八年级英语下学期8b-unit2-grammar牛津英语
Unit 2 Travelling Grammar-Task 八年级英语(牛津译林版)
Tip 1
It has been + 时间段 + since (一般过去时） = It is + 时间段 + since (一般过去时）
The doctors and the nurses have worked there since they arrived in Xiaogan.
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since + 从句(一般过去时）
eg. We have learnt a lot since the winter holiday_b_e_g__a_n_ (begin).
4. — The Smiths aren't at home. They have ____ Sanya for holiday.
— Oh, really? I have never ______ there before. A. been to; gone to B. gone to; been C. gone to; been to D. gone; been to
八年级下Unit 2 Travelling
Grammar-Task 课件
Lead in
他曾经去过世界上的许多地方。 He has ever been to many places in the world.
Where is Ronaldo?
He has gone to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
h_a_v_e_b_e_e_n__to 的句子中可以加 once, twice, ever, never等时间 状语; 而含 _h_a_v_e__g_o_n_e_t_o_ 的句子中不能加此类时间状语。 含 h_a_v_e__g_o_n_e_t_o_ 的句子中主语的人称一般为第三人称形式; 而含 h__a_v_e_b_e_e_n_t_o_ 的句子中对主语的人称没有限制。
八年级下册英语Unit2 Grammar focus
3. Our class is trying to ________ some ideas to ________ sick children because they are often sad.
4. We decided to ________ signs around the school and ________ notices to tell students about the book sale. We will ________ the money from the sale to
★动词+名词+介词 此类短语动词的意义取决于名词,而不是 动词,修饰时不用副词而用形容词。
We should take good care of our parents.
我们应该好好照顾我们的父母。 此类短语动词还有make use of, take pride in, make friends with, pay attention to等。
shopping center every day.
根据汉语意思完成下列句子。
1. 这房间太脏了, 请把它打扫干净。 This room is too dirty. Pleacslea_n_____
___i_t__ ____u__p.
2. 让我帮你做家务活吧。 Let me _h_e__lp____ you _w__i_t_h___ your housework.
2. She hopes to _______ at least five primary schools to ask if they need to
精品课件
volunteers for their after-
put up hand out call up cheer up come up with give out put off
八年级英语下册 Unit 2 Travelling Grammar知识点拨 译林牛津版 教案
Unit 2 Travelling一、教学内容：Unit 2 TravellingGrammar二、教学目标：掌握Unit2的词法结构和用法：1. so…that /such…that/enough to/too…to…2. have/has been in, have/has been to, have/has gone to3. 延续性与短暂性动词经典讲解Grammar 1:so…that /such…that/enough to/too…to…解释：如此……以至于……so+ adj. /adv. +that从句或such+单/复数名词+that从句例：It’s so hot in summer that we can’t do without the air conditioner.夏天的天气热的我们少不了空调。
The teacher spoke so fast that I couldn’t understand what he was saying.老师讲得太快以致于我听不懂他在说什么。
He is such a genius that he doesn’t have to study much for exams.他是个天才，所以他考试都不用怎么念书。
They are such good basketball players that everybody wants to watch their games.他们个个都是很棒的篮球员，所以每个人都想去看他们打球。
表示：足以做某事enough to… 如: He is old enough to do it.意思是太……而不能too...to… 例: He is too young to go to school.中考so…that, too…to和enough to都是初中英语教材中的重要结构，在一定条件下它们可以相互转换，并经常成为中考考查的热点之一。
牛津英语8B八年级下册Unit2单元检测(含答案)
《学英语随堂反馈》提高卷Test for Unit 2 of 8BClass Name一、单项填空（15%）( ) 1. If you go by train, you can have quite _______ comfortable journey, but make sure you take _______ fast one.A. a; aB. the; aC. the; theD. /; a( ) 2. How _______ it is to watch the new film!A. excitementB. excitedC. excitingD. excitedly( ) 3.—Do you know him well?—Sure. We ________ friends since ten years ago.A. wereB. have becomeC. have beenD. have made( ) 4. —How _______ is it from Beijing to Shanghai?—It’s about two _______ flight.A. far; hour’sB. long; hour’sC. long; hours’D. far; hours’( ) 5. The factory has _______ since last October.A. openedB. been closedC. been openedD. closed( ) 6. —Nice to see you. I _______ you for a long time.—I _______ Beijing. I’ve just come back.A. didn’t see; wasB. haven’t seen; have been inC. haven’t seen; have been toD. didn’t see; have arrived( ) 7. —I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.—What do you think _______?A. he has happenedB. to happenC. has happened to himD. him to happen( ) 8.—How long ________ you _______ the bad cold? —Since last week.A. do; catchB. have; hadC. have; caughtD. did; catch( ) 9. —Could you tell us how long he has _______?—For about two hours.A. gone to sleepB. fell asleepC. fallen asleepD. been asleep( ) 10. He has _______ to Tibet many times. This time he _______ Tibet for two weeks.A. been; has been inB. been; has gone toC. gone; has gone toD. gone; has been in ( ) 11. —Why not stop _______ a rest?