欧亨利短篇小说调查研究报告
欧·亨利短篇小说的叙述视角探析
欧·亨利短篇小说的叙述视角探析作者：范婧蓉来源：《北方文学》2019年第26期摘要：欧·亨利（O.Henry，1862-1910），二十世纪初美国著名短篇小说家，美国现代短篇小说创始人，被称为“世界三大短篇小说巨匠”之一。
他的短篇小说幽默风趣，富有悬念，令人出乎意料的结尾被称作为“欧·亨利式结尾”。
欧·亨利短篇小说独特的叙事策略也使其悬念建构更加扣人心弦和耐人寻味。
本文以叙述视角为切入点，运用热奈特的零聚焦，内聚焦，外聚焦三大叙事模式对欧·亨利的几部小说进行分析，从多种叙述视角解读其所表达的主题及所展现的不同角色特征，并体会文本的魅力所在。
关键词：叙述视角;零聚焦;内聚焦;外聚焦;欧·亨利欧·亨利尤其重视短篇小说的情节布局和叙事模式，其独特的叙述风格，使之在世界享有盛誉。
作者巧妙地融合了热奈特叙事学理论中的手法来刻画人物，铺垫情节和建构悬念，最后戏剧性的让人物的心理情境发生出人意料的变化，或者使主人公命运陡然逆转，出现意想不到的结果。
欧·亨利小说独树一帜的文体叙事策略使其充满了魅惑力与生命力，其“欧亨利式结尾”的艺术真谛很大程度上来源于故事中不同叙述视角的运用。
一、叙述视角现代短篇小说属于叙事文学体裁，也是叙述艺术的一种。
而任何一种叙事作品都离不开对叙述视角的运用。
叙述视角指的是对故事内容进行观察和讲述的一个特定的角度。
换句话说，就是从某个人的角度（叙述者）来讲述或者观察某个故事，以此来呈现出不一样的效果，作家经常会用不同的视角来表达作品。
对叙述视角研究的比较精细的是结构主义批评家们，法国结构主义文学批评家热奈特，在《叙事话语》中把“视角”换成了“聚焦”一词，他认为聚焦一词更加抽象，所以叙述视角也称叙述聚焦，且提出了聚焦三分法：零聚焦或无聚焦（零视角或全知视角），内聚焦（内视角），外聚焦（外视角）。
零聚焦即叙述者>人物，也就是传统的全知视角叙事，也就是说叙述者比任何人知道的多，叙述者超然地独立于故事之外并能左右情节的发展，他能够说出任何一个角色的秘密和命运，在文本本身和读者之间能够起到一定的桥梁作用。
欧·亨利短篇小说中的道德意识
第 46 卷第 1 期2024 年 1 月Vol.46 No.1Jan. 2024宁夏大学学报（社会科学版）Journal of Ningxia University（Social Sciences Edition）欧·亨利短篇小说中的道德意识陈广兴（上海外国语大学文学研究院，上海200083）摘要：欧·亨利是世界著名短篇小说家之一，但很多批评家指责他的小说缺乏道德意识。
对欧·亨利小说缺乏道德意识的批评，批评家往往轻率地基于欧·亨利对巧合的使用本身或对单个文本的武断式批评，而不是基于对其作品大量而深入的阅读。
事实上，欧·亨利总是将小说人物置于某种伦理困境，并迫使其作出伦理选择，从而表达出作者强烈的道德意识。
欧·亨利的伦理表达根植于他对资本主义社会的深刻理解，与其人道主义关怀紧密相关。
关键词：欧·亨利；道德意识；伦理选择；伦理身份中图分类号：I106.4 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-5744（2024）01-0071-08引言欧·亨利（O Henry，1862—1910年）是美国著名的短篇小说家，也是中国读者最熟悉的美国作家之一。
他以短篇小说赢得崇高的国际声誉，创作了近300篇短篇小说，其中，《都市报告》（A Municipal Report）、《麦琪的礼物》（The Gift of the Magi）、《没有完的故事》（An Unfinished Story）、《带家具出租的房间》（The Furnished Room）、《最后一片叶子》（The Last Leaf）、《警察与赞美诗》（The Cop and the Anthem）等作品都是脍炙人口的名篇。
欧·亨利描写美国南部、西部、拉丁美洲和纽约，其中以描写纽约市民生活的作品最为著名，呈现了20世纪初城市生活的真实状态，有“曼哈顿的桂冠诗人”之称。
《欧亨利短篇小说》小说中的女性角色及婚姻价值观
《欧•亨利短篇小说》小说中的女性角色及婚姻价值观富冬青[摘要]美国优秀短篇小说家欧·亨利的作品探讨了19世纪末、20世纪初美国社会转型时期的女性婚恋价值观。
作家从家庭生活、择偶标准、离婚态度等几个方面从女性角度揭示了当时美国社会人们对待婚恋的价值取向，虚构、出人意料的故事结局和元小说等手段是其故事叙事的主要策略。
与其他现实主义作家和自然主义作家的社会批判和人性本质弱点批判不同，欧·亨利并非以泛性论入手来描写爱情与婚姻，而常常以悲剧开始、以喜剧结束的短篇故事为载体，以动人心弦的故事情节深深打动读者。
欧·亨利女性角色及其婚姻观研究，对于当下中国社会转型时期出现的婚恋观错位具有重要的价值和意义。
[关键词]欧·亨利；女性角色；婚姻价值观；意义欧·亨利在其绝大多数短篇小说作品中涉及女性角色书写及其婚姻价值观的探讨。
就美国文学对婚恋观探讨的发展史而言，欧·亨利以其独特的创作方法，向广大读者展示了其笔下女性角色的优秀品质。
这些女性人物甘愿为爱做出无私的奉献：她们善良质朴，既不是以色媚人的放荡女性，也不是刚强坚韧的欲望女神。
相反，这些处于社会底层的女性小人物对待婚姻生活和爱情抱以认真与忠诚的态度，其爱情超越了婚恋加物质、肉欲与心灵描写的传统小说创作模式。
作为人类自身社会生活的“镜”与“灯”，欧·亨利小说的女性角色对婚恋态度的研究对于解决当今中国社会转型期出现的婚恋误区具有重要的借鉴意义。
一、对女性文学传统的继承与发展欧·亨利作为现实主义作家，在世界短篇小说发展史上占据重要位置，其女性角色书写对于广大读者了解美国社会转型时期的婚姻观而言，具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
然而，国内外对欧·亨利小说女性角色书写及其婚姻价值观未给予应有的重视。
文学对人的关注，关键在于人的自然存在走向了社会存在，其核心在于社会结构中形成的各种人际关系，而社会的最小单位“家庭”则是这些关系中更为重要的一环。
从语料库语言学角度对欧·亨利短篇小说描述性形容词的研究
从语料库语言学角度对欧亨利短篇小说描述性形容词的研究祝世军
【期刊名称】《齐齐哈尔工程学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2015(009)001
【摘要】欧·亨利是世界著名短篇小说家,其作品引起文艺批评界的广泛关注。
然而,大部分研究都是从文学角度出发,而从语言学视角的研究显得不足。
本文尝试运用定量与定性相结合的方法,通过建立欧·亨利短篇小说选集语料库（COHSSS）,分析描述性形容词在小说主题表达和人物塑造中的作用。
【总页数】3页(P53-55)
【作者】祝世军
【作者单位】昆明医科大学海源学院,云南昆明650106
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H030
【相关文献】
1.以叙述艺术与语言学的角度简析欧·亨利小说
2.基于语料库欧·亨利短篇小说选集的修辞特征分析
3.初中英语名著拓展阅读的教学策略研究
——以欧亨利短篇小说《麦琪的礼物》为例4.以叙述艺术与语言学的角度简析欧·亨利小说5.基于语料库的《欧·亨利短篇小说选》汉译风格对比
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美国现实主义作家欧亨利短篇小说中的讽刺与反讽
美国现实主义作家欧亨利短篇小说中的讽刺与反讽1. 引言美国现实主义是19世纪末至20世纪初兴起的一种文学流派，其特点是对社会现实进行揭示和批判。
在这个时期，欧亨利（O. Henry）被公认为最重要的短篇小说作家之一。
他的作品以幽默、机智、诙谐而著称，在其中使用了讽刺和反讽手法来传达对社会问题和人性的见解。
2. 讽刺与反讽的定义2.1 讽刺•定义：通过嘲笑或嘲弄来暴露事物的荒谬、可悲或错误。
•功能：揭示社会问题、强调不合理之处、引起读者思考。
2.2 反讽•定义：通过将期待与现实相对比来产生意想不到的效果。
•功能：批评并颠覆成见、突出人们行为背后的虚伪或偏差。
3. 欧亨利短篇小说中的讽刺3.1《礼品奇遇》（"The Gift of the Magi"）•故事概述：一个贫穷的夫妇分别为配对的圣诞礼物而牺牲了自己最宝贵的东西。
•讽刺之处：他们的举动被揭示为多余和荒谬，因为他们最终失去了他们原本想要给对方的礼物。
3.2《超然市场》（"A Municipal Report"）•故事概述：一位作家受雇写一篇描写小城故事的文章，但最后决定揭露市政府腐败的秘密。
•讽刺之处：作家最初只是想编写一篇中性的报道，但在与市政府互动时，不得不面对腐败和恶行。
3.3《缺名侦探》（"A Retrieved Reformation"）•故事概述：一个盗贼变成了一个法律遵从者，并为了拯救曾经爱过的女人而回到犯罪生涯。
•讽刺之处：主人公本来打算过上清白正直的生活，但面临困境时，他再次选择犯罪这条路。
4. 欧亨利短篇小说中的反讽4.1《最后一片叶子》（"The Last Leaf"）•故事概述：一位艺术家用他最后一片树叶的存在来挽救一个生病的女孩的生命。
