英文论文全攻略
英语论说文写作

英语论说文写作
英语论说文的写作步骤有以下几个:
1. 确定主题:选择一个有争议性、有足够讨论空间的主题作为论文的主题,例如人工智能的影响、环境保护或者社交媒体对青少年的影响等。
2. 建立论点:根据主题,确定自己的观点,并列举一些支持自己观点的理由和证据。
论文的每个段落都应该围绕一个主要观点展开。
3. 详细论证:用事实、数据、案例和专家观点等来支持自己的论点。
确保每个论点都有充分的论证,以增加论文的说服力。
4. 逻辑清晰:确保论文中的每个段落都有清晰的逻辑结构,包括引言、主体段落和结论。
每个段落都应该有一个明确的主题句,主题句应该与论文的主旨一致。
5. 使用合适的语言和文体:使用清晰、准确的语言,避免语法错误和不恰当的用词。
同时,根据论文的要求选择适当的文体,可以是正式的、学术的或者是更加亲近读者的文体。
6. 结构严谨:确保论文的结构严谨,标题、引言、主体段落和结论都要紧密联系起来,逻辑性强。
同时,使用合适的过渡词和句子,以便更好地连接不同的段落和观点。
7. 编辑校对:在完成论文后,仔细检查、修正语法错误和拼写
错误,确保论文的语言流畅、准确。
可以请他人帮助校对,从更客观的角度来审查论文。
最后,记得对论点进行一次总结,强调自己的观点和论证的重要性,并为读者提供建议或展望未来的发展。
关于论文写作的指导(英文版)

关于论文写作的指导(英文版)Guide to Writing a Research PaperWriting a research paper can be a daunting task for many students, as it requires extensive research, critical thinking, and effective communication skills. However, with careful planning and a systematic approach, anyone can write a successful research paper. This guide aims to provide step-by-step instructions and useful tips to help you navigate through the process of writing a well-crafted research paper.1. Understand the assignment: Before starting your research paper, carefully read the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Pay attention to the specific requirements, such as the topic, length, formatting style, and deadlines. If you have any doubts or questions, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor.2. Choose a topic: A good research paper starts with a well-defined and interesting topic. Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study and aligns with your interests. Ensure that the topic is neither too broad nor too narrow. Conduct initial research to make sure there is enough information available to support your arguments.3. Conduct thorough research: To write an impactful research paper, you need to gather reliable and relevant information from various sources. Utilize library resources, academic journals, books, and reputable online databases to acquire the necessary data. Take notes while researching and keep track of the sources you consult.4. Develop a thesis statement: A strong thesis statement is the focal point of your research paper. It presents the main argument or hypothesis that you will support throughout your paper. Your thesis statement should be clear, concise, and debatable. Make sure it reflects the purpose of your paper and guides your research and writing process.5. Create an outline: An outline serves as a roadmap for your research paper, making the writing process more organized and efficient. It includes the main sections and subsections of your paper, along with the key points you will discuss in each section. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure that you cover all the necessary information.6. Write a compelling introduction: The introduction is the first impression of your research paper. Start with a catchy hook to grab the reader's attention. Provide background information on the topic and gradually narrow it down to your thesis statement. Clearly state the purpose and significance of your research, and explain how your paper will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.7. Present a comprehensive literature review: A literature review demonstrates your understanding of the existing research on your topic. Summarize the key findings of relevant studies and identify any gaps in the literature. Make sure to cite all the sources properly and critically analyze the information presented.8. Methodology: In this section, describe the research methods you used to collect and analyze data. Clearly explain your approach, including the sample size, data collection instruments, andstatistical analysis methods. This will allow readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your findings.9. Present your findings: Share the results of your research in a logical and coherent manner. Use graphs, tables, and figures to illustrate your findings effectively. Interpret the results and explain their significance in relation to your research question. Remain objective and avoid making unsupported claims or overgeneralizing your findings.10. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your research and review how they support your thesis statement. Discuss the implications of your findings and suggest further areas of research. End your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement or a call to action.11. Revise and edit: The final step in writing a research paper is revising and editing. Review your paper for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting style required by your instructor. