中南大学学报(自然科学版)
高密度阳极铝电解槽电
第 54 卷第 2 期2023 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.2Feb. 2023高密度阳极铝电解槽电−热场耦合仿真研究魏兴国1，廖成志1，侯文渊1, 2，段鹏1，李贺松1(1. 中南大学 能源科学与工程学院，湖南 长沙，410083；2. 中北大学 能源与动力工程学院，山西 太原，030051)摘要：在铝电解槽中，阳极炭块内存在的气孔会降低炭块的导电和导热性能，并且增加炭渣，降低电流效率，导致炭耗和直流电耗升高。
通过浸渍工艺得到的高密度阳极可以有效地降低炭块的气孔率。
为了探究高密度阳极铝电解槽的电−热场变化和影响，基于ANSYS 软件建立高密度阳极铝电解槽的电−热场耦合计算模型。
研究结果表明：铝电解槽高密度阳极炭块的平均温度上升8.73 ℃，热应力增加，但形变量减小；侧部槽壳的平均温度下降28.59 ℃，热应力和形变量均降低，有利于保持槽膛内形稳定；热场变化主要与阳极炭块物性改变有关；槽电压降低49.16 mV ，主要与炭块物性改变和电解质电阻率降低有关；高密度阳极电流全导通时间缩短3.39 h ，可有效减弱换极产生的负面影响，阳极使用寿命可延长4 d ，炭耗降低10.3 kg/t ；铝电解槽反应能耗占比增加0.62%，电流效率提高1.69%，直流电耗降低270 kW·h/t 。
关键词：铝电解槽；高密度阳极；电−热场；耦合仿真中图分类号：TF821 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）02-0744-10Simulation study of electric-thermal field coupling in high-densityanode aluminum electrolyzerWEI Xingguo 1, LIAO Chengzhi 1, HOU Wenyuan 1, 2, DUAN Peng 1, LI Hesong 1(1. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;2. School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China)Abstract: In aluminum electrolytic cells, porosity in anode carbon blocks can reduce the electrical and thermal conductivity of the blocks and increase carbon slag, reduce current efficiency and lead to higher carbon consumption and DC power consumption. High-density anodes obtained by impregnation process can effectively reduce the porosity of carbon blocks. In order to investigate the electric-thermal field variation and the causes of influence in the high-density anode aluminum electrolyzer, a coupled electric-thermal field calculation model of收稿日期： 2022 −07 −11； 修回日期： 2022 −08 −20基金项目(Foundation item)：国家高技术研究发展项目(2010AA065201)；中南大学研究生自主探索创新项目(2021zzts0668)(Project(2010AA065201) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China; Project (2021zzts0668) supported by the Independent Exploration and Innovation of Graduate Students in Central South University)通信作者：李贺松，博士，教授，博士生导师，从事铝电解研究；E-mail:****************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.02.032引用格式： 魏兴国, 廖成志, 侯文渊, 等. 高密度阳极铝电解槽电−热场耦合仿真研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(2): 744−753.Citation: WEI Xingguo, LIAO Chengzhi, HOU Wenyuan, et al. Simulation study of electric-thermal field coupling in high-density anode aluminum electrolyzer[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(2): 744−753.第 2 期魏兴国，等：高密度阳极铝电解槽电−热场耦合仿真研究the high-density anode aluminum electrolyzer was established based on ANSYS software. The results show that the average temperature of the anode carbon block increases by 8.73 ℃ when the high-density anode is put on the tank, and the thermal stress increases but the deformation variable decreases. The average temperature of the side shell decreases by 28.59 ℃, and the thermal stress and deformation variable both decrease,which helps to protect the inner shape of the tank chamber stable. The change of the thermal field is mainly related to the change of the physical properties of the anode carbon block. The cell voltage decreases by 49.16 mV which is mainly related to the change of carbon block physical ploperties and the decrease of electrolyte resistivity, respectively. The reduction of 3.39 h in the full conduction time of high-density anode current can effectively reduce the negative effects of electrode change, and the anode service life can be extended by 4 d. The carbon consumption is reduced by 10.3 kg/t. The reaction energy consumption of aluminum electrolyzer is increased by 0.62%, the current efficiency is increased by 1.69%, and the DC power consumption is reduced by 270 kW·h/t.Key words: aluminum electrolyzer; high-density anode; electric-thermal field; coupling simulation作为铝电解槽的核心部件，阳极炭块在反应过程中被不断消耗，其品质直接影响着各项经济技术指标[1]。