—Oh, it’s so exciting that I can’t stop _______ the kite.A. having; flyingB. to have; to flyC. having; to flyD. to have; flying( ) 12. She _______ for 15 years, yet she still doesn’t know what kind of man she _______.A. has been married; has married withB. has got married; married toC. has been married; marriedD. has married; has married to( ) 13.—How long has the foreigner (外国人) _______ here?—He came here ten minutes ago.A. beenB. comeC. arrivedD. got( ) 14. The man _______ Shanghai an hour ago, so he _______ for an hour.A. was away for; has leftB. left; has leftC. left for; has been awayD. has left for; has been away( ) 15. —We can give you a ride into town.—_______ Thank you.A. Yes, why not?B. Oh, it would be my pleasure.C. Yes, please.D. Oh, that would be great.二、完形填空（10%）It was the end-of-year party. I had asked my mother to 1 the cakes. Mom’s chocolate cakes were the best.I stood by the window 2 for her. Two o’clock passed, but there was no 3 of her. Most of the other mothers had come and gone, 4 off their cakes and chips. The party went on, but I couldn’t 5the window. The three o’clock bell soon took me away from my 6 . I took my bag and walked out for home.There was no person when I arrived. My heart (心) was full of anger. For the 7 time in my life, my mother had let me down (使……失望). I was lying on my bed when I heard her coming in.“Robbie,” she called out. “Where are you?” She was looking for me from room to room, but I kept 8 .When she entered my room, I didn’t move. “I am so 9 ,” she said, “I got busy and forgot.” She began to laugh. I couldn’t believe it. I 10 and found she was not laughing but crying. She cried like a little girl. I had never seen my mother cry.“It is OK, Mom,” I said. “We didn’t need those cakes. There was enough food to eat. Don’t cry. It is all right.” We held each other in a long hug (拥抱).( ) 1. A. make B. buy C. bring D. show( ) 2. A. looking B. waiting C. caring D. asking( ) 3 A. news B. message C. sign D. food( ) 4. A. falling B. taking C. cooking D. dropping( ) 5. A. clean B. open C. leave D. see( ) 6. A. dreams B. words C. thoughts D. places( ) 7. A. last B. no C. each D. first( ) 8. A. crazy B. silent C. calm D. awake( ) 9. A. sorry B. worried C. glad D. late( ) 10. A. turned up B. turned away C. turned over D. turned off三、阅读理解（20%）(A)Bob always took the newspaper to Grandpa White’s home before going home. Grandpa White’s was at the end of the road. Bob liked Grandpa White. He was often waiting for him near the front gate with sweets or a nice cake. Besides, he often asked Bob about things he was doing, what he was going to do for the summer and what he liked to do.The thing that Bob didn’t like about Grandpa was his never-ending stories about his boyhood（童年）in California. Bob was ne ver asked to hear about Grandpa’s boyhood, but he couldn’t get away.After Grandpa’s wife died in October, Bob could see that Grandpa was lonelier than ever. He would often join Bob halfway along the road and walk along with him as he gave out the newspapers. Grandpa seemed to have all day, and Bob was often late giving newspapers to his customers（订报者）. Bob didn’t want to complain, but the customers were unhappy.( ) 1. When he took the newspaper to Grandpa White, Bob would often receive _______.A. sweets or a cakeB. old newspaperC. some moneyD. stories( ) 2. Which do you think is true?A. Bob lived with Grandpa.B. Grandpa had many stories about his boyhood.C. Grandpa didn’t like to read newspapers.D. Bob took the newspaper to Grandpa first.