Type Associations Identified to Support Information Resource

合集下载

mybatis-plus association 注解

MyBatis-Plus是一个强大的MyBatis扩展插件，提供了丰富的功能来简化MyBatis的使用。

在MyBatis-Plus中，@Association注解用于描述复杂的类型关联。

@Association注解通常用于描述一对多或多对多关联关系。

它可以与@OneToMany和@ManyToMany注解一起使用，来定义和描述复杂类型的关联关系。

在使用@Association注解时，需要指定关联的Java对象类型和查询结果映射的属性。

例如：
java
@Entity
public class User {
@Id
private Long id;
private String name;
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "user")
@Association(type = "id", javaType = Long.class)
private List<Order> orders;
}
在上面的例子中，@Association注解指定了关联的类型为"id"，Java类型为Long.class，表示每个用户关联多个订单，通过用户ID和订单ID进行关联。

需要注意的是，在使用@Association注解时，需要确保关联的Java对象类型和查询结果映射的属性是正确的，并且与数据库表中的列和数据类型相匹配。

社区多措并举做好非机动车停放管理工作总结

社区多措并举做好非机动车停放管理工作总结1.针对非机动车乱停乱放问题，社区实行了多项管理措施。

In response to the problem of indiscriminate parking of non-motor vehicles, the community has implemented multiple management measures.2.在主要道路和人行道设置了专用停车位，方便非机动车停放。

Dedicated parking spaces have been set up on main roads and sidewalks to facilitate parking for non-motor vehicles.3.制定了停车管理规定，对乱停乱放的非机动车进行处罚。

Parking management regulations have been formulated to penalize non-motor vehicles parked indiscriminately.4.设置了公共自行车停放点，方便市民使用公共交通工具。

Public bicycle parking points have been set up tofacilitate the use of public transportation by residents.5.对非机动车停放区进行了划分和标识，提高了停车管理的有效性。

The non-motor vehicle parking areas have been delineated and marked, improving the effectiveness of parking management.6.加强了对非法摩托车和电动车的整治力度，减少了乱停乱放现象。

Efforts to crack down on illegal motorcycles and electric bikes have been intensified, reducing indiscriminate parking.7.积极宣传倡导文明停车，提高市民的停车意识和素质。

汇丰环球客户服务(广东)有限公司

汇丰环球客户服务(广东)有限公司HSBC Electronic Data Processing (Guangdong) Limited公司概况汇丰环球客户服务(广东)公司成立于1996年，为汇丰集团提供营运支持服务。

我公司与汇丰集团亚太区机构毗邻，拥有各方面的便利和优势。

在过去的14年中，公司发展迅速，成立了两个位于广州和一个位于佛山的营运中心，拥有超过5,000名员工，为全球的汇丰集团客户提供多元化的优质营运支持服务。

环球营运汇丰环球客户服务(广东)有限公司是汇丰集团设立的第一家环球营运服务中心。

由于业务发展需要，现时汇丰集团已在印度，马来西亚，菲律宾，斯里兰卡以及中国设立了15个环球营运服务中心，为全球的汇丰集团客户提供多元化的优质营运支持服务。

员工汇丰环球客户服务(广东)有限公司目前拥有三个营运中心。

广州第一营运服务中心，广州第二营运服务中心和佛山营运服务中心。

客户汇丰环球客户服务(广东)有限公司的服务对象包括汇丰集团在香港区、英国区、美国区、加拿大区、中国区和日本区的客户。

招聘职位：(招聘邮箱：recruitmenthdpg@)IT Processing Operations Executive - 资讯科技营运助理(职位编号：51GZITPOE)Job Duties:- To delivery IT Service desk related services to users and business partners via Voice or Email channels;- To handle acceptable volume of user requests/calls and complete them in the specified Turn Around Time;- To identify the customer requirements accurately and user requests should be fully analyzed and processed by following the standards, procedures and policies;- To work on feedback and ensure errors are not repeated;- To identify and resolve complex issues on a day-to-day basis escalating if required to the relevant support areas and senior management;- To acquire a thorough understanding of the process procedures,keep abreasting with changes made and provide quality services to the users.Requirements:- Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Management Information Systems, Engineering, related technical fieldor equivalent experience are preferable;- Minimum of one year's Information Technology/ IT Service desk experience or equivalent;- Be excellent verbal and written communication skills;- Be fluent in spoken English and Cantonese, knowledge of Putonghua will be an advantage;- Be good written English for correspondence;- Ability to build and maintain cordial relationship with users,peers and people at all levels utilizing diplomacy, judgment and interpersonal skills;- Be good job commitment, able to perform the job according to provided procedure and work independently;- Shift Pattern: Rotating shift.Customer Service Executive (Korean/Thai) - 资料处理文员（朝鲜语/泰语组）(职位编号：51GZCSE)工作职责：- 负责客户资料处理及输入工作。