长江下游地区倒Y形混凝土桥塔的三维日照温场及其效应
第51卷第1期2020年1月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology)V ol.51No.1Jan.2020长江下游地区倒Y形混凝土桥塔的三维日照温场及其效应顾斌，谢甫哲，钱海，雷丽恒(江苏大学土木工程与力学学院，江苏镇江，212013)摘要：以长江下游某大跨斜拉桥的倒Y形混凝土桥塔为例，基于传热学、气象学和计算机几何图形学等理论，建立倒Y形混凝土桥塔的三维日照温度场及其效应的有限元模型，对桥塔的三维日照温度场及其效应进行研究。
研究结果表明：桥塔南北塔壁和东西塔壁的外表面最大温差分别可达13.1℃和10.4℃，超过规范的推荐值(推荐值为±5℃)；东南西北各塔壁沿壁厚方向上的最大温差分别可达14.5，18.2，16.8和7.8℃，且温度沿壁厚方向近似呈指数形式分布，北塔壁和其他三面塔壁的衰减系数分别处于3.1~3.5和4.1~5.0之间；桥梁走向为南北时，塔顶纵横桥向的最大位移分别可达132.3mm和8.7mm，桥梁走向为东西时，塔顶纵横桥向的最大位移分别可达51.4mm和25.7mm；不论桥梁走向是东西还是南北，桥塔纵桥向和横桥向的温度应力均超过C50混凝土的抗拉强度设计值1.83MPa，与其他荷载组合时可能会使桥塔开裂，故建议在塔壁内外表面以及截面突变部位多布置一些钢筋或钢筋网片。
关键词：倒Y形混凝土桥塔；温度场；温度效应；光线跟踪算法；有限元模型中图分类号：U443.38文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-7207（2020）01-0248-133D-temperature field and its effect of inverted Y-shaped concretepylon in lower Yangtze regionGU Bin,XIE Fuzhe,QIAN Hai,LEI Liheng(Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang212013,China)Abstract:Taking an inverted Y-shaped concrete pylon of one long span cable stayed bridge in the lower Yangtze region as example,a finite element model that can accurately simulate the3D-temperature field and its effect of the pylon was built by using the theories of heat transfer,meteorology,computer graphics,and so on.Based on the model,the3D-temperature field and its effects on the pylon were studied.The results show that the maximum temperature differences between out surface of southern wall and northern wall and between out surface of eastern wall and western wall can reach13.1℃and10.4℃,respectively,and are all much larger than the value recommended by the code(recommended value is±5℃).The maximum temperature difference along the DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2020.01.028收稿日期：2019−02−22；修回日期：2019−06−14基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51641804)；江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20160536,BK20160534, BK20160519)；江苏大学高级人才科研启动基金资助项目(15JDG170)(Project(51641804)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China;Projects(BK20160536,BK20160534,BK20160519)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province;Project(15JDG170)supported by the Advanced Talents Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu University)通信作者：顾斌，博士，讲师，从事桥梁结构温度效应研究；E-mail:*************.cn第1期顾斌，等：长江下游地区倒Y形混凝土桥塔的三维日照温场及其效应thickness of eastern,southern,western and northern wall can reach14.5,18.2,16.8and7.8℃,respectively.The temperature distributions along the thickness direction are all close to exponential,and the attenuation coefficients of northern wall and the other three walls are3.1−3.5and4.1−5.0,respectively.The maximal displacement of pylon top in longitudinal and lateral directions can reach132.3mm and8.7mm,respectively,when the bridge is in south-north direction,and can reach51.4mm and25.7mm,respectively,when the bridge is in east—west direction.No matter whether the bridge in south—north direction or in east—west direction,the maximum longitudinal and transverse tension stresses all exceed1.83MPa which is the tensile strength design value of C50 concrete.When the tensile stresses combined with other actions cause pylon cracks,a certain amount of reinforced net should be arranged inside and outside pylon wall and mutation part of cross section to control the cracks.Key words:inverted Y-shaped concrete pylon;temperature field;temperature effect;ray-tracking technology;finite element model大跨桥梁结构是交通运输系统中的枢纽工程，对保持国民经济的持续稳定发展起重要作用。
伪随机编码磁性源瞬变电磁发射技术及电磁响应分析