•反讽之处：艺术家自己的牺牲实际上是不必要的，因为他只相信树叶，而女孩最终因其他原因恢复了健康。
4.2《问卷调查》（"After Twenty Years"）•故事概述：两个老朋友在约定的地点见面，但其中一个已经成了警察并逮捕了另一个犯罪分子。
欧亨利短篇小说简评
欧亨利短篇小说述评学生姓名:指导教师:摘要:作为世界三大小说家之一，欧亨利与契诃夫和莫泊桑齐名。
他的作品因奇巧的艺术构思，出其不意的结尾而著称。
其中歌颂人性的小说是欧亨利文学创作的主流，并且许多作品已经成为了脍炙人口的名篇佳作。
同时也涌现了许多感人至深的经典人物。
表现了欧亨利对人性理想的执着追求。
本文主要分析了欧亨利的写作手法，包括精巧的情节设计，出人意料但符合逻辑的结局和幽默智慧的语言三方面，并在这基础上深刻探讨了欧亨利作品中表现出来的人性的善与恶。
关键词: 写作技巧；善；恶；人性A Brief Comment on O’ Henry’s Short StoriesUndergraduate:Supervisor:Abstract: O. Henry, one of the three most famous short-story writers in the world, enjoys equal status with Chekhov and Maupassant. Exquisite plot, wry humor and twist ending dominate his works. The main stream of his works is eulogy of humanity and his many classical works are notable. This thesis mainly analyses O. Henry’s writing style including technique plot making, surprising but logical ending and humorous and witty tone, then deeply analyses the human virtues and defects reflected in O. Henry’s works.Key Words: artistic styles; virtues; defects; human characterContents1. Introduction (1)2. Unique artistic style (1)2.1 Technique plot making (1)2.2 Surprising but logical ending (3)2.3 Humorous and witty tone (4)3. The humanity of character (4)4. Conclusion (7)Bibliography (9)Acknowledgment (10)1. IntroductionO. Henry, originally named William Sydney Porter, is a distinguished American storywriter. He wrote more than 300 short stories in his life. His stories are full of colorful characters. He creates an original, typically American democratic form of short stories with, at its best, a valuable critical awareness of life and society tellingly expressed through humor. Therefore, some critics c all him “the founder of American stories”. Being gifted with humor and a keen awareness of details, he objectively shows us what America looks like. All his stories putting together constitute a true panorama of American life.This thesis mainly emphasizes O. Henry’s unique artistic styles and the human characters. It includes two main aspects. Part one is on the unique artistic styles. O. Henry is a good plot maker, he shows readers the real life of American people by giving people a surprising but logical ending through a plausible plot making using humor and witty tone which gives readers a new open sight. Part two stresses on the human nature that contains the virtues and defects sides. In a capitalist society, the specific characters are the special society. O. Henry shows people clearly in his works.2. Unique artistic styleO. Henry's trademark is the surprising ending that each of his stories contains. He sets a story moving in one direction, and just when the reader is convinced of the general direction of the narrative, the story will be completely reversed. And if we look back to the total story, the ending seems logical and plausible. As a “plot-maker”, and designer of incident, he is an amazing genius. No one can do better than him to holds the reader in “suspense”. More than that, the reader scarcely knows that he is suspended until the very close of the story. Just as turns on the lights and the whole tale is revealed in its entirety. He uses this device of dramatic and humorous effect in the short story collection The Four Million which including “The Ransom of Red Chief ”, “The Gift of the Magi ”, and“The Cop and the Anthem”, “the Service of Love”, “The last Leaf.” He uses compact and vivid language to set a plot and portray the plot through humorous and witty tone.2.1 Technique plot makingThe short story is the one fundamental and self-contained genre in American prose fiction, and the stories of O. Henry certainly makes their appearances in consequence of the prolonged and incessant cult ivation of the genre. As a “plot maker”, he is an amazing genius. No one can better him in holding the reader in “suspense”. More than that, the reader scarcely knows that he is suspended, until atthe very close of the story. O. Henry deliberately designs the little tricks with