09外文资料中文译文-
外文资料与中文翻译

外文资料及中文翻译
作者姓名
专业
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专业技术职务
外文资料(黑体、四号、加粗)
An Effective Performance Management Tools(Times New Roman四
号,加粗)
RobertS•Kaplan(英文要有作者)
(中英文之间空两行)
中文译文(黑体、四号、加粗)
一种有效的绩效管理工具(黑体、四号、加粗)
外文资料及中文译文:“外文资料”要尽可能与所做课题紧密联系,严禁抄袭有中文译本的外文资料。
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外文参考文献译文及原文

本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文学院_____计算机学院______专业___计算机科学与技术___年级班别____2009级(1)班__学号学生姓名_______________指导教师______ ________2013年 5 月目录译文:<C#.NET 开发者指南>前言 (1)第一章微软.NET平台的介绍 (3)1.1 简介 (3)1.1.1 .NET平台简介 (3)1.1.2 微软的.NET和WINDOWS的基因 (4)1.1.3 微软 .NET体系结构 (4)1.1.4 .NET平台的特点 (4)1.1.5 多国语言的发展 (5)1.1.6 平台和处理器独立性 (6)1.1.7 自动内存管理 (7)1.1.8 支持的版本 (7)1.1.9 支持的开放标准 (8)1.1.10 配置简单 (8)1.1.11 分布式体系结构 (9)1.1.12 与非托管代码的互用 (9)原文:<C# .NET Web Developer's Guide>Foreword (11)Chapter1 Introduction of the Microsoft .NET Platform (13)1.1 Introduction (13)1.1.1 Introduction of the .NET Platform (13)1.1.2 Microsoft .NET and Windows DNA (15)1.1.3 Microsoft .NET Architecture Hierarchy (15)1.1.4 Features of the .NET Platform (16)1.1.5 Multilanguage Development (17)1.1.6 Platform and Processor Independence (18)1.1.7 Automatic Memory Management (19)1.1.8 Versioning Support (20)1.1.9 Support for Open Standards (21)1.1.10 Easy Deployment (22)1.1.11 Distributed Architecture (23)1.1.12 Interoperability with Unmanaged Code (23)译文:<C#.NET 开发者指南>前言在电脑软件的历史上,很少有一种技术能够得到开发者和业界如此强烈的正面响应。
09级 综合III 翻译1-4,6-8

Unit 11. 1) 下一届城运会的火炬将由北京传递到全国各地。The torch of the next National Games will be passed on from Beijing to all parts of thecountry.2) 这位钢琴家用他的手指向听众们传递着他的音乐想象。The pianist passed on his musical vision to the audience with his fingers.2. 1) 当男孩看见他母亲从大巴上下来时,他立刻朝她奔去。When the boy saw his mother descending the bus, he immediately ran forward to her.2) 除夕贴对联(antithetical couplets)是古代传下来的一种风俗。Putting up antithetical couplets on doors on the eve of Chinese lunar New Year is a custom descending from ancient times.3. 1) 越来越多的人对最近中东的局势感到担忧。More and more people are showing solicitude for the present situation in the MiddleEast.2) 全国的报纸都关注着地震灾民的生活状况。Papers all over the country are showing solicitude for the living conditions of thevictims of the earthquake.4. 1) 委员会坚决要批准(ratify)这项条约并使之立即生效。The committee was resolute to ratify the treaty and bring it into force at once.2) 医疗小组决心不惜一切代价挽救这位英雄的生命。The medical team was resolute to save the hero’s life at any cost5. 1) 南方航空公司给每位旅客三百元人民币以补偿航班取消带来的损失。The Southern Airline gave every passenger 300 yuan (RMB) to compensate for theloss caused by the flight cancellation.2)该国政府被迫采取一些措施来补偿他们对殖民地的侵略。The government of the country was forced to take some measures to compensate for its invasion of the colonies.6. 1) 来自各国的运动员们感谢东道国的热情接待。Sportsmen from across the world felt indebted to the host country for its warmreception.2)游客们对旅行社这次黄山之行的精心安排非常感谢。The tourists felt indebted to the travel service for the careful arrangement of the trip to Huangshan Mountain.7. 1) 王教授着手把这个美丽的民间传说改编成一个电影剧本(film scenario)。Professor Wang proceeded to shape this beautiful folktale into a film scenario.2)乐队演奏完中美两国国歌以后,接着演奏了一首中国民歌《茉莉花》(Jasmine Blossom)。After playing the Chinese and American national anthems, the band proceeded toplay a Chinese folk song Jasmine Blossom.8. 1) 洪水过后,人们被眼前使人惊骇的惨景(shattering scenes)惊呆了。After the flooding, people were stunned by the shattering scenes before their eyes.2) 这位科学家的伟大发明,世界为之震惊。
09年6月六级阅读理解翻译

阅读理解及翻译原文:For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and long line fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龙) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.A.human activities have changed the way turtles surviveB.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying outC.government bureaucracy has contributed to turtles’extinctionD.marine biologists are looking for the secret of turtles’reproduction2. What does the author mean by “Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness”(Line 1, Para. 2)?A.Nature is quite fair regarding the survival of turtles.B.Turtles are by nature indifferent to human activities.C.The course of nature will not be changed by human interference.D.The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.3.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?A.Their inadequate food supply.B.Unregulated commercial fishing.C.Their lower reproductively ability.D.Contamination of sea water4. How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?A.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.B.The changing climate makes it difficult for their eggs to hatch.C.The rising sea levels make it harder for their hatchlings to grow.D.It takes them longer to adapt to the high beach temperature.5. The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.A.persuade human beings to show more affection for turtlesB.stress that even the most ugly species should be protectedC.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles’survivalD.warn our descendants about the extinction of species译文:在数亿年前的时间里,海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海到海滩上产卵,很久以前有有自然纪录片来庆祝他们,或GPS卫星和海洋生物学家来跟踪他们,又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线的影响迷失方向而爬向汽车旅馆的停车场。
Global Wine War 2009翻译整理版

9- 910-405AUGUST 13 , 2 0 0 9 C H RIS T O P HE R A .BAR T L E T TGlobal Wine War 2009: New World versus Old2009年全球葡萄酒战争:新世界对战旧世界“We have the people, expertise, technology and commitment to gain global preeminence for Australian wine by 2025. It will come by anticipating the market, influencing consumer demand, and building on our strategy of sustainable growth.”我们有人员、专业知识、技术,并承诺到2025年让澳大利亚葡萄酒可以成为全球领先。
它会通过预测市场,影响消费者需求,构建可持续增长战略来实现。
— Sam Toley, CEO of Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation.澳洲葡萄酒和白兰地公司首席执行官山姆Toley。
“By phasing out the buyback of excess wine and increasing incentives for farmers to uproot their vines, the EC reforms will only bring in the New World’s agro-industry model. We need to protect the age-old European model built on traditional vineyards.”通过淘汰过剩葡萄酒的回购协议和增加对农民离开他们葡萄树的激励措施,欧盟改革只会带来在新世界的农用工业模式。
外文文献翻译(英文+中文对照)