第51卷第5期2020年5月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology)V ol.51No.5May2020伪随机编码磁性源瞬变电磁发射技术及电磁响应分析石琦1,2,3，刘丽华1,2，倪志康1,2,3，刘小军1,2，方广有1,2(1.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，北京，100000；2.电磁辐射与探测技术院重点实验室，北京，100000；3.中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院，北京，100000)摘要：为了设计一种伪随机编码磁性源瞬变电磁系统，从关键技术和电磁理论方面讨论该系统的设计与该系统在均匀半空间大地模型下所使用的正反演方法。
首先对比分析4种伪随机编码的特性，从中选择m序列作为系统的激励信号；然后，基于有源恒压钳位技术设计系统发射电路，正演出实测数据的电磁响应。
根据m序列伪随机编码系统辨识理论，响应波形经预处理后得到大地脉冲响应估计值并与标准值比较。
研究结果表明：该磁性源瞬变电磁系统可以克服感性负载的阻碍作用，发射出波形质量高的伪随机编码电流；若电流波形的自相关性好，即使电流波形出现一定程度失真，仍可以获得与理论值很接近的大地脉冲响应估计值，预处理结果不完全依赖伪随机编码电流波形。
关键词：伪随机编码；磁性源；瞬变电磁；辨识方法；维纳滤波中图分类号：P631文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-7207（2020）05-1268-11Pseudo-random coded magnetic source transient electromagnetic emission technology and electromagnetic response analysisSHI Qi1,2,3,LIU Lihua1,2,NI Zhikang1,2,3,LIU Xiaojun1,2,FANG Guangyou1,2(1.Aerospace Informatory Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100000,China;2.Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology,Beijing100000,China;3.School of Electronic Electrical and Communication Engineering,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100000,China)Abstract:In order to design a pseudo-random coded magnetic source transient electromagnetic system,the design of the system and the forward and inverse methods used by the system in a uniform half-space earth model were discussed from the perspective of key technologies and electromagnetic theory.First,the characteristics of the four kinds of pseudo-random codes were compared and analyzed,and the m sequence was selected as the excitation signal of the system.Then the system transmission circuit was designed based on the active constant voltage clamping technology to perform the electromagnetic response of the measured data.According to the identification DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2020.05.011收稿日期：2019−07−11；修回日期：2019−09−23基金项目(Foundation item)：国家重点基础研究发展规划(973计划)项目(2018YFF01013300)；国家自然科学基金资助项目(61827803)(Project(2018YFF01013300)supported by the National Basic Research Development Program(973Program)of China;Project(61827803)supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China)通信作者：刘丽华，博士，副研究员，从事地球物理电磁法探测技术与系统设计研究；E-mail：*************第5期石琦，等：伪随机编码磁性源瞬变电磁发射技术及电磁响应分析theory of the m-sequence pseudo-random coding system,the response waveform was preprocessed to obtain the estimated value of the earth impulse response and compared with the standard value.The results show that the magnetic source transient electromagnetic system can overcome the obstruction of inductive loads and emit a pseudo-random coded current with high waveform quality;if the current waveform has good autocorrelation,and even if the current waveform is distorted to a certain degree,the estimated value of the earth impulse response that is very close to the theoretical value can be obtained,and the preprocessing result does not completely depend on the pseudo-random coding current waveform.Key words:pseudo-random coding;inductive load;transient electromagnetic;identification method;wiener filtering瞬变电磁法是目前广泛应用的重要电磁探测方法之一，根据负载形式不同，可分为接地长导线电性源瞬变电磁系统以及多匝回线磁性源瞬变电磁系统。
岩石地层中顶管顶力计算方法研究
第 54 卷第 3 期2023 年 3 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.3Mar. 2023岩石地层中顶管顶力计算方法研究赵文彬1，阮仁酉2，严克伍2，申永江1(1. 中南大学 土木工程学院，湖南 长沙，410075；2. 核工业井巷建设集团有限公司，浙江 湖州，313001)摘要：顶管施工常见于市政地下管线建设工程，相应的顶力计算模型已经发展成熟并成功运用于实际工程，然而，目前国内外对岩石地层中的顶力计算研究较少，为此，针对福建平潭引水工程中某曲线顶管穿越硬质岩层，考虑掘进后隧洞的稳定性，分别从管岩接触与管浆接触这2种接触方式计算管侧摩阻力，同时采用Hertz 与Persson 这2种弹性接触理论推导施工状态下钢管与岩层之间的接触角度。
此外，考虑管节中轴线以下与沉渣带发生局部接触，在顶进过程中沉渣带分布沿管线呈概率分布，提出一种适用于此类接触条件下的顶力计算模型。