words, for he is a master of language and not its slave.The typical feature of O. Hen ry’s stories is a twist of plot. His ultimate achievement is to create the twist ending by the plot making and compact structure. He arranges a story moving in one direction, and just when the reader is going to be convinced of the general direction of the narrative, which he takes for granted, the story is completely reversed.For example, in “The Ransom of Red Chief”, two kidnappers, Sam and Bill make off with the little son of a prominent man. According to the general expectation, readers m ay assume that they will either obtain the ransom from the boy’s father or kill the boy in the end. But the plot is totally different. The boy is such a nuisance that they agree to pay the boy’s father to take him back because they can’t stand him anymore. Although the plot far exceeds expectations, readers appreciate the cleverness of plot situation and ending a great deal while enjoying the delight of reading.In O. Henry’s works, the events of some short stories are arranged in the specific order which e xceed reader’s normal expectation to the arrangement of those events in his works, make the ending unpredictable and strange. O. Henry deliberately designs the little tricks with words, for he is a master of language and not its slave.The suspense in the story is usually employed in the plot. It is the seemingly insignificant characters that finally become the notable figures that rouse readers ponder. In “The Last Leaf”, Mr.Behrman who is only mentioned in only a short paragraph in the middle of the story to show who he is, and two paragraph tell the reader his rage about Sue ’s fully thought. The main theme of the story is that Sue takes the last fallen ivy leaf as the end of her life. Before they know the end, readers will no doubt ask some questions. Ho w does Sue’s illness? Why does the leaf stick against the wall? Does the leaf fall down? Does Sue die? Why does the author mention Mr.Behrman? The last paragraph reveals. All suspense dissolves. The leave is painted by Behrman, while Sue lives. But the old painter died in hopeless pain by Pneumonia, or rather, to rescue Sue. He has to withstand tough wind and heavy shower and the life-long masterpiece paid off by his life. When we find the plausibility of ending in the previous passage, when Mr. Pneumonia wais called in, the Johsey scarcely moves, only looking through the small Dutch windowpanes at the blank side of the next brick house, the “blank side” of brick later provides the location for Mr.Behrman’s masterpiece, the description of Mr.Behrman. He is p ast 60 and has a Micheal Angeo’s Moses beard curling down from the head of a satyr along the body of an imp. “Micheal Angeo’s Moses” leaves readers an impression of artistic potential. “Imp” can explain why he was so weak to fight against disease.The comp act structure is O. Henry’s outstanding writing technique. Events in the story are closely connected as chains of rings, which make readers eagerly interested in the ending of the story. As soon as the high light of the reverse of plots, the story ends wit hout any redundant explanations. In “The Last Leaf”, the description of Mr.Behrman, the true hero, only takes up 500 words in more than 5000 words. Meanwhile, the story dismisses a part, rousing us readers a great deal of imagination: How can old man, above 60 years old stand on the ladder, drawing a leaf on the wall in the dreadfully storming night, while his “shoes and clothing were wet t hrough and icy cold.”