( ) 3. Bob could do nothing when _______.A. the customers got their newspapers lateB. Grandpa began to tell him about his boyhoodC. he saw grandpa feeling lonelyD. Grandpa asked him about the things he was doing ( ) 4. The passage mainly tells us that _______.A. Bob was still a childB. Grandpa liked to tell storiesC. the customers sometimes got angryD. lonely people need other people( ) 5. The underlined sentence means Grandpa _______.A. always seemed to like daytimeB. liked telling stories to Bob all dayC. like to stay with Bob all the timeD. seemed to be lonely all day(B)Height is just one of the thousands of features that your genes (基因) decide. In fact, because you have two parents, your genes provide you a height that usually lands somewhere between the height of each parent. If both your parents are tall, then maybe you will be tall, too, but if you have questions about how tall you’re going to be, ask your doctor if he or she can help you find it out.But genes don’t decide everything. For example, eating an unhealthy diet can keep you from growing to your full potential (潜力). Getting enough sleep and enough exercise will help you grow to the right height.Maybe you’re wondering how fast you should grow. There’s no right answer. Kids grow about 2 inches (5 centimeters) a year between age 3 and the time they start puberty .Your doctor will know how your growth (生长) has been going over the years. Two centimeters here and 2 inches there are not nearly as important as the height you’re at now, how you’ve been growing up to this point, and what other changes your body may be going through.Don’t be worried if you have grown a lot in a very short time. Everyone has a very quick growth during puberty. The age for starting puberty is about 10 for girls and about 11 for boys. But it can be earlier or later—between 7 and 13 for girls, 9 and 15 for boys.You’ll usually begin to find that you’re growing faster about a year after your body starts to show the first changes of puberty.( ) 6. The Chinese for the underlined word in the third paragraph “puberty” is _______.A. 童年时期B. 婴幼儿时期C. 习惯养成期D. 青春期( ) 7. If you want to know how fast and how tall you should grow, _______.A. you should have enough exerciseB. you can ask doctors for helpC. you should protect the environmentD. you can record your growth during puberty( ) 8. This passage is mainly about _______.A. how the genes work in your bodyB. when the time you grow fast isC. why you look like your parentsD. how you grow to a certain (某一) height( ) 9. After reading this passage, we can explain (解释) _______.A. how good it is to be a doctorB. how much sleep we needC. why genes can’t decide everythingD. what an unhealthy diet is( ) 10. Which is NOT mentioned (提及) in the passage?A. Your height most probably depends on (取决于) how tall your parents are.B. Girls usually start puberty earlier than boys.C. You never see the time showing the first changes of puberty.D. You may be worried sometimes when you grow too fast.四、词形变化（5%）1. My elder brother loves activities on the sea, such as _______________ (sail).2. His little cat has been ______________ (die) for almost three days.3. Now, _______________ (travel) has become popular among young people.4. Many people enjoy visiting places of _______________ (nature) beauty.5. Each of us got _______________ (excite) about the funny show.五、根据句意和汉语注释，写出单词的正确形式（10%）1. She suddenly appeared (出现) as if by ________________ (魔法).2. There are more and more ________________ (海鲜) restaurants in Wuxi.3. Yao Ming’s performance is very ________________ (极棒的) in the match.4. I always _______________ (想念) my parents after I left hometown to live in the school.5. Let’s meet our friends at the _______________ (机场) this afternoon, shall we?6. When the accident happened, the car was travelling at a _______________ (速度) of 120 miles an hour.7. The workers in this factory have to work every day _______________ (除了) some important festivals.8. People in the city would like to live in the _______________ (农村) because the air is much fresher there.9. By the time I arrived there, the show was _______________ (结束).10. I’ve never see _______________ (这样的) an interesting film before.六、动词填空（10%）1. —Mary with her parents ___________ (go) to Hong Kong already. —Really? When will they be back?2. The book ____________ (include) five parts. But the third part is my favourite.3. We ____________ (visit) many Chinese gardens during the past three years.4. When I was chatting online, I heard someone ___________ (knock) at the windows.5. —Where are your parents?