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or instructor to gain valuable insights and make necessary improvements.In conclusion, writing a research paper requires careful planning, extensive research, and effective communication skills. By following this guide, you can navigate through the process with confidence and produce a well-structured and impactful research paper. Remember to allow yourself enough time for each step and seek help when needed.继续写相关内容,1500字12. Citations and References: In academic writing, it is crucial to give credit to the original sources of information and ideas. Proper citations and references not only demonstrate academic integrity but also allow readers to locate and verify the sources. Different disciplines may follow different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Familiarize yourself with the specific guidelines and consistently apply them throughout your research paper. Keep track of your sources from the beginning and create a bibliography or reference list as you go along.13. Revise and Edit: Once you have completed the initial draft of your research paper, it is important to revise and edit it thoroughly. Revision involves rethinking, reorganizing, and rewriting sections for better clarity and coherence. Check for any gaps in your argumentation or supporting evidence. Make sure that your ideas flow logically and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument. Edit your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. It can be helpful to read your paper aloud or ask someone else to read it and provide feedback. Remember that revising and editing is an ongoing process, and it may take multiple rounds before your research paper is polished and ready for submission. 14. Pay Attention to Formatting: In addition to citations and references, it is important to pay attention to the overall formatting of your research paper. Follow the guidelines provided by your instructor regarding font size, margins, line spacing, and page numbering. Consider using headings and subheadings to organize your paper and make it easier to navigate. Make sure that all tables, figures, and illustrations are properly labeled and referred to in the text. A well-formatted research paper not only looks professionalbut also enhances readability and comprehension.15. Seek Feedback and Proofreading: Before submitting your research paper, it is beneficial to seek feedback from others. Share your paper with classmates, colleagues, or your instructor and ask for their opinions and suggestions. They may be able to point out any inconsistencies, weaknesses in your argument, or areas that need further clarification. Consider their feedback and make necessary revisions. Additionally, it is essential to have your research paper proofread by someone else or use proofreading tools and software. Even the most careful writers can overlook errors, and a fresh pair of eyes can catch mistakes that you may have missed.16. Practice Time Management: Writing a research paper can be time-consuming, so it is important to manage your time effectively. Break down the task into smaller, manageable steps and set deadlines for each step. Use a planner or online tools to schedule your research, writing, and revision sessions. Start working on your research paper well in advance to avoid any last-minute rush. It is also a good idea to allocate extra time for unexpected challenges or delays. By managing your time efficiently, you can reduce stress and produce a high-quality research paper.17. Emphasize Clarity and Coherence: Clarity and coherence are essential qualities of a well-written research paper. Make sure that your ideas are expressed clearly and concisely. Avoid using jargon or overly complex language that may confuse readers. Use transition words and phrases to create smooth transitions between paragraphs and sections. The overall structure of your paper shouldbe coherent, with each section and paragraph contributing to the central argument. Regularly review your work to ensure that your ideas are presented logically and that readers can easily follow your thought process.18. Practice Ethical Research Conduct: Conducting research ethically is crucial to maintain the integrity of your research paper and respect the rights and privacy of others. Obtain proper permission and informed consent when conducting surveys, interviews, or experiments involving human subjects. Follow ethical guidelines when conducting research involving animals. When using other researchers' work, ensure proper citation and acknowledgment. Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing and quoting sources accurately. Familiarize yourself with your institution's policies on research ethics and ensure that your research adheres to ethical standards.19. Take Care of Your Mental and Physical Well-being: Writing a research paper can be mentally and physically demanding. It is important to take care of yourself throughout the process. Take breaks, engage in physical activities, and maintain a balanced diet. Get enough sleep and manage your stress levels effectively. If you feel overwhelmed or stuck, don't hesitate to seek support from your classmates, instructors, or tutors. Remember that it is normal to experience challenges and setbacks during the research paper writing process, and taking care of your well-being can help you overcome them more effectively.20. Finalize and Submit: After incorporating feedback and making all necessary revisions, it is time to finalize your research paper.Review the formatting, citations, and references one last time to ensure accuracy and consistency. Proofread your work for any remaining errors. Once you are confident that your research paper is polished and meets all the requirements, submit it on time following the submission guidelines provided by your instructor. Celebrate your hard work and the accomplishment of completing your research paper!Writing a research paper may seem challenging at first, but by following these steps, you can approach the task with confidence and produce a high-quality paper. Remember that writing is a process, and it requires time, effort, and perseverance. Do not hesitate to seek help and guidance when needed. With practice and experience, you will become more proficient in writing research papers and communicating your ideas effectively.。
英文学术论文写作技巧

学术论文英文题目和摘要的撰写方法一、英文题名1、题名的结构英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1 个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
2、题名的字数题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2 行,每行不超过42 个印刷符号和空格;英国数学会要求题名不超过12 个词。
总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。
3、中英文题名的一致性同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
4、题名中的冠词科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
5、题名中的大小写题名字母的大小写有以下3 种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4 个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。
6 、题名中的缩略词语已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。
二、作者与作者单位的英译1、作者中国人名按汉语拼音拼写:Cao Chongzhen;CAO Chong-zhen2、单位单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。
如:School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030,China三、英文摘要1、英文摘要的时态英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳。
英文科技论文写作技巧大全

英文科技论文写作技巧大全英文科技论文的基本格式•Title•Author(s)•Affiliation(s) and address(es) •Abstract•Keywords•Introduction •Experimental •Results and discussion •Conclusion (Summary;Concluding remarks) •Appendix (Abbreviation)•Acknowledgement •References2.基本要求(1)Title长短适中,概括性强,重点突出,一目了然。
(2)Author(s)姓氏和名字要容易弄清楚,以免发生以名代姓。
(3)Affiliation(s) and address(es)准确清楚,使读者能按所列信息顺利地与作者联系。
(4)Abstract不宜太详尽,也不宜太简短,应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等,简明扼要地加以概括。
不要将结论与提要重复使用。
(5)Introduction说明本研究的目的意义。
归纳与本研究密切相关的前人研究结果及有关文献,指出本研究与前人研究的不同之处。
说明本论文要解决的问题及方法、手段等。
不宜将本论文的结果在“绪论”中叙述。
(6)Experimental叙述主要的实验过程、方法、仪器设备、试剂来源及规格等。
不宜将实验结果在“实验部分”中叙述。
(7)Results and discussion是论文的核心部分,要求:–数据及图表的内容及含义交代清楚,有条理;–对数据及现象的归纳、演绎、解释、立论要有逻辑性、自洽性。
–语句要准确、流畅、多样化,不宜重复使用相同的句型和词汇。
(8)Conclusion (Summary, Concluding remarks)简明扼要地归纳出本论文的新发现、新观点、新理论等。
不宜将“结果及讨论”部分的语句直接抄录作为结论。
(9)References要按所投杂志规定的格式准确书写。
英文论文发表流程全解析

Make sure your paper is written WELL in the language of the journal. A paper can and will be rejected if the reviewers can’t read it!
Step 4. Wait. Then respond accordingly
The outcome of your submission will fall into one of these options:
Outcome #1 – your paper is “triaged” and rejected without review Outcome #2 – your paper is reviewed but is rejected Outcome #3 – your paper is reviewed and accepted with condition (or rejected but with possibility to resubmit) Outcome #4 – your paper is reviewed and is accepted as is (RARE!)
If you don’t read the website properly and make a mistake in your paper (example: incorrect formatting) this will look badly on you. Every journal is different and has very specific requirements.