足球记分牌指南说明书

FOOTBALL SCOREBOARDSA guide to scoreboard selection and installationContentsForeword (3)Key scoreboard terms (4)Planning purchase and installation (4)Key features of a scoreboard (5)Football NSW Stadium Technical Requirements / Electronic Team Names (8)The operation and maintenance of a scoreboard (9)Environmental sustainability (9)Key Australian Contacts (11)Football NSW Limited has produced this Scoreboards Guide to provide general guidance to clubs, associations and zones in NSW to assist them with the selection, construction and maintenance of scoreboards. The contents of this Guide should not be used for any other purpose or reproduced or communicated without our consent. The information contained in this Guide has been sourced froma third party Southern Cross Scoreboards, Football NSW and Northern NSWF makes no representation or warranty about the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this Guide. You should not rely solely on the information in this Guide and should make independent inquiries, including seeking professional advice. To the extent permitted by law, Football NSW and Northern NSWF disclaims any responsibility and liability for any cost, expense, loss or damage incurred by any entity or person relying on the information contained in this Guide.Copyright © 2019 Football NSW Limited. All Rights Reserved. Version 1, issued 21 February 2019ForewordThis guide is a comprehensive document to assist in selecting the best electronic scoreboard, that caters to requirements and needs of every individual or sporting association.Electronic scoreboards increase the fairness and atmosphere surrounding gameplay for both the spectators and the players, encouraging participation and a strong sporting community. A sporting association with the highest quality technology and facilities induces community involvement and pride from individuals. Selecting the appropriate electronic scoreboard for the location and function of a sporting area is equally as important as sourcing the right company to do the job. The quality and specifications of a scoreboard must be tailored to individual needs of each sporting association so to avoid dissatisfaction with the finished product.Key scoreboard termsElectronic scoreboard: a large board used in a sports arena or the like, used to show the score of a contest and often other relevant facts and figures, driven electronically.LED’s: Light-emitting DiodesPolycarbonate Plastic: a lightweight, high performance plastic that possesses a unique balance of toughness, dimensional stability, optical clarity, high heat resistance and electrical resistance.Casing: the material that protects the LED displays from outside influences such as weather and damage. Display: an electronic component for the presentation of data or image.Powder-coating: to cover with polyester or epoxy powder, which is then heated to fuse into a protective layer.Planning the purchase and installation of the productBuying a quality, durable Electronic Scoreboard can be a simple rewarding task however there are several things that must be considered before installation.A Scoreboard can be easily mounted on the side of a building or free standing in a customised frame of your design, however it is important to first consult an engineer and electrician to ensure your ideal location is suitable for functionality, safety and practicality.It is important to consider the size of the display appropriate for the viewing area and size of the field. For the best visibility it is recommended to place the scoreboard opposite the spectators and with enough height from the ground to avoid damage.Check List• D ecide which scoreboard is most suited to your facility and needs.• G et a quote from an experienced provider. They will be able to aid you in the planning of the scoreboard structure and installation.• I f money is a challenge look into financial aid such as community support, or facility grants.Key features of a scoreboardWhen buying an electronic scoreboard there are many aspects to consider in order to have the best possible product for both buyer and spectator. Similarly it is important to ensure the materials used in the scoreboard are of the highest quality and durability.Aluminium CasingUsing quality powder coated rust free aluminium materials to encase the electronic displays guarantees a sleek finish with protection of internal components from harsh weather conditions and vandalism. Aluminium is a lightweight material and provides an easily installable product saving time and money on the infrastructure needed to support the scoreboard at the venue.Polycarbonate WindowsThe advantage of heavy gauge polycarbonate windows on an electronic scoreboard especially when used ina sporting environment is the durability against the weather and strength of material for protection against impact of stray sporting equipment such as soccer balls. The polycarbonate windows can protect against vandalism whilst also ensuring clear visibility of the scoreboard display from all viewing angles. Electronic DisplaysElectronic displays are the most important component of any scoreboard therefore sourcing displays designed and built within Australia ensures construction knowledge as wellas maintenance facilities accessible within the country for quick andreliable servicing of equipment. Each electronic display in a scoreboardhas its own electronics which means if one digit display is faulty justthat digit display can be sent back to the manufacturer for repair anddoes not require the whole scoreboard dismantled.LED ComponentsBuyers should opt to buy high quality displays and LED’s to ensure vibrant visibility against the harsh Australian sun. The best quality LED components are from Nichia - Japanese made. Check with your manufacturer that they use Nichia LED components in their electronic displays. Quality LED’s also ensure longevity of life of around 50,000 hours. A range of LED display colours are available from selected distributors. For low visibility area green or white LED’s are the recommended colour as they produce the highest visibility from a distance.Scoreboard sizingThe size of a scoreboard is important for suitability and ease of viewing. For a football field the recommended display size is around 300mm however displays as big as 500mm are readily available. We recommend placing the scoreboard adjacent to the spectators and at eye level view from the grandstand. This can be achieved through customized mounts and support frames.Wireless controlAll state of the art Electronic Scoreboards should be equipped with a wireless control, with a range of over 300m many equipped with waterproof cases.Auxiliary DisplayEach scoreboard has the ability to be tailored in design and programing to suit the sporting facility it will be used for. In addition to this buyers can purchase auxiliary displays featuring timers that can be placed closer to spectators for ease of viewing.Other Accessories• S irens• O ption for home/away or electronic team names • C lub logo or additional sign-writing • W indow colour - other than black • S pare controllerCustomisation of Scoreboard layoutElectronic scoreboards are very customisable due to manufacturing facilities in Australia. Sporting associationscan choose the accessories and layout of each individual scoreboard to what best suits them.Football NSW Stadium Technical Requirements / Electronic Team Names According to the Football NSW Stadium Technical Requirements - Scoreboards with the exception of Stadiums used for the Skill Acquisition Program and Girl’s Skill Acquisition Program, an elevated Scoreboard is required. The scoreboard must be visible from all areas of the Stadium. The scoreboard must indicate the names of both competing Teams. The words “home” and “visitors” will not be acceptable.Check with your supplier that they can supply electronic teams names that can be visible across the venue. Electronic Team names at 150mm and larger should are acceptable if the scoreboard is directly across the field from the main attendance. However, if the scoreboard is to be positioned to the corner or far end it may be required to move to a 220mm or larger team name display.Typing in electronic team names before every game can be time consuming. Check with your supplier that the scoreboard can preload and remember team names. This will enable venue staff to easily scroll through the loaded teams before each game saving time.The operation and maintenance of thescoreboardMulti-use scoreboards are a great addition for sportingassociation and are customisable to the sports and functionsthat you require, enabling an indoor sporting centre to be usedfor multiply functions.All correctly sourced scoreboards should come equipped with aneasy to use system and wireless remote. Electronic scoreboardsare easy to maintain when built with quality materials to protectthem from vandalism, damage and harsh weather conditions.Check the scoreboards are self-sufficient with high qualitywaterproof casing therefore the only maintenance that isrequired is changing the battery in the wireless remote andcleaning the polycarbonate window occasionally to ensureoptimal visibility and durability.Environmental sustainability designLED’s are extremely energy efficient and long lasting at around 50,000 hrs, reducing cost and waste for sporting associations. Further aluminium is a highly recyclable product effectively producing less waste and less emissions from production. Sourcing companies and materials that are manufactured in Australia not only ensure quality of production and finished product but also ensures the expected national standard of environmental sustainability and reduction of waste.FOOTBALL SCOREBOARDS GUIDEPG 11Key Australian ContactsTo provide Clubs and Associations with opportunities to obtain further information and advice on the matters addressed in this Guide, Football NSW and NNSWF has identified the above suggested contacts. These are, however, suggested contacts based on that they are either a FIFA Preferred Producer or FIFA Licensee or an Agent of one of these. Inclusion in this Guide should not be taken to suggest that Football NSW or NNSWF endorses or recommends any specific supplier.Other guides in this seriesBuilding DevelopmentDrainage & IrrigationField Markings & EquipmentFootball LightingGrass Field MaintenanceProject Management Provider Procurement & Management.au。