?Therefore, the main stream of O. Henry’s works is easily perceived: the suspense in addition to wry humor ending is his main rhetoric method.2.2 Surprising but logical endingThe ending of an article has long been considered as a conclusion or just a summary of the whole passage. However, O. Henry illustrates a new way, the so-called twist ending or sometimes the O. Henry’s ending. It means that at the end of an article the mental status or the fate of the character has changed greatly. But the whole passage is suddenly endowed with a great charm because of the ending. The author has your nerves all a quiver until the last sentence. The surprise comes quickly and the story is finished. O. Henry is such a master of the unexpected ending that one must admire his skills.In the story The Cop and the Anthem, Soapy, a homeless tramp, deciding to be sent to the prison on the Island which he called his winter quarter against the rigor and the hunger, attempted to practice several illegal activities for the purpose of “wooing capture”;(O, Henry 2004: 09) but the cop, who stood nearby when Soapy was trying to attract his attention by his anti-law behavior, paid no special attention to Soapy every time, even “seemed to regard him as a king who could do no wrong”. (O, Henry 2004: 09) Developing up here, the story must give the reader the conclusion that Soapy had to go back disappointedly to his home—a park bench. On his way, the sweet music of anthem from the church played by the organist and the beautiful moonlight scenery “wrought a sudden and wonderful change in his soul”, (O, Henry 2004: 10) he made up his mind to “pull himself out of the mire”(O, Henry 2004: 10)and “make a man of himself again”. (O, Henry 2004: 10) Moving like this, the plot is not completely understandable at once. When the reader is puzzled about the use and meaning of growing plot, and just while Soapy was planning his tomorrow’s action for being “somebody in the world”, (O, Henry 2004: 11) an unforeseen plot, and just while abruptly: he was arrested because a policeman thought him doubtful, and the next day he was sentence to “three months on the Island”. (O, Henry 2004: 11) The story stops here suddenly in spite of the reader’s not immediate understanding. But after a moment of consideration, the reader’s surprise turns into admiration for hisastonishing contrivance of tricky ending which reveals rigorously the real facts of reversal between truth and falsehood in capitalist society which confuses right and wrong.2.3 Humorous and witty toneO. Henry, a great designer, is skillful enough to dye some color of pink in a tragedy, or kind of sadness in comedy. O. Henry’s stories are humorous encyclopedia of American life. This means that this work is full of various humors, sometimes even with exaggeration. It fully discloses the essence of American society: the weak are the prey of the strong, which is regarded as the law of the jungle universally. Right and wrong are confused, good and evil are disordered; Materialism and individualism dominate people’s mind. This writing technique makes his work enjoy the fame of “Smile with Tears”.The humorous paragraph describes the congested conditions of a room where the hero and heroin live in the “The Service of Love”, the story tells of an earnest young pair of art students, the Lattabees, who prop up each other’s courage when their funds run out by pretending to have lucked into a steady income from their professional skill in painting and music. But it turns out that Delia’s service has been ironing shirts in a laundry while Joe has been firing the furnace in the same building. Readers are not surprised to find out how precious their genuine love for each other is. Monetarily they were poor, but they are mentally wealthy. We may laugh with tears after finishing reading the story. O. Henry carries an abundant good humor with hum and sees the bright and amusing side of things. O. Henry is not the comic wit that explodes the reader into a huge guffaw of laughter and vanishes. His humor and twist ending are of that deep quality that smiles at life itself and mingles our amusement with our tears.Such examples can be found throughout the story. These sentences seem to be talked about very casually to make the story appear to be a comedy. But meanwhile, we can also feel the sadness and