Combinatorial symbolic powers

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把传统的贝叶斯因果网络和知识图谱,与深度强化学习融合

把传统的贝叶斯因果网络和知识图谱，与深度强化学习融合DeepMind联合谷歌大脑、MIT等机构27位作者发表重磅论文，提出“图网络”（Graph network），将端到端学习与归纳推理相结合，有望解决深度学习无法进行关系推理的问题。

作为行业的标杆，DeepMind的动向一直是AI业界关注的热点。

最近，这家世界最顶级的AI实验室似乎是把他们的重点放在了探索“关系”上面，6月份以来，接连发布了好几篇“带关系”的论文，比如：关系归纳偏置（Relational inductive bias for physical construction in humans and machines）关系深度强化学习（Relational Deep Reinforcement Learning）关系RNN（Relational Recurrent Neural Networks）论文比较多，但如果说有哪篇论文最值得看，那么一定选这篇——《关系归纳偏置、深度学习和图网络》。

这篇文章联合了DeepMind、谷歌大脑、MIT和爱丁堡大学的27名作者（其中22人来自DeepMind），用37页的篇幅，对关系归纳偏置和图网络（Graph network）进行了全面阐述。

DeepMind的研究科学家、大牛Oriol Vinyals颇为罕见的在Twitter上宣传了这项工作（他自己也是其中一位作者），并表示这份综述“pretty comprehensive”。

有很不少知名的AI学者也对这篇文章做了点评。

曾经在谷歌大脑实习，从事深度强化学习研究的Denny Britz说，他很高兴看到有人将图（Graph）的一阶逻辑和概率推理结合到一起，这个领域或许会迎来复兴。

芯片公司Graphcore的创始人Chris Gray评论说，如果这个方向继续下去并真的取得成果，那么将为AI开创一个比现如今的深度学习更加富有前景的基础。

低维拓扑简介

考研论坛»数学»低维拓扑knight51发表于2005-7-28 08:34低维拓扑<P>下面说说低维拓扑的内容：低维拓扑是微分拓扑的一部分，主要研究3，4维流形与纽结理论。