外文文献翻译 例如例如::下面是一个样板下面是一个样板,,如需要更多的机械相关专业的外文文献可以联系QQ: 763077177 (非诚勿扰) Coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. ThompsonAvailable online 12 June 2009. Abstract :Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown diamond films have found applications as a hard coating for cutting tools. Even though the use of conventional diamond coatings seems to be accepted in the cutting tool industry, selections of proper coating thickness for different machining operations have not been often studied. Coating thickness affects the characteristics of diamond coated cutting tools in different perspectives that may mutually impact the tool performance in machining in a complex way.In this study, coating thickness effects on the deposition residual stresses, particularly around a cutting edge, and on coating failure modes were numerically investigated. On the other hand, coating thickness effects on tool surface smoothness and cutting edge radii were experimentally investigated. In addition, machining Al matrix composites using diamond coated tools with varied coating thicknesses was conducted to evaluate the effects on cutting forces, part surface finish and tool wear.The results are summarized as follows. Increasing coating thickness will increase the residual stresses at the coating–substrate interface. On the other hand, increasing coating thickness will generally increase the resistance of coating cracking and delamination. Thicker coatings will result in larger edge radii; however, the extent of the effect on cutting forces also depends upon the machining condition. For the thickness range tested, the life of diamond coated tools increases with the coating thickness because of delay of delaminations. Keywords: Coating thickness; Diamond coating; Finite element; Machining; Tool wear1. IntroductionDiamond coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies have been increasingly explored for cutting tool applications. Diamond coated tools have great potential in various machining applications and an advantage in fabrications of cutting tools with complex geometry such as drills. Increased usages of lightweight high-strength components have also resulted in significant interests in diamond coating tools. Hot-filament CVD is one of common processes of diamond coatings and diamond films as thick as 50 µm have been deposited on various materials including cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) . There have also been different CVD technologies, e.g., microwave plasma assisted CVD , developed to enhance the deposition process as well as the film quality too. However, despite the superior tribological and mechanical properties, the practical applications of diamond coated tools are still limited.Coating thickness is one of the most important attributes to the coating system performance. Coating thickness effects on tribological performance have been widely studied. In general, thicker coatings exhibited better scratch/wear resistance performance than thinner ones due to their better load-carrying capacity. However, there are also reports that claim otherwise and . For example, Dorner et al. discovered, that the thickness of diamond-like-coating (DLC), in a range of 0.7–3.5 µm, does not influence the wear resistance of the DLC–Ti6Al4V . For cutting tool applications, however, coating thickness may have a more complicated role since its effects may be augmented around the cutting edge. Coating thickness effects on diamond coated tools are not frequently reported. Kanda et al. conducted cutting tests using diamond-coated tooling . The author claimed that the increased film thickness is generally favorable to tool life. However, thicker films will result in the decrease in the transverse rupture strength that greatly impacts the performance in high speed or interrupted machining. In addition, higher cutting forces were observed for the tools with increased diamond coating thickness due to the increased cutting edge radius. Quadrini et al. studied diamond coated small mills for dental applications . The authors tested different coating thickness and noted that thick coatings induce high cutting forces due to increased coating surface roughness and enlarged edge rounding. Such effects may contribute to the tool failure in milling ceramic materials. The authors further indicated tools with thin coatings results in optimal cutting of polymer matrix composite . Further, Torres et al. studied diamondcoated micro-endmills with two levels of coating thickness . The authors also indicated that the thinner coating can further reduce cutting forces which are attributed to the decrease in the frictional force and adhesion.Coating thickness effects of different coating-material tools have also been studied. For single layer systems, an optimal coating thickness may exist for machining performance. For example, Tuffy et al. reported that an optimal coating thickness of TiN by PVD technology exists for specific machining conditions . Based on testing results, for a range from 1.75 to 7.5 µm TiN coating, thickness of 3.5 µm exhibit the best turning performance. In a separate study, Malik et al. also suggested that there is an optimal thickness of TiN coating on HSS cutting tools when machining free cutting steels . However, for multilayer coating systems, no such an optimum coating thickness exists for machining performance .The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate coating thickness effects of diamond coated tools on machining performance — tool wear and cutting forces. Diamond coated tools were fabricated, by microwave plasma assisted CVD, with different coating thicknesses. The diamond coated tools were examined in morphology and edge radii by white-light interferometry. The diamond coated tools were then evaluated by machining aluminum matrix composite in dry. In addition, deposition thermal residual stresses and critical load for coating failures that affect the performance of diamond coated tools were analytically examined.2. Experimental investigationThe substrates used for diamond coating experiments, square-shaped inserts (SPG422), were fine-grain WC with 6 wt.