APA正文格式样例
APA论文格式
APA論文格式，請參考台灣師大教育學系所編。
MLA論文撰稿格式(參考自中央研究院近代史研究所)一、正文部分：（一）請用橫式（由左至右）寫作。
中文標題以一、（一）、1.、(1)……為序；英文標題以Ⅰ. A. (A) 1. (1)……為序。
（二）請用新式標點符號。
註腳號碼用阿拉伯數字，每頁接續，一律置於標點符號之後。
中文引號用「」，引號中之引號用『』；英文引號用“ ”，引號中之引號用…‟。
中文書名號用《》，篇名號用〈〉；惟在正文中，古籍書名與篇名連用時，可省略篇名符號，如《史記〃項羽本記》。
英文書名請用斜體，篇名用“ ”。
（三）每段第一行第一字前空兩格，獨立引文每行空三格；若需特別引用之外文，亦依中文方式處理。
（四）數字寫法：1.統計數字及西元年代用阿拉伯數字。
如1950年共10,005人。
2.非統計數字、表述性數字，以中文表示。
如第二次世界大戰。
二、註釋部分：（一）引用專書：1. 中（日）文專書：作者，《書名》（出版地：出版社，年份），卷（冊、編、輯），頁碼。
如：郭廷以，《近代中國史綱》（香港：中文大學出版社，1982），頁50。
松本健一，《北一輝 昭和史》（東京：第三文明社，1985），頁20。
2.英文專書：作者，書名（出版地：出版社，年份），頁碼。
如：Henrietta Harrison, The Making of the Republican Citizen: Political Ceremonies and Symbols in China, 1911-1929(Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2000), pp. 32-50.（二）引用論文：1. 期刊論文：i○1中（日）文期刊：作者，〈篇名〉，《期刊名》，卷期（年月）或期（年），頁碼。
例如：劉子健，〈史學的方法、技術和危機〉，《新史學》，卷1期1（1990年3月），頁79-95。
子安宣邦，〈朱子「神鬼論」言說的構成──儒家的言說比較研究序論〉，《思想》，號792（1990），頁100。
APA格式reference_写法
一.Reference的三种类型: 从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1, 从书上引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example:Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman.2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example:Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal, 18, (2), 79-963,从网站引用的ref, 格式作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站Example:Adler, M. (2005). Women's Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th September, 2005 from:.(注意: 网站另起一行)二, reference 的注意事项:1, 如果reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management strategy.USA: Oxford University Press.2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列6,一般情况下,1000字,至少四个reference.这里需要强调一点：国外治学严谨，reference一定要做好！！我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴(这在国外被界定为抄袭)国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了一旦发现抄袭，轻则挂科，重则拿不到学位，诚信记录还要被写上一笔你可以翻译中文也可以用自己的话把句子转述一遍但是直接引用和一个句子只改2、3个单词是一样会被判抄袭的！To develop a community profile (社区分布）for one Australian Local Government Area (LGA) of your choice, (excluding the City of Boroondara) using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census available from the ABS website. The focus of the demographic profile will be to describe up to three cultural characteristics of the population within your chosen LGA, and look at changes that have occurred from 2001 to 2006.Examples of cultural characteristics are ancestry, birthplace, language spoken, year of arrival in Australia, religious affiliation, English proficiency, and indigenous status. You are expected to synthesise (综合）the information available, not just replicate （折叠，复制）the tables that you can download. For example, you may choose to group a Census table detailing individual birthplaces into categories, and then show the proportional distribution - not just the number by birthplace; or from Year of Arrival in Australia you may derive the number of years living in Australia. In other words, you are required to analyse and summarise the information you find into your own summary tables and charts. In your demographic profile you should include summary tables, charts and commentary to support the graphs and tables. You should make use of data from both the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census (e.g. using a combination QuickStats, MapStats and Census Tables.制定一个社会形象之一澳大利亚地方政府区（儿）您的选择，（不包括城市Boroondara ）使用数据从2001年和2006年人口普查可从澳大利亚统计局的网站上。
apa第七版格式英文范文举例
apa第七版格式英文范文举例Living in the digital age has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with one another. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become integral parts of our daily lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family, share our thoughts and experiences, and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends. However, the widespread use of social media has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our mental and physical health.Privacy has become a major issue in the digital age, as personal information shared on social media can easily be accessed by third parties without our knowledge or consent. Companies use our data to target us with personalized advertisements, while hackers can steal our information for malicious purposes. In response to these threats, many peoplehave become more cautious about what they share online, adjusting their privacy settings and using encryption tools to protect their data.Cyberbullying is another significant concern in the digital age, as people can hide behind the anonymity of the internet to harass, intimidate, or threaten others. Social media platforms have taken steps to combat cyberbullying, such as implementing reporting tools and algorithms to identify and remove harmful content. However, cyberbullying remains a pervasive issue, particularly among teenagers and young adults who are more likely to experience online harassment.Excessive screen time has also emerged as a health concern in the digital age, as many people spend hours each day staring at their devices. This sedentary lifestyle can lead to physical health problems such as obesity, eye strain, and poor posture. Additionally, constant exposure to screenshas been linked to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. To mitigate these