又叫几何拓扑。

主要以代数拓扑与微分拓扑为工具。

它与微分几何和动力系统关系密切。

国外搞这个方向的也几乎都搞微分几何和动力系统。

我国这个方向北大最牛，美国是伯克利和普林斯顿最牛。

比起代数几何来，它比较好入门。

初学者只需要代数拓扑，微分拓扑，黎曼几何的知识就行了。

美国这方面比较牛，几乎每个搞基础数学研究的都会低维拓扑。

</P><DIV class=postcolor>纠正一下上面的错误，美国也不是每个搞基础数的都精通低维拓扑，而是懂一些低维拓扑的知识。

如果入门后还想更加深入了解它，那还需要读一些双曲几何和拓扑动力系统的书。

</DIV><DIV class=postcolor>下面介绍一下这方面的牛人：Bill Thurston studied at New College, Sarasota, Florida. He received his B.S. from there in 1967 and moved to the University of California at Berkeley to undertake research under Morris Hirsch's and Stephen Smale's supervision. He was awarded his doctorate in 1972 for a thesis entitled Foliations of 3-manifolds which are circle bundles. This work showed the existence of compact leaves in foliations of 3-dimensional manifolds.After completing his Ph.D., Thurston spent the academic year 1972-73 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Then, in 1973, he was appointed an assistant professor of mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1974 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Princeton University.Throughout this period Thurston worked on foliations. Lawson ([5]) sums up this work:-It is evident that Thurston's contributions to the field of foliations are of considerable depth. However, what sets them apart is their marvellous originality. This is also true of his subsequent work on Teichmüller space and the theory of 3-manifolds.In [8] Wall describes Thurston's contributions which led to him being awarded a Fields Medal in 1982. In fact the1982 Fields Medals were announced at a meeting of the General Assembly of the International Mathematical Union in Warsaw in early August 1982. They were not presented until the International Congress in Warsaw which could not be held in 1982 as scheduled and was delayed until the following year. Lectures on the work of Thurston which led to his receiving the Medal were made at the 1983 International Congress. Wall, giving that address, said:-Thurston has fantastic geometric insight and vision: his ideas have completely revolutionised the study of topology in 2 and 3 dimensions, and brought about a new and fruitful interplaybetween analysis, topology and geometry.Wall [8] goes on to describe Thurston's work in more detail:-The central new idea is that a very large class of closed 3-manifolds should carry a hyperbolic structure - be the quotient of hyperbolic space by a discrete group of isometries, or equivalently, carry a metric of constant negative curvature. Although this is a natural analogue of the situation for 2-manifolds, where such a result is given by Riemann's uniformisation theorem, it is much less plausible - even counter-intuitive - in the 3-dimensional situation.Kleinian groups, which are discrete isometry groups of hyperbolic 3-space, were first studied by Poincaré and a fundamental finiteness theorem was proved by Ahlfors. Thurston's work on Kleinian groups yielded many new results and established a well known conjecture. Sullivan describes this geometrical work in [6], giving the following summary:-Thurston's results are surprising and beautiful. The method is a new level of geometrical analysis - in the sense of powerful geometrical estimation on the one hand, and spatial visualisation and imagination on the other, which are truly remarkable.Thurston's work is summarised by Wall [8]:-Thurston's work has had an enormous influence on 3-dimensional topology. This area has a strong tradition of 'bare hands' techniques and relatively little interaction with other subjects. Direct arguments remain essential, but 3-dimensional topology has now firmly rejoined the main stream of mathematics.Thurston has received many honours in addition to the Fields Medal. He held a Alfred P Sloan Foundation Fellowship in 1974-75. In 1976 his work on foliations led to his being awarded the Oswald Veblen Geometry Prize of the American Mathematical Society. In 1979 he was awarded the Alan T Waterman Award, being the second mathematician to receive such an award (the first being Fefferman in 1976).</DIV>第2个牛人：Michael Freedman entered the University of California at Berkeley in 1968 and continued his studies at Princeton University in 1969. He was awarded a doctorate by Princeton in 1973 for his doctoral dissertation entitled Codimension-Two Surgery. His thesis supervisor was William Browder.After graduating Freedman was appointed a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California at Berkeley. He held this post from 1973 until 1975 when he became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. In 1976 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California at San Diego.Freedman was promoted to associate professor at San Diego in 1979. He spent the year 1980/81 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton returning to the University of California at San Diego where he was promoted to professor on 1982. He holds this post in addition to the Charles Lee Powell Chair of Mathematics which he was appointed to in 1985.Freedman was awarded a Fields Medal in 1986 for his work on the Poincaré conjecture. The Poincaré conjecture, one of the famous problems of 20th-century mathematics, asserts that a simply connected closed 3-dimensional manifold is a 3-dimensional sphere. The higher dimensional Poincaréconjecture claims that any closed n-manifold which is homotopy equivalent to the n-sphere must be the n-sphere. When n = 3 this is equivalent to the Poincaré conjecture. Smale proved the higher dimensional Poincaré conjecture in 1961 for n at least 5. Freedman proved the conjecture for n = 4 in 1982 but the original conjecture remains open.Milnor, describing Freedman's work which led to the award of a Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley in 1986, said:-Michael Freedman has not only proved the Poincaré hypothesis for 4-dimensional topological manifolds, thus characterising the sphere S4, but has also given us classification theorems, easy to state and to use but difficult to prove, for much more general 4-manifolds. The simple nature of his results in the topological case must be contrasted with the extreme complications which are now known to occur in the study of differentiable and piecewise linear 4-manifolds. ... Freedman's 1982 proof of the 4-dimensional Poincaré hypothesis was an extraordinary tour de force. His methods were so sharp as to actually provide a complete classification of all compact simply connected topological 4-manifolds, yielding many previously unknown examples of such manifolds, and many previously unknown homeomorphisms between known manifolds.Freedman has received many honours for his work. He was California Scientist of the Year in 1984 and, in the same year, he was made a MacArthur Foundation Fellow and also was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1985 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Science. In addition to being awarded the Fields Medal in 1986, he also received the Veblen Prize from the American Mathematical Society in that year. The citation for the Veblen Prize reads (see [3]):-After the discovery in the early 60s of a proof for the Poincaré conjecture and other properties of simply connected manifolds of dimension greater than four, one of the biggest open problems, besides the three dimensional Poincaré conjecture, was the classification of closed simply connected four manifolds. In his paper, The topology of four-dimensional manifolds, published in the Journal of Differential Geometry (1982), Freedman solved this problem, and in particular, the four-dimensional Poincaré conjecture. The major innovation was the solution of the simply connected surgery problem by proving a homotopy theoretic condition suggested by Casson for embedding a 2-handle, i.e. a thickened disc in a four manifold with boundary.Besides these results about closed simply connected four manifolds, Freedman also proved:(a) Any four manifold properly equivalent to R4 is homeomorphic to R4; a related result holds for S3 R.(b) There is a nonsmoothable closed four manifold.© The four-dimensional Hauptvermutung is false; i.e. there are four manifolds with inequivalent combinatorial triangulations.Finally, we note that the results of the above mentioned paper, together with Donaldson's work, produced the startling example of an exotic smoothing of R4.In his reply Freedman thanked his teachers (who he said included his students) and also gave some fascinating views on mathematics [3]:-My primary interest in geometry is for the light it sheds on the topology of manifolds. Here it seems important to be open to the entire spectrum of geometry, from formal to concrete. By spectrum, I mean the variety of ways in which we can think about mathematical structures. At one extreme the intuition for problems arises almost entirely from mental pictures. At the other extreme the geometric burden is shifted to symbolic and algebraic thinking. Of course this extreme is only a middle ground from the viewpoint of algebra, which is prepared to go much further in the direction of formal operations and abandon geometric intuition altogether.In the same reply Freedman also talks about the influence mathematics can have on the world and the way that mathematicians should express their ideas:-In the nineteenth century there was a movement, of which Steiner was a principal exponent, to keep geometry pure and ward off the depredations of algebra. Today I think we feel that much of the power of mathematics comes from combining insights from seemingly distant branches of the discipline. Mathematics is not so much a collection of different subjects as a way of thinking. As such, it may be applied to any branch of knowledge. I want to applaud the efforts now being made by mathematicians to publish ideas on education, energy, economics, defence, and world peace. Experience inside mathematics shows that it isn't necessary to be an old hand in an area to make a contribution. Outside mathematics the situation is less clear, but I cannot help feeling that there, too, it is a mistake to leave important issues entirely to experts.In June 1987 Freedman was presented with the National Medal of Science at the White House by President Ronald Reagan. The following year he received the Humboldt Award and, in 1994, he received the Guggenheim Fellowship Award.<DIV class=postcolor>介绍第3个牛人：Simon Donaldson's secondary school education was at Sevenoaks School in Kent which he attended from 1970 to 1975. He then entered Pembroke College, Cambridge where he studied until 1980, receiving his B.A. in 1979. One of his tutors at Cambridge described him as a very good student but certainly not the top student in his year. Apparently he would always come to his tutorials carrying a violin case.In 1980 Donaldson began postgraduate work at Worcester College, Oxford, first under Nigel Hitchen's supervision and later under Atiyah's supervision. Atiyah writes in [2]:-In 1982, when he was a second-year graduate student, Simon Donaldson proved a result that stunned the mathematical world.This result was published by Donaldson in a paper Self-dual connections and the topology of smooth 4-manifolds which appeared in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society in 1983. Atiyah continues his description of Donaldson's work [2]:-Together with the important work of Michael Freedman ..., Donaldson's result implied that there are "exotic" 4-spaces, i.e. 4-dimensional differentiable manifolds which are topologically but not differentiably equivalent to the standard Euclidean 4-space R4. What makes this result so surprising is that n = 4 is the only value for which such exotic n-spaces exist. These exotic 4-spaces have the remarkable property that (unlike R4) they contain compact sets which cannot be contained inside any differentiably embedded 3-sphere !After being awarded his doctorate from Oxford in 1983, Donaldson was appointed a Junior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He spent the academic year 1983-84 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, After returning to Oxford he was appointed Wallis Professor of Mathematics in 1985, a position he continues to hold.Donaldson has received many honours for his work. He received the Junior Whitehead Prize from the London Mathematical Society in 1985. In the following year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and, also in 1986, he received a Fields Medal at the International Congress at Berkeley. In 1991 Donaldson received the Sir William Hopkins Prize from the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Then, the following year, he received the Royal Medal from the Royal Society. He also received the Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1994:-... for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantons, in particular his discovery of new differential invariants ...Atiyah describes the contribution which led to Donaldson's award of a Fields Medal in [2]. He sums up Donaldson's contribution:-When Donaldson produced his first few results on 4-manifolds, the ideas were so new and foreign to geometers and topologists that they merely gazed in bewildered admiration.Slowly the message has gotten across and now Donaldson's ideas are beginning to be used by others in a variety of ways. ... Donaldson has opened up an entirely new area; unexpected and mysterious phenomena about the geometry of 4-dimensions have been discovered. Moreover the methods are new and extremely subtle, using difficult nonlinear partial differential equations. On the other hand, this theory is firmly in the mainstream of mathematics, having intimate links with the past, incorporating ideas from theoretical physics, and tying in beautifully with algebraic geometry.The article [3] is very interesting and provides both a collection of reminiscences by Donaldson on how he came to make his major discoveries while a graduate student at Oxford and also a survey of areas which he has worked on in recent years. Donaldson writes in [3] that nearly all his work has all come under the headings:-(1) Differential geometry of holomorphic vector bundles.(2) Applications of gauge theory to 4-manifold topology.and he relates his contribution to that of many others in the field.Donaldson's work in summed up by R Stern in [6]:-In 1982 Simon Donaldson began a rich geometrical journey that is leading us to an exciting conclusion to this century. He has created an entirely new and exciting area of research through which much of mathematics passes and which continues to yield mysterious and unexpected phenomena about the topology and geometry of smooth 4-manifolds</DIV><DIV class=postcolor>下面continue介绍第4个牛人：Robion Kirby。