研究结果表明：在理想状态下，钢管在顶进过程中与周围岩层之间接触角度在0.57°~1.15°范围内，可认为管岩之间处于点或线接触状态；与沉渣带接触时，当沉渣带分布沿管线占比为0.5~1.0时，实测顶力曲线基本被包络在管渣接触曲线的上下限之间，证明所提出顶力计算模型是有效的，可为相关工程研究提供参考。
关键词：岩层；钢管；弹性接触；沉渣带；顶力中图分类号：TU432 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）03-1023-10Research on jacking force of pipe jacking in rock stratumZHAO Wenbin 1, RUAN Renyou 2, YAN Kewu 2, SHENG Yongjiang 1(1. School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China;2. Nuclear Industry Shaft Construction Group Co. Ltd., Huzhou 313001, China)Abstract: Pipe jacking construction is commonly used in municipal underground pipeline construction projects, and the corresponding calculation model of jacking force is developed and successfully used in actual projects. but little research was reported at home and abroad on the calculation method of jacking force in rock formations. For a curved pipe jacking through hard rock stratum in Fujian Pingtan water diversion project, considering the stability of the tunnel after tunneling, the frictional resistance of the pipeline was calculated from pipe rock contact and收稿日期： 2022 −03 −08； 修回日期： 2022 −05 −12基金项目(Foundation item)：湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2020JJ4723)；中南大学中央高校基本科研业务专项资金资助项目(2021zzts0773)(Project(2020JJ4723) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province;Project(2021zzts0773) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University)通信作者：申永江，博士，副教授，从事地质灾害防护及顶管隧道研究；E-mail:**************DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.03.019引用格式： 赵文彬, 阮仁酉, 严克伍, 等. 岩石地层中顶管顶力计算方法研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(3): 1023−1032.Citation: ZHAO Wenbin, RUAN Renyou, YAN Kewu, et al. Research on jacking force of pipe jacking in rock stratum[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(3): 1023−1032.第 54 卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)pipe slurry contact, respectively, and meanwhile, two elastic contact theories of Hertz and Persson were used to deduce the contact angle between steel pipe and rock stratum under construction condition. In addition, considering the partial contact state between the lower part of the pipe and the sinker zone, which was probabilistically distributed along the line, a jacking force calculation model was proposed for such contact conditions. The results show that under ideal condition, the contact angle between the steel pipe and the surrounding rock in the jacking process is from 0.57° to 1.15°, which can be considered as point or line contact state between the pipe and the rock. Considering the sediment belt, the measured jacking force curve is basically enveloped between the upper and lower limits of the pipe slag contact when the proportion of the slag belt distribution along the line is from 0.5 to 1.0, which proves the validity of the proposed jacking force calculation model and provides reference for the subsequent related projects.Key words: rock stratum; steel pipe; elastic contact; sediment belt; jacking force顶管法施工常用于市政隧道建设。
基于随机森林与粒子群算法的隧道掘进机操作参数地质类型自适应决策
第 54 卷第 4 期2023 年 4 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.4Apr. 2023基于随机森林与粒子群算法的隧道掘进机操作参数地质类型自适应决策刘明阳，陶建峰，覃程锦，余宏淦，刘成良(上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院，上海，200240)摘要：考虑到隧道掘进机的性能对地质条件比较敏感且其操作依赖于司机经验，提出基于随机森林和粒子群算法的隧道掘进机操作参数地质条件自适应决策方法。
利用随机森林(RF)分别建立地质类型、操作参数与推进速度、刀盘转矩的映射关系模型；结合映射关系模型，构建以盾构机推进速度最大为目标，以刀盘转速、螺旋输送机转速、总推力、土仓压力4个操作参数为控制变量的优化方程；利用粒子群算法(PSO)求解各地质类型地层中的最优操作参数决策结果。
通过新加坡某地铁工程施工数据验证所提方法的有效性和优越性。
研究结果表明：建立的随机森林模型中推进速度和刀盘转矩预测的决定系数R 2分别达到0.936和0.961，均大于adaboost 、多元线性回归、岭回归、支持向量回归和深度神经网络模型中相应的R 2；基于粒子群算法的操作参数决策方法能够准确求解操作参数最优解，寻优用时均比遗传算法、蚁群算法和穷举法的短。