risks, health experts recommend taking breaks from screens, limiting screen time before bedtime, and engaging in physicalactivities to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Despite these challenges, the digital age has brought about many positive changes, such as greater access to information, increased connectivity, and new opportunitiesfor creativity and expression. Social media platforms have allowed marginalized groups to amplify their voices, mobilize for social justice causes, and build supportive communities. Online education platforms have made learning more accessible and flexible, enabling people to acquire new skills and knowledge from the comfort of their own homes.In conclusion, the digital age has fundamentally transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. While it has brought about many benefits, such as increasedconnectivity and access to information, it has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our health. As we navigate this new digital landscape, it is important to remain vigilant about our online behavior, prioritize our mental and physical well-being, and use technology responsibly to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment.。
apa英文范文
apa英文范文The APA (American Psychological Association) style is a widely recognized and accepted format for academic and professional writing. It is commonly used in the fields of social sciences, including psychology, education, and business. The APA style provides a standardized set of guidelines for the structure, organization, and presentation of research papers, articles, and other written works. Adhering to these guidelines ensures consistency, clarity, and professionalism in academic and scholarly communication.One of the primary purposes of the APA style is to establish a common framework for the organization and formatting of research papers. This includes the structure of the paper, the citation of sources, and the presentation of tables and figures. By following the APA guidelines, authors can ensure that their work is easily readable, well-structured, and properly referenced, making it more accessible and understandable to the reader.The APA style typically includes the following key components in a research paper or article:1. Title Page: The title page should include the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. It should also include a running head, which is a shortened version of the title that appears at the top of each page.2. Abstract: The abstract is a concise summary of the paper, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words. It should provide an overview of the study's purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions.3. Introduction: The introduction section should provide background information on the topic, clearly state the research question or hypothesis, and outline the purpose of the study.4. Method: This section describes the research design, participants, materials, and procedures used in the study. It should be detailed enough for the reader to understand and potentially replicate the study.5. Results: The results section presents the findings of the study, including any statistical analyses or data that were collected.6. Discussion: The discussion section interprets the results of the study, explains their significance, and addresses any limitations or implications of the research.7. References: The references section lists all the sources cited in the paper, formatted according to APA style guidelines.In addition to these core components, the APA style also provides guidelines for the formatting of in-text citations, the use of headings and subheadings, the presentation of tables and figures, and the overall layout of the paper.Adhering to the APA style is not only important for ensuring the quality and consistency of academic writing but also for demonstrating the author's attention to detail and commitment to professional standards. By following the APA guidelines, writers can effectively communicate their research findings, ideas, and arguments in a clear and organized manner, making their work more accessible and impactful to the academic community.Furthermore, the APA style is widely recognized and used across various disciplines, making it a valuable skill for students, researchers, and professionals to develop. Mastering the APA style can not only improve the quality of one's own writing but also facilitate the peer review and publication process, as many academic journals and publishers require submissions to be formatted according to APA guidelines.In conclusion, the APA style is a crucial component of academic and professional writing, providing a standardized framework for the organization, formatting, and presentation of research papers and articles. By following the APA guidelines, writers can ensure the clarity, consistency, and professionalism of their work, ultimately enhancing its impact and accessibility within the scholarly community.。
APA格式参考文献示例
