2009年中山大学综合英语考研真题
中山大学638基础英语考研专业课真题及答案
中山大学考研历年真题解析——638基础英语主编：弘毅考研编者：静水流深弘毅教育出品【资料说明】《基础英语历年真题解析（专业课）》系中山大学优秀基础英语考研辅导团队集体编撰的“历年考研真题解析系列资料”之一。
历年真题是除了参考教材之外的最重要的一份资料，其实，这也是我们聚团队之力，编撰此资料的原因所在。
历年真题除了能直接告诉我们历年考研试题中考了哪些内容、哪一年考试难、哪一年考试容易之外，还能告诉我们很多东西。
1.命题风格与试题难易第一眼看到中山大学历年试题的同学，都觉得试题看起来“简单”。
其实，这也是很多学生选择中山大学的原因吧。
中山大学的试题不偏、不怪，80% 的题型都和专八的题型一致。
这不同于一些学校的试题，比如北京大学，基础英语的考题就是两篇长翻译加一道作文题，完全考查考生的语言功底。
中山大学的试题，不管你复习的怎么样，一般都能答上一点，至于能答到什么程度，则因人而异。
其实，“试题很基础”----“试题很简单”----“能得高分”根本不是一回事。
试题很基础，所以每个学生都能答上一二，但是想得高分，就要比其他学生强，要答出别人答不出来的东西。
要答出别人答不出来的东西，这容易吗？大家不要被试题表象所迷惑。
很多学生考完，感觉超好，可成绩出来却不到100分，很大程度上就是这个原因：把考的基础当成考的简单。
其实这很像武侠小说中的全真教，招式看似平淡无奇，没有剑走偏锋的现象，但是如果没有扎实的基础和深厚的内功是不会成为大师的。
我们只能说命题的风格是侧重考察基础的知识，但是，我们要答出亮点，让老师给你高分，这并不容易。
2.考试题型与分值大家要了解有哪些题型，每个题型的分值。
从最近几年看，中山大学的题目基本上包含阅读理解，改错部分和文化部分的客观题，及作文，翻译部分的主观题。
很多学生平时喜欢做选择题，不想写，这种方法对阅读理解等客观题的准备来说是可以接受的，到考试的时候碰到主观题就会傻眼。
每个题型的分值是不一样的，一个阅读理解的选项2分，一道改错题1分，可一道翻译题就是20分。
2012年中山大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc
2012年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：40.00)Without some appreciation of common large numbers, it"s impossible to react with the proper skepticism to terrifying reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped each year, or with the proper sobriety to a warhead carrying a megaton of explosive power—the equivalent of a million tons(or two billion pounds)of TNT. And if you don"t have some feeling for probabilities, automobile accidents might seem a relatively minor problem of local travel, whereas being killed by terrorists might seem to be a major risk when going overseas. As often observed, however, the 45, 000 people killed annually on American roads are approximately equal in number to all Americans dead in the Vietnam War. On the other hand, the seventeen Americans killed by terrorists in 1985 were among the 28 million of us who traveled abroad that year—that"s one chance in 1. 6 million of becoming a victim. Compare that with these annual rates in the United States; one chance in 68, 000 of choking to death; one chance in 75 , 000 of dying in a bicycle crash; one chance in 20, 000 of drowning; and one chance in only 5, 300 of dying in a car crash. Confronted with these large numbers and with the correspondingly small probabilities associated with them, the innumerate will inevitably respond with the non sequitur, * "Yes, but what if you"re that one, " and then nod knowingly, as if they"ve demolished your argument with penetrating insight. This tendency to personalize is a characteristic of many who suffer from innumeracy. Equally typical is a tendency to equate the risk from some obscure and exotic malady with the chances of suffering from heart and circulatory disease, from which about 12, 000 Americans die each week. There"s a joke I like that"s marginally relevant. An old married couple in their nineties contact a divorce lawyer, who pleads with them to stay together. "Why get divorced now after seventy years of marriage?" The little old lady finally pipes up in a creaky voice: "We wanted to wait until the children were dead. " A feeling for what quantities or time spans are appropriate in various contexts is essential to getting the joke. Slipping between millions and billions or between billions and trillions should in this sense be equally funny, but it isn"t, because we too often lack an intuitive grasp for these numbers. A recent study by Drs. Kronlund and Phillips of the University of Washington showed that most doctors" assessments of the risks of various operations, procedures, and medications(even in their own specialties)were way off the mark, often by several orders of magnitude. I once had a conversation with a doctor who, within approximately 20 minutes, stated that a certain procedure he was contemplating(a)had a one-chance-in-a-million risk associated with it;(b)was 99 percent safe; and(c)usually went quite well. Given the fact that so many doctors seem to believe that there must be at least eleven people in the waiting room if they"re to avoid being idle, I"m not surprised at this new evidence of their innumeracy. *A non sequitur is a statement that does not follow logically from previous statements.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be inferred to be the author"s view of the " reports that more than a million American kids are kidnapped each year"(Paragraph 1)?（分数：2.00）A.They are typical examples of American journalism.B.They are evidence of a terrible problem that must be addressed.C.They are probably untrue.D.They demonstrate an American obsession with statistics.(2).The list of probabilities cited in Paragraph 2 is intended to illustrate______.（分数：2.00）A.that probability can be used in many different ways in everyday lifeB.that terrorism is far less a threat to Americans than many other common dangersC.that the world is filled with many dangersD.that a knowledge of probability can help Americans decide where to travel most safely abroad(3).Which of the following is NOT an element of the discussion in this passage?（分数：2.00）A.A refutation of a scientific theory.B.A personal recollection.C.A reference to an authoritative study.D.A discussion of a common misconception.(4).What is the author"s view of the "penetrating insight" mentioned in Line 3 , Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.It is the result of careful analysis.B.It is illogical.C.It demolishes a statistical argument.D.It does not sufficiently personalize the situation being discussed.(5).The author mentions the time span of "approximately 20 minutes"(Line 4, Paragraph 6)in order to emphasize______.（分数：2.00）A.the doctor"s inability to appreciate relevant time spansB.the comparison with the elderly couple in the preceding jokeC.the frequency with which the doctor contradicted himselfD.the common need to approximate rather than use precise numbersThere is a canal two rods wide along the northerly and westerly sides of the pond, and wider still at the east end. A great field of ice has cracked off from the main body. I hear a song sparrow singing from the bushes on the shore. He too is helping to crack it. How handsome the great sweeping curves in the edge of the ice, answering somewhat to those of the shore, but more regular! It is unusually hard, owing to the recent severe but transient cold, and all watered or waved like a palace floor. But the wind slides eastward over its opaque surface in vain, till it reaches the living surface beyond. It is glorious to behold this ribbon of water sparkling in the sun, the bare face of the pond full of glee and youth, as if it spoke the joy of the fishes within it, and of the sands on its shore. The change from storm and winter to serene and mild weather, from dark and sluggish hours to bright and elastic ones, is a memorable crisis which all things proclaim. It is seemingly instantaneous at last. Suddenly an influx of light filled my house, though the evening was at hand, and the clouds of winter still overhung it, and the eaves were dripping with sleety rain. I looked out the window, and look! Where yesterday was cold gray ice there lay the transparent pond already calm and full of hope as in a summer evening reflecting a summer evening sky in its bosom, though none was visible overhead. The pitch pines and shrub oaks about my house, which had so long drooped suddenly resumed their several characters, looked brighter, greener, and more erect and alive, as if effectually cleansed and restored by the rain.I know that it would not rain any more. You may tell by looking at any twig of the forest, aye, at your very woodpile, whether its winter is past or not. As it grew darker, I was startled by the honking of geese flying low over the woods, like weary travelers getting in late from southern lakes, and indulging at last in unrestrained complaint and mutual consolation. Standing at my door, I could hear the rush of their wings; when, driving toward my house, they suddenly spied my light, and with hushed clamor wheeled