辩论术语

AAdvantagesThe part of the affirmative case about policies that demonstrates the positive effects of the affirmative’s plan.AmbiguityA fallacy of language that occurs when a word in an argument has two or more possible meanings and the listener has no means to determine adequately which meaning the arguer intends.AnalogyAn argument that supports associations between things based on their similarity or dissimilarity.Appeal to fearA fallacious argument that occurs when an arguer uses irrelevant appeals to fear to take the focus off the arguer’s original argument.Appeal to popularityA fallacious argument that occurs when a debater uses the popularity of a person, product, or belief to justify a favorable conclusion about that person, product, or belief.Appeal to traditionA fallacious argument made when a debater argues in favor of a particular action on the grounds of tradition rather than on the basis of that action’s merits.ArgumentA controversial statement, frequently called a claim, supported by evidence and a warrant. The standards of a logically good argument include acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency.See also Standard of acceptability, Standard of relevance, standard of sufficiency.ArgumentationThe uniquely human use of reasoning to communicate.Argument ad hominemA fallacy that occurs when an arguer attacks a person’s character or background, which is irrelevant to the claim.Argument by exampleAn argument that supports an association between specific examples and a general rule.Argument by incompatibilityAn argument designed to reject something because it is incompatible with something else.Argument by principleAn argument that supports a certain action based on the connection between that action and a general principle.Argument sphereA community within which arguments are made.Argument structureThe way evidence and warrants are arranged to support a claim.See also Convergent argument structure; Independent argument structure; Simple argument structure.ArrangementThe organization of arguments in a speech.AuthorityAn argument that supports a claim with the opinion of experts in the field.BBallotA document on which the judge records the decision, the reasons for the decision, and speaker points awarded to each debater.Begging the questionA fallacy of acceptability that occurs when a debater introduces evidence that is the same as the claim.CCaseOne or more arguments sufficient to support a proposition.Causal argumentAn argument that supports associations between causes and effects.See also Contributory causal argument; Intervening and counteracting causal argument; Necessary causal argument; Sufficient causal argument.Cause-and-effect propositionA proposition that asserts that one object causes a specific outcome.Cause-and-effect reasoningThe type of reasoning that examines the reasons certain actions, events, or conditions (causes) create specific consequences (effects).ClaimA controversial statement an arguer supports using reason. Claims are divided into four general categories: definitional descriptive, relational, and evaluative.Comparative advantages caseA method used for developing a case about policies that advocates the adoption of the plan based on its advantages compared with the status quo or some other policy.Comparative policy propositionCompares two or more policies.Comparative value propositionCompares two or more objects with respect to some value.Constructive speechA speech that presents a debater’s basic arguments for or against the resolution.Contributory causal argumentAn argument that states that the purported cause is one of several contributors to the effect.Convergent argument structureTwo or more bits of evidence that, in combination with one another, support a claim.CounterplanA plan proposed by the negative team as an alternative to the affirmative plan.Cross-examinationA period during the debate when a member of one team asks questions of a member of the opposing team.DDebateThe process of arguing about claims in situations where an adjudicator must decide the outcome.DissociationAn argument that creates new categories by dividing an old category into two new ones.EEquivocation(as Ambiguity)A fallacy of language that occurs when a word is used in two different senses and the meaning of the word is shifted during the argument.EvidenceDifferent types of information (facts, statistics, theories, opinions, or narratives) that are used to support arguments. Evidence can be divided into two categories: that relating to reality (facts, theories, and presumptions) and that relating to preference (values, value hierarchies, and value categories).See also Facts; Presumption; Theory; Value; Value categories; Value hierarchy.FFacts (evidence)Observed or observable data.FallacyAn argument that fails to meet any one of the standards of acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency.See also Argument ad hominem; Ambiguity; Appeal to fear; Appeal to popularity; Appeal to tradition; Begging the question; Equivocation; Fallacy of composition; Fallacy of division; Fallacy of incompatibility; Faulty analogy; Hasty conclusion; Improper appeal to practice; Loaded term; Poisoning the well; Post hoc fallacy; Problematic premise; Red herring; Slippery slope argument; Straw person fallacy; Two wrongs fallacy; Vagueness.Fallacy of composition(由部分推论整体)A fallacious argument where the evidence is drawn from some part of a whole but the conclusion is about the whole.Fallacy of division（由整体推论部分）An erroneous argument where the evidence is drawn from the whole, but the conclusion is made about the part.Fallacy of incompatibilityOccurs when a debater makes a statement as evidence that is at odds with another statement made by the debater, or when a debater’s argument is incompatible with some action she has performed or recommended elsewhere.Faulty analogyA fallacious argument that occurs when two cases are compared with each other but are not similar in terms of the relationship stated in the comparison.GGuilt by associationA fallacious argument that occurs when a person’s argument is attacked using that person’s association with groups and people rather than using issues pertinent to the argument.HHasty conclusionA fallacious argument that fails to meet the standard of sufficiency. It includes hasty generalization, irrelevant slippery slope arguments, fallacy ofcomposition, fallacy of division, faulty analogy, improper appeal to practice, post hoc fallacy, and two wrongs.Hasty generalizationA fallacy of reasoning by example that occurs when the examples selected to support the claim are either insufficient in number or in their representativeness.Improper appeal to practiceA fallacious argument that occurs when a debater suggests doing something because it is a common practice, even if that practice clearly is wrong.IIndependent argument structureSeveral pieces of evidence, any one of which can provide sufficient support for a claim.International debatingDebating that occurs between representatives of different countries, nations, or cultures.Intervening and counteracting causal argumentAn argument that demonstrates a cause that prevents the completion of a cause-and-effect sequence.Irrelevant reasonAn argument that fails to meet the relevance criterion. It includes ad hominem argument, appeal to fear, appeal to popularity, appeal to tradition, guilt by association, poisoning the well, red herring, and straw person.JJudgeAn observer of a debate who has the responsibility of deciding which team has done a better job of debating.KKarl Popper debate formatA debate format that matches two three-person teams against each other: one affirming the proposition and one opposing it. Each team has one constructive speech presenting its basic arguments for and against the proposition and two constructive speeches refuting the opposing team’s arguments and summarizing its own.LLoaded termA fallacy of language that occurs when the arguer labels something with a word that includes an evaluation and that evaluation plays a role in supporting the conclusion.MMethod of agreementA method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines more than one case where two elements are simultaneously present, concluding that one is the cause of the other.Method of correlationA method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines examples that demonstrate that as the amount of the cause increases (or decreases), the effect will also increase (or decrease).Method of differenceA method of reasoning used in cause-and-effect analysis that examines examples wherein both the purported cause and the purported effect are absent, concluding that one is the cause of the other.Minor repairA strategy the negative uses to defend the present system with minor changes.NNecessary causal argumentAn argument that states that without the suspected cause, the effect cannot occur, thus the cause is necessary to produce the effect.NeedThe part of the affirmative case about policies that identifies a certain problem in the status quo that the existing system cannot solve.Need-plan-benefit caseA method used for developing a case about policies that involves the identification of a need, proposal of a plan, and a demonstration of the advantages of the plan.PPlanA course of action proposed by the affirmative when debating a proposition of policy that proposes to solve the problems identified in the “need.”Poisoning the wellA fallacious argument that attempts to discredit a person or a source in advance of that person’s argument.Post hoc fallacyOccurs when a debater assumes that because one thing predates another, the first must have caused the second.Preparation timeThe time allotted to each team for preparation during the debate (eight minutes in Karl Popper debate).PresumptionThe assumption that current policies will be maintained until someone makes a case that another policy is a better option.Presumption (evidence)A statement concerning what people ordinarily expect to happen in the course of normal events.Problematic premiseA fallacious argument that fails to meet the acceptability criterion. It includes begging the question and the fallacy of incompatibility.PropositionA final claim made by a debater and supported by a combination of claims.Proposition of definitionAsserts that a certain definition should be applied to a certain category of things.Proposition of descriptionAsserts a proper way to describe an object or a number of objects.Proposition of evaluationAttaches a value to any object.Proposition of relationshipAssert a certain relationship between objects.Proposition of similarityAsserts that two objects are similar to each other.RReasoningThe process used to connect evidence to the claim.See also warrant.Rebuttal speechesThe speeches in the debate that challenge and defend arguments introduced in the constructive speeches.Red herring转移注意力的话，故意偏题A fallacious argument that shifts the focus from the original argument.RefutationThe process of attacking and defending arguments.ResearchThe process of locating and selecting evidence in preparation for debate.Reservation保留意见，疑惑An exception made to a claim. A reservation usually involves a situation in which the arguer does not wish to maintain the claim.SSimple argument structureA single claim leading from a single piece of evidence following along a single warrant.Simple policy propositionA proposition that urges adoption of a certain policy.Simple value propositionAttaches a value to a single object.Slippery slope argumentAn argument that connects a series of events in a causal chain that ultimately leads to disaster or calamity. Slippery slope arguments are fallacies if the series of events is improperly connected.Standard of acceptabilityDetermines whether the evidence is acceptable to those who judge the argument.Standard of relevanceDetermines whether the evidence is relevant to the claim it supports.Standard of sufficiencyDetermines whether all of the evidence taken as a whole is sufficient to support the claim.Standards of a logically good argumentStandards are acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency.StasisA system devised to determine the key issues of clash in a topic. These key issues can be used to develop a system of research.Status quoThe course of action currently pursued (i.e., the present system).Straw person fallacyOccurs when an arguer, intentionally or unintentionally, misinterprets an opponent’s argument, then proceeds to refute the misinterpreted argument as if it were the opponent’s actual argument.StyleThe use of language, voice, and body language used by a debater.Sufficient causal argumentAn argument that states that the presence of a cause virtually guarantees (is sufficient for) the presence of the effect.TTheoryA statement that explains other facts or that predicts the occurrence of events.Toulmin Model of argumentA model of argument developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin. The basic model includes evidence, warrant, claim, and reservation.Two wrongs fallacyOccurs when a debater makes an argument urging the audience to accept, or condone, one thing that is wrong because another similar thing, also wrong, has been accepted and condoned.VVaguenessA fallacy of language that occurs when the meaning of some word or words in an argument is indeterminate and when such vagueness prevents listeners from assessing the argument.ValueEvidence based on the audience’s preferred value.Value caseA case supporting a proposition of value. Three principal elements of such a case are describing, relating, and evaluating.Value categories (evidence)An arrangement of values into groups so that a group (category) can be used as evidence.Value hierarchy (evidence)Evidence based on how values are arranged in relation to each other.WWarrantStated or unstated reasoning process that explains the relationship between the evidence and the claim.差等关系：subalternation矛盾关系:contradiction上反对关系：contrariety下反对关系: subcontrariety判断：proposition充分条件sufficient condition必要条件necessary condition充分条件假言直言推理sufficient conditional hypothetical syllogism必要条件假言直言推理necessary conditional hypothetical syllogism前件：antecedent后件: consequent肯定式：constructive mood否定式：destructive mood直接推理：immediate inference间接推理：mediate inference。