—They ___________ (fly) to Tibet for a holiday already.6. It is the second time I _______________ (see) this 4-D film.7. —I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.—Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _______________ (start)?8. We can never catch up with the fashion because it ____________ (change) all the time.9. The pen I bought yesterday ____________ (not write) well.10. —When did you receive her letter?—I ____________ (have) it for three days.七、任务型阅读（10%）Not only adults but also teenagers have problems in their life. Here is a survey (调查) showing the main problems of teenagers.They feel stressed (有压力的) because they have too much homework to do both at school and at home. They have lots of exams to take. And parents usually send them to different classes at weekends. They don’t have their own time to do what they are interested in. Now more and more teenagers are getting short-sighted (近视). They often read in bed or keep reading for a long time without having a rest. Some of them are crazy about playing computer games. Some spend too much time watching TV. Another problem among teenagers is that many of them are becoming fat. They eat too much junk food, but they take little exercise.I think teenagers should think of ways to deal with (处理) these problems. They should make a plan for study and hobbies and find time to relax (放松) as much as possible.八、完成句子（10%）1. 爸爸工作很忙，他已经一个星期没有回家了。
江苏省丹阳市第三中学八年级英语下册 8B Unit 2 Travelling Grammar(2)学案(无答案) 牛津版
8B Unit 2 Travelling Grammar（2）班级姓名备课组长【教学目标】1．进一步学习现在完成时2．学习has been to /has gone to/ has been in在现在完成时中的应用。
【课前预习】一．用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。
A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.A: How long ___________ he ___________ there?B: He _____________ there for three days.A: When will he come back , do you know?B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.A: How many times ___________ Li Fei ______ ____ to that place?B: He _____________ there only once.二．用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。
1) Where is Jack? He _____ _____ hi s coun try.2) John ____ _________ England since he came back.3) How long _______ you ___ ____ this village?4) The Smiths _____ _____ Beijing.They’ll be back tomorrow.5) _______ you ever _________ America? -- Yes, I __ ______ there many times.6) I ____ ______ this school since three years ago.【教学过程】1Revision1.Ask : Kitty has travelled to Hong Kong Diseyland. Have you ever been toDiseyland?2.Present “ have gone”. Ask a boy to go to the teachers’ office.Then ask the others: Is he in the classroom now? Where has he gone? He has gone to the teachers’ office.3.Try to differ “ have been” and “ have gone”.4.“ have been”表示：去过某个地方并且已经回来了“ have gone”.表示：去了某个地方但已尚未回来5.Explains：延续性动词与for /since引导一段时间连用，表示从过去某一时间开始并一直延续到现在的情况，用现在完成时。
江苏新教材牛津英语八年级下Unit 2 Travelling Grammar
Daniel and Millie are chatting at a weekend. Complete their conversation with the correct forms of the verbs in bracket.
D: I see. By the way, shall we invite Andy to go for a picnic tomorrow? M: Andy isn’t here this weekend. He and have gone (go) to the his parents (7) _________ countryside. They will be back tomorrow afternoon.
Have been to/in have gone to 1.A: Where’s Jim, Li Lei? has gone to B: He ______________his school library. have been in 2.The Greens _____________China for three years. have been to 3.We _____________the Great Wall twice. It’s very beautiful. Have 4. _______you ever __________ been to Shanghai? gone to the 5. Lily isn’t in the classroom. She has __________ lab. been in 6.________Lucy __________ China since 5 years Has ago.
Translation: 1.Ａ: 我昨天没看见你．你去哪儿了？Ｂ：我去电影院了． Ａ：你什么时候去电影院的？Ｂ：昨天下午． A: I didn’t see you yesterday. Where have you been? B: I have been to the cinema. A: When did you go to the cinema? B: Yesterday afternoon. 2.Ａ：Tony曾经去过法国吗？Ｂ：是的． Ａ：他去过埃菲尔铁塔吗？Ｂ：没有．
牛津译林版英语八年级下册8B Unit 2 Grammar(2)课件
现在完成时和一般过去时
He _h_a_s__w_o_r_k_e_d__(work) in our school for one
year.
He _c_a_m_e__(come) to our school last year/in
her husband to open the door. • I can’t find the way to the railway station
because I have lost my map.