and settled in the pond. In the morning I watched the geese from the door through the mist, sailing in the middle of the pond, fifty rods off, large and tumultuous. But when I stood on the shore they at once rose up with great flapping of wings at the signal of their commander, and when they had got into rank circled about over my head, twenty-nine of them, and then steered straight to Canada, with a regular honk from the leader at intervals. A plump of ducks rose at the same time and took the route to the north in the wake of their noisier cousins. For a week I heard the circling groping clangor of some solitary goose in the foggy mornings, seeking its companion, and still peopling the woods with the sound of a larger life than they could sustain. In April the pigeons were seen again flying express in smallflocks, and in due time I heard the martins twittering over my clearing, though it had not seemed that the township contained so many that it could afford me any, and I fancied that they were peculiarly of the ancient race that dwelt in hollow trees ere white men came. In almost all climes the tortoise and the frog are among the precursors and herald of this season, and birds fly with song and glancing plumage, and plants spring and bloom, and winds blow to correct this slight oscillation of the poles and preserve the equilibrium of Nature. As every season seems best to us in its turn, so the coming in of spring is like creation of Cosmos out of Chaos and the realization of the Golden Age.（分数：14.00）(1).From the passage, one can infer that the______.（分数：2.00）A.geese are backB.martins are singingC.woodpile is well stockedD.pond is melting(2).The overall purpose of this passage seems to be the narrator"s______.（分数：2.00）A.desire to sound poeticB.delight to see the pond waterC.description of the bird life around himD.celebration of the oncoming season(3).What is the predominant literary device used throughout this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Personification.B.Restrained description.C.Bombastic narration.D.Rhetorical question.(4).The tone of this passage can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.colloquialrmativeC.unrestrainedD.poetic(5).The narrator describes the water as all of the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.a canal two rods wideB.a reflection of the skyC.a mirror of his soulD.a transparent pond(6).The geese are best characterized through a series of______.（分数：2.00）A.similes and metaphorsB.aural and visual imagesC.emotional reflectionsD.unrelated impressions(7).Which is a subject not treated in this passage?（分数：2.00）A.The connectedness of people to nature.B.The innocence of mankind.C.The cyclical certainty of nature.D.The glory of a long-awaited event.I received Everett"s Life of Washington which you sent me, and enjoyed its perusal. How his spirit would be grieved could he see the wreck of his mighty labors! I will not, however, permit myself to believe, until all ground of hope is gone, that the fruit of his noble deeds will be destroyed, and that his precious advice and virtuous example will so soon be forgotten by his countrymen. As far as I can judge by the papers, we are between a state of anarchy and civil war. May God avert both of these evils from us! I see that four states had declared themselves out of the Union;four more will apparently follow their example. Then, if the border states are brought into the gulf of revolution, one half of the country will be arrayed against the other. I must try and be patient and await the end, for I can do nothing to hasten or retard it. The South, in my opinion, has been aggrieved by the acts of the North, as you say. I feel the aggression and am willing to take every proper step for redress. It is the principle I contend for, not individual or private benefit. As an American citizen, I take great pride in my country, her prosperity and institutions, and would defend any state if her rights were invaded. But I can anticipate no greater calamity for the country than a dissolution of the Union. It would be an accumulation of all the evils we complain of, and I am willing to sacrifice everything but honor for its preservation. I hope, therefore, that all constitutional means will be exhausted before there is a resort to force. Secession is nothing but revolution. The framers of our Constitution never exhausted so much labor, wisdom, and forbearance in its formation, and surrounded it with so many guards and securities, for it was intended to be broken by every member of the Confederacy at will. It was intended for " perpetual union, " so expressed in the preamble, and for the establishment of a government, not a compact, which can only be dissolved by revolution or the consent of all the people in convention assembled. It is idle to talk of secession. Anarchy would have been established, and not a government, by Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison, and the other patriots of the Revolution ... Still, a Union that can only be maintained by swords and bayonets, and in which strife and civil war are to take the place of brotherly love and kindness, has no charm for me.I shall mourn for my country and for the welfare and progress of mankind. If the Union is dissolved, I shall return to my native state and share the miseries of my people; and, save in defense, will draw my sword on none.（分数：16.00）(1).The " he" the speaker refers to in the opening paragraph is______.（分数：2.00）A.Everett, author of Life of WashingtonB.General Robert E.LeeC.George WashingtonD.the president in office when the selection was written, Abraham Lincoln(2).The narrator"s attitude toward George Washington is that he______.（分数：2.00）A.admires Washington for his personal traits but recognizes that his style of leadership is ill-suited to the present conflictB.understands that Washington is aggrieved by the acts of the NorthC.praises Washington as a man of great actions, fine advice, and unshakable ethicsD.believes that Washington has contributed to the present state of anarchy and civil war(3).Based on his description of George Washington, we can infer that the narrator/speaker______.（分数：2.00）A.admires people of noble character and sought such greatness of spirit himselfB.has great inner strength but shies away from physical confrontationC.is intolerant of anyone who does not meet his exacting standards of behaviorD.is humble in the face of adversity but fully believes that he will be as famous as Washington one day(4).From his remarks, we can infer that the speaker______.（分数：2.00）A.is a Northerner who strongly believes that the South has been wronged by the North in the present conflictB.loves his country but not its leadersC.is loyal but only to the point of actual war; then he will lay down his arms and be a martyrD.is highly patriotic(5).What conclusion can you draw about the speaker"s character from the conclusion?（分数：2.00）A.He is devoted to his state, but hates war.B.He is a natural leader who has much experience with public service.C.He is judgmental and rigid.D.He is cowardly and faint-of-heart.(6).The thesis or main idea of the passage is that______.（分数：2.00）A.people must take up arms in defense of their country; to do any less is cowardiceB.the Union is being tested by wrongs committed by both the North and the SouthC.the Union will always endure, no matter what happensD.anarchy is a healthy state because it leads to positive change(7).Based on its point of view, tone, form, and content, this passage is most likely an excerpt from a______.（分数：2.00）A.public speechB.journal or diary entryC.short storyD.letter(8).The author"s diction can best be characterized as______.（分数：2.00）A.formal and precisermal and relaxedC.mediocre but educatedD.colloquial and informal二、句子改错(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets. If there is no error, use a √ or write "No error" on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The lack of progress in international relations reveals that governments must study the art of diplomacy much closer.