论文中的英文写作技巧与表达方式

论文中的英文写作技巧与表达方式在英文学术论文的写作过程中,准确和流畅的表达是非常重要的。
本文将探讨一些论文中的英文写作技巧及表达方式,帮助读者提升论文写作的能力。
1. 写作结构论文的结构对于阐明观点、组织思路至关重要。
以下是一般英文学术论文的常见结构:(1)引言:介绍论文的主题,概述论文的目的和重要性,并提供背景知识。
(2)文献综述:回顾相关的学术研究和理论,评估前人的研究成果。
(3)方法论:描述研究方法、实验设计和数据分析方法。
(4)结果:对实验结果进行客观的描述和分析。
(5)讨论:解释和解读结果,并与前人的研究进行比较和讨论。
(6)结论:总结研究成果,强调重要性和可能的进一步研究方向。
2. 语法和拼写良好的语法和拼写是论文写作的基础。
以下是一些常见的语法和拼写错误,需要注意避免:(1)主谓一致:主语和谓语动词在人称和单复数上要保持一致。
(2)时态一致:使用正确的时态表达,如过去时、现在时或将来时等。
(3)冠词使用:正确使用冠词(a、an、the),并避免过度使用。
(4)拼写错误:仔细校对论文中的拼写错误,可以使用拼写检查工具进行辅助。
3. 学术词汇在写作过程中,合适的学术词汇能够提升论文的专业程度,但过度使用学术词汇反而会让读者难以理解。
以下是一些建议:(1)避免使用口语化的表达方式,如俚语或缩写。
(2)使用学术词汇丰富论文内容,但确保这些词汇确实适用于所描述的概念。
(3)使用词汇表达准确的思想和观点,同时避免以讹传讹,对所使用词汇的准确性要有严谨要求。
4. 表达清晰在论文写作中,清晰的表达是非常重要的。
以下是一些建议:(1)使用简洁的句子结构和控制篇幅,避免过长的句子或段落。
(2)使用逻辑的连接词,如"however"、"therefore"、"in addition"等,帮助读者理解论文的逻辑。
(3)对于复杂的概念,使用图表或实例来解释,以帮助读者更好地理解。
SCI论文全攻略选刊投稿修回与退稿

S C I论文全攻略:选刊选刊与投稿一、拟投期刊的选择:(1)选用SCI收录期刊。
目前SCI收录核心刊3000种,加上增补期刊约5600种。
研究者可事先将SCI中自己感兴趣的期刊找出来备用。
(2)利用SCI收录期刊的影响引子(ImpactFactor)来选择期刊。
期刊的影响因子是该刊前2年发表的文献在当前的平均被引次数。
《科学》、《可根据期刊的影响因子排名决定投稿方向。
(3)利用学科带头人的影响或国际学术交流的条件,物色最了解中国学术研究、信任中国学者的那部分期刊投稿。
SCI选用的期刊中约1/3为美二、如何准备投稿?选择适合刊物投稿:从杂志homepage下载InstructionforAuthor,按投稿要求,如投稿份数、论文体例、长度、图表、参考文献引法、配图说明作出决定前不准备一稿多投;③所有列出作者均对文稿有确切贡献;④文稿内容真实,无作伪;⑤所有作者均已阅读文稿,且同意送稿;⑥通信作Titlepage的式样如下:PeroxisomeProliferation-ActivatedReceptor-gLigandsAmeliorateExperimentalAutoimmuneMyocarditisZuyiYuan,MD,PhD;YanLiu,MD;YuLiu,MD;JijunZhang,MD;ChiharuKishimoto,MD,PhD*;YanniWang,MD;AiqunMa,MD,PhD;ZhiquanLiu,MD. DepartmentofCardiovascularMedicine,FirstHospitalofXi'anJiaotongUniversity,Xi'an,Shaanxi710061,China;*DepartmentofCardiovascular Firstauthor'ssurname:YuanRunninghead:PPARgligandsamelioratemyocarditisSupportedbyNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaAddresscorrespondenceto:ZuyiYuan,MD,PhDDepartmentofCardiovascularMedicine,FirstHospitalofXi'anJiaotongUniversity,No.1JiankangRoad,Xi'an,Shaanxi710061,ChinaTel:+86-29-532-4021Fax:+86-29-5263190E-mail:三、向国外生物医学期刊投稿需注意A.期刊选择:英文生物医学期刊种类繁多,选择一本恰当的期刊并非一件易事,然而这是论文得以发表的一个重要环节。
SCI论文写作全攻略(三)-选刊与投稿

SCI 论文写作全攻略(三)-选刊与投稿一、拟投期刊的选择:1.1.选用选用SCI 收录期刊。
目前SCI 收录核心刊收录核心刊 3000 3000种,加上增补期刊约种,加上增补期刊约 5600 5600种。
研究者可事先将SCI 中自己感兴趣的期刊找出来备用。
中自己感兴趣的期刊找出来备用。
2.2.利用利用SCI 收录期刊的影响引子(收录期刊的影响引子(Impact Impact Factor Factor)来选择期刊。