本文所提决策方法使隧道掘进机在该施工段的福康宁卵石地层、句容地层IV 、句容地层V 、海洋黏土地层中的推进速度分别提升了67.2%、41.8%、53.6%和15.0%。
关键词：隧道掘进机；操作参数决策；随机森林；粒子群优化中图分类号：TH17；TU62 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）04-1311-14Geological adaptive TBM operation parameter decision based onrandom forest and particle swarm optimizationLIU Mingyang, TAO Jianfeng, QIN Chengjin, YU Honggan, LIU Chengliang(School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China)Abstract: Considering that the performance of TBM is affected by geological condition and driver experience, a geological adaptive TBM operation parameter decision based on random forest(RF) and particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO) was proposed. RF was used to establish the mapping relation model between geological types, operating parameters and thrust speed, cutter head torque. An optimization equation was established using the mapping relationship model in which the maximum TBM thrust speed was taken as the target, and cutterhead speed, screw conveyor speed, total thrust and earth pressure were taken as control variables.收稿日期： 2022 −06 −19； 修回日期： 2022 −08 −21基金项目(Foundation item)：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB1702503) (Project(2018YFB1702503) supported by the National KeyR&D Program of China)通信作者：陶建峰，博士，教授，从事机械电子工程研究；E-mail ：**************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.04.010引用格式： 刘明阳, 陶建峰, 覃程锦, 等. 基于随机森林与粒子群算法的隧道掘进机操作参数地质类型自适应决策[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(4): 1311−1324.Citation: LIU Mingyang, TAO Jianfeng, QIN Chengjin, et al. Geological adaptive TBM operation parameter decision based on random forest and particle swarm optimization[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(4): 1311−1324.第 54 卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)PSO was used to solve the optimal combination of operating parameters for each geological type. The validity and superiority of the proposed method were verified by the construction data of a subway project in Singapore. The results show that the R2 of the driving speed and cutter head torque predicted by random forest model reaches 0.936 and 0.961, which are greater than those of adaboost, multiple linear regression, ridge regression, SVR and DNN. PSO can accurately solve the optimal solution of operating parameters, and the time consumption is shorter than that of genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm and exhaustive algorithm. By using the proposed method, the TBM thrust speed increases by 67.2%, 41.8%, 53.6%, 15.0% in the strata of Fokonnen Pebble Formation, Jurong Formation IV, Jurong Formation V and Marine Clay Formation in this construction section, respectively.Key words: tunnel boring machine; operating parameter decision; random forest; particle swarm optimization隧道掘进机是一种大型隧道掘进装备，具有开挖速度快、自动化程度高、施工质量好的优点，广泛地被应用于地铁、铁路、公路等隧道工程中[1]。
复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集差异性及其意义：以湘西北古生界为例
第51卷第2期2020年2月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology)V ol.51No.2Feb.2020复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集差异性及其意义：以湘西北古生界为例李智文1，郭建华1，秦明阳1，黄俨然1,2，曹铮3(1.中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院，湖南长沙，410083；2.湖南科技大学页岩气资源利用湖南省重点实验室，湖南湘潭，411201；3.重庆科技学院石油与天然气工程学院，重庆，401331)摘要：针对湘西北地区寒武系牛蹄塘组和奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组富有机质海相页岩勘探效果巨大差异，比较复杂地质条件区聚集特征，分析差异性原因，指出未来勘探方向。
研究结果表明：1)牛蹄塘组页岩有机质质量分数w(TOC)及厚度异常高，明显比五峰组—龙马溪组的高；2)牛蹄塘组以热水沉积作用下的硅质页岩为主，黏土矿物以伊利石为主，而五峰组—龙马溪组以生物作用下的硅质页岩和硅质岩为主，黏土矿物主要为伊/蒙混层；3)牛蹄塘组储层中孔(孔径为2～50nm)和小孔(孔径＜2nm)更加发育，吸附能力比五峰组—龙马溪组的强；4)牛蹄塘组热演化程度高，主要生气期与燕山—喜山期构造运动时期相一致；5)牛蹄塘组含气量低，甲烷体积分数低，残余气体积分数超过65%；而五峰组—龙马溪组含气性较好，甲烷体积分数超过90%，解吸气体积分数超过50%。
