Lecture 4 基本构词方法
词根Lecture 4
37.fin[L]=end,limit*final[fin=end末尾;-al a.=of…的->“ofan end末尾的”->]st She did not appear until the last day of the year.2.decisive and conclusive最终的She told me her last decision. *finalist n.an Olympic finalist*finalize v.把……定下来to finalize your plans/arrangements*finish[fin=end;-ish(-ise)v.=to bring to导致，使->]v.to bring to an end;completeNo video games until you finish your homework. *fine1[fin=end->completeness完成；-e->being complete or perfect圆满的，完善的->]a.1.fair好的I am fine,thanks.2.excellent优秀的fine tradition 优良传统 3.beautiful美的a fine view美景*finery n.She loved to adorn herself with finery.*fine2[fin=end->final settlement了解办法；-e->a sum of money paid as a final settlement of an offense为了结违规行为而付的钱->]1.n.money penalty a parking fine->2.v.punish by fine 处以罚款He was fined for speeding.*finance[fin(e)2v.=to settle sth by money payment花钱了结->to deal with money affairs处理金钱事务；-ance n.=the act or manner表行为或方式->]n.management of money affairsHe is professional in finance.*financial a.financial services金融服务to give financial advice提供财务咨询to be in financial difficulties处于财务困难之中an independent financial adviser独立财务顾问Tokyo and New York are major financial centres. *fiscal a.fiscal policies/reforms财政政策/改革*finite[fin=limit界限；-ite a.=having有……的->] a.having a limit The fossil fuels(coal and oil)are finite resources.*in/finite a.an infinite universe无垠的宇宙an infinite variety of plants数不清的植物种类*define[de-=down;fin=limit界限；-e->to set down the limits定下界限->]v.1.make out limits of;make(sth)clear in outlineYour duties have been well defined.2.fix the meaning of Please define the word“addiction”in this exercise.*definition n.What's your definition of happiness?HD=high definition高清*confine[con-(com-)=together一起；fin=limit界限；-e->”a limit together with another,limits in connection相连在一起的界限”->]1.n.border,boundary The map clearly defines the confines of this country.2.v.keep in limits or boundary She is confined to the house by illness.38.flu,flux[L]=to flow流动*fluent[flu=to flow流；-ent a.=-ing表性质->] a.1.flowing easily She can speak fluent English.2.expressing oneself quickly and easily言流利的To be a fluent speaker,you need more practice.*influence[in-=into进入；flu=to flow流；-ence n.=the act or result表行为或结果->a plant’s flowing into some area,which was supposed to work on other planets某行星流入某方位，古时候认为这对其他行星有所影响->]1.n.the power to produce effects on others the influence of the climate on agricultural productionhave negative/positive influence on2.v.produce or have effects on The bad weather this spring influenced the grain production. *influential a.有影响力的*influenza[influenz(Italian)=to influence v.影响；a-n.=disease疾病->disease that influences many people at a time->]n.epidemic virus disease attacking the upper respiratory tract(病毒侵染上呼吸道的)Influenza is formal;flu is short for it.*affluent[af-(ad-)=to向；flu=to flow流；-ent a.= -ing…的->flowing freely to向……奔流而来的->]a.abundant;wealthysyn==prosperous,wealthyopp==impoverishedAn affluent society for all is our dream. affluent Western countries富裕的西方国家a very affluent neighbourhood富人区*affluence n.丰富；富裕*superfluous[super-=beyond;flu=to flow流；-ous a.=having the quality表性质->having the quality beyond or over会流出界的；易溢出的->]a.overflowing;above what is enoughShe gave him a look that made words superfluous.39.form;form(at)[L]=shape形状;to form形成*form[form=to give a shape to形成->]v.1.make in a certain shape Games can help children learn to form anize We formed a club.3.take shape An idea formed in his mind.*former n.起形成作用的人;a.以前的(=ex)my former boss/colleague/wife*in formation按队列*information n.信息IT=information technology信息技术*inform[in-=into;form=to give shape to给……形状->to give shape into sth给某物以形状->to describe sth描述某物->]v.give knowledge toPlease inform him of the changes in the schedule.*information n.