DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Aid Group Designs System to Make Dirty Water Safe to Drink
新译林版高三总复习-必修2-思维导图-话题词汇课本逻辑梳理
Relax your mind
Take in enough carbohydrates to keep up energy
Eat food rich in protein
Drink throughout exercise to make up for water lost to sweat
Wear proper clothes
Help stretch muscles Encourage bone development
Over the long term
Stay slim
Get over negative feelings
Relieve stress
Encourage you to maintain a positive and balanced outlook
Play an energetic Twist ansdamtubrna beat
The roasted meat on the street stands
Fall on The Spring Festival
The Mid-autumn Lantern Festival The Dragon Boat Festival The Lantern Festival
effect on
Improve the efficiency of heart and lung
Be better prepared to fight off infection Make people grow stronger
strengthen immune system
Be at a lower risk of disease
Light up colorful fireworks Set off firecrackers
英语长篇阅读文章
英语长篇阅读文章对于语言学习者而言,阅读是语言输入的重要方式。
阅读策略是语言学习者为了提高阅读理解而采取的技巧和方法。
下面是店铺带来的英语长篇阅读文章，欢迎阅读!英语长篇阅读文章1科技与自然Technology that imitates natureBiomimetics: Engineers are increasingly taking a leaf out of nature's book when looking for solutions to design problems AFTER taking his dog for a walk one day in the early 1940s, George de Mestral, a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook-and-loop system that the seeds have evolved to hitchhike on passing animals and aid pollination, and he realised that the same approach could be used to join other things together. The result was Velcr a product that was arguably more than three billion years in the making, since that is how long the natural mechanism that inspired it took to evolve.Velcro is probably the most famous and certainly the most successful example of bio logical mimicry, or “biomimetics”. In fields from robotics to materials science, technologists are increasingly borrowing ideas from nature, and with good reason: nature's designs have, by definition, stood the test of time, so it would be foolish to ignore them. Yet transplanting natural designs into man-made technologies is still a hit-or-miss affair.Engineers depend on biologists to discover interesting mechanisms for them to exploit, says Julian Vincent, the director of the Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technologies at theUniversity of Bath in England. So he and his colleagues have been working on a scheme to enable engineers to bypass the biologists and tap into nature's ingenuity directly, via a database of “biological patents”. The idea is that this database will let anyone search through a wide range of biological mechanisms and properties to find natural solutions to technological problems.How not to reinvent the wheelSurely human intellect, and the deliberate application of design knowledge, can devise better mechanisms than the mindless, random process of evolution? Far from it. Over billions of years of trial and error, nature has devised effective solutions to all sorts of complicated real-world problems. Take the slippery task of controlling a submersible vehicle, for example. Using propellers, it is incredibly difficult to make refined movements. But Nekton Research, a company based in Durham, North Carolina, has developed a robot fish called Madeleine that manoeuvres using fins instead.In some cases, engineers can spend decades inventing and perfecting a new technology, only to discover that nature beat them to it. The Venus flower basket, for example, a kind of deep-sea sponge, has spiny skeletal outgrowths that are remarkably similar, both in appearance and optical properties, to commercial optical fibres, notes Joanna Aizenberg, a researcher at Lucent Technology's Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. And sometimes the systems found in nature can make even the most advanced technologies look primitive by comparison, she says.The skeletons of brittlestars, which are sea creatures related to starfish and sea urchins, contain thousands of tiny lenses that collectively form a single, distributed eye. This enables brittlestarsto escape predators and distinguish between night and day. Besides having unusual optical properties and being very small—each is just one-twentieth of a millimetre in diameter—the lenses have another trick of particular relevance to micro-optical systems. Although the lenses are fixed in shape, they are connected via a network of fluid-filled channels, containing a light-absorbing pigment. The creature can vary the contrast of the lenses by controlling this fluid. The same idea can be applied in man-made lenses, says Dr Aiz enberg. “These are made from silicon and so cannot change their properties,” she says. But by copying the brittlestar's fluidic system, she has been able to make biomimetic lens arrays with the same flexibility.Another demonstration of the power of biomimetics comes from the gecko. This lizard's ability to walk up walls and along ceilings is of much interest, and not only to fans of Spider-Man. Two groups of researchers, one led by Andre Geim at Manchester University and