helplessness of the hero Soapy. Readers are seduced by humor language and stories plots step by step, but finally cannot help laughing, but with pitiful tears.3. The humanity of characterAmong O. Henry’s short stories, the eternal theme proves to be the humanity. Whether simple or complex, the mystery of human motives controlled by human nature is exposed. There are good and evil elements in human nature, for the two are often mixed with each other more or less. When the good elements in human nature occupy the predominant portion, man will carry forward his virtues such as kindness, generosity, hospitality, self-sacrifice for love and friendship, helping others without asking for rewards. While the evil things defeat the good in human nature, man willdisplay such human defects as being gluttonous and lazy, rapacious, officious, vain arrogant, cowardly, impetuous etc. The human motives become more and more mysterious and various. When tempted, good man would do evil things; when moved by noble-minded people or touching things, the demon will forsake darkness for light and turn over a new leaf in his life. In O. Henry's world, established figures become boobs and rich men become dunces, while rogues become heroes and down-and-outers become gentlemen.3.1 The human virtuesHuman being has many virtues from ancient times to the present. They are kind, brave, honest, hard working, polite, thrifty, generous, hospital and so on. Some people still pay a great deal in order to maintain these virtues, they sacrifice their own happiness even their life for lofty love and friendship; they help others without asking for rewards and regard it as a pleasure; they give up their own treasure and chance to others etc. Such people bring love and fine things to the world; they are the ones who endow the world with light and hope. O. Henry has a great understanding of the trials of the lower class, and he frequently pictures the lives of ordinary people of early twentieth century America with warm and sympathetic colors. These characters are frequently the overlooked: the struggling shops girl, the unsuccessful artist, and the impoverished. Even Theodore Roosevelt said: “It was O. Henry who started me on my cam paign for office girls.” There is no denying that the narratives of humanity by O. Henry have everlasting influence. Although they are poor, le ading the life “made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles pre dominating”,they still think, “If a home is happy i t cannot fit too close.”Most of O. Henry’s stories show that the humble little insignificant people of New York are just as admirable and their lives are as worthy of attention and interest and, as he implies, as respectable as the members of the Four Hundred.Take “The Gift of the Magi” as an example, we will find the ingenuity of O. Henry’s unexpected endings. From that condensation of the charm of human virtues the love-sacrificial theme is shown. It is about a young couple that is short of money but desperately wants to buy each other Christmas gifts. Unknown to Jim, Della sells her most valuable possession, her beautiful hair, in order to buy platinum as the chain for Jim's watch; unknown to Della, Jim sells his most valuable possession, his watch, to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair. The author arranges the entire plot just to get the readers to wait, to cause suspense, the pleasurable excitement and anticipation of the outcome. From the beginning, the readers keep guessing what Jim and Della will buy for each other, and the coincidence of their gift is the great suspense the author put in his article. And then he gives the answer to the question. Here is the ending: “Here I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children ina flat who most unwisely scarified for each other the greatest treasures of their house. But in the last word to the wise of these days let it be said tha t of all who give