The Carbon Abundance and 12C13C Isotopic Ratio in the Atmosphere of Arcturus from 2.3 micro
碳的同位素英文版
碳的同位素英文版Carbon IsotopesCarbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and plays a crucial role in the chemistry of life. It exists in several isotopic forms, with the three most common isotopes being carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.Carbon-12, denoted as 12C, is the most abundant and stable isotope of carbon. It makes up about 98.9% of all carbon atoms on Earth. It has six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. Carbon-12 is often used as the standard for measuring atomic masses, with one atomic mass unit (amu) defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.Carbon-13, denoted as 13C, is a stable isotope of carbon that makes up about 1.1% of all carbon atoms. It has six protons, seven neutrons, and six electrons. The slight difference in the number of neutrons gives carbon-13 a slightly higher atomic mass than carbon-12. Carbon-13 is often used in scientific research to study the movement of carbon in various processes, such as photosynthesis and carbon cycling in the environment.Carbon-14, denoted as 14C, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that is present in trace amounts in the atmosphere. It has six protons, eight neutrons, and six electrons. Carbon-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays collide with nitrogen atoms, converting them into carbon-14. This radioactive isotope undergoes radioactive decay, with a half-life of about 5730 years. It is commonly used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of ancient artifacts and fossils.The different isotopes of carbon have distinct properties and applications. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable isotopes that do not undergo radioactive decay. They are often used in stable isotope analysis to study the origin and movement of carbon in biological and geological systems. By measuring the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in a sample, scientists can gain insights into the sources of carbon and the processes involved.Carbon-14, on the other hand, is a radioactive isotope that can be used to determine the age of organic materials. As carbon-14 decays over time, the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in a sample decreases. By measuring this ratio, scientists can estimate the age of the sample. Radiocarbon dating has been instrumental in dating archaeological artifacts, determining the age of ancient civilizations, and understanding the history of our planet.In conclusion, carbon exists in several isotopic forms, with carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 being the most common. These isotopes have different properties and applications, ranging from stable isotope analysis to radiocarbon dating. The study of carbon isotopes has greatly contributed to our understanding of the Earth's history, the movement of carbon in the environment, and the dating of ancient artifacts.。
当表面活性剂遇到大环分子
114Univ. Chem. 2023, 38 (12), 114–119收稿：2023-06-27；录用：2023-08-01；网络发表：2023-08-11*通讯作者，Email:*****************.cn基金资助：2021年基础学科拔尖学生培养计划2.0研究课题(20211014)；天津市首批虚拟教研室试点建设项目(化学类交叉人才培养课程建设虚拟教研室)•专题• doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202306051 当表面活性剂遇到大环分子阮文娟，李悦，耿文超，郭东升*南开大学化学学院，天津 300071摘要：近年来，表面和胶体化学与大环化学的结合引起了科学家的普遍关注。
将多样的大环结构引入表面活性剂分子，不仅极大地丰富了表面活性剂分子的种类，还可以赋予其大环的主客体识别功能。
由此所开发出的大环两亲和超两亲分子已在生物成像和药物递送中表现出很高的应用潜力。
从传统表面活性剂到大环两亲和超两亲分子的发展、应用表明，不同领域的交叉融合对科学研究的发展是非常重要的。
关键词：表面活性剂；胶束；大环结构；大环两亲分子；超两亲分子中图分类号：G64；O6Encountering of Surfactants with Macrocyclic MoleculesWen-Juan Ruan, Yue Li, Wen-Chao Geng, Dong-Sheng Guo *College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.Abstract: In recent years, the combination of surface and colloid chemistry with macrocyclic chemistry has garnered widespread attention among scientists. The integration of diverse macrocyclic structures into surfactant molecules not only greatly enriches the diversity of surfactants, but also imparts them with the host-guest recognition functionality of macrocycles. Macrocyclic amphiphiles and supra-amphiphiles, developed from this approach, have demonstrated high potential in applications such as bioimaging and drug delivery. The evolution from traditional surfactants to macrocyclic amphiphiles and supra-amphiphiles underscores the importance of interdisciplinary integration in advancing scientific research.Key Words: Surfactants; Micelles; Macrocycles; Macrocyclic amphiphiles; Supra-amphiphiles表面活性剂及其所构筑的胶束是表面和胶体化学中所涉及的一类非常重要的体系。