杨波LLC第五章第一节翻译

第五章LLC谐振变换器的改进在前一章，我们已经讨论过LLC谐振变换器的特性和设计。

这一章，我们将研究两种改进LLC谐振变换器的方法：磁集成和过载保护。

5.1LLC谐振变换器的磁集成从前面的讨论可知，我们可以根据给定规格设计功率级。

设计参数决定了各个组件的值。

对于这些组件，电力器件和电容从生产商处获得，这反映了当前的额技术水平。

在所有这些组件中，需要电力电子研究员设计和制作的是磁性元器件。

在这一部分，我们将讨论LLC变换的磁设计。

5.1.1分立元件设计法及其存在的问题图5.1给出了LLC谐振变换器中需要设计的磁性元器件，共三个：串联谐振电感Lr，并联谐振电感Lm和T型变压器。

从Lm和T型变压器的结构上看，我们可以将Lm设计为变压器的励磁电感。

所以，实际上，我们只需设计一个谐振电感和一个带励磁电感的变压器。

图5.1LLC谐振变换器的磁构成有几种设计磁器件的方式。

其中一种是利用分立元件，用一个磁芯来设计谐振电感，用另一个磁芯来设计变压器和励磁电感Lm。

这种方法的优点是设计步骤成熟。

接下来，将呈现一种利用分立元件的设计法。

为了将其和后面介绍的磁集成设计法比较，我们会展示其仿真结果。

因为在LLC谐振变换器中，流过谐振电感Lr的是纯对称的交流电流，所以电感和变压器的磁芯采用软铁芯。

图5.2是LLC谐振变换器的分立磁件设计。

两个U型磁芯分别用来设计谐振电感和气隙变压器。

图5.3是磁芯磁感应强度的仿真结果。

每个U型磁芯的有效窗口面积是116.5mm2。

设计结果：n1=12，np：ns：ns=16:4:4，gap1=1.45mm、gap2=0.6mm。

(a)(b)图5.2分立磁件设计的(a)原理图(b)物理结构(a)电感(b)变压器图5.3磁感应强度仿真结果(a)电感(b)变压器图5.3是当输入电压为400V、工作开关频率200kH时各个磁芯的磁感应强度。

如图所示，两个磁芯中的磁感应强度值都十分高。

高磁感应强度的磁芯会导致磁芯损耗。

英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇

英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。

这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。

毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。

形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders g1,g2 can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph G s emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之，简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的，具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter gα(Δ)f entails applying the Laplacian r times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in O(rn) operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network f q implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where b>0 is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰；⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore：v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth d and width w of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic f(x,y)=x T Wy, set the batch size to 128 and the learning rate to 10−4.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合；依照；和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node a node b has k neighboring nodes.Processing math: 100%。