the other by Ron Fearing at the University of California, Berkeley, have independently developed ways to copy the gecko's ability to cling to walls. The secret of the gecko's success lies in the tiny hair-like structures, called setae, that cover its feet. Instead of secreting a sticky substance, as you might expect, they owe their adhesive properties to incredibly weak intermolecular attractive forces. These van der Waals forces, as they are known, which exist between any two adjacent objects, arise between the setae and the wall to which the gecko is clinging. Normally such forces are negligible, but the setae, with their spatula-like tips, maximise the surface area in contact with the wall. The weak forces, multiplied across thousands of setae, are then sufficient to hold the lizard's weight.Both the British and American teams have shown that theintricate design of these microscopic setae can be reproduced using synthetic materials. Dr Geim calls the result “gecko tape”. The technology is still some years away from commercialisation, says Thomas Kenny of Stanford University, who is a member of Dr Fearing's group. But when it does reach the market, rather than being used to make wall-crawling gloves, it will probably be used as an alternative to Velcro, or in sticking plasters. Indeed, says Dr Kenny, it could be particularly useful in medical applications where chemical adhesives cannot be used.While it is far from obvious that geckos' feet could inspire a new kind of sticking plaster, there are some fields—such as robotics—in which borrowing designs from nature is self-evidently the sensible thing to do. The next generation of planetary exploration vehicles being designed by America's space agency, NASA, for example, will have legs rather than wheels. That is because legs can get you places that wheels cannot, says Dr Kenny. Wheels work well on flat surfaces, but are much less efficient on uneven terrain. Scientists at NASA's Ames Research Centre in Mountain View, California, are evaluating an eight-legged walking robot modelled on a scorpion, and America's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is funding research into four-legged robot dogs, with a view to applying the technology on the battlefield.Having legs is only half the story—it's how you control them that counts, says Joseph Ayers, a biologist and neurophysiologist at Northeastern University, Massachusetts. He has spent recent years developing a biomimetic robotic lobster that does not just look like a lobster but actually emulates parts of a lobster's nervous system to control its walking behaviour. The control system of the scorpion robot, which is being developed by NASAin conjunction with the University of Bremen in Germany, is also biologically inspired. Meanwhile, a Finnish technology firm, Plustech, has developed a six-legged tractor for use in forestry. Clambering over fallen logs and up steep hills, it can cross terrain that would be impassable in a wheeled vehicle.Other examples of biomimetics abound: Autotype, a materials firm, has developed a plastic film based on the complex microstructures found in moth eyes, which have evolved to collect as much light as possible without reflection. When applied to the screen of a mobile phone, the film reduces reflections and improves readability, and improves battery life since there is less need to illuminate the screen. Researchers at the University of Florida, meanwhile, have devised a coating inspired by the rough, bristly skin of sharks. It can be applied to the hulls of ships and submarines to prevent algae and barnacles from attaching themselves. At Penn State University, engineers have designed aircraft wings that can change shape in different phases of flight, just as birds' wings do. And Dr Vincent has devised a smart fabric, inspired by the way in which pine cones open and close depending on the humidity, that could be used to make clothing that adjusts to changing body temperatures and keeps the wearer cool.From hit-and-miss to point-and-clickYet despite all these successes, biomimetics still depends far too heavily on serendipity, says Dr Vincent. He estimates that there is only a 10% overlap between biological and technological mechanisms used to solve particular problems. In other words, there is still an enormous number of potentially useful mechanisms that have yet to be exploited. The problem is that the engineers looking for solutions depend on biologists havingalready found them—and the two groups move in different circles and speak very different languages. A natural mechanism or property must first be discovered by biologists, described in technological terms, and then picked up by an engineer who recognises its potential.This process is entirely the wrong way round, says Dr Vincent. “To be effective, biomimetics should be providing examples of suitable technologies from biology which fulfil the requirements of a particular engineering problem,” he explains. That is why he and his colleagues, with funding from