产生这种差异性的原因在于：不同的沉积环境影响页岩品质，尤其是w(TOC)及厚度；牛蹄塘组顶底板条件较差，影响页岩气保存；燕山—喜山期断裂与滑脱双重作用导致牛蹄塘组含气性较差。
复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集的关键因素为：沉积条件控制页岩气聚集的物质基础，保存条件控制页岩气富集程度。
未来牛蹄塘组勘探应该重视寻找“外源供给型”气藏，五峰组—龙马溪组应重视残留向斜内滑脱作用形成的“甜点区”。
关键词：古生界；页岩气；聚集条件；差异性；滑脱层；外源供给型中图分类号：TE122文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-7207（2020）02-0385-14Differences and significance of shale gas accumulation incomplex geological condition area：a case of Paleozoic innorthwestern HunanLI Zhiwen1,GUO Jianhua1,QIN Mingyang1,HUANG Yanran1,2,CAO Zheng3(1.School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Engineering,Central South University,Changsha410083,China; DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2020.02.013收稿日期：2019−04−08；修回日期：2019−06−22基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(41603046)；湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2017JJ1034)(Project (41603046)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China;Project(2017JJ1034)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province)通信作者：郭建华，教授，博士生导师，从事沉积学与石油地质研究；E-mail:**************.cn第51卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)2.Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Utilization of Hunan Province,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China;3.School of Petroleum Engineering,Chongqing University of Science and Technology,Chongqing 401331,China)Abstract:Organic-rich marine shales are developed in the Cambrian Niutitang Formation(∈1n)and the Ordovician Wufeng Formation —Silurian Longmaxi Formation(O 3w —S 1l)in the northwest of Hunan Province,but exploration results are quietly different in the complex geological condition area,the differences in shale gas accumulation condition were compared,the reasons from multiple aspects were analyzed,and the exploration direction in the future was pointed out.The results show as follows.1)The organic matter mass fraction and thickness of ∈1n are extremely high,which are obviously superior to those of O 3w —S 1l.2)The lithology of ∈1n is dominantly composed of siliceous shale,which is affected during hydrothermal sedimentary.The clay mineral is dominated by illite.However,the lithology of O 3w —S 1l is dominated by siliceous shale and siliceous rock,which are closely related to biological action.The clay mineral is mainly I/S(illite-montmorillonite).3)Mesopores (2-50nm)and micropores (＜2nm)of ∈1n are more developed,and reservoir adsorption capacity of ∈1n is stronger than that of O 3w —S 1l.4)Thermal evolution of organic matter is higher and tectonic movements from Yanshan to Xishan period are consistent with the main gas generation period of ∈1n.5)∈1n has lower content of shale gas,lower volume fraction of methane(CH 4)and more than 65%of residual gas.O 3w —S 1l has higher volume fraction of shale gas,more than 90%of CH 4and more than 50%of residual gas.The reasons for the difference are as follows.Different sedimentary environments affect characteristics of organic-rich shale,especially w (TOC)and thickness.Bad roof and floor conditions of ∈1n affect shale gas preservation.The double actions of fracture and detachment cause the high content of ∈1n.Therefore,the key factors of shale gas accumulation in complex geological condition area are proposed,i.e.,sedimentary condition controls the material basis of shale gas accumulation,and preservation condition controls the degree of shale gas enrichment.In the future,the exploration of ∈1n should be focused on the search for "exogenous type"shale gas,while the exploration of O 3w-S 1l should be focused on "sweet spots area"created by detachment.Key words:Paleozoic;shale gas;accumulation condition;detachment;difference;exogenous type加快页岩气勘探与开发是我国应对石油紧缺和能源安全的重要措施[1]。