gifts.” (O, Henry 2004: 35) However, the story end comes when Jim reveals that he has sold his watch to buy Dalla her present, from where the poor couple’s love is show. Therefore, O. Henry ends the story artfully, and with deft touches he elicits the reader’s admiration and sympathy for his young couple shows love for each other more than compensates for their lack of money and material possessions. Though confronted with cruel reality and dull daily routine, Della and Jim can never change their eagerness toward love. To them the most valuable material possession is so slight and insignificant before the spiritual possession of love romance. That is sparkling with fragrant charm.There is another story about sacrifi cial theme entitled “The Last Leaf”, a warm and tragic tale describing how a dying artist proves as resilient as the last leaf on the wall outside. Sue, a poor painter, attacked by Pneumonia, wanted to turn loose her hold on everything, and go sailing down, just like one of those poor tires leave. But after beating rain and fierce gusts of wind, an ivy leaf still stands against the brick wall, which gives her the hope of living, mak ing her realize that: “It is a sin to want to die”. The ending reveals that Mr. Behrman, a kind old artist dies at previous night by pneumonia, painting the leave on an outdoor vine in the storming night ----in his effort to restore Sue’s will to live. Though the touching ending makes us absorbed in sadness, the readers can still find gleams of hope and desire out of despair. It not only enlightens the girl’s courage for better life but also moves every reader to tears. Those glittering human virtues however counterpoint to the capitalist industrial bourgeoisies’ human defeats, telling us that life is supreme and thus upgrading the theme.By and large, through the portrayal the panorama of a throng of people either of upper class or lower class, O. Henry’s eulogize the specious and precious human virtues.3.2 The human defectsOn the other hand, human beings have many defects, too. They benefit themselves at the expense of others. In order to make money they never show mercy and sympathy to the poor. They realize their own aims by hook or by crook. Their evil deeds make the world vicious. By exposing the human defects and the dark side of the world, O. Henry wants to awaken people’s conscience and their deepest desire for all good things, so that people can make their efforts to save and clean the whole world. Some people love money than anything else. In “Mammon and the Archer”, Anthony Fuckwell, a retired manufacturer and proprietor of Rockwall’ Soap, has the greatest esteem for the value of money. “I bet my money on money every time, I’ve been through the encyclopedia down to Y loo king for something you can’t buy with it, andI expect to have to take to the appendix next week, I’m for money against the field. Tell me something money won’t buy. ” (O, Henry 2004: 113) His son wants to ask for a girl’s hand but there is too little time left. Surprisingly, a fortunately traffic tie-up offers enough time for the son. But the ending discloses that it is the father who makes the accident in order to help his son to win the girl’s heart. The theme of the story come out: confronted with the Mammon even Archer has to be bent his head down. To Anthony and his peers, the only thing worthy of their thought is money. With the ironic rhetoric method, O. Henry ends the story with a fat boy without any clothes on shooting arrow around with a bow. That is pictured Cupid, in a new, unexpected way, thus bringing readers a new sense to the topic “Mammon and the Archer”. This usage of the twist ending adds artistic effect to the person’s character described.In a capitalist society, many people even do evil things against their conscience, so as to earn money. In “The Furnished Room”, the housekeeper, Mrs. Purdy, cheats a young man who is seeking his lover, in order to let