A Parallel Plug-in Programming Paradigm

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samples_for_parallel_programming -回复什么是并行编程？并行编程是一种编程方法，用于同时运行多个计算任务以提高程序的执行速度和性能。

它使得程序能够有效地利用多个处理器、内核或计算资源，以在同一时间内完成多个任务。

为什么需要并行编程？随着计算机硬件的发展，一台计算机不再只有单个处理器或核心。

现代计算机往往具有多个处理器或核心，这为程序的并行执行提供了机会。

并行编程可以将任务分解为多个子任务，并使它们在不同的处理器或核心上同时运行，从而提高程序的性能。

什么是并行计算？并行计算是指在多个处理器或核心上同时执行计算任务。

这种计算方式可以加速任务的完成，提高计算性能。

并行计算可以采用多种方法，例如数据并行、任务并行和流水线并行等。

数据并行是指将数据分成多个部分，然后将这些数据部分分配给不同的处理器或核心进行计算。

每个处理器或核心独立地处理自己的数据部分，最后将结果合并。

这种方式适用于需要对大量数据进行计算的任务。

任务并行是指将计算任务分成多个子任务，并将这些子任务分配给不同的处理器或核心进行执行。

每个处理器或核心独立地执行自己的子任务，最后将结果合并。

这种方式适用于需要同时执行多个独立任务的情况。

流水线并行是指将计算任务分成多个阶段，并将每个阶段分配给不同的处理器或核心进行处理。

每个处理器或核心按照一定的顺序执行自己的阶段，然后将结果传递给下一个处理器或核心。

这种方式适用于需要按照一定的顺序进行计算的任务。

并行编程的优势是什么？并行编程的优势在于提高程序的执行速度和性能。

通过将任务并行化，程序能够更有效地利用计算机的硬件资源，从而加速程序的执行。

并行编程还可以解决一些计算问题，如大规模数据处理、复杂模拟和高性能计算等。

并行编程也可以提高程序的可扩展性和灵活性。

随着计算机硬件的发展，我们可以通过增加处理器或核心的数量来提高计算性能。

通过并行编程，程序可以利用这些额外的处理器或核心，从而实现更好的可扩展性。

lect4_华科并行编程课件

10
Limited Concurrency: Amdahl’s Law
Fundamental limitation on parallel speedup If s = fraction of sequential execution that is inherently serial then speedup ≤ 1/s
Physical engine on which process executes Processes virtualize machine to programmer • first write program in terms of processes, then map to processors
Overall Performance
Speedup
i.e. no more than 2
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Parallelizing Phase 2
Trick: divide second phase into two steps
Step 1: accumulate into private sum during sweep Step 2: add per-process private sum into global sum
As programmers, we worry about partitioning first
Usually independent of architecture or programming model But cost and complexity of using primitives may affect decisions
Many time-steps, plenty of concurrency across stars within one

电子信息工程专业英语词汇(精华整理版)

transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极，正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN结MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈，回应phase n 相，阶段，状态filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的domain n 域；领域code n代码，密码，编码v编码the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器single instruction programmer 单指令编程器dedicated manufactures programming unit 专供制造厂用的编程单元beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管neuron n神经元；神经细胞fuzzy adj 模糊的Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序Expert Systems 专家系统Artificial Intelligence 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理electromagnetic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的antenna n天线；触角modeling n建模，造型simulation n 仿真；模拟prototype n 原型array n 排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量wavelet n 微波，小浪sine 正弦cosine 余弦inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v倒转high-performance 高精确性，高性能two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的object-oriented programming面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous TransferModeADSL非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digitalsubscriber lineVDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data ratedigital subscriber lineHDSL高速数据用户线high rate digitalsubscriber lineFDMA频分多址(Frequency Division MultipleAccess)TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access)CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division MultipleAccess)WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(WidebandCode Division Multiple Access)TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous CodeDivision Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据链路控制HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路控制IP/TCP(internet protocol /transfer ControlProtocol)网络传输控制协议ITU (International Telecommunication Union)国际电信联盟ISO国际标准化组织（InternationalStandardization Organization）；OSI开放式系统互联参考模型（Open SystemInterconnect）GSM全球移动通信系统（Global System forMobile Communications）GPRS通用分组无线业务(General Packet RadioService)FDD(frequency division duplex)频分双工TDD(time division duplex)时分双工VPI虚路径标识符（Virtual Path Identifier）；ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network）综合业务数字网IDN综合数字网（integrated digital network）HDTV (high definition television)高清晰度电视DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)离散余弦变换VCI(virtual circuit address)虚通路标识MAN城域网Metropolitan area networksLAN局域网local area networkWAN广域网wide area network同步时分复用STDM Synchronous Time DivisionMultiplexing统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time DivisionMultiplexing单工传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission全双工传输full-duplex transmission交换矩阵Switching Matrix电路交换circuit switching分组交换packet switching报文交换message switching奇偶校验parity checking循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check虚过滤Virtual filter数字滤波digital filtering伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit带宽分配Bandwidth allocation信源information source信宿destination数字化digitalize数字传输技术Digital transmission technology灰度图像Grey scale images灰度级Grey scale level幅度谱Magnitude spectrum相位谱Phase spectrum频谱frequency spectrum智能设备Smart Device软切换Soft handover硬切换Hard Handover相干检测Coherent detection边缘检测Edge detection冲突检测collision detection业务集合service integration业务分离/综合service separation/ integration网络集合network integration环形网Ring networks令牌环网Token Ring network网络终端Network Terminal用户终端user terminal用户电路line circuit电路利用率channel utilization（通道利用率）相关性coherence相干解调coherent demodulation数字图像压缩digital image compression图像编码image encoding有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression解压decompression呼叫控制Call Control误差控制error control存储程序控制stored program control存储转发方式store-and-forward manner语音\视频传输voice\video transmission视频点播video-on-demand(VOD)会议电视Video Conference有线电视cable television量化quantization吞吐量throughput话务量traffic多径分集Multipath diversity多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication多址干扰Multiple Access Interference人机交互man machine interface交互式会话Conversational interaction路由算法Routing Algorithm目标识别Object recognition话音变换Voice transform中继线trunk line传输时延transmission delay远程监控remote monitoring光链路optical link拓扑结构Topology均方根root mean squarewhatsoever=whatever 0switchboard (电话)交换台bipolar （电子）双极的premise （复）房屋，前提cursor (计算机尺的)游标，指导的elapse （时间）经过，消失vaporize （使）蒸发subsystem （系统的）分部，子系统，辅助系统metallic （像）金属的，含金属的，（声音）刺耳的dispatch （迅速）派遣，急件consensus （意见）一致，同意deadline （最后）期限，截止时间tomographic X线体层摄像的alas 唉，哎呀cluster 把…集成一束，一组，一簇，一串，一群encyclopedia 百科全书millionfold 百万倍的semiconductor 半导体radius 半径范围，半径，径向射线half-duplex transmission 半双工传输accompaniment 伴随物，附属物reservation 保留，预定quotation 报价单，行情报告，引语memorandum 备忘录redundancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身；照此；以这种资格textual 本文的，正文的verge 边界variation 变化，变量conversion 变化，转化identity 标识；标志criterion 标准，准则in parallel on 并联到，合并到juxtapose 并置，并列dialing pulse 拨号脉冲wave-guide 波导wavelength division multiplexed 波分复用baud rate 波特率playback 播放（录音带，唱片）no greater than 不大于update 不断改进，使…适合新的要求，更新asymmetric 不对称的irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的inevitably 不可避免的inevitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的segment 部分abrasion 擦伤，磨损deploy 采用，利用，推广应用take the form of 采用…的形式parameter 参数，参量layer 层dope 掺杂FET(field effect transistors) 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钉住，扣住，抓住customize 定做，定制monolithic 独立的，完全统一的aluminize 镀铝strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的substantial 多的，大的，实际上的multi-path fading 多径衰落multi-path 多路，多途径；多路的，多途径的multi-access 多路存取，多路进入multiplex 多路复用multiplex 多路复用的degradation 恶化，降级dioxide 二氧化碳LED(light-emitting-diode) 发光二极管evolution 发展，展开，渐进feedback 反馈，回授dimension 范围，方向，维，元scenario 方案scenario 方案，电影剧本amplifer 放大器noninvasive 非侵略的，非侵害的tariff 费率，关税率；对…征税distributed functional plane(DFP) 分布功能平面DQDB(distributed queue dual bus) 分布式队列双总线hierarchy 分层，层次partition 分成segmentation 分割interface 分界面，接口asunder 分开地，分离地detached 分离的，分开的，孤立的dispense 分配allocate 分配，配给；配给物centigrade 分为百度的，百分度的，摄氏温度的fractal 分形molecule 分子，微小，些微cellular 蜂窝状的cellular 蜂窝状的，格形的，多孔的auxiliary storage(also called secondary storage)辅助存储器decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退negative 负电vicinity 附近，邻近vicinity 附近地区，近处sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的high-frequency(HF) 高频high definition television 高清晰度电视chromium 铬annotate 给…作注解in terms of 根据，按照disclosure 公布，企业决算公开public network 公用网functionality 功能，功能度mercury 汞resonator 共鸣器resonance 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检索，（可）补救verification 检验simplicity 简单，简明film 胶片，薄膜take over 接管，接任ruggedness 结实threshold 界限，临界值with the aid of 借助于，用，通过wire line 金属线路，有线线路coherent 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的，相干的compact 紧密的approximation 近似undertake 进行，从事transistor 晶体管elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安排的vigilant 警戒的，警惕的alcohol 酒精，酒local area networks(LANs) 局域网local-area networks(LANs) 局域网drama 剧本，戏剧，戏剧的演出focus on 聚集在，集中于，注视insulator 绝缘root mean square 均方根uniform 均匀的open-system-interconnection(OSI) 开放系统互连expire 开始无效，满期，终止immunity 抗扰，免除，免疫性take…into account 考虑，重视…programmable industrial automation 可编程工业自动化demountable 可拆卸的tunable 可调的reliable 可靠be likely to 可能，大约，像要videotex video 可视图文电视negligible 可以忽略的aerial 空气的，空中的，无形的，虚幻的；天线broadband 宽（频）带pervasive 扩大的，渗透的tensile 拉力的，张力的romanticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义discrete 离散，不连续ion 离子force 力量；力stereophonic 立体声的continuum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集smart 灵巧的；精明的；洒脱的token 令牌on the other hand 另一方面hexagonal 六边形的，六角形的hexagon 六角形，六边形monopoly 垄断，专利video-clip 录像剪辑aluminum 铝pebble 卵石，水晶透镜forum 论坛，讨论会logical relationships 逻辑关系code book 码本pulse code modulation(PCM) 脉冲编码调制roam 漫步，漫游bps(bits per second) 每秒钟传输的比特ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码susceptible(to) 敏感的，易受…的analog 模拟，模拟量pattern recognition模式识别bibliographic 目录的，文献的neodymium 钕the european telecommunicationstandardization institute(ETSI) 欧洲电信标准局coordinate 配合的，协调的；使配合，调整ratify 批准，认可bias 偏差；偏置deviate 偏离，与…不同spectrum 频谱come into play 其作用entrepreneurial 企业的heuristic methods 启发式方法play a …role(part) 起…作用stem from 起源于；由…发生organic 器官的，有机的，组织的hypothesis 前提front-end 前置，前级potential 潜势的，潜力的intensity 强度coincidence 巧合，吻合，一致scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀inventory 清单，报表spherical 球的，球形的distinguish 区别，辨别succumb 屈服，屈从，死global functional plane(GFP) 全局功能平面full-duplex transmission 全双工传输hologram 全息照相，全息图deficiency 缺乏thermonuclear 热核的artifact 人工制品AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能fusion 熔解，熔化diskettes(also called floppy disk) 软盘sector 扇区entropy 熵uplink 上行链路arsenic 砷neural network 神经网络very-high-frequency(VHF) 甚高频upgrade 升级distortion 失真，畸变identification 识别，鉴定，验明pragmatic 实际的implementation 实施，实现，执行，敷设entity 实体，存在vector quantification 矢量量化mislead 使…误解，给…错误印象，引错vex 使烦恼，使恼火defy 使落空facilitate 使容易，促进retina 视网膜compatible 适合的，兼容的transceiver 收发两用机authorize 授权，委托，允许data security 数据安全性data independence 数据独立data management 数据管理database 数据库database management system(DBMS) 数据库管理信息系统database transaction 数据库事务data integrity 数据完整性，数据一致性attenuation 衰减fading 衰落，衰减，消失dual 双的，二重的transient 瞬时的deterministic 宿命的，确定的algorithm 算法dissipation 损耗carbon 碳diabetes 糖尿病cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的，笨重的razor 剃刀，剃go by the name of 通称，普通叫做commucation session 通信会话traffic 通信业务（量）synchronous transmission 同步传输concurrent 同时发生的，共存的simultaneous 同时发生的，同时做的simultaneous 同时发生的，一齐的coaxial 同轴的copper 铜statistical 统计的，统计学的dominate 统治，支配invest in 投资perspective 透视，角度，远景graphics 图示，图解pictorial 图像的coating 涂层，层deduce 推理reasoning strategies 推理策略inference engine 推理机topology 拓扑结构heterodyne 外差法的peripheral 外界的，外部的，周围的gateway 网关hazardous 危险的microwave 微波（的）microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器microelectronic 微电子nuance 微小的差别（色彩等）encompass 围绕，包围，造成，设法做到maintenance 维护；保持；维修satellite communication 卫星通信satellite network 卫星网络transceiver 无线电收发信机radio-relay transmission 无线电中继传输without any doubt 无疑passive satellite 无源卫星sparse 稀少的，稀疏的downlink 下行链路precursor 先驱，前任visualization 显像feasibility 现实性，可行性linearity 线性度constrain 限制，约束，制约considerable 相当的，重要的geo-stationary 相对地面静止by contrast 相反，而，对比起来coorelation 相关性mutual 相互的mutually 相互的，共同的interconnect 相互连接，互连one after the other 相继，依次minicomputer 小型计算机protocol 协议，草案protocol 协议，规约，规程psycho-acoustic 心理（精神）听觉的；传音的channelization 信道化，通信信道选择run length encoding 行程编码groom 修饰，准备virtual ISDN 虚拟ISDNmultitude 许多，大批，大量whirl 旋转preference 选择，喜欢avalanche 雪崩pursue 寻求，从事interrogation 询问dumb 哑的，不说话的，无声的subcategory 亚类，子种类，子范畴orbital 眼眶；轨道oxygen 氧气，氧元素service switching and control points(SSCPs) 业务交换控制点service control points(SCPs) 业务控制点service control function(SCF) 业务控制功能in concert 一致，一齐handover 移交，越区切换at a rate of 以……的速率in the form of 以…的形式base on…以…为基础yttrium 钇（稀有金属，符号Y）asynchronous transmission 异步传输asynchronous 异步的exceptional 异常的，特殊的voice-grade 音频级indium 铟give rise to 引起，使产生cryptic 隐义的，秘密的hard disk 硬盘hard automation 硬自动化by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备subscriber 用户telex 用户电报PBX(private branch exchange) 用户小交换机或专用交换机be called upon to 用来…，（被）要求…superiority 优势predominance 优势，显著active satellite 有源卫星in comparison with 与…比较comparable to 与…可比preliminary 预备的，初步的premonition 预感，预兆nucleus 原子核valence 原子价circumference 圆周，周围teleprocessing 远程信息处理，遥控处理perspective 远景，前途constrain 约束，强迫mobile 运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车上的convey 运输，传递，转换impurity 杂质impurity 杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯regenerative 再生的improve over 在……基础上改善play important role in 在…中起重要作用in close proximity 在附近，在很近underlying 在下的，基础的in this respect 在这方面entail 遭遇，导致presentation 赠与，图像，呈现，演示narrowband 窄（频）带deploy 展开，使用，推广应用megabit 兆比特germanium 锗positive 正电quadrature 正交orthogonal 正交的quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) 正交幅度调制on the right track 正在轨道上sustain 支撑，撑住，维持，持续outgrowh 支派；长出；副产品dominate 支配，统治knowledge representation 知识表示knowledge engineering 知识工程knowledge base 知识库in diameter 直径helicopter 直升飞机acronym 只取首字母的缩写词as long as 只要，如果tutorial 指导教师的，指导的coin 制造（新字符），杜撰fabrication 制造，装配；捏造事实proton 质子intelligence 智能，智力，信息intelligent network 智能网intermediate 中间的nucleus(pl.nuclei) 中心，核心neutrons 中子terminal 终端，终端设备overlay 重叠，覆盖，涂覆highlight 重要的部分，焦点charge 主管，看管；承载dominant 主要的，控制的，最有力的cylinder 柱面expert system 专家系统private network 专用网络transition 转变，转换，跃迁relay 转播relay 转播，中继repeater 转发器，中继器pursue 追赶，追踪，追求，继续desktop publish 桌面出版ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的；紫外线辐射field 字段vendor 自动售货机，厂商naturally 自然的；天生具备的synthesize 综合，合成integrate 综合，使完全ISDN(intergrated services digital network) 综合业务数字网as a whole 总体上bus network 