信息*perform[per-=thoroughly彻底的；form=to give shape to给……形状->to give a shape thoroughly 彻底给予形状->to give a complete shape赋予完整形状->]plete(a complicated activity)They are performing chemical experiments.2.act in front of an audienceThe play was first performed in1987.3.do with an amount of success Your confidence affects how you perform at work.*performance n.表演The performance starts at seven.*reform[re-=again;form=to give shape to使成形-> to give a new shape使成新形->]v.1.make or become betterShe thought she could reform him.2.improve by removing faults or abusesThe law needs to be reformed.3.n.improvement reform and open-up*conform[con-(com-)=together共同；form=to shape形成->to shape together with与……共同形成->]v.1.become the same in form相似，一致The goods should conform to the sample.2.be in agreement with Everyone should conform to the rules.*uniform[uni-=one;form=to shape形成->]1.n.the special set of clothes worn by all members of an organization or a group at work,or by children at schoola military/police/nurse's uniform军装；警服；护士制服2.not varying;the same in all parts and at all timesuniform rates of pay统一的薪资标准*deform[de-v.=cause away from使离开；form= shape形状->to cause away from the original shape 使离开原来形状]v.1.put out of shape Heat deforms plastic.2.spoil the shape ofTight shoes may deform your feet.*transform[trans-=across到另一方；form=to give shape to使成形->to give shape across or give one shape from another使成另一形->]v.1.change in form or appearance A tadpole is transformed into a frog.2.change in nature or quality It was an event that would transform my life.*transformation n.变化，转变*transformer《变形金刚》*formal a.正式的formal evening dress晚礼服*informal a.不正式的an informal arrangement/meeting/visit非正式的安排/会议/访问40.fort,forc[L,F]=strong强；strength力量*effort[ef-(ex-)=out出；fort=strong强->strength 力量->putting out strength使出力气->]n. vigorous attempt;trying hardWe spared no effort in the experiment.*effortless a.不费力的，容易的*comfort[com-=completely完全的（表加强语气）；fort=strong强->to make sb strong in mind使某人在精神上坚强起来->]1.v.relieve from distress;ease Doctors know how to comfort patients.2.n.relief He often takes comfort in his friends.*comfortable a.舒适的He's more comfortable with computers than with people.*force[forc=strength;-e->]1.strength;power; violence It is not wise to useforce against pel,overcome,or achieve by strength He claimed the police forced him to sign a profession.*forceful a.强有力的forceful woman/speaker强有力的妇女；说话有说服力的人a forceful personality坚强的个性*forceless a.无力的，软弱的*enforce[en-v.=to put into使置于；force n.-> to put sth into force置某事于有效力之中]v.1.carry out It's the job of the police to enforce the law.2.apply force to,or compel强制；迫使You can't enforce cooperation between the players. *enforcement n.实施，执行law enforcement*fort[fort=strong->strong building坚固的建筑物->]n.stronghold The fort was the enemy’s headquarters.*fortify[fort=strong;-i-;-fy v.=to make or cause to be使…->to make strong,or strengthen使加固，加强->]v.1.strengthen with force The citizens fortified their city against invasion.2.strengthen or conform You must fortify your confidence in studies.*fortitude[fort=strong;-i-;-tude n.=the quality表性质->the quality of being strong坚强的品质->]n. courage in endurance He suffered a long series of illnesses with fortitude.*reinforce[re-again再；inforce=enforce加强->to enforce again再加强->]v.strengthen by new force or support增强；增援We should reinforce the army at the front.*reinforcement n.增援（部队）；加强41frag,fract[L]=to break破*fragile[frag=break破；-ile a.=easy to be易被…的->easy to be burden易打破的->]a.easily broken or damaged,or breakableGlass is fragile.*fragment[frag=break破；-ment n.=the result ->the result of being broken破碎的结果->]n.1.part of sth.broken off Police found fragments of glass near the scene.2.part of sth left unfinished This poem is only a fragment.*fraction[frag=break破；-tion n.=the result-> the result of breaking sth]n.1.sth broken off from the whole碎片She hesitated for a fraction of a second.2.any part of a unit or number部分；分数One half is a fraction.*fracture[frag=break破；-ure n.=the act or state ->]n.braking or breakage,especially of bonea fracture of the leg/skull腿骨/颅骨骨折*infraction[in-=in;fract=to break；-ion n.=the act表行为->breaking law or rule破坏法律或规则] n.violation of law;breach[bri:tʃ]He was criticized for his infraction of the discipline.。