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Before the curtain rose, Anthony wished that he were back in bed, only dreaming about performing in front of hundreds of strangers rather than actually doing it.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Caravaggio demonstrated the great range of his artistic talent in such paintings as "Bacchus" and "Basket of Fruit, " painted in 1593 and 1596, respectfully.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.James, like many parents, believes that if a child can read at a very young age, he/she will grow to have exceptional literary talent.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Grizzly bears rarely show aggression toward humans, but they will protect their territory from anyone whom they would have considered to be a threat.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________6.Andre told the board that both the fund deficit and the disillusionment of the investors werea problem that had to be addressed immediately.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Just when those who were observing the heart transplant procedure assumed the worst, the surgeons themselves are most confident.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Since 2001, the company has spent more on employee training than it did in the previous 10 years combined.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Some doctors believe that taking vitamins on a daily basis help decrease a patient"s susceptibility to infection.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________10.When the window was opened, the affects of the cool spring breeze were felt immediately by the uncomfortable workers.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________写作11.Consider carefully the issue discussed below, and then write an essay that answers the question posed in the task. Oscar Wilde once said that the only thing worse than being talked about was not being talked about. Today it seems we have taken this witticism to its logical extreme. Some people make their lives as " personalities" whose only job is to get their names in the media. They lack any discernible talents except self-promotion. Assignment: You are required to write an essay of about at least 400 words in which you answer the question " Is fame a good thing or a bad thing? " and discuss your point of view on this issue. Support your position logically with examples from literature, the arts, history, politics, science and technology, current events, or your experience or observation. You are required to support your arguments with relevant information and examples based on your own ideas, knowledge and experience. Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar, and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)12.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) Montaigne fully accepted human weaknesses and understood that no philosophy could be effective unless it took into account our deeply ingrained imperfections, the limitations of our rationality, the flaws that make us human. It is not that he was ahead of his time; it would be better said that the later scholars(advocating rationality)were backward. He was a thinking fellow, and his ideas did not spring up in his tranquil study, but while on horseback. He went on long fides and came back with ideas. He was never a dogmatist: he was a skeptic with charm, a fallible * , personal, introspective writer, and, primarily, someone who, in the great classical tradition, wanted to be a man. fallible; able to make mistakes（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)13.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 剪纸是中国民间一门有着近千年历史的独特艺术。
2009年中山大学外国语学院840语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】
2009年中山大学外国语学院840语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10 points)Example:find—//,beneath—//1.schema2.plurality3.pragmatics4.hierarchy5.iamb6.functional7.ballad8.textual9.syntactic10.variableII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.According to Halliday,of the various speech roles,two are the most basic:giving and taking.In interpersonal commemorations,the commodities exchanged can also fail into two kinds: ______and information.2.______Hypotheses suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently,different languages may probably express speakers’unique ways of understanding the world.3.Jacobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication,namely:referential,poetic,emotive,conative,phatic and______ function.4.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances)as______5.Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks,and would not be rational if they did.They are characteristically,to some degree at least, cooperative efforts;and each participant recognizes in them,to some extent,a common purpose or set of purposes,or at least a mutually accepted direction.In other words,we seem to follow some principle in our conversation this principle is known as______.6.______involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed interims of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain.7.In Systemic Functional Linguistics,______processes are those in which something is done. Those processes are expressed by an action verb,an Actor arid the Goal of the action.8.Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of“______ reinforcement.”9.Positional relation,or______,refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.10.______consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme.An example is fromRobert Borrowing’s poem Andrea de I Sarto(1855).exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence so that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress.12.A general______is a collection of material which is broadly homogeneous,but which isgathered from a variety of sources so that the individuality of a source is obscured,unless there searcher isolates a particular text.13.The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and thedistinction between______and phonology.14.______is the smallest a unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression andcontent,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.15.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat inmate,and that children are born with what hecalls a______which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.ideational functionmunicative syllabusponential analysis4.cognition5.illocutionary act6.arbitrariness7.concordance8.hyponymy9.assimilation10.Quality MaximIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their iceman structure,that is,theconstituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement,compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy.2.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one ormore of its constituents.3.Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specificword classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What is folk etymology?2.What is the difference between regional dialect and social dialect?3.Why is the syllabus very important in a language teaching programmer?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10 points)1.schema—/'ski:mə/2.plurality—/pluə'ræliti/3.pragmatics—/præɡ'mætiks/4.hierarchy—/'haiərɑ:ki/5.iamb—/'aiæmb/6.functional—/'fʌŋkʃənəl/7.ballad—/'bæləd/8.textual—/'tekstʃuəl/9.syntactic—/sɪn'tæktɪk]/10.variable—/'vɛəriəbl/II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.goods-&-services2.Sapir-Whorf3.metalingualngue and parole5.the Cooperative Principle6.metaphor7.material8.stimulus-response9.word order10.Blank verse11.i+112.corpora13.phonetics14.Morphemenguage acquisition deviceIII.Define the following terms.