SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH PPT WEEK#7
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社会医学概论ppt课件
西方工业化、都市化与社会医学的创立
十六、十七世纪后，工业化、都市化、居住拥挤、生 态破坏、环境污染和人口流动性大幅度增加，导致传 染性疾病的流行、职业病的出现，这些都在很大程度 上降低了劳动生产率，因而逐渐受到了业主和政府的 重视。
盖林（Jules Guerin， 1801-1886）于1846年首次提 出了“社会医学”这一术语，并把它分成四个部分， 即①社会生理学，研究某一特定人群的身体和精神状 况与其法律、社会制度、风俗习惯等的内在联系；② 社会病理学，研究关于健康和疾病的社会问题；③社 会卫生学，研究采取各种增进健康、预防疾病的措施； ④社会治疗学，制订治疗措施来对付各种社会问题。
社会医学是一门医学学科
Liang Zhou, MD, Ph.D
社会医学的性质和特点
The Nature and features of Social Medicine
社会医学的研究对象
临床医学以“个体(individual)”为主要工作对象 预防医学以“群体(population)”为主要工作对象 社会医学以“社会(society)”为主要研究对象，因为：
主要研究内容：
•个人与群体、群体与群体之间的相互作用与相互 影响(interaction)
•社区分层与社会不平等
•社会制度
•社会变迁 •社会理论
Liang Zhou, MD, Ph.D
社会与文化人类学
定义：
将人作为文化的产物进行研究的一门学科
主要研究内容：
解释人类文化行为的相同处和相异处 描述不同文化的特征 描述文化稳定、发展、变化的过程
社会医学的理论基础与研究方法来源于社会科 学(social sciences)
社会科学与自然科学理论和研究方法上存在一定的 差异
十六、十七世纪后，工业化、都市化、居住拥挤、生 态破坏、环境污染和人口流动性大幅度增加，导致传 染性疾病的流行、职业病的出现，这些都在很大程度 上降低了劳动生产率，因而逐渐受到了业主和政府的 重视。
盖林（Jules Guerin， 1801-1886）于1846年首次提 出了“社会医学”这一术语，并把它分成四个部分， 即①社会生理学，研究某一特定人群的身体和精神状 况与其法律、社会制度、风俗习惯等的内在联系；② 社会病理学，研究关于健康和疾病的社会问题；③社 会卫生学，研究采取各种增进健康、预防疾病的措施； ④社会治疗学，制订治疗措施来对付各种社会问题。
社会医学是一门医学学科
Liang Zhou, MD, Ph.D
社会医学的性质和特点
The Nature and features of Social Medicine
社会医学的研究对象
临床医学以“个体(individual)”为主要工作对象 预防医学以“群体(population)”为主要工作对象 社会医学以“社会(society)”为主要研究对象，因为：
主要研究内容：
•个人与群体、群体与群体之间的相互作用与相互 影响(interaction)
•社区分层与社会不平等
•社会制度
•社会变迁 •社会理论
Liang Zhou, MD, Ph.D
社会与文化人类学
定义：
将人作为文化的产物进行研究的一门学科
主要研究内容：
解释人类文化行为的相同处和相异处 描述不同文化的特征 描述文化稳定、发展、变化的过程
社会医学的理论基础与研究方法来源于社会科 学(social sciences)
社会科学与自然科学理论和研究方法上存在一定的 差异
社会医学基本理论双语ppt课件
15
Standards of health vary over time
Little more than a century ago, physicians believed that hysteria was caused by the uterus breaking free and moving through the body. Thus, by definition, all hysterics were women, and the “cure” was removal of the uterus (hysterectomy).
But sociologists see these report as the latest example of medicalization, the process of defining a behavior or condition as an illness in need of medical treatment.
For instance, physical conditions that would be diagnosed as serious skin diseases by U.S. physicians are not considered even symptoms of illness by the Kuba of Sumatra.
-variable.
9
Part 2 Defining Health and Medicine
Section 2.1 What is health?