% cobalt. The edge radius and surface textures of cutting inserts prior to coating was measured by a white-light interferometer, NT1100 from Veeco Metrology.Prior to the deposition, chemical etching treatment was conducted on inserts to remove the surface cobalt and roughen substrate surface. Moreover, all tool inserts were ultrasonically vibrated in diamond/water slurry to increase the nucleation density. For the coating process, diamond films were deposited using a high-power microwave plasma-assisted CVD process.A gas mixture of methane in hydrogen, 750–1000 sccm with 4.4–7.3% of methane/hydrogen ratio, was used as the feedstock gas. Nitrogen gas, 2.75–5.5 sccm, was inserted to obtain nanostructures by preventing columnar growth. The pressure was about 30–55 Torr and the substrate temperature was about 685–830 °C. A forward power of 4.5–5.0 kW with a low deposition rate obtained a thin coating; a greater forward power of 8.0–8.5 kW with a highdeposition rate obtained thick coatings, two thicknesses by varying deposition time. The coated inserts were further inspected by the interferometer.A computer numerical control lathe, Hardinge Cobra 42, was used to perform machining experiments, outer diameter turning, to evaluate the tool wear of diamond coated tools. With the tool holder used, the diamond coated cutting inserts formed a 0° rake angle, 11° relief angle, and 75° lead angle. The workpieces were round bars made of A359/SiC-20p composite. The machining conditions used were 4 m/s cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed, 1 mm depth of cut and no coolant was applied. The selection of machining parameters was based upon previous experiences. For each coating thickness, two tests were repeated. During machining testing, the cutting inserts were periodically inspected by optical microscopy to measure the flank wear-land size. Worn tools after testing were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, cutting forces were monitored during machining using a Kistler dynamometer.5. ConclusionsIn this study, the coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools were studied from different perspectives. Deposition residual stresses in the tool due to thermal mismatch were investigated by FE simulations and coating thickness effects on the interface stresses were quantified. In addition, indentation simulations of a diamond coated WC substrate with the interface modeled by the cohesive zone were applied to analyze the coating system failures. Moreover, diamond coated tools with different thicknesses were fabricated and experimentally investigated on surface morphology, edge rounding, as well as tool wear and cutting forces in machining. The major results are summarized as follows.(1) Increase of coating thickness significantly increases the interface residual stresses, though little change in bulk surface stresses.(2) For thick coatings, the critical load for coating failure decreases with increasing coating thickness. However, such a trend is opposite for thin coatings, for which radial cracking is the coating failure mode. Moreover, thicker coatings have greater delamination resistance.(3) In addition, increasing the coating thickness will increase the edge radius. However, for the coating thickness range studied, 4–29 µm, and with the large feed used, cutting forces were affected only marginally.(4) Despite of greater interface residual stresses, increasing the diamond coating thickness, for the range studied, seem to increase tool life by delay of coating delaminations.AcknowledgementsThis research is supported by National Science Foundation, Grant No.: CMMI 0728228. P. Lu provided assistance in some analyses.金刚石涂层刀具的涂层厚度的影响作者:F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. Thompson发表日期:2009摘要:化学气相沉积法(CVD),金刚石薄膜的发现,作为涂层刀具的应用。
外文资料与中文翻译

附录:外文资料与中文翻译外文资料:AbstractYears of introduction and absorption, of the accounting profession of China about the internationalization of accounting theory and practice has been more mature understanding of and cognition. China's accounting internationalization mainly includes two aspects: one is the internationalization of accounting standards, accounting internationalization. China's accounting standards with international accounting standards coordination has achieved positive progress, to a certain level of dialogue, but there are certain problems, internationalization of accounting practice subject to promote and strengthen internationalisation.key words: accounting internationalization; Accounting standards internationalization; Internationalization of accounting practiceInternationalization of accounting refers to the due to the needs of the development of international economy, management requires countries in accounting policy and handling accounting affairs gradually adopt internationally accepted accounting practices, in order to achieve the international communication of accounting behavior, coordination, standard and unified, namely USES the internationally accepted principles and methods to deal with and report on the country's economic business.China's accounting internationalization mainly includes two aspects: one is the internationalization of accounting standards, namely in the formulation, revision and improvement of accounting standards in the process of fully drawing on the international practice, reflects the international accounting practice, make accounting standards under the guidance of in the world comparable and effective accounting information; Second, internationalization of accounting practice, namely the enterprise in the process of operation and management, advanced accounting methods should be adopted, improve enterprise management efficiency and effectiveness, to adapt to the needs of international competition. In these two aspects, China's accounting standards with international accounting standards coordination has achieved positive progress, but there are certain problems, internationalization of accounting practice subject to promote and strengthen the process ofinternationalization.First, the present situation of the accounting internationalization in our country(a) the accounting internationalization is a very important aspects of accounting standards internationalization. At present, the world's major stock exchange has more and more foreign companies, because of the problems caused by the differences of accounting standards is more and more. Mercedes is a typical example, Germany to the United States, according to German accounting rules, the company is profitable, but according to the accounting standards, it becomes a loss of company. As a result, the United States, Japan, Europe and southeast Asia, are in serious problems to