期刊的影响因子是该刊前)来选择期刊。
期刊的影响因子是该刊前2年发表的文献在当前的平均被引次数。
《科学》、《自然》影响因子很高,SCI 收录中国期刊影响因子都在1.00以下。
期刊影响因子愈大,有用信息愈多。
作者可根据期刊的影响因子排名决定投稿方向。
3.3.利用学科带头人的影响或国际学术交流的条件,物色最了解中国学术研究、信任中国学者的那部分利用学科带头人的影响或国际学术交流的条件,物色最了解中国学术研究、信任中国学者的那部分期刊投稿。
期刊投稿。
SCI SCI 选用的期刊中约选用的期刊中约 1 / 3 1 / 3为美国期刊,因而要注意选美国期刊。
为美国期刊,因而要注意选美国期刊。
二、如何准备投稿?选择适合刊物投稿:从杂志homepage 下载Instruction for Author ,按投稿要求,如投稿份数、论文体例、长度、图表、参考文献引法、配图说明(Figure legends legends))等,逐条遵循。
Letter to editor-in-chief : ①声明文稿权转让;②未一稿多投,和在稿件未作出决定前不准备一稿多投;③所有列出作者均对文稿有确切贡献;④文稿内容真实,无作伪;⑤所有作者均已阅读文稿,且同意送稿;⑥通信作者地址、电话、Fax Fax、、e-mail e-mail;⑦通信作者签名。
勿一稿多投。
;⑦通信作者签名。
勿一稿多投。
;⑦通信作者签名。
勿一稿多投。
Title page 的式样如下:的式样如下:的式样如下: Peroxisome Proliferation-Activated Receptor-g Ligands Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune MyocarditisZuyi Yuan, MD, PhD; Yan Liu, MD; Yu Liu, MD; Jijun Zhang, MD; Chiharu Kishimoto, MD, PhD*; Yanni Wang, MD; Aiqun Ma, MD, PhD; Zhiquan Liu, MD.Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; *Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, KyotoUniversity, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanFirst author's surname: YuanRunning head: PPARg ligands ameliorate myocarditisSupported by Natural Science Foundation of China (30170371)Address correspondence tZuyi Yuan, MD, PhDDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,No.1 Jiankang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, ChinaTel: +86-29-532-4021 Fax: +86-29-5263190E-mail: ******************三、向国外生物医学期刊投稿需注意(一)期刊选择:(一)期刊选择:英文生物医学期刊种类繁多,选择一本恰当的期刊并非一件易事,然而这是论文得以发表的一个重要环节。
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第一部分:选题与创新一、先想先写最后做:1. 做研究之前,必须想清楚:结果能不能发表?发表在哪里?2. 先把文章大框写好,空出数据,等做完实验填完空就可以发了;正所谓心中有沟壑!3. 在未搞清“写什么、发哪里、自己研究与同类研究有何出色之处”之前,就不要动手做!4. 继续去看文献,去想;想不清楚就做还不如不做!5. 要想这样做,就得先看文献!要知道如何把文章架起来、要知道别人是如何讨论的、要知道自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不同的东东或别人没有做过……这个过程就是阅读文献及思考的过程,这些搞清楚了,写就简单了!6. 要是先做事,做完发现别人做过,或无法用理论来解释,岂不是冤大头?二、如何科学选题:1. 课题选择和国际接轨。
想在国际核心期刊发表文献,就必须了解国际研究动态,选择与国际学术研究合拍的课题。
由于多方面因素的影响,我国科学研究选题与国际先进水平还有一定距离。
我国一家权威科研机构不久前在国内挑选了许多前沿领域的研究课题,准备参与国际合作,但到美国后发现近三分之二的课题已经不属前沿,在美国很少有人研究。
在高校,一些教师治学严谨、基础扎实,但科研成果不突出,重要原因就是不重视有关领域学术动态,不能选得合适的课题。
2. 课题要有可发展性。
课题可发展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。