Britain's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, have spent the past three years building a database of biological tricks which engineers will be able to access to find natural solutions to their design problems. A search of the database with the keyword “propulsion”, for example, produces a range of propulsion mechanisms used by jellyfish, frogs and crustaceans.The database can also be queried using a technique developed in Russia, known as the theory of inventive problem solving, or TRIZ. In essence, this is a set of rules that breaks down a problem into smaller parts, and those parts into particular functions that must be performed by components of the solution. Usually these functions are compared against a database of engineering patents, but Dr Vincent's team have substituted their database of “biological patents” instead. Thes e are not patents in the conventional sense, of course, since the information will be available for use by anyone. By calling biomimetic tricks “biological patents”, the researchers are just emphasising that nature is, in effect, the patent holder.One way to use the system is to characterise an engineering problem in the form of a list of desirable features that thesolution ought to have, and another list of undesirable features that it ought to avoid. The database is then searched for any biological patents that meet those criteria. So, for example, searching for a means of defying gravity might produce a number of possible solutions taken from different flying creatures but described in engineering terms. “If you want flight, you don't copy a bird, but you do copy the use of wings and aerofoils,” says Dr Vincent.He hopes that the database will store more than just blueprints for biological mechanisms that can be replicated using technology. Biomimetics can help with software, as well as hardware, as the robolobster built by Dr Ayers demonstrates. Its physical design and control systems are both biologically inspired. Most current robots, in contrast, are deterministically programmed. When building a robot, the designers must anticipate every contingency of the robot's environment and tell it how to respond in each case. Animal models, however, provide a plethora of proven solutions to real-world problems that could be useful in all sorts of applications. “The set of behavioural acts that a lobster goes through when searching for food is exactly what one would want a robot to do to search for underwater mines,” says Dr Ayers. It took nature millions of years of trial and error to evolve these behaviours, he says, so it would be silly not to take advantage of them.Although Dr Vincent's database will not be capable of providing such specific results as control algorithms, it could help to identify natural systems and behaviours that might be useful to engineers. But it is still early days. So far the database contains only 2,500 patents. To make it really useful, Dr Vincent wants to collect ten times as many, a task for which he intends to ask theonline community for help. Building a repository of nature's cleverest designs, he hopes, will eventually make it easier and quicker for engineers to steal and reuse them.英语长篇阅读文章2 Lessons from a feminist paradise on Equal Pay DayOn the surface, Sweden appears to be a feminist paradise. Look at any global survey of gender equity and Sweden will be near the top. Family-friendly policies are its norm —with 16 months of paid parental leave, special protections for part-time workers, and state-subsidized preschools where, according to a government website, “gender-awareness education is increasingly common.” Due to an u nofficial quota system, women hold 45 percent of positions in the Swedish parliament. They have enjoyed the protection of government agencies with titles like the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality and the Secretariat of Gender Research. So why are American women so far ahead of their Swedish counterparts in breaking through the glass ceiling?In a 2012 report, the World Economic Forum found that when it comes to closing the gender gap in “economic participation and opportunity,” the United States is ahead of not only Sweden but also Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Sweden’s rank in the report can largely be explained by its political quota system. Though the United States has fewer women in the workforce (68 percent compared to Sweden’s 77 percent), American women who choose to be employed are far more likely to work full-time and to hold high-level jobs as managers or professionals. Compared to their European counterparts, they own more businesses, launch more start start-ups, and more often work in traditionallymale fields. As for breaking the glass ceiling in business, American women are well in the lead, as the chart below shows.What explains the American advantage? How can it be that societies like Sweden, where gender equity is relentlessly pursued and enforced, have fewer female managers, executives, professionals, and