人教版高中英语必修4课件 知识点——构词法
数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的
数词＋名词＋ed five-storied五层的 动词＋副词see-through透明的
autochart自动图表 cooperate合作
构词法
【知识点解析】
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加
后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构
成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，
变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事
heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die B. dead C. died D. death 3. The child looked ________ at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly D. sad
副词＋副词however尽管如此 介词＋名词beforehand事先 介词＋副词forever永远
构词法
【知识点解析】
5)合成代词
代词宾格＋self herself她自己
物主代词＋self myself我自己
形容词＋名词 anything任何东西
6)合成介词
副词＋名词inside在……里面
介词＋副词within在……之内 副词＋介词into进入
很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化
(如下① )；有时意思有一定变化(如下② )；有的与一 个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③ )。 例如： ① Let's go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。
1 计算机英语构词法和语法要点
形容词词缀，如：im-，un-，-able，-al，-ing，-ed等；
-able programmable 可编程的 expandable 可扩充的 rewritable 可重复读写的 -al fundamental 基本的 -ing formatting toolbar 格式工具条 operating system 操作系统 -ed cultured 有文化的 -less wireless router 无线路由器
4 4 4
教学方式或手段 讲授 讲授、讨论、多媒体教学 讲授、讨论、多媒体教学
学时分配
4 4 4
四
五 六 七 八 九 十
Module3 Storage devices
Module4 Basic software Module5 Faces of the Internet Module6 Creative software Module7 Programming/Jobs in ICT
e-tailer 网络零售商
browser 浏览器
transponder 转发机
形容词词缀，如：im-，un-，-able，-al，-ing，-ed等；
否定意义的前缀： anti- 表示“反对” anti-spyware software 反间谍软件 counter- 表示“反对，相反” counterbalance 反平衡 contra- 表示“反对，相反” contradiction 矛盾 dis- 表示“否定，除去” discharge 放电；disassemble 拆卸 in- il- 表示“不” inaccurate 不准确的；illegal 违法的 im-（在m、b、p前）表示“不 imbalance 不平衡的；impure 不纯的 mis- 表示“错误” mislead 误导 non- 表示“不，非” non-volatile memory 非易失存储器 non-metal un- 表示“不、未、丧失” unaccountable 说明不了的；unknown 未知的； unbar 清除障碍
四种常见的构词法
四种常见的构词法构词法主要有四种：派生法、合成法、转换法和截短法。
一、派生法在一个词的词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法。
加在前面的词缀叫前缀，加在后面的词缀叫后缀。
（一）后缀：许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。
1.构成名词的常用后缀有：（1）-er,-or,-ist,-ee,-ese,-ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称。
（2） -ance, -ence, -（a）tion, -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty,-ure,-ship等用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词。
2. 构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ary, -en等。
3. 构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly, -ward, -wise等。
4. 构成动词的常用后缀的有：-ise/ize, -en, -ify等。
（二）前缀：词根加前缀多数不改变词性，只引起词义的变化。
1. 表示相反意义的前缀有：un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de-等。
2. 表示其他意思的前缀有：re-（重新），mpost-（后的），fore-（先的）等。
二、合成法由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词，这种构词法称为合成法（compoundin g）。
合成词之间有的要用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。
三、转换法在词行不变的情况下，一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，称为转换（co nversion）。
转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。
有些双音节的词转换后，重音要发生变化。
通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后，有时读音也有不同。
四、截短法即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
关于合成法：合成名词：构成方式例词名词+名词weekend周末；名词+动词daybreak黎明；名词+动名词handwriting书法；名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer止痛药；名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑；代词+名词she-wolf母狼；动词+名词typewriter打字机。
词汇记忆法
leg
说,选择
lig
选择
dialogue
对话 dia:两者间.
两者间有选择的是方言
②logical
有逻辑的
①dialect
方言
log
说,语言 选择
lect
收集
leg
⑤collect
lig
③neglect
忽略 neg:没有. 没选因为忽略
collective collection co:一起.