(50points)according to Halliday,is to convey new information,to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.Present in all language uses,the ideational function is a meaning potential.The ideational function mainly consists of“transitivity”and“voice”.This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realizations.municative syllabus:A communicative syllabus aims at the learner’s communicative competence.Based on a notional-functional syllabus,it teaches the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions,and emphasizes the process of communication.ponential analysis:It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components,or semantic features.For example,the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components:HUMAN,YOUNG and MALE.4.cognition:The term“cognition”is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual,with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states(such as beliefs,desires,and intentions)and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved,or processes such as involving knowledge,expertise or learning for example are at work.Another definition of“cognition”is the mental process or faculty of knowing,including aspects such as awareness,perception, reasoning,and judgment.5.illocutionary act:According to Austin,a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.Therefore,when somebody says“Morning”,we can ask a question like“What did he mean?”,and the answer could be“He meant it as a greeting”.6.arbitrariness:Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no natural relationship to their meaning.Therefore,we could not explain why a book is called a// and a pen a/pen/.However,onomatopoeic words,which sound like the sounds they describe, are regarded to be non-arbitrary since there seems to be some sound-meaning association.7.concordance:It is also known as agreement,and could be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.For example,in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in“this man”,“these men”;“a book”,“same books”.8.hyponymy:It refers to the sense relationship between a more general,more inclusive and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.For example,the hyponymy relationship could be established between“animal”and“rabbit”.9.assimilation:It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.It is often used synonymously with co-articulation.Nasalization, dentalization and,velarization are all instances of assimilation.There are two possibilities of assimilation:if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound,it is regressive assimilation; the converse process,in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound,is known as progressive assimilation.For example,in“mink”,“n”,which is originally pronounced as/n/,will be velarized by the following“k”/k/,and therefore the word will be pronounced as //.refers to:Try to make your contribution one that is true.1)Do not say what you believe to be false.2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their iceman structure,that is,the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement,compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy.Key:Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their internal structure. Generally speaking,it is hard for us to rearrange the internal structure of a complex word into a different order.For example,the word nothingness cannot be re-arranged as*nessnothing, the latter is an unacceptable word in English;nor can chairman be rearranged as*manchair. But it is all right for us to rearrange the parts or constituents in a sentence to a certain degree. For example:a.John is a clever boy.a’.A clever boy John is.b.The chairman looked at the audience.b’.The audience looked at the chairman.2.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key:An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constitutes,which serves as the center,or head,of the whole.Hence,an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.Its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,serve as a definable Center or ually noun phrases,verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.For example:in the phrases these two oldest stone bridges,will be leaving,very late,“bridge,”“leaving,”and“late”are heads,which can substitute for the phrase as a whole.3.Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).Key:Concord,also known as agreement,may be defined as the requirement that forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.For example,in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in this man.These men;a book,some books.And the form of a subject should agree with that of the verb in terms of number in the present tense as is shown by He speaks English,They speak English.In language like French,there are more cases of concord.The articles and adjectives should agree in number with the noun they modify,as mentioned earlier.And they should also agree in gender.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)Key:Folk etymology refers to a change of the form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous As a result,the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus;the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach.Wiz in he’s a wiz at math is a shortened form of“wizard”(a man who has magic powers,and hence a man of amazing abilities).However,it was interpreted as“a man of intellectual quickness”here, which finally led to the variant whiz.2.What is the difference between regional dialect and social dialect?Key:Regional dialects refer to varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area,such as Cockney dialect,and Yorkshire dialect in Britain,or North Midland dialect and South Midland dialect in the United States,and Guangdong dialect(Cantonese)in China.A regional dialect carries a lot of information about the speaker.In some Chinese films,Mao Zedong speaks Hunan dialect,which makes the story more authentic.Social dialects refer to varieties of a language used by people belonging to particular social classes.Since members of a speech community bind themselves together in groups for gains,security,amusement,or solidarity,they tend to use the same kind of language which is highly stratified in terms of social division,such as class,professional,status,age and sex. Social dialects may be categorized as high or low in status as illustrated by the following in English,for example:1)He and I were going there(higher social dialect);2)‘im‘n me was goin’there(lower social dialect).3.Why is the syllabus very important in a language teaching programmer?Key:Syllabus design is of fundamental importance in language teaching.In some sense, syllabus design is a bridge between language teaching theory and language teaching practice. It translates theoretical understanding of language teaching and sets up an operable framework in which language teaching takes place.The most important part of syllabus design is selecting and sequencing language items.Obviously,the selecting and sequencing of language items should be based on a sound understanding of the language system itself.It is here where linguistics has an important role to play.。