中国科技大学范洪义另辟蹊径,发展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克(Dirac)奠定的量子论的符号法,系统地建立了“有序算符内的积分理论”,1998年有24篇论文被SCI收录;他对自己论文高产的解释是,研究“具有开创性,突破一点以后就可以向纵深发展,使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。
我院被SCI收录论文最多的杨新民老师从事凸性理论研究,该理论兴起于20世纪70年代,90年代进入高峰。
作为新兴研究领域,该理论本身有许多尚待研究之处,同时该理论也可用来解决最优化方面的问题。
反之,有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端,即使在该点上有所突破,也难持续发展。
3. 借助工具选题:①查阅有关领域的检索工具,这些工具各高校都有;②了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态,ISI期刊信息可从查获,也可从SCI印刷版每期A、D分册的来源出版物目录(Lists of Source Publications)查找,还可从ISI引用期刊报告(Journal CitationReports,简称JCR)了解期刊信息,该文献有印刷版、网络版(JCR on the Web)和光盘版(JCR on CD-ROM);③利用ISI提供的选题工具帮助,例如,能对正在开展的工作进行量化分析以保证用户科学研究同科学发展趋向一致的(Essential Science Indicators),介绍有关最杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和发展趋向的(ISI Highly );④利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料。
只要有心参与国际学术竞争,选择与国际学术研究接轨的课题并不存在难以克服的障碍。
三、如何获得好的idea无论是临床还是基础科研,最关键的是idea,idea的出台决定了科研水平和档次。
高水平的科学家一听你的科研课题和方向,就能判断你科研水平。
因此,获得好的idea是至关重要的。
1. 优秀科学家要具备敏锐的科研嗅觉,而这种敏锐性是经过长期的思考和实践获得的。
通过几天或半个月的苦思苦想得到了一个自以为很好的idea,很可能是别人十几年前就做过的工作。
但新手上路时重复一些经典实验以获得经验是很正常的。
此外,科研要注重质量,千万不要为单纯地追求数量而令懂行的人嘲笑。
如何获得idea呢?A. 大量地、仔细地阅读文献,多听学术报告、多与同行探讨,从中获得启示,不能急于求成。
B. 总结感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过但很有意义的课题;C. 总结争论性很强的问题,反复比较研究方法和结论,从中发现切入点;D. 善于抓住科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题,往往会成为思维的闪光点;E. 细致地拟定方案,论证可行性。
2. 获得idea的两种途径:传统途径就是先阅读大量科研论文,弄清目前的研究现状和要解决的问题等;非传统的途径是自己先冥思苦想一段时间,有了自己的idea后再去查文献。
这样不会让以往的研究限制你的思维,不失为一个很好的方法。
别人没作过的东西,也许不是因为别人没想到,而是因为没有意义或者没有可能性。
3. 获得良好idea的基础前提:A. 在科研前必须弥补基础知识,这是看懂文献的基础:《生物化学》《细胞生物学》《基因VIII》必看(先看中文版翟中和《细胞》王境岩《生化》赵寿元《遗传》朱玉贤《分子》;再看英文的Albez 《cell》赖宁格《biochemistry》还有经典的《gene 8》)。
B. 广泛阅读文献是支撑。
硕士至少查阅600篇,粗看300篇,细看100篇,研读50篇。
博士至少再多一倍,并始终关注国际动态。
《nature》《science》《cell》《PNAS》《JBC》《MBC》《Genes & Development》不放过,SCI-3分以上期刊应该耳熟能详!C. 学会阅读文献,读懂文章。
建议先review再article,先中后英;中文只看《科学通报》《中国科学》,其他不看;看10-20篇review后看研究性论文。
拿到一篇研究性论文,先看标题,立即停住,问自己几个问题:(1)想想别人这文章是怎么做的(可参考材料方法)?会做哪些内容来说明其标题?(2)明白他为什么要做这个吗?(3)如文章是近半年内发表的,该文章解决了什么问题?引出了什么问题(结合你看的综述)?接下来仔细看摘要,就知道你的想法是否与别人吻合?(4)看完实验结果,再思考有什么地方不完善?有没有深入或拓展到底?一般来说,SCI-3分以下的文章只可能做了一部分机理,下面肯定有东西可做,关键是你自己要思考,去发现。
4. 长期作战持之以恒。
做好上面所述要求肯定会有所谓idea,但过程艰辛,需长时间磨练,需要patience和passion。