强激光与物质相互作用英语

强激光与物质相互作用英语Possible article:Interactions between Matter and Strong Laser LightIntroductionStrong laser light can produce remarkable effects on matter, ranging from heating and ionization to acceleration and fusion. Understanding these interactions is not only fascinating from a scientific perspective but also holdsgreat significance for energy, medical, and industrial applications. This article will overview the basic principles, mechanisms, and applications of the interaction betweenstrong laser light and matter.Basic PrinciplesLight is an electromagnetic wave, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. The behavior of a light wave can be described by Maxwell's equations, which relatethe electric and magnetic fields to the sources and media of the wave. When light interacts with matter, several phenomena can occur, depending on the frequency and intensity of thelight as well as the nature and state of the matter.One of the most important parameters of strong laserlight is its intensity, which is defined as the power of the light beam per unit area. The intensity can reach values of10^15 W/cm^2 or higher for modern lasers, which is equivalent to focusing the light energy of the Sun onto a tiny spot.Such high intensities can cause nonlinear effects, where the response of the matter depends on the square or higher powers of the electric field strength. Moreover, the highintensities can lead to relativistic effects, where themotion of the electrons in the matter becomes significant to the point of approaching the speed of light.Mechanisms of InteractionSeveral mechanisms can explain the interaction between strong laser light and matter. Some of the most importantones are:- Absorption: When a photon of the light energy is absorbed by an electron in the matter, the electron gains energy and may be excited to a higher energy level or even ionized from the atom or molecule. The probability of absorption depends on the frequency of the light and the electronic structure of the matter. For example, ultraviolet light is easily absorbed by molecules containing aromatic or conjugated rings, while infrared light is more likely to be absorbed by polar molecules.- Scattering: When a photon of the light energy collides with a particle in the matter, it may be scattered in different directions or absorbed and reemitted at a different frequency. Scattering can occur elastically, where the photon keeps its energy and only changes direction, or inelastically, wherethe photon loses or gains some energy in the process. Scattering can be used to diagnose the properties of matter, such as its size, shape, and composition.- Ionization: When the intensity of the light exceeds acertain threshold, called the ionization threshold, the probability of ionization increases dramatically. Ionization can lead to the formation of plasmas, which are collectionsof positively charged ions and free electrons that behave asa fluid with collective properties. Plasmas can emit intense radiation, generate magnetic fields, and accelerate chargedparticles to high energies.- Heating: When the light energy is absorbed by the matter, the temperature of the matter increases due to the excitation of the internal degrees of freedom, such as vibrations, rotations, or electronic transitions. The amount of heating depends on the rate of energy deposition and the thermal conductivity of the matter. Heating can be useful for a variety of applications, such as welding, cutting, and annealing.- Acceleration: When a strong laser light beam is focused onto a small target, the intense electric field can create a gradient of forces that pushes the surface electrons away from the center and attracts the ions towards it. This creates a net force that can accelerate the target towards the light source or even generate a shock wave. Acceleration can be used to produce high-energy particles, such as ions, electrons, and neutrons, which can be employed for medical imaging, cancer therapy, or material analysis.- Fusion: When two nuclei with positive charges are brought close enough, they can overcome their electrostatic repulsion and collide with enough kinetic energy to form a heavier nucleus. This process is called fusion and releases a large amount of energy, as predicted by Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2. Strong laser light can enhance the fusion rate by compressing and heating the nuclei to overcome the Coulomb barrier. Fusion can be a promising source of clean energy, but requires overcoming many technical and safety challenges.ApplicationsThe interaction between strong laser light and matter has numerous applications in science and technology. Some of the most promising ones are:- High-energy physics: Strong laser light can mimic and complement the experiments performed in particle accelerators, by producing high-energy particles with high precision and compactness. Strong laser light can also probe the quantum vacuum and test fundamental physics theories.- Material science: Strong laser light can modify and control the properties of materials, such as their surface texture, hardness, and conductivity. Strong laser light can alsocreate new materials by inducing rapid phase transitions orby synthesizing nanoparticles with specific shapes and sizes. - Medicine: Strong laser light can be used for non-invasive diagnostic imaging, such as optical coherence tomography, or for therapeutic treatments, such as laser surgery, cancer ablation, and photodynamic therapy.- Energy: Strong laser light can enhance the efficiency and safety of nuclear fusion, which could provide a virtually limitless and clean source of energy. Strong laser light can also enable the harvesting of renewable energy sources, suchas solar and wind, by improving their conversion and storage technologies.ConclusionThe interaction between strong laser light and matter is a fascinating and multidisciplinary field of research and innovation, with far-reaching implications for science, technology, and society. Exploring and harnessing these interactions requires advancements in laser technology, theoretical modeling, experimental techniques, and interdisciplinary collaborations. As the intensity of laser light continues to increase and its applications continue to expand, the future of this field looks bright and enlightening.。