business owners than the laissez-faire United States? A new study by Cornell economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn gives an explanation.Generous parental leave policies and readily available part-time options have unintended consequences: instead of strengthening women’s attachment to the workplace, they appear to weaken it. In addition to a 16-month leave, a Swedish parent has the right to work six hours a day (for a reduced salary) until his or her child is eight years old. Mothers are far more likely than fathers to take advantage of this law. But extended leaves and part-time employment are known to be harmful to careers — for both genders. And with women a second factor comes into play: most seem to enjoy the flex-time arrangement (once known as the “mommy track”) and never find their way back to full-time or high-level employment. In sum: generous family-friendly policies do keep more women in the labor market, but they also tend to diminish their careers.According to Blau and Kahn, Swedish-style paternal leave policies and flex-time arrangements pose a second threat to women’s progress: they make employers wary of hiring wom en for full-time positions at all. Offering a job to a man is the safer bet. He is far less likely to take a year of parental leave and then return on a reduced work schedule for the next eight years.I became aware of the trials of career-focused European women a few years ago when I met a post-doctoral student fromGermany who was then a visiting fellow at Johns Hopkins. She was astonished by the professional possibilities afforded to young American women. Her best hope in Germany was a government job ––prospects for women in the private sector were dim. “In Germany,” she told me, “we have all the benefits, but employers don’t want to hire us.”Swedish economists Magnus Henrekson and Mikael Stenkula addressed the following question in their 2009 study: why are there so few female top executives in the European egalitarian welfare states? Their answer: “Broad-based welfare-state policies impede women’s representation in elite competitive positions.”It is tempting to declare the Swedish policies regressive and hail the American system as superior. But that would be shortsighted. The Swedes can certainly take a lesson from the United States and look for ways to clear a path for their high-octane female careerists. But most women are not committed careerists. When the Pew Research Center recently asked American parents to identify their "ideal" life arrangement, 47 percent of mothers said they would prefer to work part-time and 20 percent said they would prefer not to work at all. Fathers answered differently: 75 percent preferred full-time work. Some version of the Swedish system might work well for a majority of American parents, but the United States is unlikely to fully embrace the Swedish model. Still, we can learn from their experience.Despite its failure to shatter the glass ceiling, Sweden has one of the most powerful and innovative economies in the world. In its 2011-2012 survey, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the world’s third most competitive economy; the UnitedStates came in fifth. Sweden, dubbed the "rockstar of the recovery" in the Washington Post, also leads the world in life satisfaction and happiness. It is a society well worth studying, and its efforts to conquer the gender gap impart a vital lesson —though not the lesson the Swedes had in mind.Sweden has gone farther than any nation on earth to integrate the sexes and to offer women the same opportunities and freedoms as men. For decades, these descendants of the Vikings have been trying to show the world that the right mix of enlightened policy, consciousness raising, and non-sexist child rearing would close the gender divide once and for all. Yet the divide persists.A 2012 press release from Statistics Sweden bears the title “Gender Equality in Sweden Treading Water” and notes: The total income from employment for all ages is lower for women than for men.One in three employed women and one in ten employed men work part-time.Women’s working time is influenced by the number and age of their children, but men’s working time is not affected by these factors.Of all employees, only 13 percent of the women and 12 percent of the men have occupations with an even distribution of the sexes.Confronted with such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures, such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them when they gravitate toward gendered play. When it came to light last year that mothers, far more than fathers, choseto stay home from work to care for their sick toddlers, Ulf Kristersson, minister of social security, quickly commissioned a study to determine the causes of and possible cures for this disturbing state of affairs.I have another suggestion for Kristersson and his compatriots: acknowledge the results of your own 40-year experiment. The sexes are not interchangeable. When Catherine Hakim, a sociologist