总线形网crossbar 纵横，交叉impedance 阻抗initial 最初的，开始的optimum 最佳条件appear as 作为…出现A Analog 模拟A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平ABLC Automatic Brightness LimiterCircuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局AC Access Conditions 接入条件Audio Center 音频中心ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中心控制Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增益ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法ACS Access Control System 接入控制系统Advanced Communication Service 高级通信业务Area Communication System 区域通信系统ADC Analog to Digital Converter 模-数转换器Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Line 声延迟线ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasing 音频（声音AEF Automatic Editing Function 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engineering Society 音频工程协会AF Audio Frequency 音频AFA Audio Frequency Amplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic Frequency Coder 音频编码器Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fine Tuning 自动微调Automatic Frequency Track 自动频率跟踪Automatic Frequency Trim 自动额率微调AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Sensor 自动音乐传感装置ANC Automatic Noise Canceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTenna 天线AO Analog Output 模拟输出APS Automatic Program Search 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic Program Pause System自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic Program Search System自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Response 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Control 自动遥控ASCII American Standard Code forInformation Interchange 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic Scanning Tracking 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic Timing Control 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correction 自动音频校正ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Finding 自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系统ATSC Advanced Television SystemsCommittee （美国高级电视制式委员会）***C Automatic Volume Control 自动音量控制***R Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Balance 自动白平衡AZC Automatic Zooming Control 自动变焦控制AZS Automatic Zero Setting 自动调零BA Branch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Binary-Analog Conversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司BBI Beijing Broadcasting Institute 北京广播学院BC Binary Code 二进制码Balanced Current 平衡电流Broadcast Control 广播控制BCT Bandwidth Compression Technique 带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directional Data Bus 双向数据总线BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brillouin Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大器BGM Background Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic Input／Output System 基本输入输出系统B-ISDN Broadband-ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic Information Unit 基本信息单元Bus Interface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Business Management Layer 商务管理层BN Backbone Network 主干网BNT Broadband Network Termination 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输出BPG Basic Pulse Generator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Band Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Standard Institute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Terminal 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadband Terminal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasting Technology Association (日本BTL Balanced Transformer-Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Technical Standard 广播技术标准BTU Basic Transmission Unit 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型(一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式BW BandWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Television 黑白电视CA Conditional Access 条件接收CAC Conditional Access Control 条件接收控制CAL Continuity Accept Limit 连续性接受极限CAS Conditional Access System 条件接收系统Conditional Access Sub-system 条件接收子系统CATV Cable Television 有线电视，电缆电视Community Antenna Television 共用天线电视C*** Constant Angular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasting System （美国哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concentric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chinese Character Generator 中文字幕发生器CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph andTelephone ConsultativeCommittee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR Central Control Room 中心控制室CCTV China Central Television 中国中央电视台Close-Circuit Television 闭路电视CCS Center Central System 中心控制系统CCU Camera Control Unit 摄像机控制器CCW Counter Clock-Wise 反时针方向CD Compact Disc 激光唱片CDA Current Dumping Amplifier 电流放大器CD-E Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDFM Compact Disc 光盘文件管理(程序CDPG Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read OnlyMemory 只读式紧凑光盘CETV China Educational Television 中国教育电视台CF Color Framing 彩色成帧CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CIE Chinese Institute of Electronics 中国电子学会CII China Information Infrastructure 中国信息基础设施CIF Common Intermediate Format 通用中间格式CIS Chinese Industrial Standard 中国工业标准CLV Constant Linear Velocity 恒定线速度CM Colour Monitor 彩色监视器CMTS Cable Modem Termination System线缆调制解调器终端系统CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比CON Console 操纵台Controller 控制器CPB Corporation of Public Broadcasting（美国公共广播公司CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验CRCC CRI Cyclic Redundancy Check Code循环冗余校验码CROM China Radio International 中国国际广播电台CRT Control Read Only Memory 控制只读存储器CS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSC Communication Satellite 通信卫星CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Center Storage Server 中央存储服务器Content Scrambling System 内容加扰系统CSU Channel Service Unit 信道业务单元CT Color Temperature 色温CTC Cassette Tape Controller 盒式磁带控制器Channel Traffic Control 通道通信量控制Counter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路Counter Timer Control 计数器定时器控制CTE Cable Termination Equipment 线缆终端设备Customer Terminal Equipment 用户终端设备CTV Color Television 彩色电视CVD China Video Disc 中国数字视盘CW Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频广播DASH Digital Audio Stationary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base Management System 数据库管理系统DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒带Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制DCT Digital Component Technology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital Color Television 数字彩色电视DD Direct Drive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Monitor 数据显示监视器DES Data Elementary Stream 数据基本码流Data Encryption Standard 美国数据加密标准DF Dispersion Flattened 色散平坦光纤DG Differential Gain 微分增益DI Digital Interface 数字接口DITEC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dynamic Linear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 数字多媒体广播DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技DMS Digital Mastering System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gathering 数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输出总线DOCSIS Data Over Cable ServiceInterface Specifications 有线数据传输业务接口规范DOC Drop Out Compensation 失落补偿DOS Disc Operating System 磁盘操作系统DP Differential Phase 微分相位Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation差值脉冲编码调制DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasting 数字卫星广播DSC Digital Studio Control 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surround Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Down-Stream Key 下游键DSP Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Digital Technique 数字技术Digital Television 数字电视Data Terminal 数据终端Data Transmission 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 数字地面广播DTBC Digital Time-Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DTS Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统Digital Television Standard 数字电视标准DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播DVC Digital Video Compression 数字视频压缩DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播DVTR Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Extension Amplifier 延长放大器EB Electron Beam 电子束EBS Emergency Broadcasting System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correction 误差校正ECN Emergency Communications Network 应急通信网络ECS European Communication Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electronic Data Exchange 电子数据交换EDF Erbium-Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decision List 编辑点清单EDTV Extended Definition Television 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14调制EFP Electronic Field Production 电子现场节目制作EH Ethernet Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivalent Input Noise 等效输入噪声EIS Electronic Information System 电子信息系统EISA Extended Industrial Standard Architecture 扩展工业标准总线EL Electro-Luminescent 场致发光EM Error Monitoring 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electronic News Gathering 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Point 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emergency Power Supply 应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Elementary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲空间局ETV Education Television 教育电视FA Enhanced Television 增强电视FABM FAS Facial Animation 面部动画FC Fiber Amplifier Booster Module 光纤放大器增强模块Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Frequency Changer 变频器FCC Fiber Channel 光纤通道FD Film Composer 电影编辑系统Federal Communications Commission 美国联邦通信委员会FDCT Frequency Divider 分频器FDDI FDM Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDP Forward Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦正变换FE Fiber Distributed Data Interface 分布式光纤数据接口Frequency-Division Multiplexing 频分复用FF Fiber Distribution Point 光纤分配点FG Front End 前端FH Framing Error 成帧误差FIT Fast Forward 快进FN Frequency Generator 频率发生器FOA Frequency Hopping 跳频FOC Frame-Interline Transfer 帧一行间转移Fiber Node 光纤节点Fiber Optic Amplifier 光纤放大器FOM Fiber Optic Cable 光缆FON Fiber Optic Communications 光纤通信FOS Fiber Optic Coupler 光纤耦合器FOTC Fiber Optic Modem 光纤调制解调器FS Fiber Optic Net 光纤网Factor of Safety 安全系数Fiber Optic Trunk Cable 光缆干线FT Frame Scan 帧扫描Store 帧存储器FTTB Frame Synchro 帧同步机FTTC France Telecom 法国电信Absorber Circuit 吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter 交交变频电路AC power control交流电力控制AC Power Controller交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper升压斩波电路Boost Converter升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper降压斩波电路Buck Converter降压变换器Commutation换流Conduction Angle导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM（电流）连续模式Control Circuit 控制电路Cuk Circuit CUK 斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI 电流（源）型逆变电路Cyclo convertor周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter直交直电路DC Chopping直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter直流－直流变换器Device Commutation器件换流Direct Current Control直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode （电流）断续模式displacement factor 位移因数distortion power 畸变功率double end converter 双端电路driving circuit 驱动电路electrical isolation 电气隔离fast acting fuse 快速熔断器fast recovery diode快恢复二极管fast revcovery epitaxial diodes 快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor场控晶闸管flyback converter 反激电流forced commutation 强迫换流forward converter 正激电路frequency converter 变频器full bridge converter全桥电路full bridge rectifier 全桥整流电路full wave rectifier 全波整流电路fundamental factor基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO 可关断晶闸管general purpose diode 普通二极管giant transistor——GTR 电力晶体管half bridge converter 半桥电路hard switching 硬开关high voltage IC 高压集成电路hysteresis comparison 带环比较方式indirect current control间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power module---IPM智能功率模块integrated gate-commutated thyristor---IGCT集成门极换流晶闸管inversion 逆变latching effect 擎住效应leakage inductance 漏感light triggered thyristor---LTT光控晶闸管line commutation 电网换流load commutation 负载换流loop current 环流1 backplane 背板2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考3 bench top supply 工作台电源4 Block Diagram 方块图5 Bode Plot 波特图6 Bootstrap 自举7 Bottom FET Bottom FET8 bucket capacitor 桶形电容9 chassis 机架11 constant current source 恒流源12 Core Saturation 铁芯饱和13 crossover frequency 交叉频率14 current ripple 纹波电流15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期16 cycle skipping 周期跳步17 Dead Time 死区时间18 DIE Temperature 核心温度19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断20 dominant pole 主极点21 Enable 使能，有效，启用22 ESD Rating ESD额定值23 Evaluation Board 评估板24 Exceeding the specifications below mayresult in permanent damage to the device, ordevice malfunction. Operation outside of theparameters specified in the ElectricalCharacteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。