产业培育英语

产业培育英语Industry CultivationIndustry cultivation refers to the process of nurturing and developing specific industries within a region or country. It involves strategic planning, investment, and support from the government and other stakeholders to create a favorable environment for the growth and success of targeted industries. This article will explore the importance of industry cultivation and discuss some effective strategies for successful industry development.The cultivation of industries plays a crucial role in the economic development of a region or country. It helps in creating jobs, generating income, and driving innovation. By focusing on specific industries, a region can leverage its strengths and competitive advantages to attract investment and foster economic growth. Additionally, industry cultivation can contribute to the diversification of the economy, reducing dependency on a single industry or sector.One of the key strategies for successful industry cultivation is the identification of target industries. This involves analyzing the region's existing resources, capabilities, and market potential to determine the industries that have the greatest potential for growth. It is important to consider factors such as the availability of skilled labor, access to raw materials, infrastructure, and market demand. Once the target industries are identified, the next step is to create a supportive ecosystem for their development.Government support and policies are crucial for industry cultivation. This includes providing incentives such as tax breaks, grants, and subsidies to attract investment and encourage the growth of targeted industries. Additionally, the government should invest in infrastructure development, including transportation, utilities, and research and development facilities, to create a conducive environment for industry development. Collaboration between the government, industry associations, and academic institutions is also essential to provide the necessary support and resources for industry cultivation.Another important aspect of industry cultivation is the development of a skilled workforce. This can be achieved through partnerships between the government, educational institutions, and industry players. Vocational training programs, internships, and apprenticeships can help in developing the necessary skills and expertise required by the target industries. Additionally, the government should invest in education and research to ensure a continuous supply of skilled workers and promote innovation within the industries.Market development is also crucial for successful industry cultivation. This involves identifying and expanding domestic and international markets for the products and services of the target industries. Market research and analysis can help in understanding the demand and competition in the market, allowing the industries to tailor their products and marketing strategies accordingly. The government can provide support in terms of trade missions, export promotion, and market intelligence to assist the industries in accessing and expanding into new markets.Industry cultivation also requires continuous monitoring and evaluation. Regular assessments should be conducted to measure the progress and impact of the industry development initiatives. This can help in identifying any challenges or bottlenecks and making necessary adjustments to the strategies and policies. Collaboration and knowledge sharing between different stakeholders, including the government, industry players, and academic institutions, can also facilitate the exchange of best practices and lessons learned in industry cultivation.In conclusion, industry cultivation is a crucial process for the economic development of a region or country. By identifying and nurturing specific industries, governments and stakeholders can create a favorable environment for growth and innovation. Strategic planning, government support, skilled workforce development, and market expansion are some of the key strategies for successful industry cultivation. Continuous monitoring and evaluation are also necessary to ensure the effectiveness of industry development initiatives. With the right strategies and support, industry cultivation can contribute to the long-term economic prosperity of a region or country.。

安全设施设计专篇审查流程

安全设施设计专篇审查流程1.安全设施设计专篇审查流程是非常重要的。

The review process of safety facility design is very important.2.首先需要明确定义安全设施的类型和功能。

First, it is necessary to define the types and functions of safety facilities.3.确保安全设施符合当地的法规和标准要求。

Ensure that safety facilities comply with local regulations and standards.4.评估安全设施的可靠性和持久性。

Evaluate the reliability and durability of safety facilities.5.检查安全设施的安装位置和布局是否合理。

Check if the installation location and layout of safety facilities are reasonable.6.确认安全设施是否易于使用和维护。

Confirm if safety facilities are easy to use and maintain.7.检查安全设施的警示标识和指示说明是否清晰可见。

Check if the warning signs and instructions for safety facilities are clearly visible.8.确认安全设施的使用方式是否符合人体工程学原则。

Confirm if the usage of safety facilities complies with ergonomic principles.9.检查安全设施的供电和通信系统是否稳定可靠。

Check if the power supply and communication systems of safety facilities are stable and reliable.10.确保安全设施的选择和设计符合特定工作场所的需求。