(NEW)中山大学外国语学院《638基础英语》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2004年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2005年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2006年中山大学外国语学院348基础英语考研真题及详解2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解2008年中山大学外国语学院616基础英语考研真题及详解2009年中山大学外国语学院628基础英语考研真题及详解2010年中山大学外国语学院622基础英语考研真题及详解2011年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2012年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2013年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2014年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2015年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2016年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2017年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2018年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading (30%)Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group among shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.A report from Mintel, the market research organization, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a “green wave” has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with “ethical” concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spender among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not “gone off the boil”. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations.Mintel’s 1994 survey found that 13 percent of consumers are “very dark green”, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 percent are “dark green”, trying “as far as possible” to buy such products, and 21 percent are “pale green” tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 percent are “armchair greens”; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 percent say they do not care about green issues.Four in ten people are “ethical spenders”, buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of “armchair ethicals” has risen from 28 to 35 percent and only 22 percent say they are, unconcerned now, against 30 percent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers.Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue—48 percent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals—followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factor farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of the passage? In your answer booklet write YES, NO, or NOT GIVEN for each statement.1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings.4. Consumers’ green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel’s findings.5. Mintel has limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.【答案与解析】1. YES(文章通篇没有多提政治，除了第一段“politicians claims environmentalism is yesterday’s issue”，本文更多的是从消费者的角度来讨论这一问题的。
中山大学考研历年真题下载
中山大学考研历年真题下载关注微信公众号，官方微博，豆瓣小组，人人小站【名称都为：鸿儒中大考研网】。
以上四种方式任选两种，并截图给官网右侧“售后老师”，老师收到截图即可获得下载密码及订购资料和辅导班的优惠权限！如有考研疑问，请联系右侧的咨询老师！注意：如果考生所报考专业的真题，并没有在以下目录中，请把你报考专业的专业名称，考试科目名称及代码发给官网老师，老师核对后会第一时间补全！链接之前，请加上：，例如：政治真题的下载链接为真题链接/密码03-15中大考研：政治真题1nuyVc 00-15中大考研：英语一真题及考研英语资料1c0Hc8Li00-15中大考研：英语二真题及考研英语资料1bnqGn1P1987-2015中大考研：数学一真题1eQGY8BC03-15中大考研：数学二真题1gdlixQ704-15中大考研：数学三真题1c0k85G0 07-15中大考研：管理类联考199真题及答案1qW0ziY408-15年中大：885 水文学1nty3xEh08-15中大考研：353卫生综合1ntlCjlJ08-15中大考研：601 高等数学（A）1mg07qgK08-15中大考研：602 高等数学（B）1o6j8nGm08-15中大考研：610民俗学概论1kT4DcOn08-15中大考研：611文学评论写作1o63lcFo08-15中大考研：612 语言学概论1pJBW4vp 08-15中大考研：613 现代汉语与语言学概论1gdxtEAf08-15中大考研：614 文献释读1mg7sTni08-15中大考研：615 文学基础1qW64KNy08-15中大考研：616 作品评论1c00N6Go08-15中大考研：618 考古学基础（A）1oayAi08-15中大考研：620 西方哲学史1g8TnK 08-15中大考研：621 逻辑哲学与逻辑史基础知识1bnjoDX108-15中大考研：623 中西哲学史1mg9uIXq08-15中大考研：624 中国美学1o6MhVCY 08-15中大考研：625 中外哲学史基础知识1c0vxTpI08-15中大考研：626 法学理论A卷1hq8hbLU 08-15中大考研：627 法律史A卷1i3o2hMX 08-15中大考研：628 宪法与行政法学A卷1c0k85R6 08-15中大考研：629 刑法学A卷1eQ4hsyu 08-15中大考研：630 民商法学A卷1ntMPTZ7 08-15中大考研：631 诉讼法学A卷1jGiu3Ls 08-15中大考研：632 经济法学A卷1mgxj22W 08-15中大考研：633 环境与资源保护法学A卷1c0FaMbQ 08-15中大考研：648 视觉传播学1ntxh0WL 08-15中大考研：649 信息管理基础1mgAaJqS 08-15中大考研：660 马克思主义基本原理1o6OjKRw 08-15中大考研：661 心理学研究方法1pJP3D1L 08-15中大考研：663岩石学1bnns2Of08-15中大考研：666 药分综合1ntuzA9F08-15中大考研：667药理学综合1qWP1BfY08-15中大考研：668 数学分析14VzWi 08-15中大考研：675 区域分析与规划1qcsIa 08-15中大考研：802 管理经济学与管理学1dD4Prxv 08-15中大考研：803民间文学概论1ntmsg2l 08-15中大考研：805 汉语语言学基础1eQvZJV0 08-15中大考研：806 古汉语与古文字1i3AMNxb 08-15中大考研：807 中国古代文学与批评1dDdKVYh 08-15中大考研：808 中国现当代文学1jGGk0Ea 08-15中大考研：809 世界文学1kTH4sEb 08-15中大考研：812 马克思主义哲学1sj0xedn 08-15中大考研：813 中国哲学史1eQeyRf0 08-15中大考研：814 逻辑学概论1dD0fBEx 08-15中大考研：815 伦理学基本知识1eQ75gzw 08-15中大考研：817 宗教理论1bnCuVJT08-15中大考研：818 科学哲学1i3H8uUx 08-15中大考研：819 法学理论B卷1dDhOHRN 08-15中大考研：820 法律史B卷1gdB6PA7 08-15中大考研：821 宪法与行政法学B卷1sjFqnvB 08-15中大考研：822 刑法学B卷1jWGoe 08-15中大考研：823 民商法学B卷1sjPzAFj 08-15中大考研：824 诉讼法学B卷1eQ31wQm 08-15中大考研：825 经济法学B卷1kTpdXS7 08-15中大考研：826 环境与资源保护法学B卷1bnqGnQB 08-15中大考研：832运筹学与管理信息系统1mg9uJmo 08-15中大考研：842 设计学1c02j6Cw 08-15中大考研：843 信息资源组织1i3ha9Sx08-15中大考研：854 专业综合基础1eQvtOo608-15中大考研：855 普通心理学1kTgW5Qf08-15中大考研：858普通物理1pJOhK19 08-15中大考研：859光学1hq2bxas 08-15中大考研：860 材料化学1dDwHOEd08-15中大考研：861 材料物理1jGrNUDK 08-15中大考研：862 微机原理与应用1gdEUCnD 08-15中大考研：863 固体物理1mgEe1za 08-15中大考研：865 电子技术（数字和模拟）1pJGGm5H 08-15中大考研：867 化工原理1i3yB5hb08-15中大考研：877 高等代数1jGB0I5S08-15中大考研：881 地理学基础1qW9SAao 08-15中大考研：882 人文地理学理论与方法1i3eYHyH 08-15中大考研：883 遥感与地理信息系统1ntJ2hz7 08-15中大考研：887 环境学导论1hUMCY08-15中大考研：888 环境工程导论1jG6bduI 08-15中大考研：889 环境评价1jGxn6Qi08-15中大考研：901 旅游学概论1pJxJtgR09-15中大考研：683 国际关系史1o6oXWyY09-15中大考研：919 国际政治学1kT5YX2f10-15中大考研：211 翻译硕士英语1yjQwe10-15中大考研：331社会工作原理1sjQL3Jn10-15中大考研：357 英语翻译基础1i3COFQ110-15中大考研：437社会工作实务1eQJaybS 10-15中大考研：448 汉语写作与百科知识1qW7kJXa 10-15中大考研：902 经济学（含微观和宏观经济学）1eQ4NocU 10-15中大考研：903 管理学（B）1dRgzs10-15中大考研：904 海洋学导论1pJBq49l 11-15：431金融综合1eQ96TCu 11-15中大考研：348 文博综合1pJ9UADH11-15中大考研：432统计学1jGGQxAe 11-15中大考研：864 反应堆物理1c0GwF0811-15中大考研：871地球科学概论1pJKJXEF13，15中大考研：905 自然地理学1ntBuDDZ13-15年中大：856 程序设计基础1kTlGoBl13-15中大考研：676 分析化学1sj9k5zR13-15中大考研：678 普通地质学1dDHG7vF13-15中大考研：906 环境科学1dDno1WX13-15中大考研：908 岩石学（A）1gds9Wo7 14-15中大考研：434国际商务专业基础1pJ44VzX14-15中大考研：677 海洋化学1dDvvOS5 14-15中大考研：907 海洋生态学1bjnRo 15年中大考研：新闻传播专硕1gdJEtk3 241 英语1eQGsCtO242 俄语1c02P2zm243 日语1qWmSab6244 法语1gdtVQYR245 德语1jGzV0pC 246 西班牙语1mgy5xhe 247 韩语1dDuFTkt 248 阿拉伯语1ntkWoGT651 综合英语1eQzxBqy 804 文学理论（含中西文论）1nt7WOIH 846 英语写作与百科知识1kTxR2a7 06-15年801宏微观经济学1hqInvvA 06-15年801宏微观经济学1hqInvvA 07-15：619历史学基础1mgN4NHI 07-15：619历史学基础1mgN4NHI08-15：664生物化学1gd5yfab08-15：664生物化学1gd5yfab 08-15：672药学综合（A）1c0GtArY 08-15：672药学综合（A）1c0GtArY 08-15：833微观经济学与管理学：1mgCF4Ek 08-15：833微观经济学与管理学：1mgCF4Ek 08-15：873细胞生物学1jGy6wHS 08-15：873细胞生物学1jGy6wHS 08-15：878信号与系统1qWtA4dm 08-15：878信号与系统1qWtA4dm11-15：431金融综合1gdrQTqj11-15：431金融综合1gdrQTqj 08-15：634 国际法学A卷1bnprr7x 08-15：634 国际法学A卷1bnprr7x 08-15：827 国际法学B卷1mgraS4o 637公共管理学1i3vQHiX 830公共管理研究方法1jGzm0Wu 354 汉语基础1mg1Qn3q 445 汉语国际教育基础1dDyMtCP 08-15：662化学（A）1kTgT50F 08-15：866化学（B）1c0fLS9E646新闻传播学基础1gdvoMrh 839新闻实务1qWNwNso1988-2015年：306西医综合考研真题及答案解析1ntqvU6P2007-2015年311教育学专业基础综合真题集1ntrd3YD 08-15年:679 基础医学综合1jGxp9oa08-15年: 916病理生理学1sjzJjEt09-15年：308护理综合1qWmUn0o09-14年：计算机专业基础综合真题 + 15年大纲1jGky9eA 11-15年：349药学综合考研真题1mgCLknu08-15年：语音学概论B考研真题1sj7RwqL08-15年：641基础日语考研真题1c0rwOEW 14-15年：918 专业基础（数据结构）1kTyAkFt08-15年：883工程热力学考研真题1eQhPBBs文章摘自鸿儒中大考研网。
09英语考研真题【精选文档】
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit—fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday。
Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives。
This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high—priced option。
It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 — instead of instinct。
Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence？That's the question behind this new research. I like it。
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版：1-10 BADBC BDCAB11-20 CADDA DCBBD21-25 BDAAA26-30 ACAAB31-35DBBCC36-40 DDDAC41-45 35216Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.46题有人说，测量任何学校的价值是扩大和提高经验的影响，这种影响是最初动机的一部分47题只有逐渐注意机构的副产品，并且逐渐增多，它才能初人民认为是机构产品的一个直接因素。
2009年英语综合
Part C Directions：Eash question below consists of a word printed in capital letters followed by four lettered words or phrases.Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters.Since some of the questions require you to distinguish shades of meaning,be sure to consider all the choices before deciding which one is the best.(10%,one point for each)66.ARDUOUSA.facileB. strenuousC.torporD.banal67.HALCYONA.peacefulB. tempestuousC.originalD.conciseness68.MANDA TORYA. imperiousB. basenessC. discretionaryD.malleable69.BRISKA.alertB. ponderousC. bristleD.agreeable70.DIMINISHA. dwindleB. detractC.decreaseD. escalate71.FORMIDABLEA. fraudulentB. menacingC.reassuringD.strenuous72.RANKLEA.mollifyB. resentC.blessD.straggle73.SUMMOMA.convokeB.assembleC. dismissD.sulk74.WHOLESOMEA. whimsicalB.noxiousC. salubriousD.offensive75.WINSOMEA. engagingB. unprepossessingC. windyD.entrancingIV. Reading ComprehensionDirections：each passage in this part is followed by questions based on its content。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试全卷解析(广东卷)