Some people define health as simply the absence of illness, but this vague definition raises more questions than this answers.
Standards of health vary over time
Little more than a century ago, physicians believed that hysteria was caused by the uterus breaking free and moving through the body. Thus, by definition, all hysterics were women, and the “cure” was removal of the uterus (hysterectomy).
But sociologists see these report as the latest example of medicalization, the process of defining a behavior or condition as an illness in need of medical treatment.
For instance, physical conditions that would be diagnosed as serious skin diseases by U.S. physicians are not considered even symptoms of illness by the Kuba of Sumatra.
-variable.
9
Part 2 Defining Health and Medicine
Section 2.1 What is health?
Some people define health as simply the absence of illness, but this vague definition raises more questions than this answers.
英语健康ppt课件
Standards
The criteria used to evaluate psychological health include the presence of psychological illnesses, the presence of positive emotions, high cognitive abilities, and a well developed personality
A healthy diet should be energy balanced, meaning it provides
the right amount of calories to meet the body's energy needs
while not excelling the energy requirements
Factors affecting health
01 02 03 04
Lifestyle choices such as poor diet, lake of exercise, and unhealth smoking habits can negatively impact health
Environmental factors like pollution, radiation, and other hazardous conditions can also affect health
A balanced die provides all the essential nutrients required for good health and optimal functions of the body
Preventing defense issues
The criteria used to evaluate psychological health include the presence of psychological illnesses, the presence of positive emotions, high cognitive abilities, and a well developed personality
A healthy diet should be energy balanced, meaning it provides
the right amount of calories to meet the body's energy needs
while not excelling the energy requirements
Factors affecting health
01 02 03 04
Lifestyle choices such as poor diet, lake of exercise, and unhealth smoking habits can negatively impact health
Environmental factors like pollution, radiation, and other hazardous conditions can also affect health
A balanced die provides all the essential nutrients required for good health and optimal functions of the body
Preventing defense issues
《社会医学》PPT课件
四体液学说体现了整体 医学观
Embryonic stage of social medicine 萌芽时期
1. Galen: focus on psychological factors upon health；
2.Peter Frank: miserable life is the hotbed of diseases;
古罗马医师盖伦：重视心理因素 对健康的影响;
德国社会卫生学家:弗兰克: 悲惨的生活是疾病的温床; <全国医学监督体制>: 用医学监督计划使政府采取措施 保护公众的健康;
第一个提出社会卫生措施
Establishment and development of Social Medicine
Frenchman Jules Guerin: first 法国医生儒勒.盖林—第
Pathogenesis of disease and the role of doctors
The external influences of food and drink and climatic factors of excessive heat and cold influence internal mechanisms.
二、社会医学的研究内容 3、社会卫生对策及措施
社会处方
三、社会医学的任务 The tasks of social medicine
倡导积极的健康观 弘扬正确的医学模式 发现社会卫生问题 制定卫生政策和策略 常见病的社会防治 促进人群健康 加强社会医学教育
四、社会医学发展史 The history of social medicine
3. Society should promote health through both individual and social means.
Embryonic stage of social medicine 萌芽时期
1. Galen: focus on psychological factors upon health；
2.Peter Frank: miserable life is the hotbed of diseases;
古罗马医师盖伦：重视心理因素 对健康的影响;
德国社会卫生学家:弗兰克: 悲惨的生活是疾病的温床; <全国医学监督体制>: 用医学监督计划使政府采取措施 保护公众的健康;
第一个提出社会卫生措施
Establishment and development of Social Medicine
Frenchman Jules Guerin: first 法国医生儒勒.盖林—第
Pathogenesis of disease and the role of doctors
The external influences of food and drink and climatic factors of excessive heat and cold influence internal mechanisms.