翻译

中国石油大学（华东）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译学生姓名：姜华学号：06083201专业班级：软件工程2006级2班指导教师：梁玉环2010年6月10日Database ManagementDatabase (sometimes spelled database) is also called an electronic database, referring to any collections of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval modification and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations. Database can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in the these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields are the basic units of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database. Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search, rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregates of data.Database records and files must be organized to allow retrieval of the information. Early system were arranged sequentially (i.e., alphabetically, numerically, or chronologically); the development of direct-access storage devices made possible random access to data via indexes. Queries are the main way users retrieve database information. Typically the user provides a string of characters, and the computer searches the database for a corresponding sequence and provides the source materials in which those characters appear.A user can request, for example, all records in which the content of the field for a person’s last name is the word Smith.The many users of a large database must be able to manipulate the information within it quickly at any given time. Moreover, large business and other organizations tend to build up many independent files containing related and even overlapping data, and their data, processing activities often require the linking of data from several files. Several different types of database management systems have been developed to support these requirements: flat, hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented.In flat databases, records are organized according to a simple list of entities; many simple databases for personal computers are flat in structure. The records in hierarchical databases are organized in a treelike structure, with each level of records branching off into a set of smaller categories. Unlike hierarchical databases, which provide single links between sets of records at different levels, network databases create multiple linkages between sets by placing links, or pointers, to one set of records in another; the speed and versatility of network databases have led to their wide use in business. Relational databases are used where associations among files or records cannot be expressed by links; a simple flat list becomes one table, or “relation”, and multiple relations can be mathematically as sociated toyield desired information. Object-oriented databases store and manipulate more complex data structures, called “objects”, which are organized into hierarchical classes that may inherit properties from classes higher in the chain; this database structure is the most flexible and adaptable.The information in many databases consists of natural-language texts of documents; number-oriented database primarily contain information such as statistics, tables, financial data, and raw scientific and technical data. Small databases can be maintained on personal-computer systems and may be used by individuals at home. These and larger databases have become increasingly important in business life. Typical commercial applications include airline reservations, production management, medical records in hospitals, and legal records of insurance companies. The largest databases are usually maintained by governmental agencies, business organizations, and universities. These databases may contain texts of such materials as catalogs of various kinds. Reference databases contain bibliographies or indexes that serve as guides to the location of information in books, periodicals, and other published literature. Thousands of these publicly accessible databases now exist, covering topics ranging from law, medicine, and engineering to news and current events, games, classified advertisements, and instructional courses. Professionals such as scientists, doctors, lawyers, financial analysts, stockbrokers, and researchers of all types increasingly rely on these databases for quick, selective access to large volumes of information.DBMS Structuring TechniquesSequential, direct, and other file processing approaches are used to organize and structure data in single files. But a DBMS is able to integrate data elements from several files to answer specific user inquiries for information. That is, the DBMS is able to structure and tie together the logically related data from several large files.Logical Structures. Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator. A data definition language is used for this purpose. The DBMS may then employ one of the following logical structuring techniques during storage access, and retrieval operations.List structures. In this logical approach, records are linked together by the use of pointers. A pointer is a data item in one record that identifies the storage location of another logically related record. Records in a customer master file, for example, will contain the name and address of each customer, and each record in this file is identified by an account number. During an accounting period, a customer may buy a number of items on different days. Thus, the company may maintain an invoice file to reflect these transactions. A list structure could be used in this situation to show the unpaid invoices at any given time. Each record in the customer in the invoice file. This invoice record, in turn, would be linked to later invoices for the customer. The last invoice in the chain would be identified by the useof a special character as a pointer.Hierarchical (tree) structures. In this logical approach, data units are structured in multiple levels that graphically resemble an “upside down” tree with the root at the top and the branches formed below. There’s a superior-subordinate relationship in a hierarchical (tree) structure. Below the single-root data component are subordinate elements or nodes, each of which, in turn, “own” one or more other elements (or none). Each element or branch in this structure below the root has only a single owner. Thus, a customer owns an invoice, and the invoice has subordinate items. The branches in a tree structure are not connected.Network Structures. Unlike the tree approach, which does not permit the connection of branches, the network structure permits the connection of the nodes in a multidirectional manner. Thus, each node may have several owners and may, in turn, own any number of other data units. Data management software permits the extraction of the needed information from such a structure by beginning with any record in a file.Relational structures. A relational structure is made up of many tables. The data are stored in the form of “relations” in these tables. For example, relation t ables could be established to link a college course with the instructor of the course, and with the location of the class.To find the name of the instructor and the location of the English class, the course/instructor relation is searched to get the name (“Fitt”), and the course/location relation is a relatively new database structuring approach that’s expected to be widely implemented in the future.Physical Structures. People visualize or structure data in logical ways for their own purposes. Thus, records R1 and R2 may always be logically linked and processed in sequence in one particular application. However, in a computer system it’s quite possible that these records that are logically contiguous in one application are not physically stored together. Rather, the physical structure of the records in media and hardware may depend not only on the I/O and storage devices and techniques used, but also on the different logical relationships that users may assign to the data found in R1and R2. For example, R1 and R2 may be records of credit customers who have shipments send to the same block in the same city every 2 weeks. From the shipping department manager’s perspective, then, R1 and R2 are sequential entries on a geographically organized shipping report. But in the A/R application, the customers represented by R1 and R2 may be identified, and their accounts may be processed, according to their account numbers which are widely separated. In short, then, the physical location of the stored records in many computer-based information systems is invisible to users.Database Management Features of OracleOracle includes many features that make the database easier to manage. We’ve divided the discussion in this section into three categories: Oracle Enterprise Manager, add-on packs,backup and recovery.1. Oracle Enterprise ManagerAs part of every Database Server, Oracle provides the Oracle Enterprise Manager (EM), a database management tool framework with a graphical interface used to manage database users, instances, and features (such as replication) that can provide additional information about the Oracle environment.Prior to the Oracle8i database, the EM software had to be installed on Windows 95/98 or NT-based systems and each repository could be accessed by only a single database manager at a time. Now you can use EM from a browser or load it onto Windows 95/98/2000 or NT-based systems. Multiple database administrators can access the EM repository at the same time. In the EM repository for Oracle9i, the super administrator can define services that should be displayed on other administrators’ consoles, and management regions can be set up.2. Add-on packsSeveral optional add-on packs are available for Oracle, as described in the following sections. In addition to these database-management packs, management packs are available for Oracle Applications and for SAP R/3.