三相电源监测传感器系列产品说明书

2C D C 251 054 F 0t 08ᕅ ᕄ ᕃᕉᕇᕆ ᕈ ᕊCM-MPN.522C D C 251055 F 0t 08ᕅ ᕄ ᕃᕉᕇᕆ ᕈ ᕊCM-MPN.622C D C 251 056 F 0t08ᕅ ᕄ ᕃᕉᕇᕆ ᕈ ᕊCM-MPN.72Multifunctional three-phase monitoring relaysCM-MPN.52, CM-MPN.62 and CM-MPN.72Data sheetApplicationThe CM-MPN.x2 are multifunctional monitoring relays for three-phase mains. They monitor the phase parameters phase sequence, phase failure, over- and undervoltage and phase unbalance.The threshold values for over- and undervoltage and phase unbalance are adjustable.Order dataOrder data - AccessoriesFeaturesMonitoring of three-phase mains for phase sequence (can be switched off), phase failure, over- andu ndervoltage as well as phase unbalance Automatic phase sequence correction configurableThreshold values for phase unbalance, over- and undervoltage are adjustable as absolute values Tripping delay can be adjusted or switched off by means of a logarithmic scale ON-delayed or OFF-delayed tripping delay selectable Powered by the measuring circuit True RMS measuring principle1x2 or 2x1 c/o (SPDT) contact configurable 3 LEDs for status indicationApprovalsA UL 508, CAN/CSA C22.2 No.14(only CM-MPN.52 und CM-MPN.62)C GLD GOST K CB scheme ECCCMarksa CE bC-TickR/T: yellow LED - relay status, timingF1: red LED - fault message F2: red LED - fault messageAdjustment of the trippingd elay t V Adjustment of the thresholdvalue for overvoltage6 Adjustment of the threshold value for undervoltage7 Adjustment of the threshold value for phase unbalance 8 Function selection(see DIP switch functions) / Marker labelOperating modeConfiguration of the devices is made by means of setting elements accessible on the front of the unit and signalling is made by means of front-face LEDs.Adjustment potentiometerThreshold valuesBy means of three separate potentiometers with direct reading scales, the threshold values for over- and undervoltage as well as for phase unbalance can be a djusted within the measuring range.Tripping delay t VThe tripping delay t V can be adjusted within a range of 0.1-30 s by means of a potentiometer with logaritmic scale. By turning to the left stop, the tripping delay can be switched off.DIP switches2C D C 252 041 F 0b 08LEDs1) Possible misadjustments of the front-face operating controls:Overlapping of the threshold values: An overlapping of the threshold values is given, if the threshold value foro vervoltage is set to a smaller value than the threshold value for u ndervoltage.DIP switch 3 = OFF and DIP switch 4 = ON: Automatic phase sequence c orrection is activated and selected operating mode is 1x2 c/o (SPDT) contactsDIP switch 2 and 4 = ON: Phase sequence detection is deactivated and the automatic phase sequence correction is activedFunction diagram legendG Control supply voltage not applied / Output contact open / LED off B Control supply voltage applied / Output contact closed / LED glowingPhase sequence and phase failure monitoringApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage, the output relays energize and the yellow LED R/T glows. Phase sequence monitoringIf phase sequence monitoring is activated, the output relays de- e nergize as soon as a phase sequence error occurs. The fault is displayed by alternated flashing of the LEDs F1 and F2. The output relays re- energize automatically as soon as the phase sequence is correct again. Phase failure monitoringThe output relays de-energize instantaneous if a phase failure o ccurs. The fault is indicated by lightning of LED F1 and flashing of LED F2. The output relays re-energize automatically as soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range.25-2625-28L1, L2, L315-1615-182C D C 252 094 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 msFunction descriptions/diagramsOver- and undervoltage monitoring 1x2 c/o (SPDT) contactsjApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage and with correct phase sequence, the output relays energize and the yellow LED R/T glows.Type of tripping delay = ON-delay AIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, the output relays de-energize after the set tripping delay t V is complete. The LED R/T flashes during timing and turns off as soon as the output relays de-energize.The output relays re-energize automatically as soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 5 %. The LED R/T glows.L1, L2, L315-1615-18> U > U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U25-2625-282C D C 252 090 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayType of tripping delay = OFF-delay BIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, the output relays de-energize instantaneously and the LED R/T turns off.As soon as the voltage returns to the t olerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 5 %, the output relays re-energize a utomatically after the set tripping delay t V is complete. The LED R/T flashes d uring timing and turns steady when timing is c omplete.25-2625-28L1, L2, L315-1615-18> U> U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U2C D C 252 091 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayOver- and undervoltage monitoring 2x1 c/o (SPDT) contactiApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct v oltage and with correct phase sequence, the output relays energize. The yellow LED R/T glows as long as at least one output relay is e nergized.Type of tripping delay = ON-delay AIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, output relay R1 (overvoltage) or output relay R2 (undervoltage) de-energizes after the set tripping delay t V is c omplete. The LED R/T flashes during timing.The corresponding output relay re-energizes automatically as soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range, taking into a ccount a fixed hysteresis of 5 %.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-28> U> U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U2C D C 252 006 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayType of tripping delay = OFF-delay BIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, output relay R1 (overvoltage) or output relay R2 (undervoltage) de-energizes instantaneously.As soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range, taking into a ccount a fixed hysteresis of 5 %, the corresponding output relay re-energizes automatically after the set tripping delay t V is complete. The LED R/T flashes during timing.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-28> U > U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U2C D C 252 007 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayPhase unbalance monitoringApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage and with correct phase sequence, the output relays energize and the yellow LED R/T glows.Type of tripping delay = ON-delay AIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set phase unbalance threshold value, the output relays de-energize after the set tripping delay t V is c omplete. The LED R/T flashes during timing and turns off as soon as the output relays de-energize.The output relays re-energize automatically as soon as the voltage r eturns to the tolerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 20 %. The LED R/T glows.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-282C D C 252 092 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valueUnbalanceUnbalance - HysteresisUnbalance + HysteresisUnbalancet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayType of tripping delay = OFF-delay BIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set phase unbalance threshold value, the output relays de-energize i nstantaneously and the LED R/T turns off.As soon as the voltage r eturns to the t olerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 20 %, the output relays re-energize automatically a fter the set tripping delay t V is c omplete. The LED R/T flashes d uring timing and turns steady when timing is c omplete.25-2625-28L1, L2, L315-1615-182C D C 252 093 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valueUnbalanceUnbalance - HysteresisUnbalance + HysteresisUnbalancet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayAutomatic phase sequence correctionThis function can be selected only if phase sequence monitoring is activated k (DIP switch 3 = ON) and operating mode 2x1 c/o (SPDT) contact j is selected (DIP switch 2 = OFF).Applying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S1. When t S1 is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage, output relay R1 energizes. Output relay R2 energizes when the fixed start-up delay t S2 is complete and all phases are present with correct phase sequence. Output relay R2 remainsde-energized if the phase sequence is incorrect.If the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold values for phase unbalance, over- or undervoltage or if a phase failure occurs, output relay R1 de-energizes and the LEDs F1 and F2 indicate the fault.Output relay R2 is responsive only to a false phase sequence. In conjunction with a reversing contactor combination, this enables an automatic correction of the rotation direction. See circuit diagrams.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-282C D C 252 085 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet S1 = start-up delay of R1 fixed 250 ms t S2 = start-up delay of R2 fixed 200 ms2C D C 252 086 F 0b 072C D C 252 087 F 0b 07Control circuit diagram (K1 = CM-MPN.x2)Power circuit diagramConnection diagramL1L228261525L3L3151618262825L2L116182C D C 252 038 F 0b 08L1, L2, L3 Control supply voltage = measuring voltage 15-16/18 Output contacts -25-26/28 closed-circuit principleCM-MPN.52, CM-MPN.62, CM-MPN.72Data at T a = 25 °C and rated values, unless otherwise indicatedData at T a = 25 °C and rated values, unless otherwise indicated1)Closed-circuit principle: Output relay(s) de-energize(s) if measured value exceeds or falls below the adjusted threshold value1112Technical diagramsLoad limit curvesAC load (resistive)2C D C 252 194 F 0205DC load (resistive)2C D C 252 193F 0205Derating factor Fat inductive AC load2C D C 252 192 F 0205Switching current [A]S w i t c h i n g c y c l e s2C D C 252 148 F 0206Dimensionsin mm2C D C 252 032 F 000313Further documentationYou can find the documentation online at /lowvoltage R Control Products R Electronic Relays and ControlsDimensions - Accessoriesin mm2C D C 252 009 F 00102C D C 252 010 F 0010ADP .02 - Adapter for screw mountingMAR.02 - Marker label2C D C 252 009 F 0010COV .02 - Sealable transparent coverABB STOTZ-KONTAKT GmbHP. O. Box 10 16 8069006 Heidelberg, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 6221 7 01-0Fax: +49 (0) 6221 7 01-13 25E-mail:*****************.comYou can find the address of your local sales organisation on theABB home page/contacts-> Low Voltage Products and Systems Contact usNote:We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB AG does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents – in whole or in parts – is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB AG. Copyright© 2010 ABBAll rights reserved D o c u m e n t n u m b e r . 2 C D C 1 1 2 1 2 8 D 0 2 0 1 ( 0 7 / 1 0 )。