产品碳足迹及中和核算指南
产品碳足迹及中和核算指南英文回答：Carbon Footprint and Neutralization Accounting Guide.Introduction.In the face of the escalating climate crisis, organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of understanding and mitigating their environmental impact. Carbon footprinting and neutralization accounting provide a comprehensive framework for quantifying and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with an organization's activities. This guide outlines the principles, methodologies, and best practices for developing and implementing a robust carbon footprint and neutralization accounting program.1. Establishing a Carbon Footprint.The first step towards carbon footprinting is establishing an accurate baseline of an organization's GHG emissions. This involves identifying all relevant emission sources and quantifying their contributions usingrecognized industry standards and methodologies, such asthe Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol). Key emission sources include:Scope 1: Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources (e.g., fuel combustion, industrial processes)。
碳创新与守旧的英语作文话题
碳创新与守旧的英语作文话题Carbon Innovations: Balancing Progress Amidst Tradition.The relentless march of technological innovation has brought a multitude of advancements that have reshaped our world. In the realm of energy, the push for carbonneutrality has spurred a surge of groundbreakinginitiatives, sparking a global dialogue on thetransformative potential of carbon innovations. However, as we navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, it isessential to strike a delicate balance between embracing progress and preserving tradition.The Allure of Carbon Innovations.Carbon innovations encompass a diverse array of technologies and strategies designed to mitigate carbon emissions and promote sustainability. These include carbon capture and storage (CCS), which traps carbon dioxide from industrial processes and stores it underground; bioenergywith carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which combines biomass combustion with carbon capture; and innovative energy storage solutions that enable the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources.The promise of carbon innovations lies in their ability to decarbonize industries that have traditionally relied on fossil fuels, such as power generation, transportation, and manufacturing. By capturing and storing carbon emissions, these technologies can reduce the overall greenhouse gas footprint of these sectors, paving the way for a cleaner and more sustainable future.Preserving Tradition: The Cultural and Heritage Value of Carbon-Based Industries.While carbon innovations offer undeniable environmental benefits, it is imperative to acknowledge the cultural and heritage value associated with carbon-based industries. For centuries, fossil fuels have played a pivotal role in shaping human societies, fueling economic growth and technological advancements. They have also formed thefoundation of traditional practices and cultural identities in many regions around the world.For communities heavily reliant on carbon-based industries, such as coal mining or oil and gas extraction, the transition to a low-carbon economy can be fraught with social and economic challenges. Preserving the livelihoods and cultural heritage of these communities requires careful planning and tailored support.Finding the Middle Ground: A Holistic Approach to Carbon Neutrality.Striking a balance between carbon innovations and tradition requires a holistic approach that considers both the environmental imperative and the social and cultural impacts of decarbonization. Governments, industries, and communities must work together to foster a just and equitable transition that leaves no one behind.This approach involves:Investing in research and development: Accelerating the development and deployment of cost-effective carbon innovations is crucial for scaling up carbon mitigation efforts.Creating a supportive policy framework: Governments should provide incentives for carbon capture and storage technologies, promote renewable energy integration, and establish carbon pricing mechanisms.Engaging with communities: Open and transparent dialogue with affected communities is essential to address concerns, build