(1)standard Management PackThe Standard Management Pack for Oracle provides tools for the management of small Oracle databases (e.g., Oracle Server/Standard Edition). Features include support for performance monitoring of database contention, I/O, load, memory use and instance metrics, session analysis, index tuning, and change investigation and tracking.(2)Diagnostics PackYou can use the Diagnostic Pack to monitor, diagnose, and maintain the health of Enterprise Edition databases, operating systems, and applications. With both historical and real-time analysis, you can automatically avoid problems before they occur. The pack also provides capacity planning features that help you plan and track future system-resource requirements.(3)Tuning PackWith the Tuning Pack, you can optimise system performance by identifying and tuning Enterprise Edition databases and application bottlenecks such as inefficient SQL, poor data design, and the improper use of system resources. The pack can proactively discover tuning opportunities and automatically generate the analysis and required changes to tune the systems.(4)Change Management PackThe Change Management Pack helps eliminate errors and loss of data when upgrading Enterprise Edition databases to support new applications. It impact and complex dependencies associated with application changes and automatically perform databaseupgrades. Users can initiate changes with easy-to-use wizards that teach the systematic steps necessary to upgrade.(5)AvailabilityOracle Enterprise Manager can be used for managing Oracle Standard Edition and/or Enterprise Edition. Additional functionality is provided by separate Diagnostics, Tuning, and Change Management Packs.3. Backup and RecoveryAs every database administrator knows, backing up a database is a rather mundane but necessary task. An improper backup makes recovery difficult, if not impossible. Unfortunately, people often realize the extreme importance of this everyday task only when it is too late –usually after losing business-critical data due to a failure of a related system.The following sections describe some products and techniques for performing database backup operations.(1)Recovery ManagerTypical backups include complete database backups (the most common type), database backups, control file backups, and recovery of the database. Previously, Oracle’s Enterprise Backup Utility (EBU) provided a similar solution on some platforms. However, RMAN, with its Recovery Catalog stored in an Oracle database, provides a much more complete solution. RMAN can automatically locate, back up, restore, and recover databases, control files, and archived redo logs. RMAN for Oracle9i can restart backups and restores and implement recovery window policies when backups expire. The Oracle Enterprise Manager Backup Manager provides a GUI-based interface to RMAN.(2)Incremental backup and recoveryRMAN can perform incremental backups of Enterprise Edition databases. Incremental backups back up only the blocks modified since the last backup of a datafile, tablespace, or database; thus, they’re smaller and faster than complete backups. RMAN can also perform point-in-time recovery, which allows the recovery of data until just prior to a undesirable event.(3)Legato Storage ManagerVarious media-management software vendors support RMAN. Oracle bundles Legato Storage Manager with Oracle to provide media-management services, including the tracking of tape volumes, for up to four devices. RMAN interfaces automatically with the media-management software to request the mounting of tapes as needed for backup and recovery operations.(4)AvailabilityWhile basic recovery facilities are available for both Oracle Standard Edition and Enterprise Edition, incremental backups have typically been limited to Enterprise Edition. Choosing between Oracle and SQL ServerI have to decide between using the Oracle database and WebDB vs. Microsoft SQL Server with Visual Studio. This choice will guide our future Web projects. What are the strong points of each of these combinations and what are the negatives?Lori: Making your decision will depend on what you already have. For instance, if you want to implement a Web-based database application and you are a Windows-only shop, SQL Server and the Visual Studio package would be fine. But the Oracle solution would be better with mixed platforms.There are other things to consider, such as what extras you get and what skills are required. WebDB is a content management and development tool that can be used by content creators, database administrators, and developers without any programming experience. WebDB is a browser-based tool that helps ease content creation and provides monitoring and maintenance tools. This is a good solution for organizations already using Oracle. Oracle also scales better than SQL Server, but you will need to have a competent Oracle administrator on hand.The SQL Sever/Visual Studio approach is more difficult to use and requires an experienced object-oriented programmer or some extensive training. However, you do get a fistful of development tools with Visual Studio: Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Visual InterDev for only $1,619. Plus, you will have to add the cost of the SQL Server, which will run you $1,999 for 10 clients or $3,999 for 25 clients-a less expensive solution than Oracle’s.Oracle also has a package solution that starts at $6,767, depending on the platform selected. The suite includes not only WebDB and Oracle8i but also other tools for development such as the Oracle application server, JDeveloper, and Workplace Templates, and the suite runs on more platforms than the Microsoft solution does. This can be a good solution if you are a start-up or a small to midsize business. Buying these tools in a package is less costly than purchasing them individually.Much depends on your skill level, hardware resources, and budget. I hope this helps in your decision-making.Brooks: I totally agree that this decision depends in large part on what infrastructure and expertise you already have. If the decision is close, you need to figure out who’s going to be doing the work and what your priorities are.These two products have different approaches, and they reflect the different personalities of the two vendors. In general, Oracle products are designed for very professional development efforts by top-notch programmers and project leaders. The learning period is fairly long, and the solution is pricey; but if you stick it out you will ultimately have greater scalability and greater reliability.If your project has tight deadlines and you don’t have the time and/or money to hire a team of very expensive, very experienced developers, you may find that the Oracle solutioni s an easy way to get yourself in trouble. There’s nothing worse than a poorly developed Oracle application.What Microsoft offers is a solution that’s aimed at rapid development and low-cost implementation. The tools are cheaper, the servers you’ll run it on are cheaper, and the developers you need will be cheaper. Choosing SQL Sever and Visual Studio is an excellent way to start fast.Of course, there are trade-offs. The key problem I have with Visual Studio and SQL Server is that you’ll be tied to Microso ft operating systems and Intel hardware. If the day comes when you need to support hundreds of thousands of users, you really don’t have anywhere to go other than buying hundreds of servers, which is a management nightmare.If you go with the Microsoft approach, it sounds like you may not need more than Visual Interdev. If you already know that you’re going to be developing ActiveX components in Visual Basic or Visual C++, that’s warning sign that maybe you should look at the Oracle solution more closely.I want to emphasize that, although these platforms have their relative strengths and weaknesses, if you do it right you can build a world-class application on either one. So if you have an organizational bias toward one of the vendors, by all means go with it. If you’re starting out from scratch, you’re going to have to ask yourself whether your organization leans more toward perfectionism or pragmatism, and realize that both “isms” have their faults.数据库管理数据库（有时拼成Database）也称为电子数据库，是指由计算机特别组织的快速查找和检索的任意的数据或信息集合。

