Figures of Speech
Unit Three Figures of__ speech
2.2 Metaphor 2.2.1 Definition of metaphor:
Metaphor also involves a comparison between two or more unlike things which share at least one property or characteristic, but the comparison is not explicitly stated. Instead, it is implied or condensed.
A metaphor also compares, but a metaphor is a bit more sophisticated than a simile. For one thing, in a metaphor, the words like or as are missing. So readers have to recognize the comparison on their own without those easy words which help us to spot a simile so quickly.
Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ty. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical device or a locution.
英语常用修辞格的翻译
省略；Ellipsis
eg：妈妈让他洗碗，她就不洗。 译文：Mother tells her to wash the dishes， but she will not（do it）
移就；Transferred Epithet
把本来用以修饰人的形容词移属于同人有关的抽象物 或具体物，这种貌似错误、实为妙用的修辞格叫做 “移就”（Transferred Epithet），它通过词语巧妙 的“移植”，来取得常规搭配所无法得到的效果。
转喻；Metonymy
Biblioteka eg： 秃头站在白背心的略略正对面，弯了腰， 去研究背心上的文字。（鲁迅：《示众》） 译文：Baldy，standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin，stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin. 有时采用意译更为合适 eg： 英雄所见略同。 译文：Great minds think alike.
递升；Climax
把事物按由小到大、由短到长、由低到高、由轻到重、由近 到远、由易到难、由浅到深等次序说下去，这种修辞手法叫 递升，英语里称作 climax。运用这一修辞手法，能够使要表 达的思想逐步加深、感情逐步强化，因而能增强语言的说服 力和感染力。 eg：事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了。 消灭一点，舒服一点；消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻 底舒服。（ 毛泽东：《关于重庆谈判》） 译文：This is the way things are：if they attack and we wipe them out，they will have that satisfaction；wipe out some，some satisfaction；wipe out more，more satisfaction；wipe out the whole lot，complete satisfaction.
Figures of speech
1.明喻（simile）明喻是直接把一物同某种与其具有同一性质或特点的另一物相比较，常用的比喻词有as，like，seem，as though等
2.暗喻（metaphor）暗喻是间接的把一物同与其具有某种相似点的另一屋相比较，不用比喻词
3.拟人（personification）拟人是指把非人的事物当作人来写，把人的特点赋予事物或某种抽象概念，用本来只适用于人的名词，形容词，动词来描写事物，使其具有人的某些属性
4.夸张（hyperbole）故意夸大事实，给人以深刻的印象，起强调作用。
夸张常与暗喻连在一起
5.委婉语（euphemism）使用委婉词来避免提及刺耳或不愉快的东西
6.反语（irony）讲反话，故意使用同本意相反的说法
7.对偶（antithesis）两个相同或相似的语言结构的对仗或对照
8.转喻（METONYMY）借用与某物相关
或关联的东西代称某物
Gray hair should be respected 老人应该受到尊重这里的gray hair代表老人
9.类比（ANALOGY）巴两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较，来说明道理，把抽象的概念具体化，吧深奥的哲理浅显化
10.矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）修饰语与被修饰语之间看来似乎是矛盾的，但实则相反相成poor rich men 贫穷的富人
11.对照（contrast）把意义相反的字词、短语或句子等平行的排列起来，在结构上对称，揭示出事物间的对立或矛盾12.排比（parallelism）结构类似的句子成分或句子，几个单词连串。
Figures_of_Speech
4. Metonymy [mɪ'tɒnɪmɪ] 转喻
• It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. • E.g. 1) Sword and cross in hand, the European conquerors fell upon the Americans. 2) His purse would not allow him that luxury.
7. Irony ['aɪrənɪ] 讽刺
• It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.
• E.g. Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 店员的这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客 ，“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。
13. Parallelism [‘pærəlelɪzəm] 排比法
• It consists of phrases or sentences of similar constructions and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other. • E.g. 1) Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 2) Bob is a hard hitter, a sure fielder and swift runner.
(完整版)英文修辞手法详解Figuresofspeech
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
新编英语教程修辞Figures of Speech--Metaphor
1）Juliet--- Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow,
That I shall say good night till it be tomorrow.
朱丽叶…晚安！晚安！离别是这样甜蜜的凄清，我真 要向你道晚安直到天明。
In the satisfaction and aplomb of animals,
In the annual return of the seasons,
In the hilarity of youth,
In the strength and flush of manhood,
In the grandeur and exquisiteness of old age,
Synecdoche大体上分为6类：以局部代替整体， 以整体代替局部，以种代替属，以属代替种，以 材料代替制品，以个体代替一类。
Synecdoche(2)
Two heads are better than one. A pale oval face came forward into the light. 灯光下走进一个人来，一张椭圆脸，脸色苍白。 There were several big names at the party. 宴会上有几名知名人士。 He has passed 50 winters. We couldn’t start up the car. He gave the beggar a few coppers. Shanghai is the New York of China. (以纽约代替繁华城市)
2) A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich. 吝啬鬼装穷变富，奢 侈者装富变穷。
英语修辞手法Figures_of_speech
Example of metaphor
Life is a yo-yo（哟哟球）. It's a series of ups and downs.
Mixed metaphors
One danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with another This is called a mixed metaphor （混合隐喻；多重隐喻）
understatement含蓄陈述
The opposite of hyperbole Stating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（预期的）. to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is.
religion
God – gosh/golly Jesus – jeez Devil – Old Nick
Toilets
men's room / women's room the little boy's room / the little girl's room restroom Bathroom Wash my hands the head, (sailor's terminology术语) latrine (common military term)
Mixed metaphors
Shakespeare Hamlet proposes ―to take arms against a sea of troubles‖（是起而反抗 这数不清的忧伤） The Tall Guy (1989 film) ―She‗s like a hungry leopard(豹) in full bloom."
Figures of speech
Type One: like
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 没有目的的生活如同没有指南针的航行。 Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out. 婚姻犹如一座围城，在外的人想进去， 里面的人想出去。
Figures of Speech
Figures Of Speech In English Stylistics
一、什么是修辞格 修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表 达效果的语言艺术。 英语修辞格种类： 一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices) 音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造 出来的修辞手法。它主要包括 onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance。 Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的 修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。 恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。
All the world‘s a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages… (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The tenor and vehicle invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Personification
• It is to treat a thing (including an animal) or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. It is also a kind of figurative usage, esp. a metaphor. • Eg: My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。
Overstatement (hyperbole)
• In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject • Eg: Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 我爱你，对于我来说 你就是我的整个界、 月亮和星星
simile (明喻）
• It is a comparison between two distinctively different things, and the comparison is indicated by the word as, like, as if, than.
• Eg: My lover is like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰 花 He jumped as if he had been stung. 他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Metaphor
• It is the use of a word which originally denotes on thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison between two distinctively different things. • Eg: The world is a stage. 世界就像一个大舞台 He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。
Figures of eech
Introduction
• By figures of speech we refer here to those rhetorical device termed tropes in classical rhetoric. Tropes have to do with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, and therefore involve deviation from the ordinary and literal meaning of words. They are way of making our language figurative.