2099 铝锂合金微观组织及性能的演变
第46卷第2期中南大学学报(自然科学版) V ol.46 No.2 2015 年 2 月 Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology) Feb. 2015 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.16727207.2015.02.0082099 铝锂合金微观组织及性能的演变林毅，郑子樵，李世晨，孔祥，韩烨(中南大学 材料科学与工程学院，湖南 长沙，410083)摘要：对 2099 铝锂合金微观组织及性能在热机加工过程中的演变进行研究。
研究结果表明：枝晶粗大，晶界偏 析严重的铸态合金经双级均匀化(510℃/12 h+530℃/36 h)处理后，树枝晶消失，晶界偏析基本消除，晶界上残余 有少量的AlCuFeMn/AlCuMn颗粒。
均匀化后的铸锭在450℃进行热挤压，获得直径为16 mm的合金棒。
合金经 固溶处理后，平行于挤压方向上，中心区域形成强的{111}á112ñ织构和次强的{111}á110ñ织构，表层区域形成 {112}á110ñ织构。
中心区域的织构强度较表层的强。
合金心部和表层硬度(HV)分别为95和120。
在峰时效条件下， 大量的T1 和δ′相以及少量的θ′相在基体中析出。
合金相应的抗拉强度，屈服强度和伸长率分别为613 MPa， 597 MPa 和7.9%。
随着时效时间的延长，合金应力腐蚀敏感性降低。
在过时效条件下，合金获得理想的抗应力腐蚀性能， 强度损失率为5.5%。
关键词：2099铝锂合金；均匀化；挤压；织构；应力腐蚀破裂中图分类号：TG116.3 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672−7207(2015)02−0427−10 Evolution of microstructures and properties of 2099 AlLi alloyLIN Yi, ZHENG Ziqiao, LI Shichen,KONG Xiang, HAN Ye(School of Materials Science and Engineering,Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)Abstract: The evolution of microstructure and properties of 2099 AlLi alloy during thermal mechanical process were investigated. The results show that coarsen dendrites and severe grain boundaries segregation of ascast alloy are eliminated by twostep homogenization (510 ℃/12 h+530 ℃/36 h), and a few of small AlCuFeMn/AlCuMn particles remain around the grain boundaries. The homogenization alloy is extruded to rod with 16 mm diameter at 450 ℃. Along the extrusion direction, central zone of solution heat treated alloy formed major intense {111}á112ñ texture and secondary intense {111}á110ñ texture, surface zone formed {112}á110ñ texture, and the intension of texture of central zone is higher than that of surface zone. The hardness of central zone and surface zone is 95 and 120, respectively. In the peakaged condition, a great number of T1 and δ′ phases as well as a few θ′ phases precipitated in the matrix, the corresponding tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of alloy are 613 MPa, 597 MPa and 7.9%, respectively. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of alloy decrease with aging time, and the strength loss rate of overaged alloy is5.5%.Key words:2099 AlLi alloy; homogenization; extrusion; texture;stress corrosion cracking铝锂合金具有比强度高和比刚度高、疲劳裂纹扩 展速率低和高、低温性能较好等特点，广泛应用于航 天航空领域，成为减轻飞行器质量、提升飞行器有效 载质量、提高燃油效率以及提高安全性能的重要途收稿日期：2014−04−10；修回日期：2014−06−20基金项目(Foundation item)：配套年度计划项目(JPPTK200891)(Projects(JPPTK200891) supported by the Annual Preresearch Supporting Program) 通信作者：林毅，博士，从事高性能航天航空铝合金研究；Email：smaloy@中南大学学报(自然科学版) 第 46 卷 428径 [1−3] 。
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天然气成藏条件，建立了天然气成藏模式。研究结果表明：区内主要烃源岩为刘家塘组和石磴子组，总体达到较
好−好烃源岩级别，具有一定的资源潜力；本区刘家塘组和石磴子组储集层类型为孔隙型、裂缝型和孔隙−裂隙型，
区域封盖和直接封盖能力较好，但印支期后多期次构造运动对本区气保存条件影响较大；区内至少发生了 2 次天
Abstract: Yangjiashan region is an important oil and gas exploration play of Lianyuan Sag. The gas accumulating conditions in the Lower Carboniferous Liujiatang Formation and Shidengzi Formation carbonate rocks in Yangjiashan region were studied, and gas accumulation models were established using the techniques of basin analysis, effective source rock evaluation, and fluid inclusion with the guidance of the theories of basin formation, hydrocarbon generation, and oil and gas accumulation. The results show the gas in Yangjiashan region comes from Liujiatang Formation and Shidengzi Formation source rock, and the source rock has definite