二、社会医学的研究内容 3、社会卫生对策及措施
社会处方
三、社会医学的任务 The tasks of social medicine
倡导积极的健康观 弘扬正确的医学模式 发现社会卫生问题 制定卫生政策和策略 常见病的社会防治 促进人群健康 加强社会医学教育
四、社会医学发展史 The history of social medicine
3. Society should promote health through both individual and social means.
有关健康的英语PPT
4
Environmental factors
The four major factors affecting health
Acts and lifestyle factors Environmental factors Biological factors Medical and Health Service
Health
202X
The biggest wealth in life
Do you know the meaning of “health”?
WHO(World Health Organization ) definition of Health : Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
01
diabetes
02
hypertension
03
coronary heart disease
04
colon
05
prostate cancer
06
obesity
07
sexually transmitted diseases
08
AIDS
09
mental diseases
breast
The four major factors affecting health
Importance of health
The biggest wealth in life is ---health. Without health, everything is nothing.
PERMA_模式积极心理干预在护理领域的研究进展
随着护理领域干预方法的不断发展和进步，其中积极心理干预(positive psychological intervention，PPI)方法受到广泛关注和重视。
积极心理学的创始人马丁•塞利格曼(Martin Seligman)教授在幸福三要素的基础上最终得出幸福五要素原则，既PERMA 理论模式。
在护理领域，心理护理越来越被患者所重视和需要，从最初主要重视减少患者的负性情绪逐步向挖掘其积极情绪发生了转变，而PERMA 模式是包括培养患者积极的情绪、使其投入积极活动、进而改善人际关系、收获意义、最终获得成就的5个方面，该模式通过挖掘积极情绪从而改善患者心理及生理健康达到良好的心理护理作用[1]。
研究就PERMA 模式的相关概念、基本内容及在护理领域的应用进行综述，以期为护理领域的心理干预方法提供参考依据。
1 PERMA 模式概述1.1 相关概念与发展进程PPI 是以积极心理学为理论的干预方法，是培养人的积极情绪、认知、行为的技术。
积极心理学的概念是 2000 年由当时担任美国心理学会主席的宾夕法尼亚大学教授 Martin Seligmen 和其搭档 Mihaly Csikzentmihalyi 在《美国心理学家》上刊登的《积极心理学导论》一文中正式提出，旨在激发人类自身内在的积极力量和个人的优秀品质，主要关注点是人在心理、生理、社会方面的最佳功能，最大限度地帮助个体发现并挖掘潜力，促进其追求更好的生活[2]。
Seligman 作为幸福三要素理论的创始者于2002年首次提出该理论，并不断完善最终得出幸福五要素原则，即PERMA 理论模式，由积极情绪(P,positive emotion)、投入(E,engagement)、人际关系(R,relationship)、意义(M,meaning)、成就(A,achievement)共同组成[3]。
1.2 主要内容PERMA 模式由5个方面组成[4-5]。
①P 主要包含快乐、感恩、平静、希望、骄傲、兴趣、鼓励、敬畏和关爱。
关于健康的英语PPT
What is the definition of health
According to the health standards of the world health organization ,a global survey conducted by the WTO (世界卫生组织）concluded that only 5% of the world’s population is truly healthy. Most of us are in a state of sub-health（亚健康）
How could we do for hate health
Ensure the quality of sleep Ensure a high quality diet
There are many other Ensure good living habits habits that you can search for .
The official line is that health has two sides: The first is mental health.
The second is physical health.
What kind of people are healthy
Healthy people are not just satisfied with one aspect.
About health
注：文本框可根据需求改变颜色、移动位置；文字可编辑
Catalogue
What kind of people are healthy What is the definition of health
How could we do for health
SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH PPT WEEK#5
WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
• Epidemiological transition is the change in major causes of death from infectious disease to chronic (degenerative, or non-communicable) disease. • Generally when countries are poor the major causes of death are infectious (communicable) diseases: • What are the communicable disease? [students must give examples]
PUBLIC POLICY CONCERNS:
1.