at the London School of Economics, studied the preferences of women and men in Western Europe, her results matched those of the aforementioned Pew study. Women, far more than men, give priority to domestic life. The Swedes should consider the possibility that the current division of labor is not an artifact of sexism, but the triumph of liberated preference.In the 1940s, the American playwright, congresswoman, and conservative feminist Clare Boothe Luce made a prediction about what would happen to men and women under conditions of freedom:It is time to leave the question of the role of women in society up to Mother Nature — a difficult lady to fool. You have only to give women the same opportunities as men, and you will soon find out what is or is not in their nature. What is in women’s nature to do they will do, and you won’t be able to stop them. But you will also find, and so will they, that what is not in their nature, even if they are given every opportunity, they will not do, and you won’t be able to make them do it.In Luce’s day, sex-role stereotypes still powerfully limited women’s choices. More than half a century later, women in the Western democracies enjoy the equality of opportunity of which she spoke. Nowhere is this more true than Sweden. And althoughit was not the Swedes’ intention, they have demonstrated to the world what the sexes will and will not do when offered the same opportunities.Today is Equal Pay Day. But as most feminists know by now, the wage gap is largely the result of women’s vocational choices and how they prefer to balance home and family. To close the gap, it won’t be e nough to change society or reform the workplace ––it is women’s elemental preferences that will have to change. But look to Sweden: women’s preferences remain the same.Not only feminists, but also liberal and conservative policymakers should pay attentio n. Sweden is not the “tax and spend” welfare state of old ––while the rest of the world is floundering in debt, Sweden (along with its Nordic neighbors) has been downsizing, reforming entitlements, and balancing its books. The budget deficit in Sweden is about 0.2 percent of its GDP; in the United States, it’s 7 percent. But Sweden’s generous family-friendly policies remain in place. The practical, problem-solving Swedes have judged them to be a good investment. They may be right.Swedish family policies, by accommodating women’s preferences so effectively, are reducing the number of women in elite competitive positions. The Swedes will find this paradoxical and try to find solutions. Let us hope these do not include banning gender pronouns, policing childr en’s play, implementing more gender quotas, or treating women’s special attachment to home and family as a social injustice. Most mothers do not aspire to elite, competitive full-time positions: the Swedish policies have given them the freedom and opportunity to live the lives they prefer. Americans should lookpast the gender rhetoric and consider what these Scandinavians have achieved. On their way to creating a feminist paradise, the Swedes have inadvertently created a haven for normal mortals.英语长篇阅读文章3科学家告诉你：这样学才记得牢The older we get, the harder it seems to remember names, dates, facts of all kinds. It takes longer to retrieve the information we want, and it often pops right up a few minutes or hours later when we are thinking about something else. The experts say that keeping your mind sharp with games like Sudoku and crossword puzzles slows the aging process, and that may be true, but we found three other things you can do to sharpen your memory.随着年龄的增长，我们似乎越来越记不住人名、日期、还有各种事情。
土木工程英文文献
土木工程英文文献Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, airports, tunnels, and water supply systems. It is considered one of the oldest branches of engineering and has a strong influence on the development of society.The focus of civil engineering is to create safe and efficient infrastructure for human use. Civil engineers use a variety of techniques and tools to analyze the requirementsof a project, design the infrastructure, and oversee the construction process. This involves taking into account a variety of factors such as environmental conditions, materials availability, and cost.The field of civil engineering is constantly evolving as new techniques and tools are developed. Many civil engineers today use computer software to aid in the design process, allowing for more accurate and efficient designs. Additionally, new materials and construction methods are being developed that offer greater strength and durability.One area of civil engineering that has seen significant growth in recent years is sustainable design. With concerns about climate change and resource depletion, there has been an increased focus on creating infrastructure that is environmentally friendly and resource efficient. Civil engineers are working to develop designs that reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and utilize renewable resources.Despite the challenges and complexities of civilengineering, it remains a highly rewarding and important field. Civil engineers play a vital role in shaping the world we live in and improving the quality of life for people around the globe. Whether designing a new building or developing a water supply system, civil engineers work tirelessly to ensure that infrastructure is safe, efficient, and sustainable.。