④elect
• 2.I was ________ as the class monitor. elected • A.neglected B.elected C.colleced D. ignored • 3.He is so___________that he always keeps ahead of his intelligent classmates. A.gentle B.generous C. pretty D.intelligent • 4. When I came to a new place,I found everyone around me dialect spoke a _________ I don’t understand. A.tone B. lecture C.speech D. dialect • 5. His _________mind make him good at math. logical municating B.logical C.writing
① strain 紧张,扭伤
con:共同.共同拉是约束
约束，制约
Strain, constrain, restrain,restrict,stretch
初高中英语词汇构词法详解
构词法（一）基础讲解英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。
掌握构词法对在文本中，理解、猜测新词、难词、怪词的词义有很大的帮助。
在扩展词汇量的过程中，能起到倍增器”的效果。
常见的构词法有：转化法、合成法、派生法、截头法、去尾法、混成法等。
在应用中，以前三种方法是用最广泛。
1、转化法转化就是在词形不变的情况下，一个单词有一种词性转换为另一种词性。
转换后的词义一般与原意有密切关系，但有时差异很大。
对于双音节词转换后，读音也常常发变化。
转化法一般有如下几种情况：⑴动词转名词Look v.看7 n相貌⑵名词转动词Air n.空气空气^v通风⑶形容词转动词Empty a.空的空的7 v倒空⑷形容词转名词Right a右边的t n右侧⑸形容词转副词Long a 长的长的7 ad.xx1 / 22、合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。
合成词各个成分之 间有的要用连字2、合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。
合成词各个成分之符连接，有的直接连在一起。
符连接，有的直接连在一起。
、派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。
加在前 面的叫前缀，加3、派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。
加在前在后面的词缀叫做后缀。
在后面的词缀叫做后缀。
前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。
后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。
前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。
后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。
例如：例如：前缀词根后缀dis agree ment （不同意n .）前缀词根后缀、截短法（缩略法）截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有 截头、去尾、4、截短法（缩略法）截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头去尾等形式。
截头去尾等形式。
⑴截头 telephone t phone aeroplane t plane⑴截头omnibus bus⑵去尾⑵去尾mathematics t mathsco-operate c o pexamination examkilogram kilolaboratory labtaxicab taxi⑶截头去尾⑶截头去尾influenza flurefrigerator fridgeprescription script5、混合法（混成法）、混合法（混成法）混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
语言学概论第四章语法
词法和句法的联系：范畴不同，相互依存， 4 、 词法和句法的联系 ： 范畴不同 ， 相互依存 ， 相互 补充。 A、词以确定的形式进入句子，造句时词法与 补充。 词以确定的形式进入句子， 句法规则并用。 某些句法特点受制于词法：we‘re 句法规则并用。B、某些句法特点受制于词法：we re English。 二者相互补充： studying English 。 C 、 二者相互补充 ： 形态变化少 句法重要/语序重要（ → 句法重要 / 语序重要 （ 汉 ） 要/语序次要 （俄） 形态变化多→ 形态变化多 → 词法重
（3）根据能否单说或者单独回答问题，可把 ）根据能否单说或者单独回答问题， 语素分为自由语素和粘着语素。 语素分为自由语素和粘着语素。
自由语素是能单说（单独成句）的语素， 自由语素是能单说（单独成句）的语素，如普 通话的“ 蝴蝶、巧克力” 通话的“笔、走、大、谁、蝴蝶、巧克力” 等。
粘着语素是不能成词的语素以及虽能单独成词 但成词后不能处于单说地位的语素， 但成词后不能处于单说地位的语素，前面提 到的不成词语素都是粘着语素， 到的不成词语素都是粘着语素，成词语素里 的所有虚词也是粘着语素。 的所有虚词也是粘着语素。
【教学内容】 教学内容】 语法的性质 语法手段和语法范畴 语法的构成（语法单位） 语法的构成（语法单位） 语法的发展演变
语法的性质
语法是一套规则系统， 一、语法的定义 （一）语法是一套规则系统， 语言单位的组合结构和制约关系。 语言单位的组合结构和制约关系。语法就是词的 构成、变化的规则和用词造句的规则， 构成、变化的规则和用词造句的规则，是语言在 其长期发展过程中形成的， 其长期发展过程中形成的，这种规则是客观存在 于一种语言之中， 于一种语言之中，说这种语言的全体成员必须共 同遵守。语法规则主要是指组合规则 聚合规则。 组合规则和 同遵守。语法规则主要是指组合规则和聚合规则。 聚合规则是指语法单位的归类和变化的规则—— 聚合规则是指语法单位的归类和变化的规则 潜存的。 组合规则包括词法和句法——现实的 潜存的。 组合规则包括词法和句法 现实的
英语构词法
⑦non- 构成反义词，表示“不” 例：non-stop 不停的，non-smoker 非吸烟者
B.表示其他意义的前缀：
①re- 表示“再；又；重”，re-多重读，构成双重读词。 例：rewrite 重写
3.-an/ian 表示“国家的，国家人的”。 例：America→American 美国（人）的
4.-ern 表示“方向的”。 例：east→eastern 东方的，south→southern南方的
5.-ful 例：beauty→beautiful 美丽的，care→careful 小心的
⑤动词-ing形式+名词 例：reading-room 阅览室，sleeping-car 卧车车厢
⑥副词+动词 例：outbreak 爆发，downpour 倾盆大雨
⑦名词+动名词 例：handwriting 笔迹，sun-bathing 日光浴
⑧名词+in/to0+名词 例：mother-in-law 岳母，brother-in-law 姐夫
10.-y 表示“天气”等。 例：cloud→cloudy 多云的，dust→dusty 多尘的
11.-ous 例：famous 著名的，continuous 连续不断的
12.-ish 例：childish 孩子气的，selfish 自私的
13.-en 例：golden 金色的，wooden 木制的，woolen 羊毛的
Women have an equal say in everything. 妇女在各个方面都有同等的发言权。
（2）名词转化为动词
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The synonymity of affix 同义性
e.g. un- in- im- ir- il- disUsed with adj. to indicate the negative meaning
untidy incorrect impossible illogical irregular dishonest