One of the biggest challenges to Western biomedical model comes from the epidemiological transition that takes place with socio-economic developments. It is important to understand these relationships to develop appropriate public policies to deal with specific demographic outcomes of epidemiologic transition. The economic development and the control of infectious diseases are directly connected to each other. The decline of infectious disease is closely connected with the decline in fertility in a given society. 公共政策问题： 西方生物医学模式面临的最大挑战之一来自流行病学过渡的发生与社会经济发展。 这是理解这些关系，以制定适当的公共政策来处理特定的人口统计结果的重要的流 行病学过渡。 经济发展和控制传染病的直接相互连接。 传染病的下降是在特定的社会中生育率的下降密切相关。
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Homicide: Social and economic
AGE 15-24 Years
Unintentional injuries: Accidents
Homicide: Social and economic
Suicide: Social and psychological Cancer: Environmental and genetics
6) Inactivity, lack of physical activity can be a factor in producing atrophy and pathological aging,
7) Prolonged period of nutritional deficiency,
8) Smoking and Excessive consumption of alcohol.
3.
Social Networks: To prevent feelings of isolation, older persons need continued involvement in various social networks (such as family, friendship, work, leisure, religion, sports, etc).
The Functional Health:
•
The functional health refers to a state of general health emphasizing ability to perform activities of dais a natural process involving a number of physiological changes, many of them merely a decline in the rate of functioning.
4) Chronic tension, worry and fatigue associated with an inability to relax,
5) The use of multiple drugs commonly results in over-dosages and toxicities,
What are those factors that adversely affect body functioning:
1)
2) 3)
Chronic infection taking a long time to heal,
Toxins from the environment Critical illness and degenerative diseases (Examples: hypertension, arthritis and rheumatism tend to produce premature aging)
LIFE SPAN RISKS: WE NEED TO SET OUR POLICY PRIORITIES ON THE BASIS OF OUR POPULATION COMPOSITION:
From the moment you were born, you grow older.
Age is closely related to mortality and morbidity.
A community can set its priorities for intervention on the problems of specific subpopulations defined by age.
The four leading causes of death for each of six major age groups, for example, are different in each age group.
1.
2.
Allocation of resources and social roles: Continuing involvement in society by the aged make a large difference in the quality of life and consequently in the health of the elderly.
•
•
Anticipate future health needs of older populations.
Gerontology and Geriatrics are important subjects for the students of social work. Gerontology is the study of the aging process. Geriatrics is the study of the care of the aged. And it is concerned primarily with enabling older people with illness or disability to live productively and enjoyably.
Health science seeks to prevent premature death and to promote optimum health with the life span.
Pathological aging refers to a “rapid aging process” by adverse factors affecting body functioning.
WHEN YOU ARE OLD, YOU WANT TO BE WITH YOUR FRIENDS
WHEN YOU ARE OLD, YOU WANT TO BE WITH YOUR FRIENDS…
SPENDING TIME WITH GRANDCHILDREN…
AGING AND HEALTH OF OLDER POPULATIONS
•
In this discussion, we will examine special health needs of a community’s older population. Identify community health programs and services appropriate to the needs of the elderly;
Age is powerful correlate of activity limitation.
Age correlates so consistently with mortality and morbidity, therefore it serves as convenient marker of for program planning.
Cancer: Life style, and environmental Heart disease: Life style and heart disease
Stroke: genetics, lifestyle
Injuries: accidents/social
AGE 65 AND OLDER
AGE 25-44 YEARS
Unintentional injuries: Accidents Cancer: Environmental and lifestyle HIV infection: Social/behavioral Heart disease: Lifestyle
AGE 45-64 YEARS
Sudden infants death: Unknown
Age 1-14 YEARS:
Unintentional injuries: Precaution is required Cancer: Mostly genetics, and environmental
Congenital anomalies: Mostly genetics
•
Older people may experience longer periods of illness because of body’s delayed response to infections or any other disorders.
PREVENTION OF FASTER AGING:
•
With the reduction in the efficiency in circulation, endurance decline.
•
There is also a general decline in the functioning of the nervous system and the sensory organs.