Lattice Semiconductor 产品选择指南：FPGA、CPLD、混合信号等 - 201

PRODUCT SELECTOR GUIDE2012FPGA • CPLD • MIXED SIGNAL • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY • DEVELOPMENT KITS • DESIGN TOOLSCONTENTS■A dvanced Packaging (4)■F PGA Products (6)■CPLD Products (8)■Power Management and Clock Management Products (8)■Intellectual Property and Reference Designs (10)■Development Kits and Evaluation Boards (14)■P rogramming Hardware (18)■FPGA and CPLD Design Software (19)■PAC-Designer® Design Software (19)Page 2Affordable InnovationLattice Semiconductor is committed to delivering value through innovative low cost, low power solutions.We’re innovating every day to drive down costs and deliver greater value. From cost sensitive consumerelectronics to leading edge communications equipment, designers are using Lattice products in a growingnumber of applications. We’ve shipped over a billion devices to customers worldwide and we understandthat we must deliver cost effective solutions and excellent service in order to succeed.Low Density and Ultra-Low Density FPGAsWe are committed to providing design engineers with the low cost and low power solutions they needto implement their designs quickly, easily and affordably. Lattice FPGA solutions offer unique features,low power, and excellent value for FPGA designs. Our low density LatticeECP3™ family is comprisedof the lowest power, SERDES-enabled FPGAs in the market today, and is ideally suited for deploymentin high volume cost- and power-sensitive wireless and wireline infrastructure, video camera and displayapplications. Our ultra-low density, low cost and low power iCE40™ and MachXO2™ FPGA familiesare ideal for applications ranging from glue logic and bridging to instant-on system control and flexibleI/O expansion. From mobile handsets to leading-edge telecommunications infrastructure, Lattice offerssolutions that minimize cost and power while maximizing value.Power Management and Clock ManagementOur Platform Manager™, Power Manager II and ispClock™ mixed signal product families feature acombination of programmable logic and programmable analog circuitry that allows system designersto reduce system cost and design time. These innovative products provide a fast and easy solution forintegrating a wide range of power and clock management functions within a single integrated circuit. Theseproducts can replace numerous discrete components, reducing cost and conserving board space, whileproviding users with additional design flexibility and time-to-market benefits.Software and Intellectual PropertyOur Lattice Diamond® development tool suite, iCEcube2™ design software, PAC-Designer software, and IPcore program allow design engineers to easily customize our devices for their unique system requirements.Lattice Diamond software tools enable users to synthesize a design, perform analysis, debug, anddownload a logic configuration to our FPGA devices, while iCEcube2 software supports our iCE40 family ofFGPAs. PAC-Designer software is used in the design of our mixed signal products.Our IP core program, LatticeCORE™, provides pre-tested, reusable functions, allowing designers to focuson their unique system architectures. These IP cores provide industry-standard functions including PCIExpress, DDR, Ethernet, CPRI, Serial RapidIO 2.1, SPI4, and embedded microprocessors. In addition, anumber of independent IP providers have teamed with Lattice to offer additional high quality, reusable IPcores. Partners are selected for their industry leadership, high development standards, and commitment tocustomer support.Page 3Page 4Organic Flip Chip BGAFine Pitch BGA1704-BallOrganic fcBGA 42.5 x 42.5 mm 3.25 mm height 1.00 mm pitch1020-BallOrganic fcBGA Revision 233 x 33 mm 3.25 mm height 1.00 mm pitch1152-Ball fpBGA 1156-Ball fpBGA 35 x 35 mm 2.60 mm height 1.00 mm pitc h900-Ball fpBGA 31 x 31 mm 2.60 mm height 1.00 mm pitch672-Ball fpBGA 27 x 27 mm 2.60 mm height 1.00 mm pitch484-Ball fpBGA 23 x 23 mm 2.60 mm height 1.00 mm pitch324-Ball ftBGA 19 x 19 mm 1.70 mm height 1.00 mm pitch256-Ball ftBGA 17 x 17 mmOption 1: 1.55 mm height Option 2: 2.10 mm height Option 3: 1.70 mm height 1.00 mm pitch 256-Ball caBGA 14 x 14 mm 1.70 mm height 0.80 mm pitch332-Ball caBGA 17 x 17 mm 2.00 mm height 0.80 mm pitch208-Ball ftBGA 17 x 17 mm 1.55 mm height 1.00 mm pitch256-Ball fpBGA 17 x 17 mm 2.10 mm height1.00 mm pitchFine Pitch BGAChip Array BGANote: Packages shown actual size. Height specification is max.Page 5208-Pin PQFP 28 x 28 mm (body)4.10 mm height 0.50 mm pitch176-Pin TQFP 24 x 24 mm (body)1.60 mm height 0.50 mm pitch144-Pin TQFP 20 x 20 mm (body)1.60 mm height 0.50 mm pitch100-Pin VQFP 14 x 14 mm (body)1.2 mm height 0.50 mm pitch100-Pin TQFP 128-Pin TQFP 14 x 14 mm (body)1.6 mm height0.50 mm pitch (100 TQFP)0.40 mm pitch (128 TQFP )44-Pin TQFP10 x 10 mm (body)1.20 mm height 1.60 mm height 0.80 mm pitch 48-Pin TQFP 7 x 7 mm (body)1.20 mm height 1.60 mm height0.50 mm pitchVQFP/TQFP/PQFP64-Pin QFNS 9 x 9 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 100-Ball csBGA 8 x 8 mm1.35 mm height 0.50 mm pitch132-Ball csBG A 8 x 8 mmOption 1: 1.35 mm heightOption 2: 1.00 mm height (iCE40)0.50 mm pitch 184-Ball csBG A 8 x 8 mm1.35 mm height 0.50 mm pitch284-Ball csBGA 12 x 12 mm 1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 328-Ball csBGA 10 x 10 mm 1.50 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 132-Ball ucBGA 6 x 6 mm1.00 mm height 0.40 mm pitch 25-Ball WLCSP2.5 x 2.5 mm 0.62 mm height 0.40 mm pitch84-Pin QFNS 7 x 7 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 48-Pin QFNS 7 x 7 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch144-Ball csBGA 7 x 7 mm1.10 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 64-Ball ucBGA 4 x 4 mm1.00 mm height 0.40 mm pitch 32-Pin QFNS 5 x 5 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 32-Pin QFN 5 x 5 mm0.60 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 56-Ball csBGA 6 x 6 mm1.35 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 81-Ball csBGA 5 x 5 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 225-Ball ucBGA 7 x 7 mm1.00 mm height 0.40 mm pitch 24-Pin QFNS 4 x 4 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch64-Ball csBGA 5 x 5 mm1.10 mm height 0.50 mm pitch121-Ball csBGA 6 x 6 mm1.00 mm height 0.50 mm pitch 121-Ball ucBGA 5 x 5 mm1.00 mm height 0.40 mm pitch 81-Ball ucBGA 4 x 4 mm1.00 mm height 0.40 mm pitch 49-Ball ucBGA 3 x 3 mm1.00 mm height 0.40 mm pitch 36-Ball ucBGA2.5 x 2.5 mm 1.00 mm height0.40 mm pitchQFNS / QFNChip Scale BGAUltra Chip Scale BGAWafer Level Chip ScaleNote: Packages shown actual size. Height specification is max.NEWiCE40™Page 6Page 71) Pb-free only.ispClock ProductsPage 8Platform Manager and Power Manager II Device Selector Guide* ispPAC-POWR1014A OnlyPage 9LatticeCORE IP CoresThe following is a partial listing of LatticeCORE IP, for a complete listing of IP cores from Lattice and its 3rd party partners, please go to /ip.1. LatticeSCM™ MACO®-based IP cores are not included in this table.Page 10IP SuitesLattice IP Suites provide many of the functions required to develop a total solution for common FPGA applications. In addition, multipleLattice FPGA families are supported with each IP Suite, so designers can develop solutions across multiple Lattice families, taking advantage of the best features of each. The following table summarizes which IP cores are included in each IP Suite, and which FPGA families are supported.Page 11Page 12Page 13Page 14Features- Power connections and power sources - ispVM™ programming support- On-board and external reference clock sources• Available on Windows and Linux platforms • Software and IP with a 60-day license (Windows or Linux)• Variety of demos • USB download cable• Comprehensive Image Processing IP Library • On-board Broadcom ® Broadreach™ PHY Enables IP over Coax• On-board FTDI Chip provides easy programming via low cost USB cable- Gigabit Ethernet MAC Demo using Mico32- DDR3 Memory Controller Demo• Available on Windows and Linux platforms • USB A to USB B (Mini) Cable for FPGA Programming via a PC• 12V AC Power Adapter and International Plug Adapters•QuickSTART GuideFeaturesFeaturesFeaturesLatticeECP3 Versa Development KitHDR-60 Video Camera Development KitLatticeECP3 PCI Express Development KitLatticeXP2 Brevia2 Development Kit• LatticeECP3 PCI Express x1/x4 Solutions Board- PCI Express x1 and x4 edge connector interfaces- On-board Boot Flash- Both Serial SPI Flash and Parallel Flash via MachXO programming bridge - Shows interoperation with a highperformance DDR2 memory component - Switches, LEDs, displays for demo purposes- Input connection for lab-power supply• FPGA-based Image Signal Processing• Fully Production-Ready HDR Camera Design • 1080p Capable @ 60 frames per second• Supports up to 16 Megapixel Sensors • Supports up to two sensors simultaneously • Full 60fps in streaming mode needs no external frame buffer• Fast Auto Exposure Instantly Adjust to Changing Light• Greater than 120 dB High Dynamic Range (HDR) Performance• Direct HDMI/DVI output from FPGA • Extremely Low-Latency• The LatticeECP3 Versa Evaluation Board:- PCI Express 1.1 x1 Edge Connector Interface- Two Gigabit Ethernet Ports (RJ45)- 4 SMA Connectors for SERDES Access - USB Mini for FPGA Programming- LatticeECP3 FPGA: LFE3-35EA-FF484- 64 Mbit Serial Flash memory - 1 Gbit DDR3 Memory- 14-segment alpha-numeric display - Switches and LEDs for demos - SERDES Eye Quality Demo - 4 PCI Express Demos• LatticeXP2 FPGA: LFXP2-5E-6TN144C • 2 Mbit SPI Flash Memory • 1 Mbit SRAM• Programmed via included mini-USB Cable • 2x20 and 2x5 Expansion Headers• Push buttons for General Purpose I/O and Reset• 4-bit DIP Switch for user-defined inputs • 8 Status LEDs for user-defined outputsDevelop PCIe-based platforms using a low-cost, low-power SERDES-basedFPGA with proprietary and Lattice provided designs.A fully production ready High Dynamic Range (HDR) camera, designed to fit into commercially available camera housings. Supports full 1080p resolution at 60 frames per second in streaming mode through the FPGA, without the need for an external frame buffer.Industry’s lowest cost platform for design-ing PCI Express and Gigabit Ethernet based systems. The kit includes free demos and reference designs.Easy-to-use, low-cost platform for evaluat-ing and designing with LatticeXP2 FPGAs.Page 15FeaturesFeaturesiCEblink40 Evaluation KitMachXO2 Pico Development KitMachXO2 Control Development Kit• Two versions:- High Performance: iCE40HX1K-VQ100 - Low Power: iCE40LP1K-QN84• Powered by USB input• 1Mbit SPI PROM (enough for two iCE40HX1K images using WarmBoot)• Four capacitive-touch buttons (requires FPGA logic)• Four user LEDs• Dual PMOD header compatible with Digilent PMOD boards (6x2 header)• MachXO2 LCMXO2-1200ZE• 4-character 16-segment LCD display • 4 capacitive touch sense buttons • 1 Mbit SPI Flash• I 2C temperature sensor• Current and voltage sensor circuits • Expansion header for JTAG, I 2C• Standard USB cable for device programming and I 2C communication• RS-232/USB & JTAG/USB interface• RoHS-compliant packaging and process• MachXO2 LCMXO2-4000HC• Power Manager II ispPAC-POWR1014A • 128Mbit LPDDR memory, 4Mbit SPI Flash • Current and voltage sensor circuits • SD memory card socket • Microphone• Audio Amplifier and Delta-Sigma ADC• Up to two DVI sources and one DVI output.• Up to two Display Inputs (7:1 LVDS) and one Display Output (7:1 LVDS)• Audio output channel• Expansion header for JTAG, SPI, I 2C and PLD I/Os.• 3.33 MHz oscillator (can be modified to support 33.33 MHz or 333 kHz)• 1.2V and 3.3V power supplies• All iCE40HX1K I/O available on headers or 0.1” through-holes• Watch battery• QuickSTART Guide• LEDs & switches• Standard USB cable for device programming • RS-232/USB & JTAG/USB interface• RoHS-compliant packaging and process • AC adapter (international plugs)• QuickSTART Guide31, 2012. Standard list price: $39.MachXO Control Development Kit FeaturesMachXO Pico Dev. Kit & MachXO Control Dev. Kit• Preloaded Control SoC Demo • MachXO LCMXO2280• Power Manager II ispPAC-POWR1014A• 2Mbit SPI Flash & 1Mbit SRAM • I 2C temperature sensor • Current and voltage sensor circuits • On-board fan • Interface to 16 x 2 LCD panel*• SD memory and Compact Flash memory card sockets*• Audio output channel• Expansion header for SPI & I 2C • LEDs & switches• Standard USB cable for device programming and I 2C communication • RS-232/USB & JTAG/USB interface • 3” x 1” prototyping area • RoHS-compliant packaging and process * LCD panel and SD/Compact Flash memory not included in the development kit MachXO Mini Development Kit Features• MachXO PLD: LCMXO2280C-4TN144C• 2 Mbit SPI Flash memory • 1 Mbit SRAM• I 2C temperature sensor • USB mini jack sockets for power, JTAG programming, and RS-232 debugging • 2X16 header for off-board expansion provides access to top and right side MachXO banks• Push-buttons for sleep mode and reset• 4-bit DIP switch to user-defined inputs • ADC/DAC circuit • Sleep circuit• 8 LEDs for user-defined outputs• RoHS-compliant packaging and process• Two USB connector cables • QuickSTART GuidePage 16FeaturesFeaturesFeaturesPower Manager II Hercules Development KitProcessorPM Development KitPlatform Manager Development Kit• The Standard Edition Hercules DevelopmentKit features the following:- Preloaded Board Digital ManagementDemo- Hercules Standard Edition eval board- Power Manager II ispPAC-POWR1220AT8 and MachXOLCMXO2280 PLD• The Advanced Edition Hercules DevelopmentKit features the following:- Preloaded Board Digital ManagementDemo- Hercules Advanced Edition evaluationboard with CompactPCI headers- Power Manager II ispPAC-POWR1220AT8 and MachXOLCMXO2280 PLD- Backplane accessory evaluation boardand power supply for live hot-swap• AC adapter (international plugs)• USB Connector Cable• RoHS-compliant packaging and process• Pre-configured Processor Support Demo• ProcessorPM-POWR605• Power Manager II POWR6AT6• 3.3V, 2.5V, and 1.8V supply rails• LEDs• Slide potentiometer• 2x14 expansion header• USB mini jack socket (program/power)• 2 Push-Buttons• Preloaded Power Management Demo• LPTM10-12107, Platform Manager, 208-ballftBGA package• 35mm slide pots to emulate supply railvariations• Pads for user I/O, LED, and switches• JTAG and I2C interface headers• USB Cable• 4-Bit DIP Switch• JTAG and I2C Header Landings• RoHS-compliant packaging and process• USB connector cable• QuickSTART Guide• AC adapter with international plugs• Programmable with ispVM System software• QuickSTART GuideVersatile, ready to use hardware platformsfor evaluating and designing with PowerManager II devices. A Standard and Ad-vanced Edition of each kit is available.Versatile, ready-to-use hardware platformfor evaluating and designing with Proces-sorPM power management devices.A versatile, ready-to-use hardware plat-form for evaluating and designing withPlatform Manager devices.Features:Breakout Board Evaluation Kits•Preprogrammed with hardware test programLCMXO2-1200ZE-1TG144C PLD (MachXO2Breakout Board), LCMXO2280C-FTN256CPLD (MachXO2280 Breakout Board),POWR1014A-02TN48I (POWR1014ABreakout Board), or LC4256ZE-TN144C CPLD(ispMACH 4256ZE Breakout Board)• LEDs•Expansion Header LandingsBreakout Board Evaluation Kits for selectMachXO2, MachXO, ispMACH 4000ZE,Power Manager II devices offer convenienthardware evaluations by providing easyhand-access to PLD I/Os.•Prototyping Area•USB Mini Jack Socket (Program/Power)•JTAG Header Landing•RoHS-compliant packaging and process•USB connector cableFeaturesispMACH 4000ZE Pico Development Kit• Pre-programmed Pico Power Demo• ispMACH 4000ZE device(LC4256ZE-5MN144C)• Power Manager II device(ispPAC-POWR6AT6-01SN32I)• LCD panel• USB mini jack socket for power, JTAGprogramming, and I2C interface• 2X15 header landing for off-board expansionprovides access to LC4256ZE GPIOs,POWR6AT6 VMON inputs, I2C, and JTAG chain• Push-button for global reset• 4-bit DIP switch to user-defined inputs• 3.3V and 2.5V supply rails• Current and voltage sensor circuits• Battery or USB power source• RoHS-compliant packaging and process• Marked for CE, China RoHS Environmental-Friendly Use Period (EFUP) and WasteElectrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)Directives• One USB connector cable• QuickSTART GuideBattery-powered, low-cost platform toaccelerate the evaluation of ispMACH4000ZE CPLDs.Page 17Programming HardwarePage 18PAC-Designer — Mixed-Signal Design SoftwarePage 19Technical SupportUSA & Canada: 1-800-LATTICE (528-8423)For other locations: +1-503-268-8001PLDTechnicalandSoftware:***************************MixedSignal:***********************Additionally, customers can receive technical support for Lattice’s Programmable Logic Products from our Asia based applications group, by contacting Lattice Asia applications during the hours of 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Beijing Time (CST) +0800 UTC (Chinese and English language only).Asia: +86-21-52989090********************************Corporate HeadquartersLattice Semiconductor Corporation 5555 Northeast Moore CourtHillsboro, Oregon 97124-6421 USA Telephone: +1-503-268-8000Facsimile: +1-503-268-8347Web: Software LicensingEmail:************************Web: /licensing/index.cfmCopyright © 2012 Lattice Semiconductor Corporation. All brand names or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Lattice Semiconductor Corporation, L Lattice Semiconductor Corporation (logo), L (stylized), L (design), Lattice (design), Lattice Diamond, LSC, E 2CMOS, FlashBAK, flexiFLASH, flexiMAC, flexiPCS, FreedomChip, GAL, GDX, Generic Array Logic, HDL Explorer, iCE40, iCEblink, iCEcube2, IPexpress, ISP , ispATE, ispClock, ispDOWNLOAD, ispGAL, ispGDS, ispGDX, ispGDXV, ispGDX2, ispGENERATOR, ispJTAG, ispLeverCORE, ispLSI, ispMACH, ispPAC, ispTURBO, ispVIRTUAL MACHINE, ispVM, ispXP , ispXPGA, ispXPLD, LatticeCORE, LatticeECP3, LatticeECP2, LatticeECP2M, LatticeECP , LatticeECP-DSP , LatticeMico, LatticeMico8, LatticeMico32, LatticeSC, LatticeSCM, LatticeXP , LatticeXP2, MACH, MachXO, MachXO2, MACO, ORCA, PAC, PAC-Designer, PAL, Performance Analyst, Platform Manager, ProcessorPM, PURESPEED, Reveal, Silicon Forest, Speedlocked, Speed Locking, sysCLOCK, sysCONFIG, sysDSP , sysHSI, sysI/O, sysMEM, The Simple Machine for Complex Design, TransFR, UltraMOS, and specific product designations are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Lattice Semiconductor Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. ISP is a service mark of Lattice Semiconductor Corporation.October 2012 • Order #: I0211K。