用法： 二. for + 时间段
since + 时间点 present perfect tense
• in the past（last/ recent）three years
• recently，over / during the past century
• how long, all one’s life
2. 上下文提示结果 • He’s crying. He hasn’t passed the exam. • She has lost her key so she has to wait for
3. Tommy has had this motorcycle ___f_o_r___ three years.
4. I have been in Jiangyin __f_o_r____ forty years.
5. My parents has been married since twenty years __a_g_o____.
• buy → have • open → be open • close →be closed • join →be in / be a member of… • go to school → be at / in school • borrow → keep • catch a cold → have a cold • get to know → know • begin to study → study • get married → be married • wake up → be awake
Unit 2 第3课时 Grammar：现在完成时(二)八年级英语下册(牛津译林版)
B．has been
C．was
D．went
2．I ________ to the West Lake four times, but I will go there again this summer.
A．have gone
B．have been C．went
D．had gone
3．Judy _______ the Sahara for a research on deserts and she will go to the Nile
has lived has lived has lived
since
here since he was born. here since 2007. here since many years ago.
主语
谓语
地点 状语
since
时间点
since在现在完成时中的用法有三种：1. since + 句子（一般过去时） 2. since + 时间 + ago 3. since + 过去的时间点（年/月/星期）
I (3) _b_o_r_r_o_w_e_d_ (borrow) a book about Hong Kong a week ago. It’s very useful. I (4) ___h_a_v_e_k_e_p_t_ (keep) it with me for a few days. It helps me learn more about Hong Kong.
2. 现在完成时sPinhcrea和sefsor的区别 3. 现在完成时短变延
Sentences Summary Practices
New Words
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产褥中暑的首选治疗是A.远离高温和不通气环境，迅速降温B.输液C.维持水、电解质平衡D.按摩四肢E.冰水、乙醇等擦浴 下列哪项最常见于脑器质性精神障碍A.情绪高涨B.思维奔逸C.内感性不适D.情绪欣快E.被害妄想 银行理财产品可能面临的风险类型有()。A.政策风险B.信用风险C.市场风险D.提前终止风险E.延期风险 凝汽器的真空下降会使凝汽器内凝结水的温度升高，从理论上讲，此时凝汽器内蒸汽压力。A.等于凝结水温度所对应的饱和蒸汽压力B.小于凝结水温度所对应的饱和蒸汽压力C.大于凝结水温度所对应的饱和蒸汽压力D.难以确定 男性性腺分泌的激素是A.肽类激素B.氨基酸C.糖蛋白D.儿茶酚胺E.类固醇激素 狂犬病的主要传染源是A.病人或携带者B.蚊C.鼠D.猪E.狗 皮带机的常见故障有哪些？ 预激综合征的病因一般不包括A.二尖瓣脱垂B.三尖瓣下移畸形C.心肌病D.心肌梗死E.可无器质性心脏病 金融POS通过接入站内局域网。A、RS232B、RS485C、RJ45以太网接口D、PS/2 关于申请信贷业务特别授权的客户应同时满足的基本条件，下列不符合基本条件的客户是。