resources potential; the carbonate rock reservoirs are hole, fracture and fracture-hole type, the Yangjiashan region is one of the best reservoirs play in the Lianyuan Sag; the seal conditions of lower Carboniferous Ceshui Formation seal rocks are fair, but structural event after indo-chinese epoch has the most important influence on gas preservation；there exist two oil/gas charges in the Lower Carboniferous Liujiatang Formation and Shidengzi Formation carbonate rocks in Yangjiashan region, and the most important charge periods are late Triassic; there are three types of gas accumulation model in Yangjiashan region, i.e., near source-early hydrocarbon accumulation, near source-quadric hydrocarbon accumulation and near source-later hydrocarbon accumulation. Key words: fluid inclusion; accumulation condition; preservation condition; accumulation model; Lianyuan Sag
然气注入成藏期，其中最重要的气注入成藏期为晚三叠世；存在构造和岩性两大类气藏类型和近源早期成藏、近
源二次成藏和近源晚期成藏 3 种成藏模式。
关键词：流体包裹体；成藏条件；保存条件；成藏模式；涟源凹陷
中图分类号：TE112
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1672-7207(2008)01−0178−07
Gas accumulation conditions of Lower Carboniferous in Yangjiashan region of Lianyuan Sag
收稿日期：2007−04−20；修回日期：2007−06−29 基金项目：高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金资助项目(20050533019) 作者简介：郭建华(1957−)，男，湖南华容人，博士，教授，博士生导师，从事石油地质方面的教学和科研工作 通信作者：郭建华，男，教授；电话：0731-8836235；E-mail: gjh796@
本地区主力储层为 C1y3 和 C1d1。其储层类型可归 纳为 3 种基本类型，即孔隙型、裂缝型和孔隙—裂隙 型。a. 孔隙型，区内 C1y3 和 C1d1 生屑灰岩的孔隙有 原生孔隙和次主孔隙。原生孔隙主要是粒间孔、生物
内腔孔等。由于成岩后生变化的影响，粒间孔大多被 充填，仅残存有晶间孔。次生孔隙主要是溶蚀孔洞。 它是地表成岩环境下经大气淡水淋滤作用而形成的。 此外还有压溶作用形成的缝合线等。b. 裂缝型，是本 区的主要储集类型。本区经历过多期构造运动，产生 过多期裂缝，尤其在背斜、向斜的转折端，裂隙更为 发育。c. 孔隙—裂隙型，也是本区储集类型的主要存 在形式。如 S10 井，产气层以层间裂隙、羽状裂隙为 主，孔隙次之。 2.3.2 储层物性特征
低的倾伏背斜或向斜。其中杨家佬背斜的轴线呈现反 “S”形，其北段向北抬升敞开，在 ZK9 井附近呈现 鞍部形状，中段为一完整的构造圈闭即杨家佬构造圈 闭(分Ⅰ，Ⅱ和Ⅲ号构造圈闭)，南段向南倾伏。整个 背斜长约为 3 km，宽为 0.4~0.5 km。杨家佬构造圈闭 是杨家山地区目前惟一落实的构造圈闭，且具有良好 的天然气聚集条件。杨家山地区是涟源凹陷勘探程度 相对较高的地区，目前已有多口井见到了良好的油气 显示， 证实杨家山地区为涟源凹陷最好的含气区块
之一。
图 1 涟源凹陷杨家山地区位置示意图 Fig.1 Location of Yangjiashan region in Lianyuan Sag
涟源凹陷发育了泥盆纪—新近纪各套地层，沉积 厚度一般为 2.0~9.3 km。泥盆—石炭纪出露地层主要 集中在凹陷的边缘部分、锡矿山地区、紧闭背斜处、 向斜转折端及向斜两翼；二叠系—下侏罗统主要分布 于凹陷中部的向斜核部位；上白垩统的分布最少，仅 在凹陷中部的向斜核部位有少量出露。凹陷主要目的 层为下石炭统岩关阶刘家塘组(C1y3)和大塘阶石磴子 组(C1d1)。C1y3 属于浅海碳酸盐岩沉积，下部为灰岩； 中上部为灰岩、泥灰岩、页岩互层；C1d1 属开阔浅海 相沉积，以深灰、灰色含生物屑微晶—细晶灰岩为主。
中部构造带位于凹陷中部，面积约为 2 700 km2。 中部构造带以隔档式褶皱和倾向腹地式的双冲断层系 为典型特征[3]。隔挡式褶皱的背斜紧闭，在强烈构造 应力的作用下破坏比较严重；其向斜宽缓，向斜核部 地层保存完整；双冲式断层系为背冲式。其构造样式 为盖层滑脱型的逆冲—褶皱组合[3]。
杨家山地区位于中部构造带冷水江向斜东翼次级 褶皱带内(见图 2)。区内发育一系列 NNE 向次级背斜 和向斜，自西而东依次有严宅水向斜、赖子岭背斜、 朝贵岭背斜、赖子岭向斜、杨家佬背斜、大岩山向斜、
第1期
郭建华，等：湘中涟源凹陷杨家山地区下石炭统天然气成藏条件
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光家岭背斜、株木山向斜。这些次级褶曲多为北高南
1 区域地质背景
涟源凹陷位于湖南湘中地区，它由西部构造带、 中部构造带和东部构造带组成[1−2]，沉积基底为前泥盆 系，面积约为 6 770 km2 。其四周均为隆起，其中西 部为武陵—雪峰隆起、北部为沩山花岗岩体、东部和 衡阳盆地西肩隆起相邻、南为龙山－白马山凸起(见图 1)，该凹陷属于典型的改造型盆地[3]。
(a) C1d1 ；(b) C1y3 图 3 涟源凹陷中部构造带下石炭统烃源岩等值线图
Isopach map of source rock of Lower Carboniferous in Lianyuan Sag
(a) C1d1 底部；(b) C1y3 底部 图 4 涟源凹陷中部构造带下石炭统镜质体反射率等值线图
Fig.4 Isopach map of vitrinite reflectivity of Lower Carboniferous in Lianyuan Sag
占石炭系气总资源量的 74.6%。说明可将 C1y3 和 C1d1 作为下一步油气勘探的主要目的层系。 2.2 储层岩石类型
本地区储层 C1y3 和 C1d1 的岩石类型主要为生屑 灰岩、白云质灰岩及含泥微晶－细晶灰岩、薄层状含 粉砂泥页岩。该区 C1y3 和 C1d1 还发育有生物碎屑滩， 局部含有笛管珊瑚。这种生物屑灰岩非常有利于天然 气的储集，但由于稳定沉降的压实作用及后期成岩作 用的影响，如方解石充填裂隙等，使原物性变差。当 然，在一些部位由于淡水淋滤作用而形成孔隙度较好 的储层。 2.3 储层类型、物性特征及分布规律 2.3.1 储层类型
GUO Jian-hua1, KUANG Li-xiong1, ZHU Rui1, ZHOU Xiao-kang1, LUO Xiao-ping2, QI Kai-ling2
(1. School of GeoscieБайду номын сангаасce and Environmental Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China) (2. The Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development of Zhongnan Branch Company, SINOPEC, Changsha 410007, China)