计算机专业英语考试词汇

第1章Introduction to the Digital Computer数字计算机：digital computer数据处理系统：data processing system程序设计：programming程序语句：statement真空管：vacuum-tube晶体管：transistor电子线路：electronic circuitry集成电路：IC integrated circuit大规模集成电路：LSI large scale integration 或者large scale integrated circuit开关：switch计算：computation变量：variable算法：algorithm信息技术：information technology程序设计语言：programming language数据库：database操作系统：operating system软件工程：software engineering编译程序：compiler编辑程序：editor加法器：adder计数器：counter计算机网络：computer network人机接口：human-computer interface增加：insert删除：delete更新：update检索：retrieval软件：software硬件：hardware外部设备：peripheral输入设备：input unit输出设备：output unit存储器：memory unit中央处理器：CPU central processing unit键盘：keyboard视频显示终端：video display terminal主存储器：main memory辅助存储器：auxiliary memory内部存储器：internal memory外部存储器：external memory 半导体：semiconductor磁鼓：magnetic drum磁盘：magnetic disk磁带：magnetic tape软盘：floppy disk硬盘：hard disk通用计算机：general-purpose computer专用计算机：special-purpose computer算数逻辑单元：ALU arithmetic and logic unit 寄存器：register随机访问存储器：RAM random-access memory只读存储器：ROM read-only memory应用软件：application software系统软件：system software公共总线：common bus时钟脉冲：clock pulse最高有效位：most significant bits最低有效位：least significant bits第2章Basic Digital-Logic Devices逻辑门电路：logic gates微处理器：microprocessor真值表：truth table补码：complement波形：waveform电位：potential运算器：operator组合逻辑：combinatorial logic晶体管晶体管逻辑电路：TTL transistor-transistor logic推拉输出电路：totem-pole output门控锁存器：gated latch选通脉冲：strobe反相器：inverter组合电路：combinational circuit 布尔函数：Boolean function译码器：decoder触发器：flip-flop低电平有效：active-low高电平有效：active-high边沿触发型触发器：edged-triggered flip-flop 凹陷电平、门槛电平：threshold level上升沿：rising edge下降沿：falling edge移位寄存器：shift register双向移位寄存器：bi-directional shift register 并行传送：parallel transfer二进制计数器：binary counter正反馈：positive feedback 负反馈：negative feedback第3章Programming the Computer机器指令：machine instructions二进制代码：binary code八进制代码：octal code十六进制代码：hexadecimal code符号代码：symbolic code汇编程序：assembler编译程序：compiler面向用户的：user-oriented面向问题的：problem-oriented操作数：operand汇编语言指令：assembly language instructions微处理器：microprocessor机器代码：machine code源程序：source code操作码：opcode助记符：mnemonic累加器：accumulator源操作数：source operand目的操作数：destination operand注释：comment寻址方式：addressing mode直接寻址：direct addressing间接寻址：indirect addressing存储器有效地址：EA effective memory address 偏移量：offset索引、变址：index指针寄存器：pointer register变址寄存器：index register基址寄存器：base register基址指针寄存器：base pointer register目的变址寄存器：destination index register 源变址寄存器：source index register精简指令集计算机：RISC reducedinstruction set computer流水线：pipeline结构化语言：structured language程序块结构：block structure块结构语言：block structure language面向问题的程序设计语言：problem orientedprogramming language面向机器的程序设计语言：machine oriented programming language类：class继承：inheritance对象：object人工智能：artificial intelligence封装：encapsulation多态性：polymorphism域名：domain name系统管理员：system administrator第4章The Computer Memory通用计算机：general-purpose computers主存：main memory辅存：auxiliary memory高速缓冲存储器：cache memory随机访问存储器：RAM random accessmemory只读存储器：ROM read-only memory存储单元：memory cell常量：constant数组、矩阵：array可编程只读存储器：PROM programmable read-only memory可擦除可编程只读存储器：EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory电可擦除可编程只读存储器：EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memory半导体集成电路：semiconductor integrated circuit电容器：capacitor 放电：discharge引导装入模块：bootstrap loader初始化程序：initial program金属氧化物半导体：MOS metal oxide semiconductor多道程序设计：multiprogramming重定位：relocation软盘：floppy disk磁泡存储器：magnetic bubble memory软扇区磁盘：soft-sectored disk硬扇区磁盘：hard-sectored disk磁道：track柱面：cylinder固件：firmware虚拟地址：virtual address地址空间：address space物理地址：physical address存储空间：memory space磁盘操作系统：DOS disk operating system第5章Input/Output Devices监视器：monitor点距：dot pitch电子枪：electron gun荧光体：phosphor阴极射线管：CRT cathode ray tube分辨率：resolution视频信号：video signal带宽：bandwidth用户手册：owner’s manual软拷贝：softcopy硬拷贝：hardcopy显微胶片：microfilm光栅、扫描线：raster象素：pixel垂直分辨率：vertical resolution水平分辨率：horizontal resolution彩色图形适配器：CGA color graphics adapter增强型图形适配器：EGA extended graphics adapter主板：motherboard位映射图像：bit-mapped graphics字符映射显示：character-mapped display液晶显示器：LCD liquid crystal display 触摸屏：touch panel图标：icon发光二极管：LED light-emitting diode坐标：coordinate打字机：typewriter控制台：console远程终端：remote terminal大写字符：uppercase小写字符：lowercase电阻器：resistor鼠标：mouse光标：cursor鼠标垫：mouse pad计算机辅助设计：CAD computer aided design报文交换：message-switching矩阵：matrix激光打印机：laser printer静电：static electricity非击打式打印机：nonimpact printers桌面排版系统：desktop publishing光学字符识别：optical character recognition 通用串行总线：universal serial bus数码相机：digital camera第6章Software engineering软件工程：software engineering程序流程图：program flowchart高内聚：highly cohesive低耦合：loosely coupled软件过程：software process结构化程序设计：structured programming自顶向下程序设计：top-down design结构化普查：structured walkthroughs第7章Operating System操作系统：operating system低级语言：low level language高级语言：high level language数据结构：data structure目录：directory属性：attribute进程：process栈指针：stack pointer磁芯映像、内存映像：core image图形用户界面：GUI graphical user interface工作站：workstation服务器：server传输控制协议：TCP Transmission Control Protocol网络互联协议：IP Internet Protocol第五章Input/Output Devices光学字符识别：OCR optical character recognition通用串行总线：USB universal serial bus数码相机：digital camera像素：pixel扫描仪：scanner液晶显示器：LCD Liquid Crystal Display第六章Software engineering软件工程：software engineering程序流程图：program flowchart高内聚：highly cohesive低耦合：loosely coupled软件过程：software process结构化程序设计：structured programming自顶向下程序设计：top-down design结构化普查：structured walkthroughs第七章Operating System操作系统：operating system低级语言：low level language高级语言：high level language数据结构：data structure检查和：checksum目录：directory属性：attribute进程：process栈指针：stack pointer磁芯映像、内存映像：core image图形用户界面：GUI graphical user interface工作站：workstation服务器：server传输控制协议：TCP Transmission Control Protocol网络互联协议：IP Internet Protocol快捷键：shortcut key第八章Computer Networks全双工异步通信：full duplex asynchronous communication全双工：full duplex电流：electric current双绞线：twisted pair wiring调制解调器：modem信号损失：signal loss载波：carrier wave调制：modulation解调：demodulation光纤：optical fiber调幅：amplitude modulation调频：frequency modulation同轴电缆：coaxial cable网络接口卡：NIC network interface card帧格式：frame format拨号：dialup呼叫模式：calling mode应答模式：answer mode面向字符的：character-oriented网络分析器：network analyzer载波监听多重访问：CSMA carrier sense with multiple access 令牌环网：token ring network网络流量：network traffic随机模式：promiscuous mode星型拓扑结构：star topology环型拓扑结构：ring topology总线型拓扑结构：bus topology印刷电路板：printed circuit board校验和：checksum中继器：repeater桥接器：bridge交换机：switch集线器：hub路由器：router客户端：client服务器：server域名系统：DNS domain name system电子邮件：E-mail electronic mail第九章Computer Applications标题栏：title bar下拉菜单：pull-down menu菜单条：menu bar工具条：tool bar格式条：format bar快捷键：shortcut key文本区：text area滚动条：scroll bar视图图标：view icon状态栏：status bar工作窗口：active window对话框：dialog box文本框：text box命令按钮：command button列表框：list box单选按钮：radio button复选框：check box关系型数据库：relational database层次型数据库：hierarchical database网状数据库：network database数据库管理系统：DBMS database management system 实体-关系：ER entity-relationship虚拟现实：virtual reality地理信息系统：GIS geographic information system扩展名：extension计算机辅助设计：CAD computer aided design 模型空间：model space纸张空间：paper space工业机器人：industrial robot内置的：built-in传感器：sensor限位开关：limit switch电机启动器：motor starter固态继电器：solid-state relay指示灯：indicator light梯形图程序：ladder program。