him rent the room. Then the young man commits suicide out of despair. At the end, after the young man dies, we find the man’s lover commit suicide at the same rented room. Mrs.Purdy talks about it with another housekeeper in an indifferent tone as if it were only a trifle that could be the topic for gossip over dinner. The society is so doomed by an atmosphere of gloom and indifference that it makes people treat others or even friends without sympathy, equaling to committing murder.In “The Romance of a Busy Broker”, the businessman Maxwell is so crazy about his golden eternal business- make big money against the clock. More than that he even forgets he has married or not. And in a tumult of a preparation out of his work, he asks his wife to marry again. Those twist ending exploses the whole theme of the article. Are the readers to deride the broker or to show sympathy for the broker’s tender wife?The author uses pungent rhetoric methods not only to show us the humanity vividly, but also to enhance the theme: the gluttonous and cruel side of those bourgeoisies.4. ConclusionO. Henry focuses on the poverty-stricken life and spiritual depression of common people. He takes great sympathy on them, with dissatisfaction with the greediness of the rich and the noble. O. Henry is adept at seizing and grasping the typical scenes in life, in which each episode of the life of the characters that had been in dilemma and confronted fatal decision was presented. Through this, he not only chiefly portrays the hero’s mentality but also fully reveals the inner contradiction of life. Finally, the human virtues and defects emerge from the twist ending. That notonly arouses readers ponder about the humanity but also earns O. Henry’s story fame of “smile with tears”. Henry not only widens the experience of his readers, he also restates the verities that exist wherever people continue to strive for truth and beauty in life. The humanity reflected from the twist ending makes his stories at their best an influence for the furthering of those ideals that still tend to command the allegiance of civilized men. O. Henry is the “founder of American stories”. His works are like a mirror of American society at that time. A multiple of reflections are rippling through the years passing by. The plots in O. Henry’s works appear to be nothing special at first glance. Nevertheless, read those to the ending and you will find something unusual out of what seems to be too ordinary. His works are full of depth in portraying an unfathomable humanity of character.In a nutshell, O. Henry’s artistic charms will everlast and be vie wed as a perpetual encyclopedia of American life.Bibliography[1] Medrick, Fred. An introduction to American literature[M]. Henan University Press,1985[2] Hudson, Long. O Henry The Man and His Work[C]. New York:Russell and Russell,1969[3] O, Henry, Heart of the West[M]. New York: McClure, 1907[4] O, Henry, The Four Million[M]. New York: Dobleday, Doran and Company. 1906 P68[5] O, Henry, 欧亨利短篇小说[M].青海：青海出版社，2004[6] 李国宁. 欧亨利式结尾的艺术魅力[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社，2003[7] 李遇溪. 外国文学名著赏析词典[M]. 杭州：浙江文艺出版社，1988[8] 欧亨利. 四百万[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1988[9] 荣四才. 欧亨利与欧亨利奖[J]. 外国文学. 1993(6):34-35[10] 吴伟仁. 美国文学史及选读[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990[11] 魏春艺. 欧亨利小说人性世界面面观[J]. 丹东师专学报，2003，P28[12] 赵书颖. “含泪的笑”与“含笑的泪”浅析欧·亨利的主题[J].黑龙江教育学院学报, 2004〈3〉. P66[13] 赵丽，黄春妮. 欧亨利作品导读[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社 2003 P3AcknowledgmentAt the point of finishing this paper, I’d like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have given me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, I'd like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Wang Xiaoyun, who has given me so much useful advices on my writing, and has tried her best to improve my paper. Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offered me references and information on time. Last but not least, I’d like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff in Mianyang Normal University and especially those in the School of Foreign Languages. Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study this paper.。