有天赋的人能考上海中科院生命科学院,北京中科院那几个所,北大、清华。
耐心干5年,这些地方正为中国带来更多本土nature、science文章。
四、博士如何出牛文章?1. 几点忠告:多看paper没有坏处;多找非老板的其他人,如其他教授,post doctor,前辈师兄等讨论,借鸡下蛋;可以动手的东西容易上手,比如软件等;找机会去开会,认认牛人,不发paper,做做volunteer,或者参加PhD symposium之类。
主动参加seminar,自己讲几次看过的paper,最好自己组织一个topic拉几个师兄弟和post doctor参加,注意找几本教科书看看,打好基础。
2. 如何获得IDEA:A. 需对研究的领域有一个全局性了解,按老板的话说是要有bird eye。
B. 要有bird eye,需比较全面地阅读本领域文章。
读文章要其idea,总结成一句话,并用卡片记录好,分类整理。
如果把别人文章的idea总结成一句话,就容易理解它的本质,也好作变化。
C. 读了很多文章后,可以写一个special study,将读过的本领域东西系统总结在一起,相当于你的综合理解,也就是bird eye看到的东西了。
以后翻阅起来也相当方便。
D. 用心分析对于别人的idea,任何一个idea都有weakness;想办法解决它,那就成自己idea。
最好的办法就是看大牛的paper,无论他有多牛,他的文章总是在说一个方面,总有其他东西没有包括进去,把他的文章认真精读了,总会发现漏洞和不足或不全面之处,然后你就知道怎么做了。
记住:每篇文章几乎都有没有考虑完全的东西。
E. 时不时阅读更广泛领域的东西,扩大bird eye范围,对领域外的感兴趣的文章进行copy收藏,这个叫walk around a little bit,很多领域外的东西可以借鉴、学科交叉从而产生new idea。
F. 经常跟牛人、博士后或高年级博士等有思想的人(最好不是相同专业,而是相关专业或交叉学科) 讨论,也容易出idea。
再有就是,关注其他专业的书籍、杂志等信息,从中获取交叉创新idea。
第二部分:构思与撰文一、写作框架和各部分要求Title: Be short, accurate, and unambiguous; Give your paper a distinct personality; Begin with the subject of the study.Introduction: What is known; what is unknown; why we did this study?Methods: Participants, subjects; Measurements; Outcomes and explanatory variables; Statistical methods. Results: Sample characteristics; Univariate analyses; Bivariate analyses; Multivariate analyses.Tables and figures: No more than six tables or figures; Use Table 1 for sample characteristics (no P values); Put most important findings in a figure.Discussion:State what you found; Outline the strengths and limitations of the study; Discuss the relevance to current literature; Outline your implications with a clear "So what?" and "Where now?" References: All citations must be accurate; include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent literature; Quote only published journal articles or books; Never quote "second hand"; Cite only 20-35 references.Formatting: Include the title, author, page numbers, etc. in headers and footers; Start each section on a new page; Format titles and subtitles consistently; comply with "Instructions to authors".二、英文写作的语言技巧1. Introduction:A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性?在叙述前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,提出一种新方法或新方向。