电子类专业英语词汇大全

operating temperature range,工作温度范围
operating time,工作时间
operational amplifier,运算放大器
operational reliability,运行可靠性
operational research model,运筹学模型
operational unit,运算器
ocean bottom seismograph,海底地震仪
ocean date station,浮标站
oceanographic geological instrument,海洋地质仪器
oceanographic instrumentation,海洋仪器
oceanographic measuring system,海洋测量系统
operations research,运筹学
operative limits,极限工作条件
operator,操作员
operator command,操作员命令
operator's console,操作员操纵台
operator's station,操作员站
optic fiber displacement meter,光纤式位移计
output feedback,输出反馈
output fluctuation,输出波动
output force or torque stability,输出激振力或力矩的稳定性
output impedance,输出阻抗
output impedance of microphone,传声器输出阻抗
one-third octave filter,1/3倍频程滤波器

最完整的计算机中的常用英语单词大全

AActive-matrix主动距陈Adaptercards适配卡Advancedapplication高级应用Analyticalgraph分析图表Analogsignals模拟信号Applets程序Asynchronouscommunicationsport异步通信端口Attachment附件BBarcode条形码Barcodereader条形码读卡器Basicapplication基础程序Binarycodingschemes二进制译码方案Binarysystem二进制系统Bit比特CCables连线Cell单元箱Chainprinter链式打印机Characterandrecognitiondevice字符标识识别设备Chart图表Chassis支架Chip芯片Clarity清晰度CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道Chatgroup谈话群组chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)]氯氟甲烷Client客户端Coaxialcable同轴电缆coldsite冷战Commerceservers商业服务器Communicationchannel信道Communicationsystems信息系统CompactdiscrewritableConnectiondevice连接设备Connectivity连接Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人cookies-cutterprograms信息记录截取程序cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手cumulativetraumadisorder积累性损伤错乱Cybercash电子现金Cyberspace计算机空间cynic愤世嫉俗者Digitalnotebooks数字笔记本Digitalbideocamera数码摄影机Discrete-speechrecognitionsystem不连续语言识别系统Document文档documentfiles文档文件Dot-matrixprinter点矩阵式打印机Dual-scanmonitor双向扫描显示器Dumbterminal非智能终端datasecurity数据安全Datatransmissionspecifications数据传输说明disasterrecoveryplan灾难恢复计划Diskcaching磁盘驱动器高速缓存Diskette磁盘Disk磁碟Distributeddataprocessingsystem分部数据处理系统Distributedprocessing分布处理Domaincode域代码Downloading下载DVD数字化通用磁盘DVD-R可写DVDDVD-RAMDVD随机存取器electroniccommerce电子商务electroniccommunicationsprivacyactof1986电子通信隐私法案encrypting加密术energystar能源之星Enterprisecomputing企业计算化environment环境Erasableopticaldisks可擦除式光盘ergonomics人类工程学ethics道德规范Externalmodem外置调制解调器extranet企业外部网Flat-panelmonitor纯平显示器floppydisk软盘Formattingtoolbar格式化工具条Formula公式Function函数faircreditreportingactof1970公平信用报告法案Fiber-opticcable 光纤电缆 Filecompression 文件压缩 Filedecompression 文件解压缩filter 过滤greenpc 绿色个人计算机Hhandheldcomputer 手提电脑Hardcopy 硬拷贝 harddisk 硬盘 hardware 硬件 Help 帮助Hostcomputer 主机 Homepage 主页Hyperlink 超链接 hacker 黑客Half-duplexcommunication 半双通通信Harddisk 硬盘Hard-diskcartridge 硬盘盒 Hard-diskpack 硬盘组 Headcrash 磁头碰撞header 标题helpdeskspecialist 帮助办公专家 helperapplications 帮助软件 Hierarchicalnetwork 层次型网络informationpushers 信息推送器initializing 初始化 instantmessaging 计时信息 internalharddisk 内置硬盘 Internalmodem 内部调制解调器 Internetharddrive 网络硬盘驱动器intranet 企业内部网Jjoystick 操纵杆Kkeywordsearch关键字搜索Llaserprinter激光打印机Layoutfiles版式文件Magnetictapereels磁带卷Magnetictapestreamers磁带条mailinglist邮件列表Mediumband媒质带宽metasearchengine整合搜索引擎Microwave微波Modem解调器Modulation解调NNetPC网络计算机Networkadaptercard网卡Networkpersonalcomputer网络个人电脑Networkterminal网络终端Notebookcomputer笔记本电脑Notebooksystemunit笔记本系统单元Numericentry数字输入na?ve天真的人nationalinformationinfrastructureprotec tionactof1996国际信息保护法案nationalserviceprovider全国性服务供应商Networkarchitecture网络体系结构Networkbridge网桥Parallelports并行端口Passive-matrix被动矩阵PCcard个人计算机卡Personallaserprinter个人激光打印机Personalvideorecordercard个人视频记录卡Photoprinter照片打印机Pixel像素Platformscanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪Plugandplay即插即用Plug-inboards插件卡Pointer指示器Pointingstick指示棍Port端口Portablescanner便携式扫描仪Presentationfiles演示文稿Presentationgraphics电子文稿程序Primarystorage主存Procedures规程Processor处理机Programmingcontrollanugage程序控制语言Packets数据包Paralleldatatransmission平行数据传输Resolution分辨率Row行Read-only只读Reformatting重组regionalserviceprovider区域性服务供应商repetitivemotioninjury反复性动作损伤reversedirectory反向目录righttofinancialprivacyactof1979财产隐私法案Ringnetwork环形网络SScanner扫描器Search查找Secondarystoragedevice助存储设备Semiconductor半导体Serialports串行端口Server服务器Sharedlaserprinter共享激光打印机Sheet表格Siliconchip硅片snoopware监控软件softwarecopyrightactof1980软件版权法案softwarepiracy软件盗版Solid-statestorage固态存储器specializedsearchengine专用搜索引擎spiders网页爬虫spike尖峰电压Starnetwork星型网Strategy方案subject主题subscriptionaddress预定地址Superdisk超级磁盘surfing网上冲浪surgeprotector浪涌保护器systemsanalyst系统分析师TTable二维表Telephony电话学Televisionboards电视扩展卡Terminal终端usenet世界性新闻组网络VVirtualmemory虚拟内存Videodisplayscreen视频显示屏Voicerecognitionsystem声音识别系统verticalportal纵向门户videoprivacyprotectionactof1988视频隐私权保护法案viruschecker病毒检测程序virus病毒Voiceband音频带宽Volatilestorage易失性存储voltagesurge冲击性电压WWandreader条形码读入Web网络Webappliance环球网设备worldwideweb万维网worm蠕虫病毒Write-protectnotch写保护口其他缩写DVDdigitalbersatile数字化通用光盘ITingormationtechnology信息技术CDcompactdisc压缩盘PDApersonaldigitalassistant个人数字助理RAMrandomaccessmemory随机存储器WWWWorldWideWeb万维网DBMSdatabasemanagementsystem数据库管理系统HTMLHypertextMarkupLanguage超文本标示语言OLEobjectlinkingandembedding对象链接潜入SQLstructuredquerylanguage结构化查询语言URLuniformresouicelocator统一资源定位器AGPacceleratedgraphicsport加速图形接口OCRoptical-characterrecognition光电字符识别器OMRoptical-markrecognition光标阅读器TFTthinfilmtransistormonitor薄膜晶体管显示器其他Zipdisk压缩磁盘Domainnamesystem（DNS）域名服务器filetransferprotocol(FTP)文件传送协议hypertextmarkuplanguage(HTML)超文本链接标识语言Localareanetwork（LAN）局域网internetrelaychat(IRC)互联网多线交谈Metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)城域网Networkoperationsystem(NOS)网络操作系统uniformresourcelocator(URL)统一资源定位器Wideareanetwork(WAN)广域网。