新世界交互英语视听说4听力原文
柜员总结对公结算套餐经验介绍就刚开始接触的时候，我瞅着那一套套的条款、一个个的数字，眼都花了，脑袋里就像一锅粥似的。
那时候我就想啊，这是啥玩意儿，咋就这么复杂呢？我对面坐一客户，大腹便便的，那肚子就像扣了个小锅似的，脸圆圆的，眼睛小小的。
他就皱着眉头问我：“你这套餐到底咋回事儿啊？我这小本生意，可经不起折腾。
”我心里那叫一个急啊，就跟热锅上的蚂蚁似的，可脸上还得笑着，耐着性子给他解释。
我就跟他说：“大哥，您看啊，这个对公结算套餐就像是一个大礼包。
”他眼睛一瞪，说：“啥大礼包，我可不想被忽悠。
”我赶紧摆摆手，说：“大哥，您误会了。
这就好比您去菜市场买菜，有那种搭配好的菜篮子，有荤有素，还便宜。
咱这个对公结算套餐也是这样，各种结算服务都给您搭配好了，费用还划算。
”我一边说一边比划着，就像在菜市场讨价还价似的。
后来啊，碰的客户多了，我就慢慢摸索出经验了。
我发现啊，和客户解释这个套餐，不能光说那些专业术语，得把它掰碎了，揉进生活里去说。
比如说转账服务吧，我就跟客户说：“您就把这转账想象成寄信，咱这套餐里啊，就像是有个专门的邮差，又快又稳地把您的信送到地方，而且还不贵。
”客户一听就乐了，说：“你这么一说我就明白了。
”还有一回，来了个年轻的小伙子，穿着一身笔挺的西装，头发梳得油光水滑的，看着特别精神。
他对这个套餐也是半信半疑的。
我就跟他说：“兄弟，你看你这么年轻有为，公司肯定越做越大。
这套餐就像是给您的公司装了个加速器，各种结算就像车在高速上跑，顺畅得很。
”小伙子听了，眼睛一亮，说：“哥，你说得有点道理啊。
”在这个过程中，我自己也不断学习。
有时候晚上回到家，累得像条狗似的，往沙发上一躺。
但我还得看那些关于对公结算套餐的资料啊，政策啊。
我老婆就唠叨：“你这一天天的，还忙不够啊。
”我就跟她说：“你不懂，这对公结算套餐关系着多少客户的事儿呢，我得整明白咯。
”我还和同事们互相交流经验。
我们柜员之间啊，就像一群在战场上的战友。
2022版新教材高中英语UNIT3ⅢUsingLanguage课件新人教版选择性必修第三册ppt
因之一。船上的厨房大量 用油, 并且这些油经常被 倾倒进水里。
续表
教材原文
教材译文
The growth in tourism also meant the local 旅游业的增长也意味着当
population rose rapidly, as well as the 地人口以及工商企业数量
number of commercial and industrial
polluting enterprises were closed or moved. 或迁走。
续表教材原文教材源自文The local government set up strict
当地政府制定了有关工业
regulations regarding further industrial 进一步发展的严格规定,
之前, 漓江的水质因 游客数量的增长遭到了严 重破坏, 很多游客频繁将 垃圾扔入江中。众多的游 船也是造成这一问题的原
problem too. Kitchens on board were using lots of oil, which was often thrown into the water.
2.
句型 with复合句
公式
教材 原句
Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. 更多的生活和商业垃 圾最终流入江中, 加重了水污染的程度。
中文 冬天快到了, 该买一些保暖的衣服了。
Ⅱ. 情境词块
1. contribute to __是__…_…__的__原__因___之__一__;_做__出__贡___献__;_捐__献____ 2. on board _在__船__(_火__车___、__飞__机__)_上___ 3. end up __以_…__…__结__束____ 4. dozens of __许_多__;__很__多____ 5. set up _建__立____ 6. carry out _实__施____ 7. in effect __实_际__上__;__有__效__;__在__实__施__中____
ArjoHuntleigh Mobility Gallery 移动助力椅说明书
HYGIENE CHAIR...with people in mindDABCEMobility GalleryB B arbara , who can support herself to some degreeC C arl , who sits in a wheelchair and has little capacity to support himselfPlease contact ArjoHuntleigh for further information on the Mobility Gallery™.Only ArjoHuntleigh designed parts, which are designed specifically for the purpose, should be used on the equipment and products supplied by ArjoHuntleigh.As our policy is one of continuous development we reserve the right to modify designs and specifications without prior notice.® and ™ are trademarks belonging to the ArjoHuntleigh group of companies.© ArjoHuntleigh, 2012.AccessoriesProduct Information Chassis width 24 5/8” (624 mm)Chassis length 33 3/4” (857 mm)Seat lowest position 17 3/4” (450 mm)Seat highest position 14 3/8” (1050 mm)Seat (Width)18 2/3” (475 mm)Seat (Length) 17 2/3” (448 mm)Weight93 lbs (42 kg) Safe Working Load (SWL)308 lbs (140 kg)Bed pan Toilet adapter Seat cushion Back cushionPRODUCT SPECIfICATIONSP r i n t e d i n t h e U S A • 01.B O .01.4.C A .1.A H G • c a r i n o _b r o c h _090210Carino offers an efficient, safe and ergonomic solution for assisted showering that also ensures resident dignity during closely controlled one-to-one hygiene sessions. Hair washingis made easier and more ergonomic, as the caregiver canavoid strain by adjusting the seat height to thecorrect working posture.Maintain resident dignityShowering in a height-adjustable hygiene chair a better alternative than washing in bed when consideringhygiene, comfort and dignity. It is generally accepted that showering is a better cleaning method and also healthier for the resident’s skin, as soap is rinsed away more effectively.Maintaining personal dignity during assisted hygieneroutines is extremely important to residents. The resident’s comfort and dignity are enhanced when sitting in a height-adjustable hygiene chair, which enables comfortable recline and good eye contact with the caregiver.Showering in Carino ensures more dignified and personal one-to-one care, rather than being handled by the two caregivers often required for washing in bed.Carino is a versatile aid that can provide an improved alternative for much more than showering. A range of routines including toileting, hair washing and pedicures can all be managed in a more efficient and ergonomically sound way, by a single caregiver.GETINGE GROUP is a leading global provider of products and systems thatcontribute to quality enhancement and cost efficiency within healthcare and life sciences. We operate under the three brands of ArjoHuntleigh, GETINGE and MAQUET . ArjoHuntleigh focuses on patient mobility and wound management solutions. GETINGE provides solutions for infection control within healthcare and contamination prevention within life sciences. MAQUET specializes