trust, and ensure that the transition is inclusive and beneficial.Preserving cultural heritage: Exploring innovative ways to preserve the cultural and historical significance of carbon-based industries can foster a sense of continuity amidst the transition.Conclusion.The pursuit of carbon neutrality presents a formidable challenge that requires a multifaceted response. While carbon innovations offer powerful tools for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is equally important to acknowledge and preserve the value of tradition. By embracing a holistic approach that balances progress with preservation, we can create a sustainable and equitable future that respects both the environment and the cultural fabric of our societies.As we embark on this transformative journey, it is paramount that we engage in thoughtful conversations, collaborate across disciplines, and forge partnerships that bridge the divide between innovation and tradition. Only then can we truly unlock the full potential of carbon innovations while safeguarding the heritage and livelihoods that have shaped our past.。
固体碳氮同位素 应用场景
固体碳氮同位素应用场景英文回答：Solid carbon and nitrogen isotopes have various applications in different fields. One of the main applications is in the field of ecology and environmental science. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes can provide valuable information about the sources of nutrients and energy in ecosystems, as well as the movement and cycling of these elements within food webs.For example, in a study on the diet of a predator species, researchers can analyze the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the predator's tissues to determine the sources of its food. Different food sources have different isotopic signatures, and by comparing the predator's isotopic composition to that of potential prey items, researchers can identify the main food sources and understand the predator's trophic position in the food web.In addition, carbon and nitrogen isotopes can also be used to study the effects of human activities on ecosystems. For instance, in a study on the impact of agriculture on a river ecosystem, researchers can analyze the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the water and sediment samples totrace the sources of nutrients and identify the inputs from agricultural activities. This information can help in assessing the extent of pollution and designing appropriate management strategies.Another application of solid carbon and nitrogen isotopes is in the field of archaeology and anthropology. Isotopic analysis of human remains, such as bones and teeth, can provide insights into ancient diets and migration patterns. For example, by analyzing the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the teeth of ancient individuals, researchers can determine whether they consumed a predominantly plant-based or animal-based diet, and whether they migrated from one region to another during their lifetime.中文回答：固体碳氮同位素在不同领域有着各种应用。
应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册-原版
应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册迟清华鄢明才编著地质出版社·北京·1内容提要本书汇编了国内外不同研究者提出的火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩、土壤、水系沉积物、泛滥平原沉积物、浅海沉积物和大陆地壳的化学组成与元素丰度，同时列出了勘查地球化学和环境地球化学研究中常用的中国主要地球化学标准物质的标准值，所提供内容均为地球化学工作者所必须了解的各种重要地质介质的地球化学基础数据。
本书供从事地球化学、岩石学、勘查地球化学、生态环境与农业地球化学、地质样品分析测试、矿产勘查、基础地质等领域的研究者阅读，也可供地球科学其它领域的研究者使用。
图书在版编目（CIP）数据应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册/迟清华，鄢明才编著. －北京：地质出版社，2007.12ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0Ⅰ. 应… Ⅱ. ①迟…②鄢…Ⅲ. 地球化学丰度－化学元素－数据－手册Ⅳ. P595－62中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2007）第185917号责任编辑：王永奉陈军中责任校对：李玫出版发行：地质出版社社址邮编：北京市海淀区学院路31号，100083电话：（010）82324508（邮购部）网址：电子邮箱：zbs@传真：（010）82310759印刷：北京地大彩印厂开本：889mm×1194mm 1/16印张：10.25字数：260千字印数：1－3000册版次：2007年12月北京第1版•第1次印刷定价：28.00元书号：ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0（如对本书有建议或意见，敬请致电本社；如本社有印装问题，本社负责调换）2关于应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册（代序）地球化学元素丰度数据，即地壳五个圈内多种元素在各种介质、各种尺度内含量的统计数据。
它是应用地球化学研究解决资源与环境问题上重要的资料。
将这些数据资料汇编在一起将使研究人员节省不少查找文献的劳动与时间。
这本小册子就是按照这样的想法编汇的。
碳墨移动比值英语