The meaning of a compound doesn’t come from the superposition of the free words, but a totally new one e.g. greenhouse mother wit dog days greenhorn Indian paper greenback
percentage officialdom nursery spoonful adulthood schooling impressionism fellowship
具体名词后缀：
-ee -eer -er(-or,-ar) -ess -al -ation -ing -ist -ment -ity -ness
Prefix and Suffix to Remember
The Prefixes Indicating Numbers
half one two three four five six seven
Greek hemimonoditritetrapentahexaheptaLatin semi-; demiunibitriquadriquintsexsept-
The Three Part-of-Speech Decisive Prefixes
en- (em- before p,b,m) en- + adj. = v. en- + n.= v. enable, enrich, enslave, empower, embody
be- be- + n. or adj.= v. be- + n.+ed = adj. befriend, belittle, benumb, becalm, benighted
e.g. Prefix: de- (see Pp26) ♪ 离开，除掉 dehydrate deorbit ♪ 向下，降级 devaluate ♪ 使情况逆转 decentralize ♪ 完全的 defunct Suffix: -er(-or) ♪ 做……的人 worker ♪ 卖……的人 hatter ♪ 做……的工具 heater ♪ 住在……的人 Londoner (see Pp26) tailor glover generator diner New Yorker
The Basic Methods of WordFormation
The Basic Three Methods of Word-Formation
Derivation 派生法 (加缀法)
Compounding or Composition 复合法 Conversion or Function Shift or Transmutation 转化法
Adjectiv Suffixes -able -ish -less -ic Verb Suffixes -ise(ize) -ify
Noun Suffixes -er -ness -ese -ism -ist -ics
Features of Affix (Prefix & Suffix)
The polysemy of affix 多义性
Derivation
Root is the basis of Derivation Add different affixes to the same root to create different words with different parts of speech (see Pp25)
payee pioneer cooker hostess revival education earning typist movement equality frankness
由名词转化为形容词的后缀：
-ed -ful -ish -less -like -ly -y -al(-ial,-ical) -ous
Some Dormant Affixes Retrieve Its Vigor Now (see Pp27)
e.g. -wise 就……而言；在……方面；相似于…… education-wise time-wise weather-wise status-wise money-wise vote-wise comfort-wise caloriewise menu-wise drinkwise percentage-wise newswise picture-wise crab-wise hammer-wise machine-wise monkey-wise sack-wise sailor-wise sleepwalker-wise star-wise step-wise
one-eyed delightful coldish merciless wolflike manly milky philosophical desirous
由动词转成形容词的后缀：
-able (-ible,-ble)
suitable
-ive
aggressive
副词后缀：
-ly -ward(s) -fold -wise
Greek
Latin
eight nine ten many hundred
octenneadecapolyhecto-
octnonadecimulticent-
可改变词性的三个前缀：
en-(em-)
n. adj.
v.
bea-
n.
v.
v.
adj.
抽象名词后缀：
-age -dom -ery (-ry) -ful -hood -ing -ism -ship
The Semantic Analysis of Compound Word
Compounding is most ancient method of word-formation, most distinctive feature of O.E. The first part modifies the second part The compound word is usually very vivid by containing rhetorical devices, as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche (see Pp40-2)
smoothly forward tenfold clockwise
动词后缀：
-ate
calibrate
-en
-fy (-ify) -ize
darken
simplify computerize
Homework
Pp33-8 Exercise Ⅱ——Ⅵ
Compounding / Composition
Compound is treated as an independent word and grammatical part in a sentence Inflectional change can only occur at the end of the compound
The stress usually falls on the first part of the compound The compound is usually written continuously or linked with hyphen
Relation between Roots & Affixes
Most suffixes change the part of speech of the root Most prefixes don’t affect the part of speech and its grammatical category of the root, rather they modify or limit the semantic meaning of the root as adj. & adv. (see Pp28-9)
a-
a- + v. or n. = adj. astray, afoot, astir, afire, asleep
The Feature of Suffix
Suffix assumes great grammatical functions and changes the part-ofspeech of the root Suffix has less strong influence than prefix on semantic meaning of the root Suffix usually changes the pronunciation of the root and have the position of the stress moved
Categories of Compounding
1. Compound Noun
2. Compound Adjective 3. Compound Verb
Classification of pound Noun
(按组成部分分类)