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ELECTRONIC W ORKSHOPS IN C OMPUTINGSeries edited by Professor C.J. van RijsbergenB Novikov, University of St Petersburg, Russia and J W Schmidt, University of Hamburg, Germany. (Eds)Advances in Databases and Information Systems, Moscow 1996Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advances in Databases and Information Systems (ADBIS ‘96). Moscow, 10-13September 1996Type Associations Identified to Support Information Resource Reuse in MegaprogrammingLeonid KalinichenkoType Associations Identiﬁed to Support Information ResourceReuse in MegaprogrammingLeonid A.KalinichenkoInstitute for Problems of InformaticsRussian Academy of SciencesV avilova30/6,Moscow,V-334,117900e-mail:leonidk@ipian23.ipian.msk.suAbstractType associations supporting reuse decisions in course of the interoperable information systems design are identi-ﬁed.Type reducts(projections of object interfaces deﬁned by types)are considered as patterns of reuse.The requiredfederated composite objects are assumed to be created by integration of such fragments using views above their typedeﬁnitions.Type associations introduced are based on an assumption of type speciﬁcation completeness.The typereﬁnement association is introduced as the fundamental concept for the others,such as subtyping,type reduct,typeconformances and type inferencing associations.These associations are established to support the information systemdesign with reuse.1IntroductionMegaprogramming metaphor[13]reﬂecting the need for programming-in-the-large in an open distributed computing /telecommunication environment becomes now a strong motive force.The components used in megaprogramming, called megamodules,encapsulate the functionality of services,provided by various pre-existing information resources. Technically megaprogramming is based on interoperability providing for representation of megamodules as objects in the global object space interoperating through brokers[10].In the SYNTHESIS project[3]considering the megapogramming based on the pre-existing information resources we concentrate on semantic interoperability as a speciﬁc technique providing for meaningful and correct compo-nents composition to reach the required functionality.The semantic interoperation reasoning(SIR)method proposed [3]should lead to the concretization of speciﬁcations of requirements by views over the pre-existing information resources.These steps include:integration of an application domain and of an information resource ontological con-texts,concretization view deﬁnitions supporting mediation of resource types to satisfy the requirements of speciﬁc application types,usage of declarative description style and predicative speciﬁcations for application and resource for generation and justiﬁcation of concretization conditions capturing structural,extensional and behavioral properties.The core interoperation technology[10](addressing the system,technical level of interoperation)is based on the idea of total encapsulation of the underlying resources.No semantics of resources could be seen on the generalized level of description.In SYNTHESIS we are looking for methodological framework and architecture that should be SIR complete.By completeness we mean that the speciﬁcations should be sufﬁcient to reason that a resource is applicable to a given problem(perhaps,after some coneptual,functional,extensional,etc.reconciliation).Speciﬁcally it means that we are able to decompose the application speciﬁcation and locate its fragments for which the resource could be considered a concretization.Or it means that the speciﬁcations should be sufﬁcient to reason that a collection of resources is composable into a consistent,coherent entity reusable for a given problem(or its fragment)as a whole. Therefore,our solutions constitute complementary features to the core interoperation frameworks[10]and to existing This work was partially supported by the INTAS Program grant INTAS-94-1817Advances in Databases and Information Systems,19961Object Analysis and Design methods.The process of concretization of an application speciﬁcation by the pre-existing resources is critical issue to reach the semantic interoperation.The proposed procedure[4]of searching for resources with application relevant capabilities is based on the ontological context coherence and semantical similarity of re-source/application speciﬁcations,on strict,justiﬁable conditions of structural,value and behavioral concretization of an application by the heterogeneous resources.We assume that pre-existing information resource speciﬁcations(IRS)and information system requirements spec-iﬁcations(ISRS)are known.We assume that these speciﬁcations are complete and given in the uniform notation [5].The basic constituents of the speciﬁcations are deﬁnitions of types representing ontological,state and behav-ioral semantics of pre-existing components and of the requirements to be developed.We consider speciﬁcations to be completely separated from the implementation deﬁnitions.We are focused here on reuse of speciﬁcations.The implementations that are behind them can be invoked through the speciﬁcations(one or multiple implementations can be associated with a type speciﬁcation of a pre-existing resource).We assume that type speciﬁcations are based on an object model with well-deﬁned semantics containing an object calculus as its basic part(such as,e.g.,[11,5]).We assume that in a type deﬁnition state and behavioral attributes are distinguished,invariant(constraints)deﬁnitions are provided and deﬁnitions of functions are given in a form of mixed pre-and postconditions expressed in an object calculus.The intention of this paper is to identify basic associations between type speciﬁcations that are required to support reuse decisions in course of design.These associations can be provided directly by a speciﬁcation repositoty or they can be inferred by analysis of type speciﬁcations and justiﬁed.The application domain semantic associations between type speciﬁations(provided partially by ontological information)are beyond this paper:everywhere we assume that types considered for reuse are semantically coherent.For reuse we apply a model of composite object integrating data and behavior from various sources.The data and/or behavior residing at each source is regarding as a fragment of a composite object.We consider reducts(projec-tions of object interfaces deﬁned by types)as patterns of reuse.So,we decompose type speciﬁcations into a collection of reducts that can serve as units of reuse and composition.Thus we specify types of the object fragments as reducts of the required type and provide their loose integration in a bottom up fashion.Federated composite objects are created by integration of such fragments using views above their type deﬁnitions.Basic techniques supporting such objects include delegation,substitutability,inheritance providing for composition and sharing of behavior and state of objects. Concentrating on reuse,object-centered programming should be combined with class-based programming to form a continuum between prototype-or delegation-based languages[8]and class-based ones.Applying such models,we can properly deﬁne autonomous information resources(software servers)whose functional capabilities can be shared by delegation.We address type reﬁnement[9,1]as the fundamental property that is required to justify a correctness of substitution of instances of one type for another and of reuse of pre-existing objects state and behavior.We should discover suitable reducts of IRS types reﬁning reducts of ISRS types so that we could apply the basic techniques above to form a reﬁnement of the required type.Necessary functionality of objects of the required type can be provided by constructing of required behavior from scratch or reusing pre-existing behaviors relying on inheritance or delegation. The resulting type should be consistent(that is,the type should have a model and operations should preserve the type invariants).The resulting type should be a reﬁnement of the required type.Thus we construct a type that is a subtype of the ISRS type.This construct provides for reuse by means of object substitutability.In the paper we deﬁne basic type associations that should be established to make reuse decisions efﬁcient.The paper is structured as follows.We start with the deﬁnition of type reﬁnement as of the basic required association. Other associations introduced are based on the type reﬁnement concept.Subtyping and reduct associations are deﬁned further.Introducing type conformances,we deviate from conventional deﬁnitions of such associations basing their meaning on the type reﬁnement associations.Finally we discuss type inference associations providing for necessary type calculations during the design.The type associations introduced are based on an assumption of completeness of the type speciﬁcations.Advances in Databases and Information Systems,199622Type ReﬁnementThe objective of the design is to have type speciﬁcations implemented eventually as software modules by means of some programming notation.So,we have to transform speciﬁcations so that they could eventually be implemented by means of a program.This will be done by a step by step restriction of the constructs that could be used further.This activity is called a reﬁnement.Algorithmic reﬁnement is an approach of being more and more precise about the way our operations should be eventually made concrete.Data reﬁnement consists in removing completely all variables whose types are too complicated to be implemented as such and in replacing them by simpler variables whose types correspond to those found in programming notations.The reﬁnement of a type is deﬁned as follows:a type is said to reﬁne a type if a user can use values of instead of values of without noticing it.Both types must have the same operation names(each with same input and output parameters respectively).Both types are said to have the same operational signature.But of course,they will not have the same variables.To deﬁne more precisely what a reﬁnement is,we introduce the following deﬁnition of a type model.For a type model the set of all type speciﬁcations expressible in is denoted byType state.The type state corresponding to a type speciﬁcation is a function deﬁning for each state variable(attribute)of the type speciﬁcation denoted by identiﬁer its value taken from the set of admissible values of the variable type.It is essential that in its turn can also be an analogous function.A set of admissible states corresponding to some type speciﬁcation is a set of functionsA space of type states expressible in is a set of functions which may be considered as union of sets for all We consider only admissible states that satisfy the invariants related to types.Type behavior.The type behavior corresponding to a type speciﬁcation is a functiondeﬁning for each operation in the type speciﬁcation the related state transformation for this type.are type speciﬁcations known in a context of the type speciﬁcation A set of admissible behaviors corresponding to some type speciﬁcation is a set of functionsA space of type behaviors expressible in is a set of functions which may be considered as union of sets for allType model.Type model is a triple where is a semantic state function of is a semantic behavior function ofNow,considering type being a reﬁnement of type in we assume that the following conditions hold:—type state diagram is commutative:—type behavior diagram is commutative:Advances in Databases and Information Systems,19963—mapping is a bijective abstraction function of a data reﬁnement;—mapping is an algorithmic reﬁnement.3Reduct AssociationsTo characterize fragments of objects to be reused we introduce a notion of a type reduct or simply a reduct.Roughly a reduct is a subset of an interface of a type instance.A reduct can be formed taking a projection of a type speciﬁcation on certain state and functional attributes.On another hand,a reduct should be a proper type speciﬁcation that is always a supertype(immediate or transitive) with