电脑部件单词

1PC：个人计算机Personal Computer ·CPU：中央处理器Central Processing Unit·CPU Fan：中央处理器的“散热器”(Fan)·MB：主机板MotherBoard·RAM：内存Random Access Memory，以PC-代号划分规格，如PC-133，PC-1066，PC-2700·HDD：硬盘Hard Disk Drive·FDD：软盘Floopy Disk Drive·CD-ROM：光驱Compact Disk Read Only Memory ·DVD-ROM：DVD光驱Digital Versatile Disk Read Only Memory·CD-RW：刻录机Compact Disk ReWriter·VGA：显示卡(显示卡正式用语应为Display Card) ·AUD：声卡(声卡正式用语应为Sound Card) ·LAN：网卡(网卡正式用语应为Network Card) ·MODM：数据卡或调制解调器Modem·HUB：集线器·WebCam：网络摄影机·Capture：影音采集卡·Case：机箱·Power：电源·Moniter：屏幕，CRT为显像管屏幕，LCD为液晶屏幕·USB：通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus，用来连接外围装置·IEEE1394：新的高速序列总线规格Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers·Mouse：鼠标，常见接口规格为PS/2与USB ·KB：键盘，常见接口规格为PS/2与USB ·Speaker：喇叭·Printer：打印机·Scanner：扫描仪·UPS：不断电系统·IDE：指IDE接口规格Integrated Device Electronics，IDE接口装置泛指采用IDE接口的各种设备·SCSI：指SCSI接口规格Small Computer System Interface，SCSI接口装置泛指采用SCSI接口的各种设备·GHz：(中央处理器运算速度达)Gega赫兹/每秒·FSB：指“前端总线(Front Side Bus)”频率，以MHz为单位·ATA：指硬盘传输速率ATAttachment，ATA-133表示传输速率为133MB/sec ·AGP：显示总线Accelerated GraphicsPort，以2X，4X，8X表示传输频宽模式·PCI：外围装置连接端口Peripheral ComponentInterconnect·ATX：指目前电源供应器的规格，也指主机板标准大小尺寸·BIOS：硬件(输入/输出)基本设置程序Basic Input Output System·CMOS：储存BIOS基本设置数据的记忆芯片Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor ·POST：开机检测Power On Self Test·OS：操作系统Operating System·Windows：窗口操作系统，图形接口·DOS：早期文字指令接口的操作系统·fdisk：“规划硬盘扇区”-DOS指令之一·format：“硬盘扇区格式化”-DOS指令之一·setup.exe：“执行安装程序”-DOS指令之一·Socket：插槽，如CPU插槽种类有SocketA，Socket478等等·Pin：针脚，如ATA133硬盘排线是80Pin，如PC2700内存模块是168Pin·Jumper：跳线(短路端子)·bit：位(0与1这两种电路状态)，计算机数据最基本的单位·Byte：字节，等于8 bit(八个位的组合，共有256种电路状态)，计算机一个文字以8 bit来表示·KB：等于1024 Byte·MB：等于1024 KB·GB：等于1024 MBActive-matrix主动距陈Adapter cards适配卡Advanced application高级应用Analytical graph分析图表Analyze分析Animations动画Application software 应用软件Arithmetic operations算术运算Audio-output device音频输出设备Access time存取时间access存取accuracy准确性ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件Add-ons附软件Address地址Agents代理Analog signals模拟信号Applets程序Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口Attachment附件BBar code条形码Bar code reader条形码读卡器Basic application基础程序Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案Binary system二进制系统Bit比特Browser浏览器Bus line总线Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元Bandwidth带宽Bluetooth蓝牙Broadband宽带Browser浏览器Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务Business-to-consumer企业对消费者Bus总线CCables连线Cell单元箱Chain printer链式打印机Character and recognition device字符标识识别设备Chart图表Chassis支架Chip芯片Clarity清晰度Closed architecture封闭式体系结构Column列Combination key结合键computer competency计算机能力connectivity连接，结点Continuous-speech recognition system连续语言识别系统Control unit操纵单元Cordless or wireless mouse无线鼠标Cable modems有线调制解调器carpal tunnel syndrome腕骨神经综合症CD-ROM可记录光盘CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道Chat group谈话群组chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) ]氯氟甲烷Client客户端Coaxial cable同轴电缆cold site冷战Commerce servers商业服务器Communication channel信道Communication systems信息系统Compact disc rewritableCompact disc光盘computer abuse amendments act of 19941994计算机滥用法案computer crime计算机犯罪computer ethics计算机道德computer fraud and abuse act of 1986计算机欺诈和滥用法案computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988计算机查找和隐私保护法案Computer network计算机网络computer support specialist计算机支持专家computer technician计算机技术人员computer trainer计算机教师Connection device连接设备Connectivity连接Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手cumulative trauma disorder积累性损伤错乱Cybercash电子现金Cyberspace计算机空间cynic愤世嫉俗者DDatabase数据库database files数据库文件Database manager数据库管理Data bus数据总线Data projector数码放映机Desktop system unit台式电脑系统单元Destination file目标文件Digital cameras数码照相机Digital notebooks数字笔记本Digital bideo camera数码摄影机Discrete-speech recognition system不连续语言识别系统Document文档document files文档文件Dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机Dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器Dumb terminal非智能终端data security数据安全Data transmission specifications数据传输说明database administrator数据库管理员Dataplay数字播放器Demodulation解调denial of service attack拒绝服务攻击Dial-up service拨号服务Digital cash数字现金Digital signals数字信号Digital subscriber line数字用户线路Digital versatile disc数字化通用磁盘Digital video disc数字化视频光盘Direct access直接存取Directory search目录搜索disaster recovery plan灾难恢复计划Disk caching磁盘驱动器高速缓存Diskette磁盘Disk磁碟Distributed data processing system分部数据处理系统Distributed processing分布处理Domain code域代码Downloading下载DVD 数字化通用磁盘DVD-R 可写DVDDVD-RAM DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM 只读DVDEe-book电子阅读器Expansion cards扩展卡end user终端用户e-cash电子现金e-commerce电子商务electronic cash电子现金electronic commerce电子商务electronic communications privacy act of1986电子通信隐私法案encrypting加密术energy star能源之星Enterprise computing企业计算化environment环境Erasable optical disks可擦除式光盘ergonomics人类工程学ethics道德规范External modem外置调制解调器extranet企业外部网FFax machine传真机Field域Find搜索FireWire port port火线端口Firmware固件Flash RAM闪存Flatbed scanner台式扫描器Flat-panel monitor纯平显示器floppy disk软盘Formatting toolbar格式化工具条Formula公式Function函数fair credit reporting act of 1970公平信用报告法案Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆File compression文件压缩File decompression文件解压缩filter过滤firewall防火墙firewall防火墙Fixed disk固定硬盘Flash memory闪存Flexible disk可折叠磁盘Floppies磁盘Floppy disk软盘Floppy-disk cartridge磁盘盒Formatting格式化freedom of information act of 1970信息自由法案frustrated受挫折Full-duplex communication全双通通信GGeneral-purpose application通用运用程序Gigahertz千兆赫Graphic tablet绘图板green pc绿色个人计算机Hhandheld computer手提电脑Hard copy硬拷贝hard disk硬盘hardware硬件Help帮助Host computer主机Home page主页Hyperlink超链接hacker黑客Half-duplex communication半双通通信Hard disk硬盘Hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒Hard-disk pack硬盘组Head crash磁头碰撞header标题help desk specialist帮助办公专家helper applications帮助软件Hierarchical network层次型网络history file历史文件hits匹配记录horizontal portal横向用户hot site热战Hybrid network混合网络hyperlinks超连接IImage capturing device图像获取设备information technology信息技术Ink-jet printer墨水喷射印刷机Integrated package综合性组件Intelligent terminal智能终端设备Intergrated circuit集成电路Interface cards接口卡Internal modem内部调制解调器internet telephony网络电话internet terminal互联网终端Identification识别i-drive网络硬盘驱动器illusion of anonymity匿名幻想index search索引搜索information pushers信息推送器initializing 初始化instant messaging计时信息internal hard disk内置硬盘Internal modem内部调制解调器Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器intranet企业内部网Jjoystick操纵杆Kkeyword search关键字搜索Llaser printer激光打印机Layout files版式文件Light pen光笔Locate定位Logical operations逻辑运算Lands凸面Line of sight communication视影通信Low bandwidth低带宽lurking潜伏MMain board主板Mark sensing标志检测Mechanical mouse机械鼠标Memory内存Menu菜单Menu bar菜单条Microprocessor微处理器Microseconds微秒Modem card调制解调器Monitor显示器Motherboard主板Mouse 鼠标Multifunctional device多功能设备Magnetic tape reels磁带卷Magnetic tape streamers磁带条mailing list邮件列表Medium band媒质带宽metasearch engine整合搜索引擎Microwave微波Modem解调器Modulation解调由于不能写那么多只好到这了/ NNet PC网络计算机Network adapter card网卡Network personal computer网络个人电脑Network terminal 网络终端Notebook computer笔记本电脑Notebook system unit笔记本系统单元Numeric entry数字输入na?ve天真的人national information infrastructure protection act of1996国际信息保护法案national service provider全国性服务供应商Network architecture网络体系结构Network bridge网桥Network gateway网关network manager网络管理员newsgroup新闻组no electronic theft act of1997无电子盗窃法Node节点Nonvolatile storage非易失性存储OObject embedding对象嵌入Object linking目标链接Open architecture开放式体系结构Optical disk光盘Optical mouse光电鼠标Optical scanner光电扫描仪Outline大纲off-line browsers离线浏览器Online storage联机存储Ppalmtop computer掌上电脑Parallel ports并行端口Passive-matrix被动矩阵PC card个人计算机卡Personal laser printer个人激光打印机Personal video recorder card个人视频记录卡Photo printer照片打印机Pixel像素Platform scanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪Plug and play即插即用Plug-in boards插件卡Pointer指示器Pointing stick指示棍Port端口Portable scanner便携式扫描仪Presentation files演示文稿Presentation graphics电子文稿程序Primary storage主存Procedures规程Processor处理机Programming control lanugage程序控制语言Packets数据包Parallel data transmission平行数据传输Peer-to-peer network system得等网络系统person-person auction site个人对个人拍卖站点physical security物理安全Pits凹面plug-in插件程序Polling轮询privacy隐私权proactive主动地programmer程序员Protocols协议provider供应商proxy server代理服务pull products推取程序push products推送程序RRAM cache随机高速缓冲器Range范围Record记录Relational database关系数据库Replace替换Resolution分辨率Row行Read-only只读Reformatting重组regional service provider区域性服务供应商repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤reverse directory反向目录right to financial privacy act of 1979财产隐私法案Ring network环形网络SScanner扫描器Search查找Secondary storage device助存储设备Semiconductor半导体Serial ports串行端口Server服务器Shared laser printer共享激光打印机Sheet表格Silicon chip硅片Slots插槽Smart card智能卡Soft copy软拷贝Software suite软件协议Sorting排序分类Source file源文件Special-purpose application专用文件Spreadsheet电子数据表Standard toolbar标准工具栏Supercomputer巨型机System cabine 系统箱System clock时钟System software系统软件Satellite/air connection services卫星无线连接服务search engines搜索引擎search providers搜索供应者search services 搜索服务器Sectors扇区security安全Sending and receiving devices发送接收设备Sequential access顺序存取Serial data transmission单向通信signature line签名档snoopware监控软件software copyright act of1980软件版权法案software piracy软件盗版Solid-state storage固态存储器specialized search engine专用搜索引擎spiders网页爬虫spike尖峰电压Star network星型网Strategy方案subject主题subscription address预定地址Superdisk超级磁盘surfing网上冲浪surge protector浪涌保护器systems analyst系统分析师TTable二维表Telephony电话学Television boards电视扩展卡Terminal 终端Template模板Text entry文本输入Thermal printer 热印刷Thin client瘦客Toggle key触发键Toolbar工具栏Touch screen触摸屏Trackball追踪球TV tuner card电视调谐卡Two-state system双状态系统technical writer技术协作者technostress重压技术telnet远程登录Time-sharing system分时系统Topology拓扑结构Tracks磁道traditional cookies传统的信息记录程序Twisted pair双绞线UUnicode统一字符标准uploading上传usenet世界性新闻组网络VVirtual memory虚拟内存Video display screen视频显示屏Voice recognition system声音识别系统vertical portal纵向门户video privacy protection act of 1988视频隐私权保护法案virus checker病毒检测程序virus病毒Voiceband音频带宽Volatile storage易失性存储voltage surge冲击性电压WWand reader 条形码读入Web 网络Web appliance 环球网设备Web page网页Web site address网络地址Web terminal环球网终端Webcam摄像头What-if analysis假定分析Wireless revolution无线革命Word字长Word processing文字处理Word wrap自动换行Worksheet file 工作表文件web auctions网上拍卖web broadcasters网络广播web portals门户网站web sites网站web storefront creation packages网上商店创建包web storefronts网上商店web utilities网上应用程序web-downloading utilities网页下载应用程序webmaster web站点管理员web万维网Wireless modems无线调制解调器wireless service provider无线服务供应商world wide web万维网worm蠕虫病毒Write-protect notch写保护口其他缩写DVD digital bersatile 数字化通用光盘IT ingormation technology信息技术CD compact disc 压缩盘PDA personal digital assistant个人数字助理RAM random access memory随机存储器WWW World Wide Web 万维网DBMS database management system数据库管理系统HTML Hypertext Markup Language超文本标示语言OLE object linking and embedding对象链接潜入SQL structured query language结构化查询语言URL uniform resouice locator统一资源定位器AGP accelerated graphics port加速图形接口ALU arithmetic-logic unit算术逻辑单元CPU central processing unit中央处理器CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体CISC complex instruction set computer复杂指令集计算机HPSB high performance serial bus高性能串行总线ISA industry standard architecture工业标准结构体系PCI peripheral component interconnect外部设备互连总线PCMCIA Personal Memory Card InternationalAssociation个人计算机存储卡国际协会RAM random-access memory随机存储器ROM read-only memory只读存储器USB universal serial bus通用串行总线CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管HDTV high-definition television高清晰度电视LCD liquid crystal display monitor液晶显示器MICRmagnetic-ink character recognition磁墨水字符识别器OCR optical-character recognition光电字符识别器OMR optical-mark recognition光标阅读器TFT thin film transistor monitor薄膜晶体管显示器其他Zip disk压缩磁盘Domain name system（DNS）域名服务器file transfer protocol(FTP)文件传送协议hypertext markup language(HTML)超文本链接标识语言Local area network（LAN）局域网internet relay chat(IRC)互联网多线交谈Metropolitan area network(MAN)城域网Network operation system(NOS)网络操作系统uniform resource locator(URL)统一资源定位器Wide area network(WAN)广域网打卡制度。