APA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1.一位作者写的文章Hu, L. X. [胡莲香]. (2014). 走向大数据知识服务: 大数据时代图书馆服务模式创新. 农业图书情报学刊(2): 173-177.Olsher, D. (2014). Semantically-based priors and nuanced knowledge core for Big Data, Social AI, and language understanding. Neural Networks, 58, 131-147.2.两位作者写的文章Li, J. Z., & Liu, X. M. [李建中, 刘显敏]. (2013). 大数据的一个重要方面: 数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展(6): 1147-1162.Mendel, J. M., & Korjani, M. M. (2014). On establishing nonlinear combinations of variables from small to big data for use in later processing. Information Sciences, 280, 98-110.3. 三位及以上的作者写的文章Weichselbraun, A. et al. (2014). Enriching semantic knowledge bases for opinion mining in big data applications. Knowledge-Based Systems, 69, 78-85.Zhang, P. et al. [张鹏等]. (2013). 云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展(3): 636-647.专著1.一位作者写的书籍Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Wang, B. B. [王彬彬]. (2002).文坛三户：金庸·王朔·余秋雨——当代三大文学论争辨析. 郑州: 大象出版社.2.两位作者写的书籍Plant, R., & Hoover, K. (2014). Conservative capitalism in Britain and the United States: A critical appraisal. London: Routledge.Yin, D., & Shang, H. [隐地, 尚海]. (2001).到绿光咖啡屋听巴赫读余秋雨. 上海: 上海世界图书出版公司.3. 三位作者写的书籍Chen, W. Z. et al. [陈维政等]. (2006).人力资源管理. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社. Hall, S. et al. (1991). Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79 (Cultural studies Birmingham ). London: Routledge.4. 新版书Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.编著1. 一位主编编撰的书籍Loshin, D. (Ed.). (2013a). Big data analytics. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.Zhong, L. F. [钟兰凤] (编). (2014). 英文科技学术话语研究. 镇江: 江苏大学出版社.2. 两位主编编撰的书籍Hyland, K., & Diani, G. (Eds.). (2009). Academic evaluation: Review genres in university settings. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Zhang, D. L., & Zhang, G. [张德禄, 张国] (编). (2011). 英语文体学教程. 北京: 高等教育出版社.3. 三位及以上主编编撰的书籍Zhang, K. D. et al. [张克定等] (编). (2007). 系统评价功能. 北京: 高等教育出版社.Campbell, C. M. et al. (Eds.). (2003). Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford: Volume 2.New York: Cambridge University Press.4.书中的文章De la Rosa Algarín, A., & Demurjian, S. A. (2014). An approach to facilitate security assurance for information sharing and exchange in big-data applications. In B.Akhgar & H. R. Arabnia (Eds.), Emerging trends in ICT security(pp. 65-83).Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.He, J. M., & Yu, J. P. [何建敏, 于建平]. (2007). 学术论文引言部分的经验功能分析.张克定等. (编). 系统功能评价(pp. 93-101). 北京: 高等教育出版社.翻译的书籍Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays(C. Emerson & M.Holquist, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Le, D. L. [勒代雷]. (2001).释意学派口笔译理论(刘和平译). 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司.Kontra, M. et al. (2014).语言: 权利和资源(李君, 满文静译). 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.Wang, R. D., & Yu, Q. Y. [王仁定, 余秋雨]. (2001).吴越之间——余秋雨眼里的中国文化（彩图本）(梁实秋, 董乐天译). 上海: 上海文化出版社.硕博士论文Huan, C. P. (2015). Journalistic stance in Chinese and Australian hard news.Unpublished doctorial dissertation, Macquarie University, Sydney.Wang, X. Z. [王璇子]. (2014). 功能对等视角下的英语长句翻译.南京大学硕士学位论文.注：1.APA格式参考文献中的文章标题、书籍名称，冒号后第一个单词，括号里第一个单词和专有名词的首字母大写，其余单词首字母均小写。
APA正文格式样例
APA正文格式样例1. Introduction Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which has a long history is abundant in idioms. Many of the words often contain enough philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p. 8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap” can be translated into “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”, “To strike while the iron is hot” is translated as “趁热打铁”, “A long road tests a horse ’s strength and a long task proves a man ’s heart ” can be translated into “路遥知马力, 日久见人心”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific culture, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural elements in idioms.Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural factors in different languages have been attracting more and more attention of linguistic scholars. In order to make intercultural communication more successful, many scholars have become interested in the study of cultural similarities and differences encoded in different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance inintercultural communication as well as other disciplines such as linguistics, language acquisition, etc. This paper will expoundthe cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms. 2. T he c ultural b ackgrounds i n i diomsIdioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。
apa格式reference模版
APA格式的reference模版是指在学术论文或研究报告中引用参考文献时所使用的一种格式规范。
APA格式的引用要求包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、期号、页码等信息，并且还要求按照一定的顺序和格式来书写这些信息。
以下是APA格式的reference模版的示例：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
书名：副标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Writing: A Guide to Perfecting Your Craft. New York, NY: HarperCollins.2. 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
例如：Johnson, R. (2015). The Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife. Environmental Science Quarterly, 15(2), 45-57.3. 网络来源：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
全球信息站名。
获取日期，全球信息站。
例如：Brown, M. (2018). The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health. Psychology Today. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from xxx4. 研究报告：机构名。
出版年。