电感耦合等离子体英文

电感耦合等离子体英文Inductively Coupled Plasma: A Powerful Analytical ToolInductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) is a widely used analytical technique that has revolutionized the field of elemental analysis. This powerful technique has become an indispensable tool in various industries, from environmental monitoring to materials science, due to its ability to provide accurate and sensitive measurements of a wide range of elements. In this essay, we will explore the fundamental principles of ICP, its applications, and the benefits it offers in the realm of analytical chemistry.At the heart of the ICP technique is the generation of a high-temperature plasma. This plasma is created by coupling a radio frequency (RF) coil with a flowing stream of argon gas. The RF energy induces a strong magnetic field, which in turn generates an electric field that accelerates the free electrons in the argon gas. These energized electrons collide with argon atoms, ionizing them and creating the plasma. The plasma can reach temperatures of up to 10,000°C, providing the necessary energy to efficiently atomize and ionize the sample being analyzed.One of the key advantages of ICP is its ability to handle a wide variety of sample types. Solid, liquid, and even gaseous samples can be introduced into the plasma, allowing for the analysis of a diverse range of materials. The sample is typically introduced into the plasma through a nebulizer, which converts the sample into a fine aerosol. The high-temperature plasma then efficiently breaks down the sample, ionizing the atoms and generating a characteristic emission spectrum.The emission spectrum produced by the ionized atoms in the plasma is the foundation of ICP's analytical capabilities. Each element has a unique set of energy levels and transitions, resulting in a specific pattern of emission lines in the spectrum. By analyzing the intensity and wavelength of these emission lines, researchers can accurately identify and quantify the elements present in the sample.One of the primary advantages of ICP is its exceptional sensitivity. The high-temperature plasma can efficiently ionize even trace amounts of elements, allowing for the detection of extremely low concentrations. This sensitivity makes ICP an invaluable tool in fields such as environmental monitoring, where the detection of heavy metals and other pollutants at parts-per-billion (ppb) or even parts-per-trillion (ppt) levels is crucial.In addition to its sensitivity, ICP also offers excellent precision andaccuracy. The stability and reproducibility of the plasma ensure that the measurements obtained are highly reliable, making ICP a preferred choice for applications that require precise quantitative analysis. This precision is particularly important in industries such as materials science, where the accurate characterization of alloys and thin films is essential for product development and quality control.Another significant advantage of ICP is its ability to handle complex matrices. The high-temperature plasma can effectively break down and ionize samples with a wide range of organic and inorganic components, making ICP a versatile technique for the analysis of environmental samples, biological samples, and industrial materials. This versatility is a significant advantage over other elemental analysis methods, which may be more sensitive to matrix effects or require extensive sample preparation.The applications of ICP span a diverse range of fields, reflecting its versatility and analytical power. In environmental monitoring, ICP is widely used for the detection and quantification of heavy metals, trace elements, and other pollutants in water, soil, and air samples. In the pharmaceutical industry, ICP is employed to ensure the purity and quality of drug compounds and to monitor the levels of trace elements in biological samples. In materials science, ICP is used to characterize the elemental composition of metals, ceramics, and semiconductors, supporting the development of new materials andthe optimization of manufacturing processes.Beyond its analytical capabilities, ICP also offers several practical advantages. The technique is relatively easy to automate, allowing for high-throughput sample analysis and increased efficiency in laboratory workflows. Additionally, the argon gas used in the plasma is relatively inexpensive and readily available, making ICP a cost-effective analytical solution.Despite its many benefits, ICP is not without its limitations. The technique requires a significant investment in specialized equipment and infrastructure, and the operation and maintenance of an ICP system can be complex, requiring skilled technicians. Additionally, certain sample types, such as those with high salt content or organic matter, may require extensive sample preparation to avoid matrix effects and ensure accurate results.In conclusion, Inductively Coupled Plasma is a powerful analytical tool that has transformed the field of elemental analysis. Its ability to provide sensitive, accurate, and versatile measurements of a wide range of elements has made it an indispensable technique in various industries and research fields. As analytical techniques continue to evolve, ICP is likely to remain a crucial tool for scientists and researchers seeking to unlock the secrets of the elemental world.。