COMMUNITY LIVING AND ACTIVE LIFE
Community living: Living with others is the best for older people. When they live with others of similar age, they are happier and healthier.
3.
Family networks: most older people like to have their family around.
•
A reduction in the metabolic rate of about 7 percent occurs for every 10 years after age of 30.
AGE 15-24 Years
Unintentional injuries: Accidents
Homicide: Social and economic
Suicide: Social and psychological Cancer: Environmental and genetics
6) Inactivity, lack of physical activity can be a factor in producing atrophy and pathological aging,
7) Prolonged period of nutritional deficiency,
8) Smoking and Excessive consumption of alcohol.
3.
Social Networks: To prevent feelings of isolation, older persons need continued involvement in various social networks (such as family, friendship, work, leisure, religion, sports, etc).
The Functional Health:
•
The functional health refers to a state of general health emphasizing ability to perform activities of dais a natural process involving a number of physiological changes, many of them merely a decline in the rate of functioning.
4) Chronic tension, worry and fatigue associated with an inability to relax,
5) The use of multiple drugs commonly results in over-dosages and toxicities,
What are those factors that adversely affect body functioning:
1)
2) 3)
Chronic infection taking a long time to heal,
Toxins from the environment Critical illness and degenerative diseases (Examples: hypertension, arthritis and rheumatism tend to produce premature aging)
LIFE SPAN RISKS: WE NEED TO SET OUR POLICY PRIORITIES ON THE BASIS OF OUR POPULATION COMPOSITION:
From the moment you were born, you grow older.
Age is closely related to mortality and morbidity.
A community can set its priorities for intervention on the problems of specific subpopulations defined by age.
The four leading causes of death for each of six major age groups, for example, are different in each age group.
1.
2.
Allocation of resources and social roles: Continuing involvement in society by the aged make a large difference in the quality of life and consequently in the health of the elderly.
•
•
Anticipate future health needs of older populations.
Gerontology and Geriatrics are important subjects for the students of social work. Gerontology is the study of the aging process. Geriatrics is the study of the care of the aged. And it is concerned primarily with enabling older people with illness or disability to live productively and enjoyably.
Health science seeks to prevent premature death and to promote optimum health with the life span.
Pathological aging refers to a “rapid aging process” by adverse factors affecting body functioning.
WHEN YOU ARE OLD, YOU WANT TO BE WITH YOUR FRIENDS
WHEN YOU ARE OLD, YOU WANT TO BE WITH YOUR FRIENDS…
SPENDING TIME WITH GRANDCHILDREN…
AGING AND HEALTH OF OLDER POPULATIONS
•
In this discussion, we will examine special health needs of a community’s older population. Identify community health programs and services appropriate to the needs of the elderly;
Age is powerful correlate of activity limitation.
Age correlates so consistently with mortality and morbidity, therefore it serves as convenient marker of for program planning.
Cancer: Life style, and environmental Heart disease: Life style and heart disease
Stroke: genetics, lifestyle
Injuries: accidents/social
AGE 65 AND OLDER
AGE 25-44 YEARS
Unintentional injuries: Accidents Cancer: Environmental and lifestyle HIV infection: Social/behavioral Heart disease: Lifestyle
AGE 45-64 YEARS
Sudden infants death: Unknown
Age 1-14 YEARS:
Unintentional injuries: Precaution is required Cancer: Mostly genetics, and environmental
Congenital anomalies: Mostly genetics
•
Older people may experience longer periods of illness because of body’s delayed response to infections or any other disorders.
PREVENTION OF FASTER AGING:
•
With the reduction in the efficiency in circulation, endurance decline.
•
There is also a general decline in the functioning of the nervous system and the sensory organs.
COMMUNITY LIVING AND ACTIVE LIFE
Community living: Living with others is the best for older people. When they live with others of similar age, they are happier and healthier.
3.
Family networks: most older people like to have their family around.
•
A reduction in the metabolic rate of about 7 percent occurs for every 10 years after age of 30.