respect to an original type.A reduct should be properly placed in a type lattice.Concerning reusability,we consider two reduct extremes:a functional reduct containing only behavioral attributes of the original type and a state reduct containing only state attribute of the origina type.These different kinds of reducts can be formed to be focused on pragmatically different primary intention of reuse:to reuse a data source or a functional source.Actually in course of a design the reducts can dynamically be included into the type lattice to support searching for reusable components.After the search completion the reducts are removed from the type lattice.Generally,we consider reducts as the basic reuse patterns.Different constructs for reduct aggregation and compo-sition providing for reuse(such as paths,compositions of functions)are applicable for the views deﬁnition.4Subtyping AssociationsThe basic meaning of a subtyping is based on the following assumptions[2]:subtyping is a partial order on types;if then all values(objects)of a type can be used in any context in which values(objects)of a type can be used;if then instances of type have at least all properties that instances of type have.In another words,a theory of the supertype is contained in a theory of the subtype,i.e..Therefore,subtyping implies a subset relationship between instances.A subtype can be obtained from the supertype by:adding of new functions to an interface of;reﬁning the states;reﬁning the assertions;reﬁning the functions.We denote a type speciﬁcation where denotes for a type a set of state variables, -a state space,-a set of operations,-a set of invariants.A subtyping association for a supertype and a subtypeholds iff there exists an abstraction function mapping the subtype state space() into the supertype state space()such that the following conditions are satisﬁed:Advances in Databases and Information Systems,199641.For a subtype invariants to be a reﬁnement of a supertype invariants the following condition should be proved(is a conjunction of all predicates in):2.To preserve supertype operations behavior,subtype operations should be a reﬁnement of the correspondingsupertype operations[7].To show that an operation of a subtype is a reﬁnement of the corre-sponding operation of the supertype when a subtype and supertype state spaces andare related by an Abs mapping,proof obligations should be generated according to the following templates[12]: Theﬁrst template should state that a subtype operation should terminate whenever a supertype operation is guaranteed to terminate(and denote input and output spaces of the operation):This is known as the law of weakening of precondition.The second template ensures that the state after the subtype operation(marked by)represents one of those abstract states in which an operation of a supertype could terminate(here denotes a predicative speciﬁcation of expressed in a mixed pre-and postconditions): The second condition is the law of strengthening of postcondition.If these conditions are satisﬁed then a subtype operation is suitable for all purposes for which a supertype operation is suitable.If we model a type and subtype by an abstract machine and its reﬁnement then the subtyping conditions above will be correctly established.Actually what we said above means that type is a subtype of a type iff a reduct of to state attributes and functions corresponding to is a reﬁnement of5Conformance AssociationsHere we introduce a notion of type conformance associations that deviates from given sometimes in the literature[11]. The reason for the new notion is that we look here not only for the object substitutability,but mostly for reusability of object fragments.For a given type we would like to associate a collection of other type deﬁnitions partially conforming to our type and forming a reusability perspective for the type.Therefore,we redeﬁne conformance as follows.A conformance association between types holds(we say”conforms to”)iff there exists a common reduct of andA common reduct is such type(other than the null type)that is a reduct of and there exists a reduct that reﬁnes.A conformance relation on a set of types is reﬂexive and transitive.The conformance relation is not antisymmetric. It means that from the facts that conforms to and conforms to it does not follow that On the contrary, for subtyping relation that is reﬂexive,transitive and antisymmetric(a partial order relation),if is a subtype of and is a subtype of thenA particular conformance for a particular type gives a reuse possibilities for The reducts deﬁned for through conformance association deﬁne states and behaviors of that can be reused to implement the type A type can have many conformances with a type However,we are interested in a conformances in which any extension of a common reduct will not lead to new conformances.Such conformances are called the most common conformances.Here denotes a projection of the type to the attributes of the typeAdvances in Databases and Information Systems,19965A most common reduct is a reduct of such that there exists a reduct that reﬁnesand there can be no other reduct of()such that is a reduct of is not equal to and there exists a reduct that reﬁnesA conformance between pairs of types is most common iff these types are related through the most common reduct.It is clear that for a pair of types there exists at most one If most common reduct of and is equal to then we say that is a subtype ofNow we can extend the deﬁnition of a conformance association of a type to a collection of typesWe deﬁne a conformance of a type as a collection of types such that any type in conforms toIt is possible that some of the states and behaviors may be shared among the types in the conformance because of subtyping and conformance associations that may exist among them.A type can have many conformnces.However, for any type there exists a conformance such that adding a type to the conformance does not add any additional conformance information to the original type and removing a type from the conformance would lose such information. This conformance is called the most common conformance for the type.We deﬁne a conformance of a type to be the most common conformance of t iff we take the most common conformance of each type in to and there does not exist a type not belonging to such that is a reduct of where is a type belonging to A most common conformance of a type is denoted byThe characterizes a reuse perspective for a type6Type Inferencing AssociationsThese associations usually focus on issues of a type inferencing during object calculus formulae evaluation under assumption of the type speciﬁcation completeness.Two kinds of formulae are distinguished:object-preserving and object-creating ones.The object-preserving formulae are limited to returning existing objects from an object base while object-creating formulae may create new objects during their evaluation[11].The object-creating formulae can form new types that were not integrated with the types from which they were formed.Based on the notion of a well-deﬁned type lattice we should have a systematic possibility to integrate these new types into the existing lattice.The type operations and expressions usually are intended as a technique for target-creating formulae evaluation, view and schema evolution support.Here we mostly emphasize these associations for the process of design with reuse -to form reducts introducing them properly into the type lattice,to produce composition of reducts and to express formulae leading to views serving as reﬁnements of the required types.Here following[11],we introduce type operations that are suitable for incomplete type speciﬁcations containing only signatures of functions.Let denotes types.An operation produces a type as a meet of the operand types.includes functions that are common for and If()is a subtype of()then()is a result of a type meet.Type is placed in the type lattice as a supertype of types being operands of the operation.An operation produces as a result a type that is a join of the operand types.includes a union of functions of and If()is a subtype of()then()is s result of a join operation.A type is placed in the type lattice as a subtype of the operand types.An operation produces as a result a type that is a product of the operand types.A type is placed in the type lattice as a subtype of other product types(but not of the operand types)in accordance with the interfaces deﬁned for the product types.A product type is placed in the type lattice as a subtype of a product typeif and is a subtype of for It is placed in the type lattice as a supertype oftype if and is a supertype of for If a product type cannot Advances in Databases and Information Systems,19966be placed into a type lattice as a subtype of another product type it is placed there as a subtype of the root type of the lattice.Complete type speciﬁcations include speciﬁcations of assertions(predicates constraining admissible type values) and speciﬁcations of functions serving as type operations.In this case type inferencing operations should produce correct types placed into type lattice in accordance with the deﬁnition of subtyping association given above that is clariﬁed as follows.Using the operations above,type expressions are introduced taking into account that meet and join operations are commutative and associative and a product operation is neither commutative nor associative.A product operation has a higher priority comparing to the operations of type meet and join.The type inferencing operations deﬁned above should be extended with the following transformations(justiﬁcations)[6]:Type meet operation:Assertions created in the resulting type(obtained from operand type assertions)should be formed by a maximal subset of assertions common for the operand types and relevant to a reduced set of functions of a resulting type.Type join operation:A set of assertions inherited from operand types should be consistent(the resulting type should have a model).Any type operation:A speciﬁcation of any interfacing function of a resulting type can be chosen among corresponding interfacingfunctions of operand types if the functions are in a reﬁnement order(for a supertype(subtype)more abstract (more reﬁned)function should be chosen).If the functions are not in a reﬁnement order they are considered to be different interface functions.In case of a speciﬁcation completeness type inference operations should produce correct supertype(subtype)of the operand types.To do that the operations should perform nontrivial transformations of speciﬁcations and justiﬁcation of their correctness.7ConclusionThe paper identiﬁes basic associations between types that are required to support reasoning of semantic interoper-ability and reuse in course of a megaprogram design.The pre-existing information resource speciﬁcations(IRS)and information system requirements speciﬁcations(ISRS)are assumed to be complete.By completeness we mean that the speciﬁcations should be sufﬁcient to reason that a resource is applicable to a given problem.For reuse we ap-ply a model of federated composite object integrating data and behavior from various sources.To identify reusable fragments we consider reducts(projections of object interfaces deﬁned by types)as patterns of reuse.Basic tech-niques supporting creation of such objects include delegation,substitutability,inheritance providing for composition and sharing of behavior and state of objects.For the basic associations between types required to reason about the object fragments reusability we identiﬁed reducts,reﬁnement,subtyping,various conformances and type inferencing associations.We treat type reﬁnement to be the fundamental type association that is required to justify correctness of reuse of pre-existing object fragments(object state and behavior)as well as to establish other type associations(such as subtyping,conformances and type inferencing).The type associations deﬁned support the semantically interoperable design in the SYNTHESIS project. 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