accounting standards internationalization. The international accounting standards constantly progress, has been relatively complete, 41, have been formulated to America's accounting rules have been established for more than 100, has 13 item of concrete accounting criterion of our country, by contrast, we have a lot of aspects need to improve. Secondly, on the function of the accounting standards for performance. As a business language, accounting function should only be let investors by reading the financial report and understand the financial condition and operating performance. But also gives some accounting standards in our country to standardize the behavior of enterprise capabilities, which will undoubtedly affect the implementation of accounting standards. In addition, the gap is mainly embodied in the enterprise merger, financial tools, income tax and the provision for bad debt, etc. Objectively speaking, our country in the aspect of the construction of accounting standards has made great progress, since 1992, has been successively promulgated 13 item of concrete accounting standards, and in 2001 enacted the new enterprise accounting system, regulations in enterprise accounting system of accounting policies and accounting recognition, measurement standard, and the core principles of the international accounting standards has basically the same, for example, the international accounting standards require that the ending inventory in accordance with the cost and net realisable value what is low valuation, "enterprise accounting system" also require companies to the ending inventory in accordance with the cost and net realisable value in terms of what is low. "Enterprise accounting system", as it were, the prescribed accounting and international accounting standards, it for our country to achieve international standards laid a solid foundation of accounting practice.(2) the Chinese composition of the accounting information users and the demandfor accounting information, and Angle on remaining gap with the developed market economy countries. Most listed companies still belongs to the state-owned holding companies, "a dominant", country is enterprise's biggest shareholder. From the perspective of corporate governance, there may be two types of problems, the sort of question is big shareholders owner absence, the sort of question is that the government will consciously or unconsciously interfere the enterprise management. These two kinds of problems will affect the accounting information, which can lead to big shareholders cannot produce effective demand of high quality accounting information, the latter is likely to make accounting information provide with more human factors, in accordance with the requirements for general market mechanism design of the accounting standards may not achieve its expected goals.(3) from the market system and the development degree, China's market economy is still in a stage of development, has yet to be further improved in many ways. China's market economy although has obtained rapid development in recent years, however, China is still in the process of transformation from planned economy to market economy, so the market system is imperfect, the development degree of market needs to be improved.Second, the problem of accounting internationalization in China(a) accounting standards enforcement mechanism is not perfect. Though set in accordance with international accounting practice of accounting standards to achieve internationalization of accounting practice provides the system safeguard, but whether it can achieve the purpose to see the status of the accounting practice. One set is again good accounting standards, if not effective execution, that become a dead letter, accounting internationalization is useless.(2) the accounting information distortion. Due to the limitations of accounting personnel level, belittle the role of financial accounting information, as well as the interests of the driver and arbitrariness of accounting policies used in the accounting work in our country, not accuracy, even abuse the phenomenon more serious, and other reasons, led to China's long-term serious accounting information untrue, inaccurate accounting information can also let alone international comparability. That is to say, the accounting practice in our country is far from meet the requirements of accounting standards of quality and internationalization level.(3) accounting practice quality low level development. Low quality of accounting practice is offset by our efforts for the internationalization of accountingstandards, affected the accounting and the international reputation of the enterprise in our country, also affected the investment environment of our country. More importantly, the false information will seriously affect the whole social economy early warning mechanism, the economic crisis, especially increase the risk of the financial crisis.Third, speed up the internationalization of China's accounting practice to take countermeasures(a) perfect the Chinese accounting standard execution mechanism. Current should further promote the internationalization of accounting standards, in particular, to obey the basic purpose of financial reports, highlight the information needs of investors and creditors, straighten and relations of traditional accounting system, accounting standards to avoid chaos in the criterion and system relation. Should also speed up the criterion formulation, to adapt to the needs of economic development, to expand the depth and breadth of standards to improve its maneuverability, strive for the financial information main stakeholders actively participate in the development of principles, mobilize all social forces in carrying out standards development, training, publicity, research work, make the rules as soon as possible.(2) improve the corporate governance mechanism, regulate the financial behavior of listed companies. To further enhance the company's management in a timely and fully, disclosing financial information consciousness, prompted the truly improve the quality of company management, rather than blindly YiShi very trading profit manipulation and unfair related party transactions, etc. Meanwhile, the government should also give more regulatory powers, the CSRC as has the right to determine the audit of certified public accountants qualification of listed companies, listed companies shall have the right to illegal, certified public accountants shall be penalized, etc., in order to better regulate the financial behavior of listed companies.