浅论欧亨利小说中的人性意识
浅论欧•亨利小说中的人性意识〔论文关键词]欧•亨利小说人性意识〔论文摘要]欧•亨利被称为“现当代美国短篇小说的莫基人”，"20世纪初期美国最广为人知的作家”，他的小说题材广泛，内涵丰富，于司空见惯的寻常事件中，达到不奇而奇的神效，对资本主义社会中的种种不平之事进行了琳漓尽致的批判和鞭挞，而对于合乎人性的真善美则给予了热情的讴歌和赞美，表现出了强烈的人性意识。
美国小说家、文学评论家亨利•詹姆斯说“在最广泛的范围里，可以把小说看作个人的和直接的生活印象的反映”，即作家小说主题的选择不是偶然的，往往与他们各自不同的体验，及对人生的感受和无止境的思考等相关，可以说，作家所写的是其对人生的反思。
欧•亨利在(麦琪的礼物》中的感叹，“人生是由吸泣、抽噎、微笑组成的，而抽噎占了大部分”，可谓是他人生之路的真实写照!他短暂的一生命途多外，不堪回首，“经历了生活中所有的主要场景—不平常的冒险、城市生活、上流社会，以及…”更多的“底层生活”，这一切使他经历了炼狱似的人生，深切地感受了底层社会的痛苦、不幸，看透了美国豺狼社会的罪恶本质，非常的经历带给他非常的痛苦，却也令他“得到经验所能给他的一切世故人情”，换来了他特有的小说创作素材，造就了杰出的世界性作家。
欧•亨利善于综合自己所熟知的各种生活现象，并用小说中的人物来体现他对生活的理解。
他的小说题材广泛，内容丰富，思想深邃，从各个不同视角，真实、生动、深刻地反映了19世纪末20世纪初的美国社会现实面貌。
他的整个创作没有什么惊天动地的重大社会事件，也绝无波澜壮阔的生活画面，他所描写的都是现实生活中的侧面、局部甚至是反面，选用的则是普通生活中的细小琐事、平凡素材。
但作者有着丰富的社会经验和生活库存，以及新颖、锐利的眼力，善于以小见大，从平常的小事中反映出不平常的社会意义，从而能够在有限的场景里极自然地推出生活中最深刻的真实，使读者于管窥兹测中见到腾飞的龙、汹涌的波，达到不奇而奇之效。
欧亨利小说的结尾艺术探析
欧亨利小说的结尾艺术探析作者：宋丽丽来源：《魅力中国》2016年第47期摘要：欧亨利是美国著名的短篇小说家，他的小说独具风格，独树一帜，而且他的作品充满着独特的艺术技巧，欧亨利不仅能从普通生活中选取平凡素材，从平凡中找到不平凡，也能从这些平常的事件中发现主题，找寻不同于寻常的意义价值。
另外，欧亨利能够利用幽默的喜剧手法来表现悲剧性的内容，用巧妙的故事情节增强小说的戏剧性特色。
故本文通过分析欧亨利的短篇小说，了解他创作中独特的结尾艺术之魅力。
关键词：欧亨利；短篇小说；结尾艺术所谓“欧亨利式结尾”，就是指小说在结尾部分发生与之前完全不同的转折，在结尾使人物的性格与心理发生巨大的变化，这个变化是意料不到的，不仅故事的情结发生了改变，人物的命运也发生了转折，甚至这个结果是谁都没有想到的，但是在细细品味之余，又会发现，这虽然在意料之外，但却又是合情合理，所以独特的艺术魅力就产生了。
而这种独特的艺术魅力，就普遍存在于欧亨利的短篇小说中，使人读起来酣畅淋漓。
一、欧亨利其人及其小说创作欧亨利出生于十九世纪的美国，他的作品往往独树一帜，别具一格，脍炙人口，他也凭借自己的才华成为美国现当代短篇小说的奠基人和世界短篇小说三大师之一。
欧亨利一生写下了将近三百篇短篇小说，在他的小说中，他深刻地认识到了社会的腐朽与黑暗、道德的伪善、人与人之间贫富的悬殊与猜忌压榨，所以欧亨利的许多作品对这种现象进行了充分的揭露与讽刺，不仅批判了社会的许多不公平的现象，也通过发掘小人物的心理表达对社会不公的批判。
同时，欧亨利也给予这些小人物许多的同情，他会通过他的思想与文章揭示这个不公平的社会，以此表达他的希望与对于社会底层人民的关照。
欧亨利的短篇小说《最后一片叶子》描写了美国一个城市的贫民窟，在这个贫民窟里住着许多贫病交加的艺术家，在这些艺术家中，有一位女画家，这位女画家琼西有严重的肺炎。
正在她生命垂危之时，她发现在她的窗外，长着一棵青藤，而这课青藤也像她一样，在风吹雨打下，叶子慢慢的飘落，她在观察叶子时，觉得自己的生命也像叶子一样，在慢慢消逝，但是在一夜风雨之后，琼西觉得自己快要死的时候，她发现窗外的青藤依旧活在那里，她又有个生存的渴望。
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欧亨利短篇小说调查研究报告篇一：英语论文-欧亨利短篇小说中的人物形象分析
英语论文-欧亨利短篇小说中的人物形象分析
附表6：
本科毕业设计(论文)开题报告
课题名称：
欧亨利短篇小说中的人物形象分析
系别：
专业：
英语教育
指导教师：
作者姓名：
一、综述本课题国内外研究动态，说明选题的依据和意义
欧·亨利（o·hey,1862-1910）.美国著名短篇小说家。
欧亨利善于观察生活各个方面，其故事人物一般都是他寄予同情的小市民，情节颇多偶然巧合，结局往往出人意料。
国内外对欧·亨利的短篇小说的研究已经深入到了他的作品的各个方面，如欧·亨利小说的结构艺术。
象他的独特的小说结尾；他的小说的写作技巧与风格，象充斥于作品的字里行间的幽默与讽刺。
以及作品的主题社会意义等各个方面。
评论家弗门（h·j·forman）认为亨利“具备漠泊桑的技巧，
而幽默上则远超过他。
”
描写社会底层的小人物是十九世纪末和二十世纪初现实主义文学的一大特色，但从世界范围来进行衡量，象欧亨利在《四百万》中那样以明快，抒情的描写手法写出这些小人物的命运，写出他们的内心痛苦和快乐的小说实不多见。
更主要的是通过一些小人物命运的描写，在戏而不谑的讽刺和怒而不哀的揭露中，显示出作者对社会的抨击。
本选题将在国内外学者研究的基础上，着重探讨作者在短篇小说中所创造的人物形象。
在作者数量众多的短篇小说中，我们可以见到当时美国社会形形色色的人物：小人物、骗子、富翁等。
这些形象已有不少成为世界公认的艺术典型。
欧·亨利短篇小说中塑造的人物形象为人们认识十九世纪末至二十世纪初期的美国社会提供了生动而准确的形象材料。
二、研究的基本内容，拟解决的主要问题：
欧·亨利是美国文学史上优秀的短篇小说家。
本课题研究的是欧·亨利短篇小说中塑造的人物形象。
作者写了许多故事，围绕虚假的掩饰，无情的欺骗，伪装的高贵等主题，塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物—贫穷但快乐的小人物，善良的骗子，阴险狡诈的富翁等等。
他运用写实手法，具体刻画情节，同时穿插幽默与讽刺于情节中，成功的塑造了许多典型的人物形象。
作者独特的小说结构艺术，写作技巧与风格是小说人物形象塑造成功的重要因素，是值得我们模仿和借鉴
的。
很有研究价值。
三、研究步骤、方法及措施：
本研究涉及到四大步骤：选题、查找资料、定题和写提纲，以及最后完成论文的主体部分。
选题是基于阅读多篇资料后所得到的感想，收集的资料来源于学校图书馆，系资料室，电子阅览室以及互联网。
定题和写提纲是在详细阅读查找的资料后，对自己所获得信息的选择和综合。
本课题将从作品对人物形象的分类以及其写作手法，如写实手法，情节刻画和幽默与讽刺手法及作品体现的主题思想三个方面来研究怎样成功的塑造人物形象，以及形形色色的人物形象对深化作品主题和体现作品中蕴含的社会意义等方面所起的作用。
四、研究工作进度：
五、主要参考文献：
篇二：欧亨利短篇小说中冷暖论文
欧亨利短篇小说中的冷与暖
摘要：欧亨利小说是美国短篇小说的经典之作，他的小说有独特的艺术技巧。
此篇论文主要从小说包含的思想内容、情感基调出发，从心理学角度探讨欧亨利小说给人的冷与暖的感觉，并对此作一些分析。
关键词：心理学欧亨利感觉冷暖
中图分类号：g206 文献标识码：a文章编号：
1673-9795(XX)01(b)-0000-00
1欧亨利小说鲜明冷暖基调的原因：个人和社会
欧亨利是生活在美国社会的苦命且悲剧性的人物，他的一生充满艰辛与妥协。
他在幼年饱尝母亲早逝，父亲堕落，婶婶嫌弃的辛酸，性格比较孤僻；人到中年，他未享受婚姻的快乐就因为莫须有的“盗用公款”罪名过早地开始了颠沛流离的逃亡生涯；他没赶上看爱妻的最后一面，就被抓进了牢狱，在牢狱里体验到了最恶劣的生活状态并为他小女儿的抚养费而尝试写作；提前出狱后，他隐姓埋名继续写作，那个时期堪称他写作的丰产期，优秀作品如泉涌出；他的第二次婚姻很不幸。
因此他在四十八岁病逝于纽约，结束了他富有传奇色彩和悲壮旋律的一生。
正因为欧亨利的生活经历是如此丰富曲折，所以他对人事、社会、情感的思考就比别人更深一层，更广阔些。
他对求生的理解，远远高于养尊处优无所事事的贵族；对家庭的理解，远远高于沉浸在柔情蜜意里的青年；对社会阴暗面的透视，远远高于煞有介事的政府官员。
篇三：欧亨利短篇小说的艺术特色分析
欧亨利短篇小说的艺术特色分析
论文。