A.总行认定的行业重点客户B.信用等级为AAA级（含，九级评级）以上、在所在行业有较高知名度的大中型优良客户C.信用评级虽在AAA级（九级评级）以下，但属于信誉良好、实力雄厚的世界500强在华投 业、中央及省级（含自治区、直辖市、计划单列市级）国资委直属企业、全国行业排名前列的大客户、在受权人辖内有垄断优势的客户以及所在区域具有资源优势的客户D.省、市分行核心客户 长期备用医嘱正确的是()A．一级护理B．地西泮5mgqNprnC．软食D．氧气吸入E．青霉素80万Uimq6h 项目分析的内容包括、及三方面。 反映水体生物化学作用的是。A.自净容量B.水环境容量C.稀释容量D.纳污能力 提高功率因数的方法，是在负载上并联适当的电容。A、电阻性B、感性C、容性D、磁性 下述哪种甲状腺疾病禁忌手术A.甲亢B.甲状腺腺瘤C.桥本病D.甲状腺乳头状腺癌E.结节性甲状腺肿 经济资本 急性肾衰竭患儿尿量逐渐增多，全身水肿减轻，24h尿量大于多少时，即为利尿期A.200ml/m2B.250ml/m2C.300ml/m2D.350ml/m2E.400ml/m2 膀胱结石典型的临床症状是A.尿频、尿急B.排尿困难C.血尿D.排尿突然中断E.尿痛 Berg平衡量表评定中从坐位站起3分提示A.不用手扶即能独立站起并保持稳定B.几次尝试后自己可用手扶着站起C.需要他人中等量或最大量的帮助才能站起或保持稳定D.需要他人少量的帮助才能站起或保持稳定E.用手扶着能够独立站起 无激惹试验(NST) 女性，42岁，经量增多六年，经期6天，痛经进行性加重，周期尚规则。妇检：子宫增大，如孕两月余，最可能的诊断是()A.子宫肌瘤B.子宫内膜癌C.子宫腺肌病D.子宫肥大症E.子宫畸形 当同一设备停电同时有几张工作票时，“停电开始时间”以各工作票中的为准，“停电结束时间”以各工作票中的为准。 促进乳房发育成熟的主要激素是A.雌激素B.孕酮C.肾上腺皮质激素D.催乳素E.生长素 我司泵车配置的无线遥控最远距离可达100m。A.正确B.错误 患者男性，63岁，右耳垂前肿性长大8个月。近期肿物增长较快，痛向耳颞部放散。检查发现肿物约3.5cm、质地硬、有触痛、边界不清。活动度差，右眼睑闭合较对侧迟钝。该病最可能的诊断是()A．腮腺多形性腺瘤B．腮腺腺样囊性癌C．腮腺结核D．慢性阻塞性腮腺E．皮脂腺囊肿继发感染 下列陈述：水容量小，在运行中若突然停电，锅炉内水容易汽化，从而产生水击。是哪种热水锅炉的特点A.管架式热水锅炉B.锅壳式烟火管热水锅炉C.自然循环热水锅炉D.AB都符合 伤寒的典型临床症状为A.持续发热，相对缓脉，消化道症状，玫瑰疹，肝脾大及白细胞减少B.持续发热，肝大，血疹，脉速，白细胞减少C.弛张热，脾大，水晶汗疹，相对缓脉，白细胞增多D.不规则发热，脾大，玫瑰疹，重脉，白细胞减少E.以上都不是 关于FIDIC《土木工程施工合同条件》的说法，正确的有。A.该合同主要用于发包人设计的或咨询工程师设计的房屋建筑工程和土木工程的施工项目B.一般情况下，单价可随各类物价的波动而调整C.合同计价方式属于单价合同，不包括任何包干价格D.业主委派工程师管理合同E.业主监督工程进度、 发支付证书、接受证书和履约证书，处理合同中有关事项 我国降水变率自沿海向内陆；全国而言，降水变率冬季。 糖皮质激素与抗生素合用治疗严重感染的目的是A.增强抗生素的抗菌作用B.增强机体防御能力C.拮抗抗生素的某些副作用D.通过激素的作用缓解症状，度过危险期E.增强机体应激性 记名卡的领卡选择邮寄的持卡人可在收到卡后凭卡和本人身份证件到任一营业网点柜面进行卡片激活也可通过等渠道进行卡片激活。A.任一营业网点柜面B.电话银行C.手机银行D.e动终端 医患沟通的意义在于A.医患沟通是医学目的的需要B.医患沟通是医学诊断治疗的需要C.医患沟通是医学人文精神的需要D.医患沟通是减少纠纷的需要E.以上都是 长期食用高能量高蛋白膳食，应注意补充的维生素为。张某为严重烧伤患者，体质虚弱，为了营养支持和治疗，请营养师进行会诊。A．维生素A和水溶性维生素B．维生素E和水溶性维生素C．维生素D和水溶性维生素D．维生素K和水溶性维生素E．维生素A和维生素E 腭裂手术时在腭部黏骨膜下注射含肾上腺素的麻药或生理盐水的主要目的是()A．减少疼痛B．减少出血、便于剥离C．减少肿胀D．防止血管损伤E．以上都不是 依照各国《电信法》的规定，负责电信法的具体实施和规制，并且根据管理实际适时提出修改法律的建议和制定具体规制措施。A.独立的电信规制机构B.独立的电信运营公司C.独立的反垄断机构D.独立的行政管理机构