计算机与网络用语中英翻译（一）_计算机英语词汇

a and i 摘要和目录a and notb gate a及反b闸a drive a 磁盘驱动器a impliesb gate, negative a及非b闸；负a隐含b闸；负a蕴含b闸a implies,b gate b或非a闸a programming language, apl apl 语言a- conversion a-变换a-bus 主总线a-conversion a-变换a-light a缓存器控制灯a-type addrress constant a型地址常数a/d (analog-to-digital) 模拟对数字转换a/d converter 模拟至数字转换器a/d converter controller 模拟数字转换控制器a/d converter, counter type 计数式模拟数字转换器a/d converter, successive approximation 连续近似模拟数字转换器a/d converter, video 视讯模拟数字转换器a/d interface 模拟-数字接口a/dconverter, charge balancing 电荷平衡模拟数字转换器a/v ready 影音专用硬盘机aadjacent-channel selectivity 邻近道选择性aba 美国银行业协会aba number 美国银行协会数码abacus 算盘abandon 舍弃abbreviated address calling 缩写地址呼号abend dump 异常终止倾印abend exit 异常终止出口abend recovery program 异常终止恢复程序abend, unrecoverable 不可恢复异常终止aberration 像差abilene abileneabkhazian 亚布卡萨文abnormal 不正常abnormal end of task (abend) 异常终止abnormal end of task dump (abend dump) 异常终止倾印abnormal end of task exit (abend exit) 异常终止出口abnormal execution 异常性执行abnormal termination 异常终止abored cycle 中止周期abort 放弃abort function 中止函式abort timer 中断定时器aborted cycle 中止周期about 关于about box 「关于」对话框above 890 decision 高超890决议abrasiveness 研磨性absa, business software alliance 商业软件联盟absolute address 绝对地址absolute addressing 绝对寻址absolute assembler 绝对组合器absolute cell reference 绝对区段参考absolute code 绝对码absolute coding 绝对编码absolute command 绝对指令absolute coordinate 绝对坐标absolute data 绝对数据absolute error 绝对误差absolute expression 绝对表示法absolute instruction 绝对指令absolute loader (absldr) 绝对载入器absolute maximum rating 绝对最大定额absolute order 绝对命令absolute path 绝对路径absolute position 绝对地址absolute positioning 绝对位置absolute reference 绝对参考absolute term 绝对项absolute time 绝对时间absolute value 绝对值absolute value device 绝对值装置absolute value sign 绝对值符号absolute vector 绝对向量absolute-value device 绝对值装置absolute-valuesign 对值符号absorption 吸收absorption current 吸收电流abstract 摘录abstract base class 抽象基底类别abstract class 抽象类别abstract data type 抽象数据类型abstract declarator 抽象宣告子abstract file 摘要档案abstract symbol 摘录符号abstract syntax 抽象语法abstract syntax of sgml sgml的抽象语法abstracting service 摘录服务abstracting, automatic 自动化摘录abstraction 抽象性ac adapter 交流电转接器ac dump 交流电源切断ac erasing 交流抹除ac input module, controller 控制器交流输入模板ac output module, controller 控制器输出模块ac power cord 交流电电源线ac tesi 交流测试ac test 交流测试ac/dc ringing 交流/直流振铃acc area communication controller 区域网管中心accelerated graphic port(agp) 绘图加速连接端口accelerated graphics port (agp) 图形加速端口acceleration period 加速期acceleration time 加速时间accelerator board 加速板accelerator editor 加速键编辑器accelerator key 加速键accelerator mapping 加速键对映accelerator resource 加速键资源accelerator table 加速键对应表accent 重音；声调accent sensitive 区分腔调字accept 接受acceptance test 验收测试access 存取access arm 存取臂access arrangement 存取装置access authority 存取法则access button 存取键access charge 存取费用access code 存取密码access coding, minimal 存取编码access control 存取控制access control field 接达控制字段access date 存取日期access environment 存取设备access function 存取函式access hole 存取孔access key 便捷键access line 存取线access mask 存取屏蔽access mechanism 存取机制access method 存取方法access method routines 存取方法例程access mode 存取模式access path 接达路径access permission 存取许可access permition 存取许可access privileges 存取权限access rate 接取速率access right 存取权限access scan 存取扫瞄；存取搜索access server 存取服务器access site 存取位置access specifier 存取规范access speed 接取速度access time 存取时间access time, address 地址存取时间access time, memory 记忆存取时间access time, ram 随机存取内存存取时间access time, tape 磁带存取时间access will be granted 授与存取access, content-addressable memory 可寻址内容记忆存取access, direct 直接存取access, immediate 实时存取access, instantaneous 立即存取access, multiple 复存取access, parallel 并行存取access, random 随机存取access, remote batch 远距群组存取access, serial 串行存取access, zerc 零存取access-address, second-level address 存取地址；间接地址access-control entry 存取控件 (ace)accessarm 存取臂accessiblity domain 存取范围定义域accessor function 存取子函式accessor type 存取子类别accessories 附件accessory 附件according file 根据档案accordion 手风琴accordion coil 指状线圈account 账号account policy 账号政策account type 账号类型accounting 账号accounting check 账号检查accounting machine 会计机accounting(cama) 集中式自动化通话记帐制accounting-operator number identification(cama-oni)operator 集中式自动化通accumulate(acc) 累积accumulating reproducer 累积复制器accumulator 累加器accumulator (acc) 累积器accumulator (acc) (accum) 累积器 1.一种设计，其可决定一算数accumulator jump instruction 累积器跳越指令accumulator shift instruction 累积器位移指令accumulator, running 流动累积器accuracy 精确度accuracy control character 准确度控制字符accuracy control system 准确度控制系统accurately 准确地acd 自动呼叫分配器acdump 交流撤除acetate base 醋酸纤膜衬底achieved reliability 达成可靠度acia (asynchronous communications interface adapter) 异步通讯接口转接器acia interface signals 异步通讯界面配接器界面信号acia microcomputer control 异步通信接口配接器微算机控制ack n/aack/nak transmission 认可字符/不认可字符传输acknowledge 确认acknowledge character (ack) 认可字符acknowledgment(ack) 确认acl (audit command language) 审核指令语言acm 计算器组织协会acm (association for computing machinery) 计算器器协会acm committee on nomenlature 计算器器术语委员会acoustic coupler 声音耦合器acoustic coupler operation 声音耦合作业acoustic coupler, auto-answer modem 自答型调变解调声音耦合器acoustic coupling 声耦合acoustic delay line 音声延迟线acoustic fingerprinting 声纹辨识技术acoustic level 噪音位准acoustic memory 音响记忆器acoustic modem 音声调变解调器acoustic storage 音响储存体acpi 高等组态与能源界面acquire 取得acquire printer ports 取得打印机连接端口acquisition 收购acronym 首字缩action 作用action cycle 作用周期action line 作用线action message 作用讯息action period 作用周期action provider component 动作提供者组件action query 动作型查询action specification 作用说明action spot 作用点action table 动作表action/adventure 动作/冒险片activate (a block) 启动activate button 触动钮activate object 活化物件activate request 活化要求activate task list 活化工作清单activate this window 活化这个窗口activates 活化activates embedded or linked object 活化内嵌或连结的对象activation 启动activation key 活化金钥activator 活化子active 作用中active area 作用区域active break point 作用断点active card 主动式卡active cell 作用储存格active component 主动组件active content 主动式内容active context handle 主动式内容控制代码active desktop componnet 动态桌面组件active display 主动显示active document 作用中文件active document applications 主动式文件应用程序active document server 主动式文件伺服程序active document support 主动式文件支持active document type 现用的文件型别active document type declaration 现用的文件型别宣告active element 有效组件active file 执行中档案active html documents 主动式 html 文件active hub 主动集线器active line 现役传送线active link 现役无线电传送线路active link type 现用的链接型别active link type declaration 现用的链接型别宣告active master file 现役主档案active master item 现役主项目active matrix display 主动矩阵显示active navigation 主动式导览active program 现役程序active satellite 主动卫星active screen buffer 作用中屏幕缓冲区active server page (asp) 动态伺服页active state 作用状态active station 主动讯号台active terminator 主动式终端器active title bar 作用中窗口的标题列active title bar text 作用中窗口的标题列文字active transducer 主动转换器active window 作用中窗口active window caption color 作用中窗口的标题色彩activex activex技术activity 活性，活动率activity level 活动等级activity loading 活动馈入法activity network 活动网络activity ratio 活动性，活动比率activitylevel 活动位准activityloading 活动馈入法actual address 实际地址actual argument 实质自变量actual data transfer rate 实际数据转移率actual decimal point 实际十进制点actual key 实位键actual parameter list 实质参数清单actual time 实时actual transfer rate 实际传送率actual working time (awt) 实际工作时间actuating signal 动作信号acute 锐角acyclic feeding 非周期性馈送acyclic graph 非循环图ad banner 广告横幅ad impression 广告曝光ad request 广告索阅ad view 广告点选人数ada ada语言ada language structure ada语言结构adapso 美国加拿大数据运作服务协会adaptation layer, aal atm 调节层adapter 适配器adapter (interface card) 适配卡adapter plug 配接器插头adapter, channel 通道配接器adapter, gpib interface 一般用途界面总线配接器adapting, sell 自适态adaptive caching 自适式高速缓存adaptive channel allocation 自适通路分配adaptive control action 自适控制作用adaptive differential pulse code modulation, adpcm 可调式差动博码调变、可适性差分脉冲码调adaptive dithering 拟色adaptive palette 最适化色盘adaptive transversal equalizer 自适截面均衡器adbot software (adware) adwareadc 模拟至数字转换器adc interfacing, systems 系统模拟数字转换接口adc, flash or parallel type 闪电或并行式模拟数字转换器adc, integrating 积体模拟数字转换器adc/mps support hardware 连接adc (模拟数字转换器) 和mps (微处理器系adccp 高等数据通讯控制程序adcon (address constant) 地址常数add 加入add as 加入为add cut line 加入裁切行add device driver 加入驱动程序add existing item 加入现有项目add existing project 加入现有项目add file 附加档案add folder 加入数据夹add item 加入项目add mode 加格式add new 加入新的add new hardware 加入新的硬件add new item 加入新项目add new project 加入新的项目add new solution item 加入新的方案项目add on card 加置卡add operation 加法运算add personal mailbox 新增个人信箱add time 加运算耗时add to 加入到add to output 加入到输出add to solution 加入到解决方案add to storage 加入储存add, boolean 布尔加add, logical 逻辑加add, special 特级加add-in 增益功能add-in memory 添加内存add-ins 加载宏add-on 增添辅助物add-on card 附加卡add-on memories, lsi 大规模集成电路附加记忆add-on program 附加程序add-subtract time 加-减耗时add/remove 新增/移除add/remove program 新增/移除程序added entry 附加入口addend 加数adder 加法器adder (a)(addr) 加法器adder subtracter 加减器adder, analog 模拟加法器adder-accumulator 加法累积器addition 加法addition item 附加项addition operator 加法运算子addition record 增添纪录addition table 加法表addition time, microprocessor 微处理机加算时间addition, destructive 破坏性加法addition, nondestructive 非破坏性加法addition, serial 串行加法addition, zeroaccess 零出入加法additional 额外additional character 附加字符additional header data 额外的标头数据additional materials 额外材料additive attributes 增添属性additive color 投影色彩additive operator 加法类运算子additive process 添加处理address 地址address access time 地址存取时间address alignment 地址列线address book 通讯簿address bus 地址总线address code 地址代码address comparator 地址比较器address computation 地址计算address conflict 地址冲突address constant 地址常数address conversion 地址转换address effective 有效地址address error exception 地址错误例外address field 地址栏address field, dish 磁盘地址栏address format 地址格式address instruction, functional 函数指令地址；功能地址指令address instruction, immediate 实时指令地址address mapping 地址变换address mark 地址符号address marks, disk 磁盘地址符号address mode 地址模式address modes, microprocessor 微处理机地址模式address modification (adm) 地址修改address operand 操作数地址address part 地址部address path, microprocessor 微处理机地址路径address register 地址缓存器address restriction 地址限制address size 地址大小address source, instruction 指令地址源address space 地址空间address space identifier (asid) 地址空间识别符号address stop 地址停止符address storage, display lights 展示讯号地址储存器address system, one-over-one 一超一地址制address trace 地址轨address track 地址磁道address translation 地址转译address translator (at) 地址转译器address, absolute 绝对地址address, actual 实际地址address, arithmetic 算术地址address, base 基地址address, calculated 计算地址address, checking file program 检查档案程序地址address, direct 直接地址address, direct reference 直接参考地址address, dummy 虚假地址address, effective virtual 有效虚地址address, floating 浮动地址address, four 四址address, immediate 实时地址address, indexed 指针地址address, indirect 间接地址address, indirect reference 间接参考地址address, instruction 指令地址address, machine 机械地址address, memory 内存地址address, memory and i/o 内存和输出入地址address, microprocessor 微处理机地址address, multiple 多级地址address, nth-level n级地址address, one plus one 一加一地址address, operand effective 操作数有效地址address, p p地址address, page 页面地址address, presumptive 假定地址address, program counter 程序计算器地址address, q q地址address, reference 参考地址address, regional 区域地址address, register field 缓存器栏地址address, relative 相对地址address, result 结果地址address, second-level 第二级地址address, single 单址address, single-level 单级地址address, specific 特定地址address, symbolic 符号地址address, third-level 第三级地址address, three 三地址address, two 二址address, variable 可变地址address, zero-level 零级地址address-of operator 取址运算子addressability 地址度addressability measure 地址度量度addressable atorage 程控的可定地址储存计算器addressable horizontal position 水平可寻址位置addressable point 可寻址点addressable storage 键盘控制的可定地址储存计算器addressable vertical positions 垂直可寻址位置addressable-pollable terminal 录册地址性终端机addressed location, specific 特定寻址位置addressed memory 寻址记忆器addressee 受讯者addresses of address 地址之寻址addressing 寻址addressing (addr) 寻址addressing capabilities 寻址能力addressing capacity 寻址容量addressing capacity, microprocessor 微处理机寻址容量addressing characters 寻址字符addressing level 寻址等级addressing mode 寻址模式addressing modes 寻址模态addressing modes, instruction 指令寻址模态addressing modes, microprocessor 微处理机定型模态addressing modes, relocatable code 可重寻址码寻址模态addressing types 寻址型式addressing (addr) 寻址addressing, bit set/clear mode 单位元寻址；清除模态寻址addressing, common data bus 共数据总线寻址addressing, deferred 暂位寻址addressing, direct 直接寻址法addressing, disk file 磁盘档案寻址addressing, extended 扩展寻址addressing, file pockets 档案袋寻址addressing, fixed-position 固定位置寻址addressing, hash 初步寻址法addressing, immediate 实时寻址法addressing, indexed 指标寻址addressing, indirect 间接寻址法addressing, inherent 固有寻址；本质寻址addressing, relative 相对寻址addressing, repetitive 重复寻址addressing, self-relative 自我相对寻址addressing, specific 特定寻址addressing, symbolic 符号寻址addressing, three-level 三阶寻址addressing, two-level 二阶寻址addressing, types 寻址型式addressless instruction format 无地址指令格式addresstransiator (at) 地址转译器adi 美国文件协会adis 自动数据交换系统adjacency 字距adjacent 相邻adjacent channel 近信道adjacent domains 邻近区域adjacent link storage image 邻近连接储存映象adjacent nodes 邻近节点adjacent subareas 邻近次区域adjacent-channel interference 邻近通道干扰adjacent-channel selectivity 邻近通道选择性adjust (line end) 调准(行尾)adjust column 调整字段adjust text mode 调准文字模态adjustable extent 可调范围adjustment, character 字符调整administration 管理administration console 管理主控台administrative data processing 行政数据处理administrative operations 行政管理作业administrative support system 行政支持系统administrative system 行政系统administrator 系统管理员administrator account 系统管理员账号adp system 自动化数据处理系统adpe 自动数据处理设备adps 自动数据处理系统adsl 非对称式数字用户线路(asymmetric digital subscriber line) adsl asymmetrical digital subscriber line 非对称数字用户回路adult 成人片advance card technology canada (act canada) 加拿大卡片科技推广促进advance data link controller (adlc) 高等数据连接控制器advanced 进阶advanced communications service (acs) 高等通信服务advanced configuration & power interface(acpi) 高等组态与能源界面advanced configuration and power interface (acpi) 进阶组能与电源界面advanced encryption standard (aes) 高级加密标准advanced encryption standard, aes 先进加密标准advanced information systems (ais) 高等信息系统advanced intellgent network (ain) 高阶智能网络advanced intelligent tape 先进智能型磁带机系统advanced mobile phone service 高等移动电话服务advanced mobile phone service (amps) 先进行动电话服务advanced mobile phone system (amps) 模拟式行动电话系统advanced optical character reader (aocr) 高等感光文字阅读机advanced research projects agency (arpa) 高阶研究计划署advanced television system commission (atsc) 美国先进电视系统委员会advenced graphics port (agp) 加速影像处理端口adventure 冒险片advertising 广播advisory committee 中文界面谘询委员会advisory committee on code of practice for recognized certification authorities认advisory committee [gac] 互联网域名及规约编号指配组织辖adx 自动数据交换aed 自动工程设计系统aerial 天线aerial cable 架空电缆afar 阿法文afips 美国信息处理协会联盟afr 自动格式组织afrikaans 南非荷兰文after service 售后服务after-image 余像agenda 议程agent 代理程序aggregate 汇总aggregate expression 聚合表示aggregate field 汇总数据域位aggregate function 汇总函式aggregate object 汇总物件aggregate point of presence with gigabit capacity giga传输汇集点aggregate query 汇总查询aggregate type 汇总类型aggregation 汇总agument transfer instruction 参数转移指令ai 人工智能ai, artificial intelligence 人工智能,人工智能aida aida法则aifc 声音文件格式aiming circle 标的圈aiming field 标的场aiming symbol 标的符号airbrush 喷枪airbrushed strokes 喷枪笔画airline reservation system 航空订位系统ais n/aait﹒另类aix 高阶交谈式作业系列al 汇编语言alarm 警示alarm display 警报显示器alarm systems, microprocessor 微处理机警报系统alarm, audible 音响警报(器)alarm-repeated transmission 警报复送albanian 阿尔巴尼亚文album 相簿ald n/aalerting (alerting signal) 警示讯号alertor 警报器algebraic expression 代数表示algebraic expression manipulation statement 代数表示操作陈述algebraic language 代数语言algebraic manipulation 代数操作algebraic sign conventions 代数符号规则algol algol程序语言algol (algorithmic language) 奥高(算法语言)algol 10 奥高10语言algol 68 奥高68语言algorithm 算法algorithm convergence 算法收敛性algorithm, programming 程序设计算法algorithm, scheduing 排程算法algorithm, transfer 转移运算法algorithm, translation 翻译算法algorithmic 算法的algorithmic language 算法语言algorithmic routine 演算例程alias 别名alias name 别名aliasing 别名align 对齐align center 置中对齐align left 靠左对齐align right 靠右对齐align text 对齐文字align to grid 贴齐网格线alignment 排列alignment pin 调整脚alignmentpin 调整脚all 算术逻辑单位all files 所有档案all purpose computer 全能计算机；全方位计算机all types 所有类型all-number calling (anc) 全数目呼叫all-number calling(anc) 全数目呼叫all-source analysts 全资源分析师allocate 分派allocation unit 配置单位allocation, dynamic-storage 动态储存配置allocation, resource 资源配置allocation, storage 储存配置allocator 分派器allotting 取位选择allow 允许almador almador芯片组aln 高阶智能网络alpha αalpha channel alpha 色板alpha cpu alpha 微处理器alpha flux α通量。