报告标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Mental Health in America: Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Illness. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.5. 会议论文：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
APA参考文献格式-最新版
参考文献著录格式示例（APA格式，选题报告和论文以此为准）参考文献按先英文后中文排列，全部按首写字母排序A.1专著例：龙文佩，（1988），《外国当代剧作选》。
北京：中国戏剧出版社。
Grice, H. P. (2002). Studies in the way of words. Beijing: Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press.(出版年份加括号，中文书目用书名号，中文标点；英文专著只大写第一个字母，用斜体；)A.2学位论文例：张筑，（2010），学术摘要中的主位研究，硕士学位论文。
北京：北京大学。
Cairns, R. B. (2012). Infared spectroscopic studies on solid oxygen, M.A. Thesis. Berkeley: University of California.（中文学位论文标明“硕士/博士学位论文”，英文对应用M.A. Thesis或Ph.D. Dissertation，后加地点和学校，英文论文标题需斜体，第一个字母大写，格式同专著）A.3文集中析出的文献例：黄蕴慧，（2003），国际矿物学研究的动向，见程裕淇等编，《世界地质科技发展动向》。
北京：地质出版社，38-39Rivers, S. (2010). Bringing it all together: Applying metaphor analysis to online discussions in a doctorate study. In Cameron, L. & Maslen, R. (eds.). Metaphor analysis: Research practice inapplied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities. London: Equinox, 230-247.（析出文章要注明页码范围，文集书名的格式同专著，注意中文“见”和英语In的使用)A.4网络文献例：Joyce, A. S. Research letter: Canadian Group Psychotherapy Association. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from /Research-Letter（网络文献，加入Retrieved后加日期，加网址)A.5期刊文章例：杨彦恒，（1997），论尤金·奥尼尔的悲剧美学思想，《中山大学学报(社会科学版)》，第6期，21-23。
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1. Introductionof the words often contain enough’s heart ” ”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific culture, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural Idioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idiomscome from society,less than 200 definitions for “culture” h ave already been cited in the academic field, some of which are concerned with thematerial products of beliefs and practices of a society. He defines, includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and acquired by man as a member of society” states in his article Cultural Pesuppositions 1) 2) Culture is shared among instead of being unique to an individual. 3) Culture is by themselves alone. Language is the most typical symbolic system within culture; 4) Culture is integrated. Each aspect of culture is tied in with the other aspects”.2.2 The definition of idiomIdioms are the crystallization of language. Without idioms, our language would become dull and dry, whereas an appropriate use of them in our speech and writing will add to the strength and vividness of our language. 以后内容已省略.......The definition of idiom in The Oxford English Dictionary is that idiom is a form of expression, grammatical construction, phrase, etc, peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of a language, and often having a signification other than its grammatical or logical one (2004, p. 873 ).These definitions indicate that some English idioms are composed of several words (from two words to many words) and some are even made of a complete sentence.Therefore, English idioms, in a broad sense, may include idiomatic phrases, proverbial sayings, and some slang expressions (Yu & Guo, 1999, p. 170).括号中两个作者中间加&2.3 The relationship between idiom and cultureLanguage is closely related to culture and can be said as a part of culture. From a dynamic view, language and culture interact with each other and shape each other. Language is the carrier of culture, which in turn is the content of language.Idioms have their own cultural intention. Learning idioms without considering the cultural factors will be futile and even misunderstanding, since we can not get the exact information it conveys.以后内容已省略.......间接引用格式如下：One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引用时，可间接引用。
如Grayson的原书找不到，但是Murzynski & Degelman在他们书中引用过，则可以在括号中标出（原作者，as cited in 后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即Murzynski & Degelman），年份，p. 页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski & Degelman。
3. The cultural differences between English and Chinese idiomsexpressions, rich andconventions and so on.environment including geographical position, climate, and ecological condition issomething that plays a contributory role in the formation of a culture. Idioms maintain close ties with people’s living surroundings and the culture where they are created.3.1.1 Geographical environmentIdioms are closely related to people’s labor and life, people in particular culture need words to name and explain objects in their culture(Zhang, 1997, p. 45). Britain is anOn the other hand, Chinese people can’t lead their lives without land.3.1.2 Climatenorthern part of the European continent. It symbolizes “chilly”and “unpleasant”. So Englishmen hate it. However, Englishmen like “west wind”. It brings spring to Britain. The west wind blows from the Atlantic Ocean as warm as Chinese east wind and brings voluminous rain to this area.In a word, different living surroundings may produce different idioms and different cultures.APA格式中3到5个作者的作品，引用格式如下：第一次引用：According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).以后的引用，不用每个姓都写，只第一个就可To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility”(Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).3.2 From religious belief后几段已省略。