that is, systems that are open for communication with other systems.There are two end-to-end protocols in the transport layer, one of which is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), another is UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the internet.UDP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP ' s s of flow control and wish to provide their own.The network layer defines an official packet format and protocol called IP (Internet Protocol). The job of the network layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed to go.4.2The most widespread topology for LANs designed to function as data communication for theinterconnection of local computer-basedequipment is the star topology, in which the major equipments used to connect a variety of computer-based devices arehubs or switches. Typical LAN product of using the star topology is the most famous Ethernet, which dominates the LAN world toda.yThe 100Base-T Ethernet which is known as Fast Ethernet has the same topology as 10Base-T showing in Fig.4-3. Using this topology, we can build a fast Ethernet and need NICs of 100Mb/s and hub of 100Mb/s and don' t need cabling any more .Switches are basically multi-port bridges, but share some characteristics with routers.Like routers, switches work by dividing up the network into a number of segments, each of which can operate without interference from traffic local to any of the other segments.Switching is performed at layer 2 of the seven-layer model-the same as bridging. Since it is performed at layer 2, the MAC address is used, which is independent of protocol address. Like a bridge, a switch learns which address reside on each of its ports and then switches data appropriately. A switch can be designed using conventional microprocessors or dedicated ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) technology.CHAPTER 55.1ARPAnet is abbreviated from “ AdvancedResearch Projects Agency Network ” .Landmark packet-switching network established in 1969. ARPAnet was developed in the 197s0 by BBN and funded by ARPA.It eventually evolved into the Internet. The term ARPAnet was officially retired in 1990.There are two kinds of E-mail protocol used in the Internet. One is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) which accepts incoming connections and copies messagesfrom them into the appropriate mailboxes . Another is Post Office Protocol-3 (POP3) which fetches E-mail from the remote mailbox and stores it on the user ' s local machine to be read later.Telnet is used for remote terminal connection, enabling usersto log in to remote systems and use resources as if they were connected to a local system.5.2Mobile Web use-or wireless Web, as it is frequently referred to-is one of the fastest growing Web applications today. Notebook and handheld devicesfrequently use attached or built-in modems to access the Internet; most mobile phones and pagers have Internet connectivity built in.Another type of dial-up connection is ADSL which is the most common way to access the Internet today. Sometimes ADSL is called as broadband accessing, because it provides more wide bandwidth than that the regular modem provides.Unlike satellite and fixed wireless connections, which use a cable to connect the modem to some type of fixed transceiver, mobile wireless connections allow the device to be moved from place to place. Consequently, most handheld PCs and othermobile devices (like Web-enable cell phones) use a mobile wireless connection and access the Internet through the same wireless network as cell phones and messaging devices.CHAPTER 66.1Until now there has always been a clear division between public and private networks. A public network,like the public telephone system and the Internet, is a large collection of unrelated peers that exchange information more or less freely with each other. The people with access to the public network may or may not have anything in common, and any given person on that network may only communicate with a small fraction of his potential users.Using the Internet for remote accesssaves a lot of money. You'll be able to dial in wherever your Internet service provider (ISP) has a point-of-presence (POP). If you choose an ISP with nationwide POPs, there's a good chance your LAN will be a local phone call away. Some ISPs have expanded internationally as well, or have alliances with ISPs overseas. Even many of the smaller ISPs have toll-free numbers for their roaming users. At the time of this writing, unlimited access dial-up PPP accounts, suitable for business use, are around $25 per month per user.At any rate, well-chosen ISP accounts should be cheaper than settingup a modem pool for remote users and paying thelong-distance bill for roaming users.Eventoll-free access from an ISP is typically cheaper than having your own toll-free number, because ISPs purchase hours in bulk from the long-distance companies.Using our previous example of the customer databasei,t 's easy to seehow a VPN could expand the Intranet application's functionality. Suppose most of your salespeople are on the road, or work from home. There's no reason why they shouldn't be able to use the Internet to access the Web server thahtouses the customer database application. oYu don't want just anyone to be able to access the information, however, and you're also worried about the information itself flowing unencrypted over the Internet. A VPN can provide a secure link between the salesperson's laptop and the Intranet web server running the database, and encrypt the data going between them. VPNsgive you flexibility, and allow practically any corporate network service to be used securely across the Internet.6.2For some time now, large business enterprises have used electronic commerce to conduct their business-to-businesstransactions. Electronic data interchange (EDI) on private networks began in the 1960s, and banks have been using dedicated networkfsor electronic funds transfer (EFT) almost aslong. Recently, however, with the increased awareness and popularity of the Internet, electronic commerce has come to encompass individual consumers as well as businesses of all sizes.To many, electronic commerce is defined as the buying and selling of products and services over the Internet, but there are many more aspects. From its inception, electronic commerce had included the handling of purchase transactions andfunds transfers over computernetworks. Its gr'own now to include the buying and selling of new commodities such as electronic information. And the opportunities for companies seeking to take advantage of thecapabilities of electronic commerce are greater than merely adopting our present view of commerce to performing those same transactions over electronic networks.Electronic commerce is a system that includes not only those transactions that center on buying and selling goods and servicesto directly generate revenue, but alsothose transactions that support revenue generation, such asgenerating demandfor those goods and services, offeringsales support and customer service (see Fig.6-1), or facilitating communications between business partners.。