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A Parallel Plug-in Programming ParadigmRonald Baumann1,2,Christian Engelmann1,2,and Al Geist21Department of Computer ScienceThe University of Reading,Reading,RG66AH,UK2Computer Science and Mathematics Division,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge,TN37831-6164,USA{r.baumann,c.engelmann}@{baumannr,engelmannc,gst}@Abstract.Software component architectures allow assembly of appli-cations from individual software modules based on clearly deﬁned pro-gramming interfaces,thus improving the reuse of existing solutions andsimplifying application development.Furthermore,the plug-in program-ming paradigm additionally enables runtime reconﬁgurability,making itpossible to adapt to changing application needs,such as diﬀerent ap-plication phases,and system properties,like resource availability,byloading/unloading appropriate software modules.Similar to parallel pro-grams,parallel plug-ins are an abstraction for a set of cooperating in-dividual plug-ins within a parallel application utilizing a software com-ponent architecture.Parallel programming paradigms apply to parallelplug-ins in the same way they apply to parallel programs.The researchpresented in this paper targets the clear deﬁnition of parallel plug-insand the development of a parallel plug-in programming paradigm.1IntroductionToday,parallel and distributed scientiﬁc computing is a tool that enables re-searchers world-wide to solve large-scale problems in many diﬀerent research areas,such as climate,nanotechnology,quantum chemistry,nuclear fusion,and astrophysics.Scientiﬁc high-end computing(HEC)utilizing tens-to-hundreds of thousands of processors enables new scientiﬁc breakthroughs in these areas us-ing computational simulations(simulated experiments)of real-world problems. HEC exploits multi-processor parallelism of scientiﬁc algorithms on a large scale using common parallel programming paradigms,such as single program multi-ple data(SPMD)and multiple program multiple data(MPMD).The scientiﬁc computation is performed by a set of cooperating individual processes or tasks communicating via message passing and/or remote method invocation as part of a parallel scientiﬁc application.This research is sponsored by the Mathematical,Information,and Computational Sciences Division;Oﬃce of Advanced Scientiﬁc Computing Research;U.S.Depart-ment of Energy.The work was performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle,LLC under Contract No.De-AC05-00OR22725.Software component architectures,such as Harness[1,2]and the Common Component Architecture(CCA)[3,4],allow assembly of scientiﬁc applications from individual software modules based on clearly deﬁned programming inter-faces,thus improving the reuse of existing solutions and simplifying application development.Furthermore,the plug-in programming paradigm additionally en-ables runtime reconﬁgurability making it possible to adapt to changing appli-cation needs,such as diﬀerent application phases,and system properties,like resource availability,by loading/unloading appropriate software modules.Component architectures and plug-in programming are well understood tech-nologies for non-parallel system architectures.HEC applications are inherently parallel requiring adaptation of these technologies to parallel and distributed system architectures.Past research focused on the following two approaches:–In Harness,the component framework itself runs in a distributed virtual machine(DVM)fashion,where all processes cooperate in a virtual machine environment.This approach enables assembly of SPMD and MPMD appli-cations from components,but requires the DVM to setup all components based on locality.It is not very scalable,but applications are easy to im-plement due to the support for global component setup.Fault tolerance is addressed through plug-in checkpoint/restart mechanisms using the DVM as a highly available backbone for management and storage.–In CCA,the component framework itself runs in a parallel(SPMD)fashion, where each process individually is able to manage its own set of components.This approach also enables assembly of SPMD and MPMD applications from components,but requires each component framework instance to setup its components based on locality.It is very scalable,but applications are diﬃcult to implement due to the required local component setup.Fault tolerance is addressed trough application checkpoint/restart mechanisms.The notion of parallel plug-ins evolved from research within the Harness project.Similar to parallel programs,parallel plug-ins are an abstraction for a set of cooperating individual plug-ins communicating via message passing and/or remote method invocation as part of a parallel scientiﬁc application.Parallel programming paradigms(SPMD/MPMD)apply to plug-ins in the same way they apply to programs.Parallel plug-ins within Harness are eﬀectively realized by utilizing the distributed virtual machine.Within CCA,parallel plug-ins are eﬀectively realized by implementing parallel programs consisting of plug-ins.Up until now,both approaches avoided a clear deﬁnition of parallel plug-ins as it was not well understood.The research presented in this paper targets the clear deﬁnition of paral-lel plug-ins and the development of a parallel plug-in programming paradigm that combines both approaches in order to further improve reuse of existing solutions and to simplify application development.Harness is being used as a proof-of-concept research vehicle to prototype parallel plug-in management and experimental parallel plug-ins.In the following sections,weﬁrst brieﬂy discuss past and ongoing related research and development eﬀorts.Secondly,we present a clear deﬁnition of par-allel plug-ins,their programming models(types)and their programming require-ments(communication,coordination,and fault tolerance).We continue with a description of our prototype implementation for two distinct scientiﬁc applica-tion scenarios.This paper concludes with a short summary of the presented research and a discussion future work.2Related WorkThe research in Harness[1,2]is a collaborative eﬀort among Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL),University of Tennessee,Knoxville,and Emory University focusing on the design and development of technologies forﬂexible,adaptable,re-conﬁgurable,lightweight environments for heterogeneous parallel and distributed scientiﬁc metacomputing.As part of the Harness project,a variety of experiments and system proto-types were developed to explore lightweight pluggable runtime environments,as-sembly of scientiﬁc applications from software modules,highly available DVMs, fault-tolerant message passing,ﬁne-grain security mechanisms,and heteroge-neous reconﬁgurable communication frameworks.Currently,there are three diﬀerent Harness system prototypes,each con-centrating on diﬀerent research issues.The teams at ORNL[5–8]and at the University of Tennessee[9–12]provide diﬀerent C variants,while the team at Emory University[13–16]maintains a Java-based alternative.Conceptually,the Harness software architecture consists of two major parts: a runtime environment(RTE)and a set of plug-in software modules.The multi-threaded RTE manages the set of dynamically loadable plug-ins.While the RTE provides only basic functions,plug-ins may provide a wide variety of services needed in fault-tolerant parallel and distributed scientiﬁc computing,such as messaging,scientiﬁc algorithms,and resource management.Multiple RTE in-stances can be aggregated into a DVM.Our research in parallel plug-ins focuses on the C-based lightweight Harness RTE from ORNL[7]using its dynamic,heterogeneous,reconﬁgurable commu-nication framework(RMIX)[6]plug-in for fault-tolerant message passing and remote method invocation.RMIX allows software components to communicate using various remote method invocation(RMI)and remote procedure call(RPC)protocols,such as ONC RPC,by facilitating dynamically loadable provider plug-ins to supply dif-ferent protocol stacks.While the RMIX base library contains functions that are common to all protocol stacks,like networking and thread management,RMIX provider plug-ins contain protocol stack speciﬁc functions for connection man-agement,message formats,and data encoding.Since it is up to the provider plug-ins to reuse RMIX base library functions,implementations may range from lightweight to heavyweight.Moreover,client-and server-side object stubs are very lightweight and protocol independent as they only perform an adaptation to the RMIX system.In addition to standard synchronous RMI/RPC mech-anisms,RMIX also oﬀers advanced RMI/RPC invocation semantics,such asasynchronous and one-way.RMIX is not a high-performance message passing system.Its RMI/RPC mechanisms are designed for loosely-coupled systems.The Harness-RMIX plug-in contains the RMIX base library as well as client-and server-side object stubs of the Harness RTE.Stubs for Harness plug-ins are implemented as separate plug-ins.Since the Harness RTE supports plug-in dependencies,a plug-in requiring RMIX automatically loads its stub plug-in(s), which subsequently loads the RMIX plug-in.The already mentioned Common Component Architecture(CCA)[3,4]is a component-based approach targeted at the needs of large-scale,complex,high-end,scientiﬁc A relies on a standardized component framework model for scientiﬁc applications based on an interface description language for component interfaces,a port model for uniﬁed component interaction,core com-ponent framework services,a framework conﬁguration API and a framework repository API.Several CCA framework implementations exist that serve dif-ferent areas of interest for scientiﬁc applications.Furthermore,a set of CCA components exist as well as a number of CCA-based scientiﬁc applications.It is our hope that the work presented in this paper will be eventually incor-porated in some form into production-type component architectures for scientiﬁc HEC,such as the Common Component Architecture,to further improve reuse of existing solutions and to simplify application development.Other related past and ongoing research and development eﬀorts include lightweight plug-in design patterns[17],a various number of pluggable compo-nent frameworks(e.g.the Open CORBA Component Model Platform[18,19]), as well as recent accomplishments in RTEs for parallel and distributed system architectures,such as Open RTE[20].3Parallel Plug-insThe intent of our research presented in this paper is to merge plug-in program-ming technologies with pluggable component frameworks for parallel architec-tures using common parallel programming models and appropriate design pat-terns in order to provide better reuse of existing solutions as well as easier scientiﬁc application development.A parallel plug-in can be deﬁned as a set of individual plug-ins cooperating in a parallel architecture to perform a common task,such as solving a computation or providing a service.Participating individual plug-ins may be located on the same or on distributed computational resources,and communicate with each other for task control and data transfer purposes.Similar to a parallel program, a parallel plug-in is a parallel programming abstraction,where the same parallel programming models,such as SPMD and MPMD,apply.While the execution environment of a parallel program is a parallel or dis-tributed operating system,parallel plug-ins reside within a component frame-work for parallel architectures,i.e.,within a parallel program.They provide a componentized approach for building parallel applications by oﬀering parallel building blocks with clearly deﬁned interfaces.In the past,parallel plug-ins have been eﬀectively realized by by utilizing a pluggable DVM environment or by implementing parallel programs consisting of individual plug-ins.Both approaches dealt with the necessary coordination of individual cooperating plug-ins by using either distributed control[8]or localized control[3],while avoiding a clear deﬁnition of parallel plug-ins.In both cases, it is up to the plug-in component programmer to take care of task control and data transfer without access to appropriate design patterns.3.1Parallel Plug-in TypesA parallel plug-in consists of one or more individual plug-ins that add features and capabilities to the runtime environment of a component framework as part of a parallel application.The following parallel plug-in types(see Figure1)can be deﬁned based on number,location,and purpose of involved individual plug-ins:–The singleton(or service)plug-in is a special case of parallel plug-in as it involves only one individual plug-in at one node within the context of a parallel application.–The SPMD(or replicated)plug-in follows the known SPMD parallel pro-gramming model and involves more than one node within the context of a parallel application.The same plug-in code is replicated to diﬀerent nodes and applied to diﬀerent data.–The MPMD(or distributed)plug-in follows the known MPMD parallel pro-gramming model and involves more than one node within the context of a parallel application.Diﬀerent plug-in codes are distributed to diﬀerent nodes and applied to diﬀerent data.3.2Parallel Plug-in CommunicationCommunication is essential for parallel plug-ins.Similar to parallel programs, parallel plug-ins communicate using message passing and/or RMI/RPC in or-der to coordinate individual tasks and to transfer necessary data.In order to identify individual collaborating plug-ins within a parallel plug-in,naming and message/invocation routing is needed.Message passing systems,such as PVM[21]and MPI[22],typically only provide naming and routing mechanisms for individual processes of a parallel application and not for individual plug-ins.Message tags may be used to identify individual plug-ins within an individual process.However,a separate plug-in naming service is needed in order to support dynamic adaptation,i.e.,dynamic loading and unloading of parallel plug-ins.RMI/RPC systems typically provide a naming and routing mechanism for exported objects or program parts.Individual plug-ins that are part of a parallel plug-in may be exported as objects or program parts using a RMI/RPC system for naming and routing of invocations.Furthermore,local services of individual component framework processes may be exported as objects or program parts as well to enable remote access to basic component framework services,such as loading and unloading of plug-ins.Fig.1.Parallel Plug-in Types3.3Parallel Plug-in CoordinationCoordination of individual plug-ins that are part of a parallel plug-in is needed to perform loading,unloading,task and data distribution,and fault tolerance mechanisms.This coordination is accomplished via separate coordination(ser-vice)plug-ins and via the parallel plug-in itself using the communication sub-system with its plug-in naming scheme to address individual plug-ins.In order to load a parallel plug-in,the used component framework itself or a separate service plug-in contacts individual component framework processes and loads the appropriate individual plug-in based on the parallel plug-in type. Unloading a parallel plug-in is implemented in the same way.Task and data distribution can be performed by the parallel plug-in itself if it supports self conﬁguration.However,in order to simplify parallel plug-in and application development,a separate service plug-in may be used to execute task and data distribution based on the parallel plug-ins programming model,i.e., by automatically partitioning data and/or assigning tasks.Similarly,fault tolerance mechanisms,such as checkpoint/restart,may be performed by the parallel plug-in itself if supported,but may also be coordinated by a separate service plug-in based on a design pattern that matches the fault behavior and fault tolerance requirements of the parallel plug-in.3.4Parallel Plug-in Fault ToleranceFault tolerance is typically realized in three steps:detection,notiﬁcation,and reconﬁguration.In parallel computing,detection and notiﬁcation are typically performed by the communication system using timeouts to detect faults and the naming scheme to identify faulty communication endpoints.A parallel plug-in may be reconﬁgured using the same techniques as for parallel programs,with the exception that reconﬁguration takes place within the parallel plug-in programming scope.Parallel plug-in state may be regularly stored on stable storage in the same way a parallel program checkpoint is stored. Upon failure,the entire parallel plug-in or parts of it(individual plug-ins)may be restarted on diﬀerent nodes.Loss of state due to failures may be ignored if the application is able to continue without extensive reconﬁguration[23].As already mentioned earlier,fault tolerance mechanisms for parallel plug-ins may be encapsulated into a separate service plug-in based on a design pattern that matches the fault behavior and fault tolerance requirements of the parallel plug-in.Furthermore,such a service plug-in may directly interface to existing fault tolerance technologies,such as checkpoint/restart layers.4Prototype ImplementationA proof-of-concept prototype has been implemented as part of a Master’s the-sis[24]using the Harness RTE as a research vehicle.The Harness RTE oﬀers a lightweight backbone to load and unload individual plug-ins into a multi-threaded process residing on a single node.Multiple Harness RTEs located on the same or diﬀerent nodes are used as a lightweight backbone to load and unload parallel plug-ins utilizing a parallel parallel plug-in manager for coordination and the Harness-RMIX plug-in for communication.In the following,we describe the developed parallel plug-in manager and our eﬀorts in implementing a parallel plug-in design pattern for two distinct scientiﬁc application scenarios.4.1Parallel Plug-In ManagerThe parallel plug-in manager(PPM)is itself a service plug-in and provides par-allel plug-in management services for both parallel plug-in programming models,SPMD and MPMD.These services include:loading,unloading,task and data distribution,and fault tolerance support.The PPM loads a parallel plug-in by starting and contacting a set of Harness RTEs via remote method invocation to load a speciﬁc individual Harness plug-in. The set of available nodes is given by the user.The number of involved Harness RTEs must be equivalent or more than the number of individual plug-ins needed.A round robin schedule may be used in a more sophisticated solution to allow oversubscribtion of nodes.Loading a parallel plug-in introduces the problem of partial success,i.e.,not all individual plug-ins were loaded due to unavailability of resources(plug-in, Harness RTE,or node).If there are more nodes available than needed,the PPM retries to load an individual plug-in at a diﬀerent location.The parallel plug-in loading fails if not all required individual plug-ins were loaded.This decision entirely depends on the parallel plug-in to load and is guided by the user by conﬁguring the PPM appropriately.Task and data distribution depending on the parallel plug-in programming model may be performed as part of the parallel plug-in loading procedure.Fur-thermore,fault tolerance mechanisms are supported via the PPM by oﬀering restart of failed parallel plug-in parts.4.2Monte Carlo IntegrationTheﬁrst proof-of-concept parallel plug-in has been implemented using the SPMD programming model performing a Monte Carlo integration algorithm in a bag-of-tasks fashion.The developed parallel plug-in consists of a Monte Carlo inte-gration algorithm,where each individual plug-in performs an equal share of the overall computation.The PPM loads the parallel plug-in on all available nodes, while accepting partial loading success.Fault tolerance has been implemented using a separate service plug-in to reload failed plug-ins upon notiﬁcation.The Monte Carlo integration share of a failed plug-in is repeated entirely.The degree of fault tolerance is n−1,i.e., n−1out of n Harness RTEs may fail.4.3Image ProcessingThe second proof-of-concept parallel plug-in has been implemented using the MPMD programming model performing a sequence of image processing algo-rithms in a pipeline fashion.The developed parallel plug-in consists of a set of individual plug-ins,each performing a diﬀerent computation and forwarding its result to the next plug-in.The PPM loads the parallel plug-in on the necessary number of nodes.It does not accept partial loading success.Fault tolerance has been implemented using a separate service plug-in to reload failed plug-ins and to reconﬁgure the pipeline upon notiﬁcation.Each plug-in stores its results temporarily until completion has been acknowledged by the next plug-in in the pipeline.The image processing algorithm of a failedplug-in is repeated for all unacknowledged results.The degree of fault tolerance is1,i.e.,1Harness RTE may fail.The degree may be increased signiﬁcantly using stable storage for intermediate results.5ConclusionWith this paper,we presented results of our recent research in a parallel plug-in programming paradigm for software component architectures in parallel and dis-tributed scientiﬁc high-end computing.We deﬁned the parallel plug-in abstrac-tion,associated programming models,and resulting programming requirements. We demonstrated similarities and diﬀerences between parallel plug-ins and pro-grams with regards to their programming models and execution environments. We described a Harness-based proof-of-concept prototype of a parallel plug-in manager and of parallel plug-ins for two distinct scientiﬁc application scenarios. 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