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（广东卷）英语I 听力（共两节。
满分35分）第一节听力理解（5段共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）每段播放两遍。
各段后有几个小题，各段播放前每小题有5秒钟的阅题时间。
请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A、B、C项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
听第一段对话，回答第1—3题。
1. Why doesn't the man choose Japanese: food?A. He doesn't like Japanese food.B. He ate Japanese food last night.C. He thinks Japanese food is expensive.2. What does the man really want to eat?A. Buffet.B. Fast food.C. Chinese food.3. Where will the man probably eat?A. In a steak house.B. In the shopping center.C. Outside the shopping center.听第二段对话，回答第4。
6题。
4. Why is the man proud of his daughter?A. Because she's going to college.B. Because she's going to leave home.C. Because she'll save money on food.5. What does the man remind his daughter to do?A. Take some food.B. Register for food.C. Eat instant noodles.6. What is the man surprised to hear?A. His daughter decides to change her major.B. His daughter has a discussion with her Mom.C. Business administration is a great major.听第三段独白，回答第7~9题。
(完整word版)中山大学研究生英语期末试题100 Vocabulary Items (Unit 1-Unit 6 + Unit 8)
Part II. Vocabulary and Structure （100x1=100points）Section A: In this section, there are 55 incomplete sentences, each with four items marked A, B, C and D. Choose one item that best completes the sentence and mark your choice on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Many children with mild mental ______ are not identified until they enter school andsometimes not until the second or third grade, when more difficult academic work is required.A.retardationB. senilityC. strokeD. deprivation2.Whitehouse goes so far as to suggest that investors begin hedging with fixed ________ assets:"Buy some gold and silver."A. intangibleB. spatialC. subjectiveD. tangible3.After the ups and downs in bond and equity markets for the past few years, the ability todeliver long-term positive returns across all market conditions has become the ______ for some investors.A.holy grailB. little hellionC. dust bunnyD. comic relief4.They officially ________ the area around the nuclear power station as unsuitable for humanhabitation.A. coordinatedB. designatedC. devastatedD. speculated5.Girls and boys were ____________ into different dining rooms for meals and not allowed tomix at break time.A. recreatedB. frustratedC. integratedD. segregated6.We live in an increasingly __________ society, in which religion has less and less influence inour daily lives.A. supernaturalB. religiousC. secularD. sacred7.Unlike their parents, young people are no longer guaranteed good salaries and _________jobs even if they have received the best education.A. prestigiousB. indecentC. poignantD. despised8.It seems like he doesn’t have any original idea, and his speech is full of _______.A. noveltyB. inspirationC. wisdomD. platitude9.We should make the citizens _______ the eight items of “honors and disgraces” into theirwords and deeds.A. internalizeB. socializeC. fantasizeD. minimize10.Some research suggests that women with ____ -sounding names such as “Sam” and “Chris”are more successful in the business world.A. feminineB. muscularC. masculineD. aggressive11.If someone watches or listens with _______ attention, he or she is extremely interested orfascinated.A. scarceB. boorishC. raptD. frustrated12.He is a bad-tempered old man and always flies into a _________ at the slightest provocation.A. rageB. promptC. frayD. demeanor13.In recent years, young parents, female professionals, and well-educated parents are morelikely to _______ their children into more equal gender roles.A. fantasizeB. socializeC. epitomizeD. personalize14.For fear of being sent to the police, the teenage shoplifter, with great lamentation andabundance of tears, ______ the security guard of the shop to forgive him.A.importunedB. banishedC. told offD. let loose15.The former mayor is under investigation for ______ abusing power for personal gains.A. archlyB. gallantlyC. wobblyD. allegedly16.As regards your proposal for making investment in your city, we ________ it premature totake the matter into consideration.A. seemB. lookC. deemD. reproduce17.They passed a law to ____________ people from parking in the street.A. speculateB. predisposeC. forceD. inhibit18.But what do we expect of our teachers? We have a __________ idea of what a teacher shouldlook like in our mind. We expect male teachers to appear neat and refined, and female ones to wear skirts. Principals and parents would become suspicious if a teacher fails to fit into the model.A.controversialB. stereotypedC. subvervientD. masculine19.If the gene copying process were perfect, life as it now exists would never have _________.A. happened aboutB. heard aboutC. come aboutD. talked about20.Japa n is located on the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” an area prone to ______ upheaval and volcanicactivity because it lies on the edges of tectonic plates.A.societalB. antisocialC. demographicD. seismic21.After the nuclear blasts, Japan ordered an evacuation of the areas surrounding the nuclearplants, but those living outside the evacuation zones have felt left in ______, exposed to levels of radiation that are several times the normal level, though not high enough to causeobservable health risks.A. wombB. limboC. probationD. recollection22.Mr. Smith, who was worried that the ban might ________ on the rights of law-abiding gunowners, had already voted against the bill.A. infringeB. integrateC. inferiorD. incorporate23.Students well-rounded education but feel that the school attracts few toprecruiters outside of the Southeast.A. rave aboutB. lay outC. hook upD. whoop up24.This event is called a party --- a place where one _______ without worrying about beingjudged by the cold standard of professional usefulness.A. rest upB. fork outC. pull backD. let loose25.A host of other singles services have sprung up, from dogwalkers to alarm systems to agenciesthat will water your plants or bring you aspirin and coffee when you’re _________.A. hung aroundB. hung overC. hung upD. hung on26.To many of them, modern medicine has become a ______ sword.A. double-dividendB. double-sidedC. double-edgedD. double-stranded27.The layout of space characteristic of French cities is only one aspect of the theme ofcentralization that ______ French culture.A. fantasizesB. internalizesC. socializesD. characterizes28.In the United States, cities are usually laid out along a grid, streets and buildings arenumbered __________.A. quintessentiallyB.archaeologicallyC. sequentiallyD. dysfunctionally29.In middle-class America, specific spaces are _________ for specific activities.A. populatedB. dominatedC. designatedD. validated30.This pattern has been used for thousands of years, as demonstrated by the archaeologicalevidence _______ in ancient Indian cities.A. undefinedB. uncoveredC. undoneD. untitled31.Today about a fifth of all married couples still ______ the old-style marriage in which thewife stays home to raise children and the husband works.A. opt withB. opt toC. opt forD. opt against32.Although they are always at the center of things, they tend to be loners and are ____ to stresswhen life becomes difficult.A. proneB. aboutC. motiveD. sturdy33.What else does talking frankly and informally mean but an invitation to ________ withoutany career consequence?A. whoop it upB. unload opinionsC. hang aroundD. incur a debt34.The Single in the past, of the _______ego and much-watched answering machine, wastraditionally at the margin of society: a figure of fun, pity and awe.A. archlyB. gallantlyC. wobblyD. allegedly35.We should strengthen regulation, prevent and ______ financial risks so as to provide betterbanking services for economic and social development.A. plunkB. defuseC. violateD. strive36.Bothered by terrorism, world leaders are now united in their _____ for peace.A. questB. intimacyC. validationD. condo37.Mr. Obama ________ that it was the Republican who had tried to turn a national tragedy tohis advantage by releasing a press release about the deadly assault.A. banishedB. counteredC. establishedD. outraged38.17-year-old Richard Beasley has ________ not guilty to the charges of murder, including theattempted killing of a fourth man.A. improvisedB. importunedC. petitionedD. pleaded39.In the heated debate, the two presidential candidates ________ about last month’s attack onthe US Libya consulate (领事馆) that left four Americans dead.A. bickeredB. buzzedC. groanedD. grappled40.Because of this possibility, shareholders will have to ________ monitoring costs or agencycosts to ensure that managers behave properly.A. embraceB. outnumberC. incurD. modify41.New York's subway system ________ the worst damage in its 108-year history, said JosephLhota, head of the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA).A. afflictedB. affiliatedC. strainedD. sustained42.New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo said his state must ________ to the reality of morefrequent extreme weather events.A. adaptB. adhereC. adoptD. adjourn43.She told the journalist that she was one week ________ her twentieth birthday when she gotmarried with Mr. Wilson.A. made sense ofB. shy ofC. in place ofD. in the wake of44.Meanwhile farmers have no option but to ________ the ever-increasing premiums thatinsurers are demanding.A. hook upB. let looseC. fork outD. pitch in45.I’ve learned that a private detective was sent to make ________ inquiries about Miss Hutton'sfinancial situation.A. discreetB. flintyC. mandatoryD. vigilant46.It’s an amazing surprise that the Cherry Blossom restaurant serves a ________ of Japaneseand Californian cooking.A. complexB. fusionC. landmarkD. mainstay47.Smith got some of the blame last year when Republicans lost control of Congress, leading to amixed assessment of his political___________ by the experts.A. sphereB. prowessC. traitD. disapproval48.This report, which highlighted the educational differences between blacks and whites, raisedmany issues and started new ___________.A. controversiesB. inclinationC. normsD. tendency49.I was rather nervous at first, Steve being so __________, and elegant, and superior to me inall respects.A. self-consciousB. self-madeC. self-possessedD. self-determined50.While women show steady advancement and __________, their share of jobs in traditionallymale roles is still relatively low.A. meditationB. upward mobilityC. temperamentD. ambition51.The customer is always the focus for us, molding our thinking and our actions. Our customersregard us as a __________, innovative and flexible partner. We are "BEST IN CLASS".A. buoyantB. motivatedC. activeD. tech-savvy52.The developed nations, with about one fourth of the world's population, possess almost halfthe __________land of the earth.A. spatialB. arableC. vastD. populated53.China can not __________the violation of the principles of non-intervention andnoninterference in the internal affairs of states.A. condoneB. provokeC. defuseD. arouse54.Putting food into one's mouth with a knife is considered __________ in England.A. elegantB. showyC. vulgarD. gallant55.Things generally do not go well when there is no recognized etiquette and everyone is forcedto __________.A. imitateB. impartC. improvise.D. immersePart BDirections: In this section, there are 45 complete sentences, each with an underlined part. Replace each underlined word/phrase with one of the four items marked A, B, C and D that best keeps its meaning and mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.56.Thanks to an explosion of research, science now knows how to defuse the danger and controlthe disease.A. strengthenB. attestC. diminishD. aggravate57.Rude behaviour in children is more often the result of thoughtlessness than that of deliberateaggression.A. immaterialB. insignificantC. contemptibleD. intentional58.The number of scientists, engineers, and physicians born in poor countries and working inaffluent ones is of great concern to policymakers.A. intimateB. wealthyC. deprivedD. indigent59.The average millionaire made B's and C's in college, Stanley says. Their average SAT scorewas not good enough to get into top-notch schools.A. first-rateB. mediocreC. modestD. public60.He couldn't buy into that brand of conservatism.A. put up withB. believe inC. associate withD. toy with61.Though not conspicuously beautiful, the church towers add to the general effect of the historictown as viewed from a distance.A.particularlyB. elegantlyC. noticeablyD. stunningly62.The parents felt exhausted after throwing a party for a houseful of boisterous kids.A.naughtyB. noisyC. naïveD. nasty63.In view of the insecurity of online shopping, doing a little bit of research before purchasingwill protect you against a dodgy seller trying to pull a fast one.A.make profitB. deceiveC. get rich quickD. make a deal64.If a person is irreversibly comatose, or in what physicians call a “vegetative state,” decisionsmust be made for him unless he has stated his preferences beforehand.A. unconsciousB. blurredC. handicappedD. deformed65.In the US one of the most influential and lucrative professions is law, a field in which writingskills are indispensable.A. tiringB. gruelingC. despisedD. profitable66.To Americans, objective, tangible “reality” must prece de any subjective or inner experience.A. discreetB. concreteC. identifiableD. arable67.She hasn’t ruled out marriage, but wouldn’t give up her freedom for a man.A. clutchedB. intrudedC. excludedD. included68.Flinty Miss Manners does not recognize any holidays from etiquette.A. unconsciousB. unmercifulC. unreciprocatedD. unaccountable69.Global warming could wreak havoc in China. The rise in temperatures would worsen thewater shortage problem in North China, in the area of Three Gorges Dam it warned heavy rainfall and could trigger landslides or mudflows,A.vistaB. libidoC. damageD. fusion70.Married types who have bickered once too often about toothpaste caps or dust bunnies areopting to live apart in peace rather than together in stress.A. groanedB. trampedC. strainedD. quarreled71.The point of an office party is not whooping it up or telling people off, it is showingappreciation of the staff.A. reprimandingB. embarrassingC. commandingD. demanding72.The magnitude earthquake caused widespread damage and great loss. Our governmentimmediately pitched in relief efforts.A. yearned forB. laid outC. launched intoD. rounded off73.The doctors threatened to take us to court if we didn’t go along with their procedures.A. coincide withB. agree withC. afflict withD. grapple with74.Doctor’s power to treat with a n array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’scapacity to heal.A. excelledB. excludedC. exceededD. externalizedlions of singles yearning for escape zones or solitude are straining Europe’s city housingmarket.A. opting forB. aspiring forC. searching forD. longing for76.While children don’t automatically warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reasonfor them to see manners as a bunch of stuffy restrictions either.A. grow hostile toB. become uninterested inC. be indifferent toD. begin to like77.The drunk driver was consumed with guilt after the accident in which five people died andone was seriously injured. .A. was convicted withB. was charged withC. was filled withD. was criticized with78.With his prison record and lack of experience, he’s already got two strikes against him whenhe applies for a job.A. favorsB. privilegesC. advantagesD. disadvantages79.Both responses reflect the deeply ingrained prejudice of many Chinese against the humanitiesand are grossly erroneous.A. incurredB. rootedC. defusedD. banished80.bioethics.A.ProposedB. imposedC. presentedD. represented81.In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitalsand nursing homes across the country.A.WithB. WithoutC. ForD. Against82.A. condonedB. appalledC. frayedD. gazed at83.With the development