(3) improve the quality level of certified public accountants. To improve domestic CPA's professional technical and professional moral level, improve the independent, objective and fair practice consciousness, make it as soon as possible to the international level. In strengthen the certified public accountant professional technology, professional ethics and social responsibility and so on various aspects quality at the same time, should also step into - open domestic accounting services market, encourage the international well-known accounting firms and domestic accountant firms to carry out various and a wide range of project cooperation,gradually formed a batch of brand effect of domestic firms.(4) popular modern accounting knowledge and ideas. Corporate leaders such as correct understanding what kind of legal responsibility of financial statements, accounting statements and investment decisions, what kind of relationship in the credit decisions, the accounting information in what sense influence investment credit decisions, there is a what kind of connection between all kinds of accounting statements, and improve the transparency of accounting information to improve the enterprise's financing costs, improve market image, what is the point, why not according to whether the goods have been issued for revenue recognition, and to see whether the risks and rewards have transfer, etc. Only make the accounting knowledge and ideas gained popularity or set, the importance of accounting information and accounting work to thorough popular feeling, accounting system, accounting standards in order to get the respect they deserve.In addition, to establish a set of perfect accounting personnel training system, on the cultivation of accounting personnel, should not only by increasing the international accounting standards, foreign language, network technology and other new teaching content and improve the system of accounting professional exam to make international accounting talents, and should attach great importance to the subsequent education of current accounting personnel, make the accounting personnel can timely update the concept of knowledge, a comprehensive understanding of the international accounting practices, improve service quality.(5)in speed up the internationalization of accounting, but should also fully consider China's national conditions and characteristics. As countries of the political system, economic system, legal environment, cultural environment and so on is different, lead to the applicability of the accounting principles and methods is also different. Accounting standards was produced in a specific environment, China's national conditions more unique than western countries, this determines the development of Chinese accounting can't blindly and ignore the characteristic of its emphasis on internationalization, too much emphasis on their own characteristics to a large extent can hinder the internationalization, and emphasis on internationalization will greatly weaken their characteristics, we must seriously deal with the relationship between the two, to make the internationalization of accounting practice.中文翻译:摘要几年的引进和吸收,中国会计界对有关会计国际化方面的理论和实务已有比较成熟的明白得和熟悉。
外文资料原文及译文

外文资料原文及译文南通大学法政与管理学院2009年06月HOW DO THE CHINESE PERCEIVE HARMONIOUSCORPORATE CULTURE:An Empirical Study on Dimensions of Harmonious Corporate CultureLianke SONG,Hao YANG,Lan YANGABSTRACT The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China points out creating harmonious culture is an important task for building socialist harmonious society. Building harmonious culture needs all companies to create harmonious culture, because a company is a basic social unit. Henceforth, many Chinese companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture. Scholars must study basic theories for harmonious corporate culture. This study tried to answer two questions: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind and how do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture? Firstly, this paper analyzed background of harmonious corporate culture from Chinese traditional culture and era needs. Secondly, authors designed an open-ended questionnaire and sent them to employees in Jiangsu and Shanghai. 329 questionnaires were collected and 291 questionnaires were valid, representing a response rate of 88.45%. Thirdly, this study explored dimensions of harmonious corporate culture and identified different viewpoints from different group. Finally, this paper discussed the results and pointed out limitations of this study and future research. The results of this paper were on basis of defining, measuring, analyzing, and creating harmonious corporate culture.1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND QUESTIONSThe Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China puts forward building socialist harmonious societies and the sixth plenary session of the 16th central committee of the communist party of China points out creating harmonious culture is an important task for building socialist harmonious society. Building harmonious culture needs all companies to create harmonious culture, because a company is a basic social unit[1].Why do Chinese corporations advocate harmonious corporate culture? Maybe Chinese traditional culture and era needs are responsible.Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years. Its origins are often traced back to the Book of Changs (yi jing), which introduced some of the most fundamental terms of Chinese philosophy. Its first flowering is generally considered to have been in about the 6th century BC, but it draws on an oral tradition that goes back to Neolithic times.The Tao Te Ching (dao de jing) of Lao Tzu (lao zi) and the Analects (lun yu)of Confucius (kong zi) both appeared around the 6th century BC, around the time of early Buddhist philosophy.Confucianism focuses on the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. Confucianism and legalism are responsible for creating the world’s first meritocracy. Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence on Chinese culture. Harmonious culture is meant to respect the tradition of established virtue under Confucius upon "harmony with differences" while exploring extensively our cultural resources and cultural ideas or beliefs.The Chinese schools of philosophy, except during the Qin Dynasty, can be both critical and tolerant of one another. Despite the debates and competition, they generally have cooperated and shared ideas, which they would usually incorporate with their own.Harmony was a central concept in Chinese ancient philosophy. Confucian, Taoist, Buddhist and Legalist that are the major Chinese traditions all prize “harmony” as an ultimate value, but they disagree on how to achieve it. Confucians in particular emphasize the single-character term for “harmony” (he), which appears in all of Confucianism’s “Four Books and Five Classics” (si shu wu jing). The most forceful articulation of identification of personal and communal harmony comes from the Doctrine of the Mean (zhong yong), which defines harmony as a state of equilibriumw here pleasure, anger, sorrow and joy are moderated and restrained, claiming “all things in the universe to attain the way”.During the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy began to integrate the concepts of Western philosophy. Chinese philosophy attempted to incorporate democracy, republicanism and industrialism. Mao Zedong added Marxism, Stalinism and other communist thoughts. The government of the People’s Republic of China initiates Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.The theoretical bases of harmonious socialist society are Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thoughts, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the important thought of "Three Represents" (That is, the CPC must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.).Six main characteristics of a harmonious society are democracy and the rule of law, fairness and justice, integrity and fraternity, vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature. The principles observed in building a harmonious socialist society are as the following: people oriented; development in a scientific way; in-depth reform and opening up; democracy and the rule of law; properly handling the relationships between reform, development and stability; and the participation of the whole society under the leadership of the Party.The authors tried to define harmonious corporate culture: harmonious corporate culture is the corporate culture that adheres to people-oriented principle and considers harmony as a core concept, by managing in good faith and scientific administration to achieve harmony among enterprises, society and nature, and eventually make enterprises develop harmoniously and healthily.Chinese traditional culture is the basis of harmonious corporate culture. Era need is the direction of harmonious corporate culture. “Harmonious Corporate Culture” is a new identification and is different from any existent conceptions. What is harmonious corporate culture? This study wants to answer this question by analyzing Chinese viewpoints from open-ended questionnaires.Question 1: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind?Harmonious corporate culture is a new and special conception for Chinese. General views of Chinese can be found by searching dimensions of harmonious corporate culture. In fact, different people have different ideas. Maybe there are differences among different groups, which can be classified by sex, age, education and position. This study will find and explain those differences.Question 2: How do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture?Today, many Chinese companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture. Understanding conception and characters of harmonious corporate culture are very important. This paper will answer two questions which are the basis of this field.2. METHODS2.1 Sample and ProcedureThe empirical analysis was carried out in Jiangsu and Shanghai. J iangsu’s economic and social development has always been taking the lead in China. Shanghai is China’s chief industrial and commercial centre and one of its leading centres of higher education and scientific research. They both lie in center of China’s eas t coast. We can know what modern Chinese are thinking and hoping by studying employees in Jiangsu and Shanghai.Questionnaires couldn’t be counted because we used both paper version and computer version. From January 2007 to January 2008, authors sent questionnaires to employees who worked in Jiangsu and Shanghai. 329 questionnaires were returned and 291 questionnaires were valid, representing a response rate of 88.45%.Table 1 summarizes the key statistics for the sample used in the study.Table 1 Characteristics of the sample2.2 MeasuresThe authors designed an open-ended questionnaire based on the purpose of the study. This scale only used one question to collect information for answering question 1 of this study. This question is “Please use ten words or ten sentences to describe harmonious corporate culture”.3. RESULTSThis research found out that there were some similar viewpoints about harmonious corporate culture from collected questionnaires. The authors classify these viewpoints into 15 dimensions after holding 10 study group meetings. Some dimensions were identified based on China’s traditional culture and present policies. Table 2 lists 15 dimensions in English and Chinese because of some dimensions with Chinese characteristics.Table 2 Dimension and frequency of harmonious corporate cultureThis s tudy calculated dimensions’ frequencies from different groups to know different people’s ideal harmonious corporate culture. Table 3 shows statistics for male’s and female’s viewpoints on harmonious corporate culture.Table3 Frequency and order of harmonious corporate culture from female and male4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION4.1 ResultsSome companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture and some companies boast that they possess harmonious corporate culture after the central government calls on all society to create harmonious culture. But what is harmonious corporate culture? Some scholars wanted toexplain it, but nobody has answered this question