碳墨移动比值英语The Ratio of Carbon Ink MovementThe world of printing and writing has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years, driven by the rapid advancements in technology. One of the most significant developments in this field is the emergence of carbon ink, a versatile and innovative material that has revolutionized the way we approach the printed word. In this essay, we will delve into the intriguing concept of the ratio of carbon ink movement, exploring its implications and the factors that influence this crucial aspect of modern printing and writing.At the heart of the carbon ink movement lies the fundamental principle of efficient ink transfer and distribution. The ratio of carbon ink movement refers to the precise balance between the amount of ink deposited on a surface and the distance it travels across that surface. This ratio is of paramount importance in ensuring consistent and high-quality output, whether it be in the realm of commercial printing, artistic expression, or personal writing.The ratio of carbon ink movement is influenced by a multitude of factors, each playing a crucial role in the overall performance and effectiveness of the printing or writing process. One of the primary determinants is the composition of the carbon ink itself. The precise blend of carbon-based pigments, binders, and solvents can significantly impact the ink's viscosity, surface tension, and drying characteristics, all of which directly affect the way it moves and interacts with the substrate.Another key factor is the surface characteristics of the material being printed or written upon. The porosity, smoothness, and absorbency of the paper, fabric, or other media can greatly influence the way the carbon ink behaves, affecting its ability to spread, penetrate, and adhere to the surface. The interplay between the ink and the substrate is a delicate balance that requires careful consideration and optimization.The ratio of carbon ink movement is also influenced by the printing or writing technology employed. In the realm of commercial printing, advanced digital presses and offset printing machines utilize sophisticated ink delivery systems that precisely control the amount and distribution of carbon ink on the printed page. In the case of handwriting and artistic applications, the choice of writing instrument, the angle and pressure of the pen or brush, and the technique of the user all contribute to the final ratio of inkmovement.Achieving the optimal ratio of carbon ink movement is essential for a variety of reasons. In commercial printing, a well-calibrated ratio ensures consistent color reproduction, sharp text, and vibrant imagery, ultimately enhancing the visual impact and quality of the final product. In the realm of artistic expression, the ratio of carbon ink movement can be manipulated to create unique textures, gradients, and expressive qualities, allowing artists to push the boundaries of their craft.Furthermore, the ratio of carbon ink movement plays a crucial role in the longevity and preservation of printed materials. A well-balanced ratio can help prevent issues such as smearing, bleeding, and fading, ensuring that the printed content remains legible and visually appealing over time. This is particularly important in the preservation of historical documents, archival materials, and fine art prints, where the long-term integrity of the work is of paramount concern.The ongoing research and development in the field of carbon ink technology have led to significant advancements in our understanding of the ratio of carbon ink movement. Scientists and engineers are constantly exploring new formulations, materials, and printing techniques to optimize this crucial aspect of the printing and writing process. From the development of specialized inks withenhanced flow properties to the design of innovative printing mechanisms, the quest for the perfect ratio of carbon ink movement continues to drive innovation in the industry.As we look to the future, the significance of the ratio of carbon ink movement will only continue to grow. With the increasing demand for high-quality, sustainable, and personalized printed materials, the ability to precisely control the movement and distribution of carbon ink will be essential. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies, such as 3D printing and augmented reality, may introduce new challenges and opportunities in the management of carbon ink ratios, requiring even greater precision and adaptability.In conclusion, the ratio of carbon ink movement is a fundamental concept that underpins the world of printing and writing. By understanding and optimizing this crucial aspect, we can unlock new possibilities in the realm of commercial printing, artistic expression, and personal communication. As technology continues to evolve, the importance of the ratio of carbon ink movement will only become more pronounced, driving further advancements and innovations in this dynamic and ever-changing field.。