of science and technology, some scientists believe that soon it will becommonplace for people to travel to the moon.A. ordinaryB. unusualC. impulsiveD. devastating84.American.A. intelligentB. diligentC. prestigiousD. attractive85.He was bouncing off the walls with impatience for the takeoff of his flight, which wasannounced to delay again.A. was acting unreasonablyB. was jumping up and downC. was laughing heartilyD. was riding the wave86.We must admit that the three-week trial turned out to be an emotional ordeal for everyoneinvolved.A. afflictionB. controversyC. havocD. strife87.After dinning at Hilton Hotel, we were faced with the ticklish issue of who would pay for themeal.A. discreetB. gloomyC. peskyD. thorny88.The president said at the conference that curbing (遏制) the addiction level would savemoney and prolong lives.A. constituteB. extendC. modifyD. salvage89.Unfortunately, the defect in the braking system had caused several accidents before the carwas recalled.A. retardationB. intrusionC. deformityD. flaw90.If a teacher makes copies of software for students, he or she is undoubtedly infringingcopyright.A. devastatingB. inundatingC. segregatingD. violating91.It often seems to be supposed that a concern for grammar is inconsistent with the principlesof communicative language teaching.A. contradictoryB. impersistentC. disagreeableD. oblivious92.It is reported that $6 million has been designated to make road safety improvements onPacheco Pass.A. optedB. deliveredC. allottedD. assigned93.The hellion tried to make Oliver cry by hitting him, pulling his hair, and calling him all sortsof names.A. abusingB. bickeringC. provokingD. swearing94.To our great joy, all the information used in this report has been validated by an independentpanel of experts.A. attestedB. confirmedC. formulatedD. testified95.International press comments have been more cynical, claiming that the Laura Spence storyis indicative of the quintessentially British problem of class and arrogance and a reminder that a backward looking Britain is still alive and well.A. characteristicallyB. erroneouslyC. neutrallyD. virtually96.The clearing banks, in addition, hold at the Bank whatever operational balances they deemnecessary.A. assumeB. perceiveC. speculateD. fantasize97.What a shame! Any major changes were prevented by the rigid conservatism of the Church inthis region.A. flintyB. harshC. inflexibleD. nastydy Mountcashel is most kind and attentive, who does not start so many objections as Mrs.Henry, and is less disposed to argument and to find fault.A. aptB. inclinedC. likelyD. prone99.All doubts were banished by the sight that met his eyes as they followed the Doctor'spointing finger.A. pulled backB. ruled outC. let looseD. taken over100.Middle class women, once the mainstay of all volunteer endeavors, are no longer an unlimited resource.A. counterpartB. momentumC. pillarD. prototypeKey:Section A:1~10 ADABD; CADAC 11~20 CABAD; CDBCD 21~30 BAADB; CDCCB 31~40 CABCB; ABDAC 41~50 DABCA; BBACB 51~55 DBACCSection B:56-60 CDBAB61-70 CBBAD; BCBCD 71-80 ACBCD; BBDBC 81~90 ADADA; ADBDD 91~100 ACABA; BCDBC。
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【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：1考研高分学姐总结出的考研政治选择题解题技巧考研政治的试题分为两大部分，在答题的时候也有不同的方法。
在历年的研究生考试中，各位考研高人得出各种各样的解题方法，都是值得借鉴的。
在经历考研并且成功之后，针对这类问题结合我的经历，我总结出两类题型的解答技巧，与大家分享。
题型1评价分析型题型特点：评价分析型选择题一般以引文作为材料，引文的内容不正确或不完全正确，该类题目注重考查考生的理解和判断能力。
这类题在马克思主义哲学部分出现最多，所考查的知识点本身并不难，但对考生理解能力的要求较高。
这就要求考生在平时的学习中，不仅要扎实掌握政治课本中的基本概念和基本原理，还要注重“腹有诗书气自华”的文学素质的培养以及审美素养的提高。
解题诀窍：对这种类型选择题，考生要能够理解引文中蕴涵着哪些观点，这些观点正确与否，引文中的错误是什么，错误原因又是什么。
要特别注意：(1)如果题目是考查考生对引文的理解，那么判断备选项是否正确并不是以这个备选项所显露的“事实”正确与否为依据，而是以该备选项的观点是否蕴涵在材料中为依据。
即使这个观点是错误的，也可能选。
(2)如果题目是考查分析引文中作者的观点是否错误及其原因，要注意分析的角度，是站在“我们”的角度，还是站在材料的作者或漫画中的人物的角度。
题型2因果关系型【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2题型特点：因果关系型选择题主要是分析政治、经济、社会现象的原因、目的、影响。
一般包括两种情况，一是知道结果考原因，题干为果，选项为因。
可以是一因一果，也可以是多因一果或是一因多果。
常用引导语是“因为”、“其原因是”、“之所以”。
另一种是知道原因考结果，其引导语是“目的是”、“是为了”、“结果是”、“影响是”、“因此”、“所以”等。
其中在考查原因时又有根本原因、直接原因、主要原因、客观原因、主观原因等。
解题诀窍1.要分清是考查原因还是考查结果。
解答因果关系选择题，应把题干和备选项结合起来分析，找好切入点。
如果题干为因，备选项应该是此原因的结果;反之亦然。
问结果的选择题的选项都比较发散，往往是“一因多果”。
2.要正确理解题目常用各种原因的含意，把握和理解各种原因的区别与联系。
(1)客观原因与主观原因。
一般来说，政治、经济、社会现象的发生是由多种因素造成的。
在诸多因素中事物发展的客观因素是客观原因，而人的因素是主观原因。
(2)主要原因和次要原因。
主要原因是指在诸多原因中起主导作用的因素，但这种主导因素有时不止一个，其中起决定性作用的称之为“最主要的原因”，不属于主要原因的就是次要原因。
如果题目要求分析主要原因，那就要对选项进行比较，在比较中找出主要原因。
(3)根本原因和直接原因。
根本原因是从本质上说的，即导致事物发生变化的最本质的因素。
这种因素是一种历史的客观存在，它不以人的意志为转移，它反映着客观规律的要求。
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：3分析根本原因一般是政治现象从经济上找原因，生产关系从生产力中找原因。
而直接原因是导致事件发生的直接因素，它往往是一种表面现象。
3.要将选定的答案代入题干中比较，看是否合乎逻辑。
这一步往往容易为考生所忽略。
值得注意的是，因果关系型选择题中有三种备选项是不能入选的：(1)答非所问者不选;(2)与题干的规定性重复或变相重复者不选;(3)因果颠倒者不选，即题干问的是原因，但备选项却答成结果。
作为一名考研成功者，我想说考研政治只是其中的一个因素，还有考研英语、考研数学、考研专业课，这其中的每一科目都能决定你考研的成败，为了了解更多的考研信息和考研方法以及得到更多的考研资料，我建议大家在考研复习的时间里经常登录中大考研网，本人能考研成功，很大一部分得益于中大考研网，在这里，我不仅得到考研的很多资料，更有历届考研牛人分享他们的考研心得，同时还可以与研友交流并肩作战。
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：42009年中山大学综合英语考研真题【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：5考研政治大题答题技巧在全国硕士研究生入学考试中的试卷中，考研政治客观题和主观题各占半边天，其中，客观题的考察角度和难度要比主观题容易些，主要是对基本知识点的掌握和理解。
主观题考察考生运用所学原理比较和分析有关社会现象或实际问题，层次和难度相对有所提升。
方法/步骤.仔细审题找出本题目是关于哪个科学的哪个章节，在草稿纸上写下此章节内所有可能与本题有联系的基本概念及原理。
大多数题目是跨章节，甚至跨学科的，要注意思维的发散性。
..不留空白如果自己写出的相关概念太多，则视试卷留出的空白捡重要的写，解释概念和原理一般不要超过本题答题空间的二分之一。
什么？太多了？不要怕，答多了不扣分。
但要注意答题时每个概念和原理要作为一段，字迹要工整清晰。
..联系实际如果本题是论述题，则根据本题联系实际中的一些现象，给出评价，如果本领是材料题，【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：6则材料就是实际，指出材料中的一些问题，也就是将材料用你学过的关于政治的术语再复述一遍。
这部分一定有要有，而且要作为一个段落。
...引用材料准确饮用材料中的文字和印证其中的有关事实，运用有关理论作出恰当的综合、概括、比较、鉴别和分析。
因此考生要分清每个材料所蕴含的主要观点，然后再用心选择与题目要求相符合的基本原理，运用所学原理和材料"对号入座"，加以归纳和概括。
.罗列要点解答材料题时，尤其要注意层次和逻辑，不要自相矛盾，在答案中最好把问题一一罗列出来，便于阅卷教师找到要点。
..简短总结这一部分是绝对送分的，但也要有技巧。
要将其作为一个段落，如果此题是论述题，则将整个题目再复述一遍，不要忘了在前面加上一个所以；如果此题是材料题，则提倡材料中好的做法，批评材料中坏的做法。
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：7考研英语单词的复习方法和答题技巧考研新大纲要求考生应掌握5500个左右的英语词汇。
这个单词量多不多呢?5000多个听起来很吓人,其实,我们只要想一想就不用担心了:我们在中学时就已经掌握了大约2000个语汇,而大学英语四级考试所要求的词汇量是4000个左右。
因此,既然大学毕业时基本上都能达到英语四级水平,那么,在现有的词汇量上,再增加1000多个左右的单词量就符合了考研对词汇的要求,而1000多个单词对于很多同学来说就没什么难的了。
要求我们在记忆单词的过程中不仅要记基本释义,还要学会引申,放到具体的语言环境中去理解单词。
拿到一本词汇手册,如何来记忆呢?下面是考研1号为我们综合分析各种词汇复习方法,同时结合考研英语的特点为大家总结的单词记忆法。
∙(一)考研英语复习的准备∙拿到词汇手册后,首先应该大胆地排除已经熟练掌握的词汇。
一定不要手软,如果你现在不把它们排除。
日后它们就会无偿地榨取你宝贵的时间。
这里,特别要注意的是在考研英语词汇中,有一种熟词生义的情况。
如school、book 等是不能排除的,因为它们往往是出题者的偏爱。
∙【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：8(二)考研英语词汇复习的原则(1)有计划地带。
英语单词几乎是天天必背的,但一定要有计划性,有的人常常用整段的时间如整个上午来背单词,有时候又一天都不翻一下单词书,这是不可取的。
最好制定一个计划,多少天背完一遍,每天背多少个,每天什么时候背,都应该规划地清清楚楚。
关于每天什么时候背,应该因人而异,但这里可以推荐一个方案,即每整段时间的开头半个小时。
(2)大量但快速地背。
考研要做的事情实在是太多,因此,由不得我们慢悠悠地来,背单词不可能花太多时间,但背单词又必顺要用时间来磨的。
而且,我们能早一点把单词过一遍对于我们复习英语是具体题型也有好处,如阅读理解,如果你一篇文章中有几十个词都不认识,那么你很难读下去了,因此,一个行之有效的方法是每次大量地背,迅速地背。
(3)全面地背。
背单词时,尤其是第一遍时,不能投机取巧,一定要对单词的音形义进行全面地掌握。
对于重要的单词,不仅要掌握其基本词义,还要能够拼写,知道它的语法特点、习惯搭配以及语体色彩等。
(4)有重点地背1)重点学习和记忆核心词任何时候学习单词都应该有区分、有重点地学习。
而且考研大纲对于不同的考研词汇往往有不同的要求,比如有的词只要知其义,有的词则要求掌握其搭配和用法。
一般来说,考研单词分为以下四类:【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：9第一类为为熟词,指我们已经掌握的词,如age、ant、bee、car、dog、die、job、man、rest 等等。
对于这类词,我们只需蒙往中文意思,快速浏览过去,看是不是完全掌握了,掌握了的单词用途线划去,不太熟悉的词做上记号。
第二类为熟词新义,指那些我们以前学习过的熟词,这类词的某些意思我们已经掌握,但在考研词汇大纲中,它们又有了一些新的意义,如book“预定”:change“找头”,second“赞成,附和”,school“学派”等等。
对于这些新的意义,我们一琮要高度重视,因为这些是命题人最偏爱的考点。
第三类词是生词,这指我们以前没有学过,或者我们比较陌生的词,它们的特点是意义比较偏,使用频率不是很高,有些单词的拼写还比较复杂,但是它们的用法比较固定,本身没有带短语,也不和其他词构成习惯搭配。
如anaiversary、earthenware、homogeneous、microcomputer 等等。
对于这类词,能够识记即可,也就是说当文章中出现这类单词时,我们能够知道其意思。
第四类词是核心词,这是复习备考中最重要的词。
这类词本身意思多。
附带的短语多,搭配活跃,在各种场合出现的频率高,并且有许多同义词和近义词。
如apply、adhere、confine、considerable、continuos 等等。
对于这类词,大家要全面掌握。
2)抓好动词、介词以及各种短语和搭配我们知道,在英语中句子的核心是动词,同时动词在句子中的搭配最为灵活,比如,它可以与许多介词搭配构成各种各样的动词短语,而且这些短语大都是固定的。
因此抓住动词、介词以及各种短语和搭配就变得相当关键了,这对于听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和短文写作都至关重要。
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：103)按照考试对词汇的要求有区别地记忆学习英语单词,还可以将单词根据不同题型的要求分类进行重点记忆。
如,我们可以将一些单词归类为考研听力核心词汇,指那些在听力题中经常出现的单词。
如:college、first、interview、bell、direction、culture、hotel、pollution、rare 等等。