by empirical study. The authors answered question 1 of this study by analyzing collected data. A lot of standpoints were found, but some standpoints could be integrated as one because they possess same meaning but are described with different words. The study group held 10 meetings to discuss harmonious corporate culture dimensions based on questionnaires. Finally, 15 dimensions were identified. They are People oriented, steady development, scientific administration, vitality, stability and order, fraternity and concord, unity and cooperation, fairness and impartiality, democratic participation, managing in good faith, pursuing excellence, social responsibility, energy conservation and environmental protection, incorporating things of diverse nature, and common development and win-win situation. The result answered question 1: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind?Dimensions were arranged on frequency. People oriented ranked first. People oriented in China has three sources: Max’s study of humanity; “People first” descending from Chinese history and new anthropocentric[2]. The Chinese like speaking “people oriented” relating to Chinese traditional culture. The genesis of people oriented is traceable to the Western Zhou Dynasty and people oriented became the core thought of Confucianism which influenced the Chinese deeply. Many archaism were concerned with people oriented, such as “The pe ople are the most important element in a state; next are the gods of land and grain; least is the ruler himself[3].”(min wei gui, she ji ci zhi, jun wei qing) Many scholars also considered people oriented is the core and basis of harmonious corporate culture[4][5].This paper compared different groups’ viewpoints to answer question 2 -- how do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture?People oriented, unity and cooperation, vitality, and fraternity and concord were ranked from 1 to 4 by female and male. The same results made the authors surprised. But they are different in fifth dimension. The fifth of female is democratic participation and the fifth of male is stability and order. Female status was lower than male in ancient China. Female had to comply with the three obedience and the four virtues (san cong si de) in past. The three obediences (obey her father before marriage, her husband when married, and her sons in widowhood) and the four virtues (morality, proper speech, modest manner and diligent work) of women in ancient China, which were spiritual fetters of wifely submission and virtue imposed on women in feudal society. Female status is improving after female deputy attended the first National Congress of the Communist Party ofChina. Today, Chinese female think much of the rights of women, so democratic participation is the fifth dimension. The ancient belief “Men’s work centers around outside, women’s work centers around the home[6]”(nü zheng wei hu nei, nan zheng wei hu wai) which c ame from The Book of Changes (yi jing). Man had to work hard in society to earn money and get honour for his family. Today, both man and woman work in government, company, school, hospital and so on, but man always plays a major role and assumes primary responsibility in society and at home for traditional culture. The change is fast and the competition is fierce in modern society, so man is facing great pressure. This is the reason why man hopes to live and work in a more stable environment, so stability and order is the fifth dimension.People oriented, unity and cooperation, and vitality were ranked from 1 to 3 by Managerial employee and Nonmanagerial employee. Scientific administration and democratic participation were ordered as the fourth dimension by managerial employee. Managerial employee looks deeper and thinks further than nonmanagerial employee because managerial employee is at higher level and holds more responsibility in organization. Managerial employee cares about management questions. Fraternity and concord was ordered as the fourth dimension by nonmanagerial employee. Nonmanagerial employee concerns less about enterprises’ overall operation and management state than managerial employee does. They understand harmonious corporate culture from their own specific the work and life. Nonmanagerial employee does specific task and needs direct corporation. They believe that the staffs’ civilized language and behaviours, mutual understanding, the warm atmosphere of interpersonal relationships in the enterprise are very important aspects of harmonious corporate culture. Nonmanagerial employee cares about good relationship. Generally speaking, the differences of the harmonious corporate culture dimensions understanding between managerial employee and nonmanagerial employee are closely related to their location in the organizational structure and their working content in the enterprise.People oriented was ordered as first dimension and unity and cooperation was ordered as the second dimension by all persons whatever their education background is Vitality was ordered as the third dimension by all responders except persons who got a master or doctor degree. The responders whose highest education qualification over master degree ordered scientific administration as the second dimension too. The person holding advanced academic degree has more opportunity to be promoted to managerial position, so they think scientific administration is very important in aharmonious environment. Compared with other groups,the relatively higher education group who get undergraduate degree, are more interested in stability and order, fairness and impartiality dimensions. People in this group are the middle and high-level managers in the enterprise, that is, not only they are familiar with the overall state of the enterprise, but also they understand deeply internal staffs’ living conditions characteristics. Therefore, they put more attention on stability and order, fairness and impartiality dimensions.All groups ordered people oriented, unity and cooperation, and vitality as most important three dimensions. The same results showed what core contents for harmonious corporate culture are.4.2 Limitations and Future ResearchThis study was just an exploratory study. The authors searc hed harmonious corporate culture’s dimensions by open-ended