E-S-C
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a r X i v :0807.3667v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 23 J u l 2008The Carbon Abundance and 12C/13C Isotopic Ratio in the Atmosphere of Arcturus from 2.3micron CO BandsYa.V.Pavlenko ∗July 23,2008AbstractAsorption lines of the 12CO and 13CO molecular bands (∆v =2)at 2.399–2.3415micron are modelled in spectrum of Arcturus (K2III).We compute a grid of model atmospheres and synthetic spectra for giant of Teff=4300,log g =1.5,and the elemental abundances of Peterson et al.(1993),but abundances of carbon,oxygen and the carbon isotopic ratio,12C/13C are varied in our computations.The computed spectra are fitted to the observed spectrum of Arcturus from the atlas of Hinkle et al.(1995).The best fit to observed spectrum is achieved for log N(C)=-3.78±0.1,12C/13C =8±1.The dependence of 12C/13C vs.log N(C)and log N(O)in the atmosphere of the red giant is discussed.2e+114e+11 6e+11 8e+11 1e+12 1.2e+12 1.4e+12 1.6e+12 100 100010000M o l e c u l a r D e n s i t y (c m -3)Pressure (dyne/cm 2)T min = 3200 KT = 4300 Kn(CO)C I C IIFigure 1:Molecular densities of CI,CII and CO in the atmosphere with Teff=4300K and log g =1.5.The elemental abundances were taken from Peterson et al.(1993),abundance of carbon log N (C)=-3.78.20003000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10100 100010000T e m p e r a t u r e (K )Pressure (dyne/cm 2)log N(C) = -3.38log N(C)=-3.78log N(C)=-4.18PDKNo molec. opacitySolar abundsFigure 2:Temperature distributions in our model atmospheres of Arcturus computed for i)different carbon abundances,ii)solar chemical composition,iii)our model atmosphere computed taking into account only opacity in continuum and atomic lines,iv)the temperature distribution in the PDK model (Peterson at al.1993).21234562.3 2.352.4 2.45F l u x + CWavelength (micron)12CO13COVALDArcturus A6 of M71v"=0v"=1v"=2v"=3v"=4v"=5v"=0v"=1v"=2v"=3Figure 3:Identification of CO bands and atomic lines in the spectrum of Arc-turus in the modelled wavelength range.For comparison,we show the observed spectra of Arcturus from Hinkle et al.(1995)and of the giant A6in the globular cluster M71(Pavlenko et al.2003).4.6e-74.8e-7 5e-75.2e-7 5.4e-7 5.6e-7 5.8e-7 6e-76.2e-7 2 4 68 10 12 14S12C/13Clog N(C)=-3.78log N(C)=-3.58log N(C)=-3.98Figure 4:Minimum of S =Σ(F obs i −F synt i ),here F obs i and F synt i are observed and computed fluxes,(see Pavlenko et al.2003for more detailed explanation)allows to determine the best values of 12C/13C and carbon abundance.In all cases,the effective temperature and gravity are Teff=4300K and log g =1.5.The abundances of other elements are from Peterson et al.(1993).3-4.4-4.2-4-3.8-3.6-3.4-3.22 4681012144e-74.5e-7 5e-75.5e-7 6e-76.5e-7 7e-77.5e-7 8e-7log N(C)12C/13CSFigure 5:S values obtained from the fits of synthetic spectra computed for aseries of model atmospheres of Teff=4300K and log g =1.5and different values of log N(C)and 12C/13C to the observed spectrum of Arcturus (Hinkle et al.1995).The abundances of other elements were taken from Peterson et al.(1993).4.7e-0074.8e-0074.9e-0075e-0075.1e-0075.2e-0075.3e-0072 4 68 10 12 14S12C/13Clog N(C)=-3.78, log N(O)=3.28Figure 6:S vs.12C/13C dependence provides the best-fit carbon isotope ratio ratio for Arcturus 12C/13C =8+/-1.Abundance of carbon is log N(C)=-3.78.40.30.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2.3442.3462.3482.352.3522.3542.356R e s i d u a l F l u xWavelength (micron)Observedlog N(C)=-3.78,12C/13C=8Figure 7:Fit of the computed spectrum for our model atmosphere with log N(C)=-3.78,log N(O)=-3.21,12C/13C =8to the observed spectrum of Arcturus (Hinkle et al.1995)-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1 00.1 0.2 0.3 2.342.362.382.42.422.44F o b s e r v e d -F b e s t f i tWavelength (micron)Figure 8:The difference between the observed and computed fluxes of Arcturus.Theoretical spectrum was computed for our model atmosphere of Teff=4300K and log g =1.5with log N(C)=-3.78,log N(O)=-3.21,and 12C/13C =8.The other abundances are from Peterson et al.(1993).5References[1]IAU228Symp.Proc.“From Lithium to 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