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x000 x101 − x001 x100 , x000 x011 − x001 x010 , x000 x111 − x100 x011 that form a Gr¨ obner basis with respect to the lexicographic term order ≺ with x000 ≻ x111 ≻ x001 ≻ x010 ≻ x100 ≻ x011 ≻ x101 ≻ x110 where the underlined terms are the leading terms. The initial ideal is the edge ideal I (G) of the graph G with eight vertices and nine edges given by the nine underlined terms of the given binomials. This graph is bipartite and thus the secant ideal I (G){r} = 0 for
1. Introduction The r -th symbolic power of an ideal I in a N¨ otherian ring R is the ideal I (r) =
−1 RI · I r ∩ R,
where RI denotes the complement of the minimal primes of I . In the down-to-earth setting where I is a radical ideal in a polynomial ring K[x] = K[x1 , . . . , xn ] over an algebraically closed ﬁeld, Zariski and Nagata showed that this is the same operation as the diﬀerential power of I : I <r> = mr p
COMBINATORIAL SYMBOLIC POWERS
SETH SULLIVANT
arXiv:math/0608542v3 [math.AC] 6 Sep 2007
Abstract. Symbolic powers are studied in the combinatorial context of monomial ideals. When the ideals are generated by quadratic squarefree monomials, the generators of the symbolic powers are obstructions to vertex covering in the associated graph and its blowups. As a result, perfect graphs play an important role in the theory, dual to the role played by perfect graphs in the theory of secants of monomial ideals. We use Gr¨ obner degenerations as a tool to reduce questions about symbolic powers of arbitrary ideals to the monomial case. Among the applications are a new, uniﬁed approach to the Gr¨ obner bases of symbolic powers of determinantal and Pfaﬃan ideals. Keywords: Symbolic power, Gr¨ obner basis, perfect graph, edge ideal, determinantal ideal
1
2
SETH SULLIVANT
Our goal in this paper is to study the symbolic powers I (r) for combinatorially deﬁned ideals, and in particular, for squarefree monomial ideals. One reason for focusing on the monomial case is that we can often bootstrap computations of symbolic powers of monomial ideals to other combinatorially deﬁned ideals. In particular, we use Gr¨ obner degenerations as a tool to reduce questions about symbolic powers of arbitrary ideals to symbolic powers of initial ideals. This strategy is particularly successful in the case when I is a determinantal or Pfaﬃan ideal, and provides a new framework for proving many of the classical results about symbolic powers of such ideals (e.g. in [1, 5, 6, 10]). This paper should be read as a companion paper to [26], extending and exploiting the strategy described there from secant ideals to symbolic powers. The outline of this paper is as follows. In the next section, we describe some preliminary results and deﬁnitions regarding symbolic powers, and their relations to secant ideals. We deﬁne diﬀerentially perfect ideals, which are those ideals whose symbolic powers satisfy a natural recurrence relation. Sections 3 and 4 are concerned with studying generators for the symbolic powers of edge ideals and antichain ideals, two classes of squarefree monomial ideals of special signiﬁcance in combinatorial commutative algebra. In Sections 5 and 6 we show how the results of Sections 3 and 4 concerning the monomial case can be exploited to prove theorems about the symbolic powers of combinatorially deﬁned ideals, using Gr¨ obner degenerations. Section 5 concerns classical determinantal ideals (of generic and symmetric matrices) and Pfaﬃan ideals, exploiting some results from [26]. Section 6 is concerned with more detailed proofs for some special examples of Segre-Veronese varieties. We give a new proof of some Gr¨ obner basis results for minors of Hankel matrices, and provide two new examples of classes of determinantal ideals whose secants and symbolic powers are well-behaved. The second of these examples is signiﬁcant, because the relevant initial ideals are not antichain ideals, and provide examples that do not appear to be amenable to the use of the Knuth-Robinson-Schensted (KRS) correspondence. To close the Introduction, we give an example to illustrate how the symbolic powers of initial ideals can be used as a tool to deduce the equations and Gr¨ obner bases of the symbolic powers of classical ideals. Let V denote the Segre embedding of P1 × P1 × P1 in P7 . The ideal I = I (V ) is generated by nine quadrics x001 x110 − x100 x011 , x111 x010 − x011 x110 , x010 x101 − x100 x011 , x111 x001 − x011 x101 , x111 x100 − x101 x110 , x000 x110 − x010 x100 ,