questionnaire. But the validity of these results need to be proved by more studies. The authors will design close-ended questionnaire based on this study and collect new data. Dimensions of harmonious corporate culture will be confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.This paper only discussed what harmonious corporate culture is. In the future, how to create harmonious corporate culture should be studied.The authors compared viewpoints from different sex, position and education. Age, birthplace, nationality and work experience influence individual thought too. Different opinions from different groups should be identified in future study.China should act as not only the defender of Chinese culture but an explorer and promoter of the new harmonious culture. Harmony is the social theme for present China. Studying basic theory of harmonious corporate culture will contribute to our society.REFERENCES[1] Lianke SONG, Dongtao, YANG, Hao YANG. Why do companies create harmonious cultures? Comparing the influence of different corporate cultures on employees. Enterprise Management and Change in a Transitional Economy. 2008. p595-603.[2] LU Wanglin. On theoretic s ource of “human oriented” -- analyzing the scientific factor of “scientific development view” from one point of view. Hebei Academic Journal, 26 (5), 2006,p228-230.[3] Mencius. The Mencius. Warring States time.[4] Liangbo CHENG, Lincheng JING. An search on creating harmonious corporate culture. Group Economy, (17), 2007, p294-295.[5] Xiangkui GENG. Extracting kernel of Confucianism to create harmonious corporate culture. Theoretical Research, (3), 2007, p47-48.[6] The Book of Changes.中国人如何认识和谐企业文化?——关于和谐企业文化维度的实证研究宋联可杨浩杨兰摘要党的十六届六中全会指明建设和谐文化是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要任务。
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双螺杆挤出机螺杆转速对聚合物融化曲线的影响螺杆转速对二维温度型材-流动的聚丙烯熔化的影响,是在一个相反旋转的双螺杆挤出机的机筒里进行,使用一种设计试验装置和热电偶温度传感装置,实验设备被连接到一个高速数据记录器和一台电脑。
这个聚合物熔体的流形在挤出机也被显示。
这个在熔体温度变化与挤压型材的时间进行了讨论,依据聚合物熔体时的流量,熔体温度的增加与流体流动的长度、剪切热和导热效果紧密联系。
© 2000 Kluwer学术出版社1.介绍一般说来,高分子材料加工设备转换到高分子聚合物材料原料通过外部加热、内部产生的热量和应用的压力。
大家都知道熔体温度对聚合物的生成扮演着重要的角色。
熔化温度变化的影响着聚合物熔体流动特性。
分析传热的聚合物熔体流动显得复杂,不仅是因为摩擦产生的热量,而且由于高温度敏感,非牛顿流体的流变特性[1]。
为了精确测量熔体温度在高分子材料加工、温度传感器应该是非侵入性的,应该对小的测量有很快的响应,给予准确而可重复的测量,对高粘度的聚合物流有强有力的承受能力[2、3]。
研究者设计的各种温度传感器可分成以下类型[2] a)安装好的探针b)横向流动探针c)平行流探针d)嵌入式热电偶套筒。
这些类型的传感器展示两种重要的测量误差,这些源于传导和剪切热效应[4、5]。
这些传感器的使用也导致了聚合物熔体流动模式的改变[6]。
探头对温度变化相对迟钝,由于非曝光热电偶趋于融化。
在流体融化系统中的温度曲线测量中,Van Leeuwen [2]认为并行流程、上游流动控制热电偶是最好的配置,相比较其他的而言,这种形式的热电偶极大降低了流动扰动和探测器墙的剪切流除了给最大的热量精度、反应和机械的稳定性。
虽然有很多参考文献提及单螺杆挤压机聚合物熔体的温度测量和注塑[6-9],对聚合物熔体在双螺杆挤出机温度的测量却很少重视。
Maier[10]采用红外线(IR)传感器在一个共同旋转的双螺杆挤出机内测量了聚碳酸酯融化温度,和采用一种常见的插入到融化流的热电偶进行了比较。
有人说适用于测量传感器的最大的融化温度是高于总体温度15-30℃。
Sbarski等人[11]发展了理论模型,它可以用来测量低密度聚乙烯的在聚合物熔体挤出过程中的近似温度上升,聚合物熔体用来充满地面轮胎橡胶颗粒。
他们也使用一个正常的热电偶温度探头进行了融化温度的测量,在冲模中测量熔化温度。
他们发现那个实验结果与前人所提出的模型吻合较好。
他们也研究了螺杆的旋转速度对熔体温度变化的影响,发现螺杆转速增加导致热量耗散增大(较大熔体温度上升)。
然而,没有进一步的解释。
Nietsch等人[12]使用红外测温仪在双螺杆挤出过程中对黑色的充满聚乙烯流体的熔体温度进行了测量。
通过改变黑色PE示踪粒子浓度来检测熔体温度的变化。
一般的结果是,随着时间的推移,熔体温度下降到最低点。
熔体温度的增加是由于流动中的剪切热。
在这个目前的工作,聚合物熔体在拥有一个双螺杆挤出机的桶中流动的时间阶梯二维温度曲线用一个设计新颖的温度传感器来测量,最初是Wood[13]开展的,随后是Sombatsompop等。
[3,9](传感器的简短的信息在实验部分探讨)。
这是第一次这种类型的传感器用于双螺杆挤出机中进行了熔体温度曲线的测量。
我们对螺杆转速变化影响聚合物熔体温度曲线变化感兴趣,温度变化结果也被认为是与系统中的流动变化相关。
2.实验2.1.材料和机械摘要采用的聚合物是聚丙烯(PP、P-700J),由泰国的聚合物丙烯有限责任公司以颗粒形式提供的。
所有的测量利用了HAKKE有限公司(德国)制造的双螺杆挤出机完成,这台机器直径20毫米。
一个扁平钢模(180±钢模入口角度)5毫米直径,15毫米长。
2.2温度传感系统这个温度传感器的设计原则相似于wood发展的[13]随后被Sombatsompop 发展[3,9]。
传感器由内部连接的一系列的热电偶组成,热电偶形成相互关联的网格,垂直的电线由不同的金属制成的。
在这部作品中,要用到Chromel和Alumel(K)。
原则上网格用一个非金属杆架支撑在它周围,杆架由teflon公司制造。
一个C-A网格由直径0.63mm的电线构成,电线强度足够坚固,因其应用了高粘度聚合物。
温度的确定涉及到网格周围的电压[14]。
温度传感器的细节可在先前的研究中[3,13]查得。
2.3实验装置和准备工作图1表明了双螺杆挤压机桶中测量聚合物熔化温度的准备工作,实验装置装在桶的尾部。
装置的压力下降由冲模入口附近的装置出口测得。
温度感应装置安在冲模入口附近。
从而使得在传感器和螺杆末端产生一个约65mm的空隙,该准备工作也产生了一些问题,如加热与桶尾端连接部分的困难。
所有测量(温度和压力)由连在私人电脑上的高速数据获取系统获得。
使得时间阶梯二维温度得到发展。
图1实验温度曲线的测量装置2.4温度曲线测量的实验步骤双螺杆挤出机达到理想筒温后,挤出机被移走,被合适的装置代替,它适用于筒的底部。
余下的实验仪器按顺序组装,用4个M12螺栓夹住零件。
聚合物(PP细粒)装入料斗,当装置温度到达理想值,进行2分钟挤压,装置中便出现聚合物熔体。
熔体保存30分钟,使熔体温度均匀稳定,这被称做等温条件[9]。
螺杆开始旋转,记录温度压力数据。
记录的数据是挤出时间的功能(500秒),聚合物熔化温度由不同的螺杆转速得到。
温度曲线的精确性很大程度上依赖于温度传感器的有效性和灵敏度。
实验误差取决于一个启停实验[2,4]。
即传感器安在桶中横向流动,熔化温度由高速数据器决定,当流体在开始5s和结束前5s时。
螺杆停止后,熔体温度的稳定或波动决定着测量装置的精确性。
试验误差是±2.5%。
装置温度是190度。
由于传感器的设计[3,9],穿过桶径的各个位置温度可同时测得。
由于降低了半径位置,温度数据被保存。
令人感兴趣的位置是0.0(导管中心),0.4和.8。
在等温条件下[9],应记录下初始温度。
2.5流体直观化分析PP熔体在挤压机的直观化和温度测量的研究中,所有实验装置和条件被提前拥于温度测量。
目的是了解在温度测量时,聚合物熔体的流动和状态是怎样的,并试图建立温度和流动场的关系,流动的直观化用来解释流体温度曲线的变化。
颜料聚丙烯细粒,与非颜料PP细粒混合,来跟踪聚合物熔体的流动形式。
前面的[15]表明了颜料不能影响熔体的流变特性。
通过冷却实验装置和切开从桶中移除的聚合物杆,聚合物的流动就可以观察和分析。
详细的步骤列于别处[15]。
3.结果和讨论3.1螺杆转速的影响图2-6列出了PP熔体的温度曲线,在每个r/R作为挤压时间的功能,对不同的螺杆转速(3到140rpm)。
测量时间为500秒。
总体上,可发现熔体温度在所有情况(3rpm除外)缓慢降低然后迅速增值一个稳定量,且高于先前的熔体温度。
在螺杆3rpm时,由于熔体的低流率,温度不随时间改变,导致了较低的剪切热。
初始流动阶段熔体温度降低是由于连接筒尾端的热传导。
挤压初始阶段熔体温度的降低是由Nietsch[12]发现的。
可得到随螺杆转速增大,温度最小量的宽度变得狭窄。
熔体温度的迅速增加是由于如[16]中的相当大的剪切热。
有趣的发现熔体温度到达稳定时,每个螺杆速度不温度在稳定区,对每一个螺杆速度导管熔体温度不一致,导管中心熔体温度高于其它r/R处。
然而,增大螺杆转速,不同的r/R位置熔化温度的不同变得不明显。
对于一个给定的半径位置可知,螺杆转速越高,熔化温度波动越大,特别是螺杆转速14rpm。
这是由于剪切热和热传导影响的[6,16]。
在这种特殊情况下,穿过导管的熔体的温度不同,是由挤压机中的流动形式来解释的。
没有考虑流动形式的定量测定,流形仅用来描述不同的r/R下熔化温度的不同。
图7和8表明在筒长的不同点选出的PP熔体流动的直观化,对双螺杆转速分别为30rpm和140rpm,横向到纵向的部分流动形式。
半径流动形式使我们跟踪流动性态来确定定量熔体的温度变化曲线。
通常,流动分两部分,第一是筒壁周围,即沿着筒的周围,是周向流动。
另一种是中心流动,即熔体围绕中心旋转。
在图7条件下(螺杆转速30rpm)中心流动特别是螺杆顶部附近的流动较大。
中心流在接近传感器时开始降低。
图8(螺杆转速140rpm)明显看到周流最大。
一项对于在温度曲线下流动形态的变化的尝试完成了,记录如下:1.半径熔体温度曲线:从图7和8的流形,周流中的一大部分在熔化温度穿越流动通道时比中心流动更均匀。
熔化温度升高是由于剪切热受热传导抑制。
前边表明,增大螺杆转速能产生大的周流,意味着周流的流动长度增大,这导致r/R为0.4到0.8周围熔化温度增大。
这样在各个r/R位置处熔化温度的不同就减小(半径熔化温度曲线更均匀)。
2.比较而言,中心处高熔化温度:低螺杆转速,能看到熔化温度在穿越流动通道时有较大不同,导管中心周围温度较高。
这可以想到流动的发生。
图7,中心流围绕在圆周的一半处,在流经筒中心线之前,这种材料流动长度较长,导致了剪切热增大和导管中心的高温。
高螺杆转速下,中心流长度减小,被周流长度的增大所代替(因此增大了前述的剪切热)。
结果在高转速下温度分布更均匀。
3.熔化温度的最大量:考虑的另方面是熔化温度增大,与前的温度(190℃)比较。
发现温度使螺杆转速变化。
转速越大,温度最大值越大,这与Sbarski[11]的文献吻合。
可能有以下几点原因:首先,增大螺杆转速使剪切热和熔化温度增大[5]。
第二,考虑低和高转速的流形。
可知在高螺杆转速下周流流形比低速下更长,由于高转速提供了大的流体旋转半径和高的熔化温度。
可知传感器位置后面聚合物沿着流动通道,没有任何周流和中心流,流形与[17]提到的类似。
3.2与理论温度比较将实验结果与理论值比较是有必要的。
流动聚合物期望的温度变化是由通过传导的热量得失之和以及聚合物液体[18]粘性消耗的比率决定。
在双螺杆挤出条件下,温度升高的最大值(⊿Tmax )由于机械能转化为热能,流动可在数量上进行估计,方程如下[18]:⊿Tmax =Cp1[Q h +Q N ρπ602Γ-ρp ∆] 式中Cp 是确定的热量,Qh 是挤压的总热量,是熔化物密度,Q 是体积流率,N 是螺杆转速,Γ是扭矩,⊿P 是冲模压降。
研究中,假设没有热量(Qh =0)进入系统。
上述方程所有参数同时获得,除了文献[19,20]提供的熔体密度和具体热量,列于表I ,表II 列出了各种螺杆转速下实验值和理论值的比较。
发现熔体温度增大在两种情况下不同,理论值远大于实际值。
这个差异有以下原因。
首先,由于流动部分使误差增大,而上述方程没有列出。
从先前的结果看,许多流动部分,如周流中心流可以发现。
第二,计算时一些参数C,Cp,是由[19,20]通过独立方法得出,聚合物熔化时测量条件不同,导致计算误差。