in solutions, therapies and products for surgical interventions, interventional cardiology and intensive care.213451With handset-controlled height-adjustability, the seat height can be altered to ensure a correct working posture for the caregiver and optimum comfort for the resident.Height-adjustability Unique, adjustable ‘swing away’ leg-rests self-adjust in an optimally balanced position for individualresident comfort and support sound ergonomic working routines.The integrated grips and handles enable the caregiver to find an ergonomic grip for any maneuver. Low-friction castors makemaneuvering exceptionally smooth.Carino offers easy integration for efficient toileting routines.Compatibility with our standing and raising aids provides a safe transfer method to and from the toilet.Design features such as flat surfaces, the foldable seat and detachable leg-rest, back-rest and head cushion enable easy, efficient cleaning and disinfection routines.The open design of the seat enables efficient toileting and provides the caregiver with clear access for discreet washing of perineal area of the body.While one of the two rechargeable batteries is powering Carino , the other is in the charger, so the hygiene chair is always available for use.For many residents and patients, assisted hygiene routines consist of being showered on a fixed-heightshower chair. However, a safer, more efficient alternative is available: showering with dignity using a Carino ™ A BETTER ALTERNATIVEfOR DAILY HYGIENEPromoting mobilityCarino is designed to enable the resident to be more active during the hygiene session, thus stimulating mobility. With the caregiver in closeattendance, it offers a safe environment in which residents can participate in showering as much as possible. Colored knobs on the armrest provide a good grip for the resident when moving into position on the seat and pulling forward before standing up.BENEfITS fOR COMfORT, SAfETY AND MOBILITYSafer by designCarino, with its unique leg-rests, is designed for maximum safety and comfort. It provides a more pleasant experience that has a positive, calming effect on residents. The arched shape of the chair means that the resident is tilted backwards more as the seat is raised, giving areassuring feeling of security. Full integration with ArjoHuntleigh standing and raising aids creates secure solutions for resident transfers, with no need for manual handling by the caregiver.Caring in comfortThe resident sits fully supported by the high backrest and head cushion in a reclined position. By utilizing the unit’s handset-controlled height-adjustability, the caregiver can always work comfortably at the correct working height. Every aspect, from foot-operated swivelling footplates to swing away leg-rests, have been designed in a way that combines optimum resident comfort with sound ergonomics.A height-adjustable, hygiene chair is the best solution for minimizing static load to protect caregivers health and safety. Investigations have shown that caregivers spend 75% of their time in sound working positions when using a height-adjustable hygiene chair 2. And for experienced users, this figure can be increased further.Increase efficiencyShowering on a height-adjustable hygiene chair is not only healthier from a static load perspective, it also saves time. Although there is a widespread belief that washing a resident in bed is a quicker method, a study has revealed that showering with a height-adjustable chair can actually be 35% more efficient 3.(1) Postural Load and Efficiency of Bathing and Showering: Results of a Laboratory Study by Locomotion, 1996.(2) The ErgoStat Program, A. Brinkhoff, N.E.Knibbe, Professional Safety, May 2003.(3) Gaining time & reducing physical strain by using height-adjustable hygiene chairs. Corpus study, Holland, 2005.。
report on water pollution
Introduction付会杰11210381.W hat is water pollution?Water pollution is an undesirable change in the state of water, contaminated with harmful substances. Any change in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water that has a harmful effect on living things is called water pollution.2.T he general seriousness.The earth is a beautiful planet whose surface is covered by 73% of water. According to a survey in 2010, everyday around the earth, there are about 500 billion ton of polluted water running into rivers or oceans without any solution. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated of 580 people in India die of water pollution related sickness every day. Some 90% of China's cities suffer from certain degree of water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. According to a survey by the World Health Organization, over 20% of people in the world have no access to suitable drinking water, nearly 50% of people are drinking water that contain chemical or physical elements, and 80% of diseases and 30% of death rate are related to water pollution.Basic Types of Water Pollution郭美燕1121036Water pollution can be divided into different types, in the following part, I will introduce you the 7 types of water pollution.1.S urface Water PollutionSurface water pollution is the most visible form of pollution and we can see it floating on our waters in lakes, streams, and oceans.Trash from human consumption, such as water bottles, plastics and other waste products, is most often evident on water surfaces.This type of pollution also comes from oil spills and gasoline waste, which float on the surface and affect the water and its inhabitants.2. Groundwater PollutionThis type of pollution is becoming more and more relevant because it affects our drinking water and the aquifers below the soil.Groundwater pollution is usually caused by highly toxic chemicals and pesticides from farming that leak through the ground to contaminate the wells and aquifers below the surface.3. Microbial PollutionMicrobiological pollution is the natural form of water pollution that is caused by microorganisms in uncured water. Most of these organisms are harmless but some bacteria, viruses, and protozoa can cause serious diseases such as cholera and typhoid.This is a significant problem for people in third world countries who have no clean drinking water and/or facilities to cure the water.4. Oxygen Depletion PollutionMicroorganisms that thrive in water feed on biodegradable substances.When there is an influx of biodegradable material from such things as waste or erosion from farming, the numbers of these microorganisms increase and utilize the obtainable oxygen.When these oxygen levels are depleted, harmless aerobic microorganisms die and anaerobic microorganisms thrive. Some of these organisms produce damaging toxins like sulfide and ammonia.5. Nutrient PollutionNutrients are usually found in wastewater and fertilizers. These can cause excess vegetation in the water such as algae and weeds, using up the oxygen in the water and hurting the surrounding marine life and other organisms in the water.6. Suspended Matter PollutionThis type of pollution occurs when pollutants enter the water and do not mix in with the water molecules.These suspended particles form fine silt on the waterbed, harming the marine life by taking away the nutrients and disturbing their habitat.7. Chemical PollutionDue to the nature of industry these days and the mass production in industrial plants and farms, we have a lot of chemical run-off that flows into the nearby rivers and water sources.Metals and solvents flow out of factories and into the water, polluting the water and harming the wildlife. Pesticides from farms are like poison to the wildlife in the water and kill and endanger the aquatic life.If birds or humans eat these infected fish, the toxins are transferred to us and we swallow these dangerous pesticides and toxins, affecting our health.Petroleum is a different type of chemical pollutant that dramatically affects the aquatic life. This oil kills the fish and marine life and sticks to the feathers of birds, causing them to lose their ability to fly.Consequences钟文静1121042water pollution is very harmful to water life, animals and humans. The effects can be catastrophic, depending on concentrations of the pollutants, the kind of chemicals and where there are polluted. Below, we will see a summary of the effects of water pollution.Effect on environmentThe main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on these water bodies. Dead fish, birds, crabs and dolphins, sea gulls and many other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat.One of the very important pollutants is oil. Oil spills in the water causes animalto die when they ingest it or encounter it. Oil does not dissolve in water so it causes suffocation in fish and birds. For example， in 2011，sixty-seven bottlenose dolphins washed up on Gulf beaches and more than half are babies. Scientists determined that there's a link between Gulf of Mexico oil spill and a spike in dolphin deaths along the Gulf Coast.From these problem we can see that ecosystems can be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.Effect on humansPollution can disrupts the natural food chain. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels. At last, humans are affected by this process.According to Global Environment Outlook 4, Three million people die from water-borne diseases each year in developing countries, the majority of whom are children under the age of five. Pollutants of primary concern include microbial pathogens and excessive nutrient loads. Water contaminated by microbes remains the greatest single cause of human illness and death on a global scale.Fluoride contamination of groundwater has been a cause of concern for a long time. Excessive intake of groundwater with large amount of fluoride leads to dental fluorosis, fluorosis of bones, and metabolic alterations in the body tissues.Arsenic contamination causes vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and in extreme cases, skin and lung cancer.Cadmium is a metal found in sludge-derived fertilizers. This can be absorbed by crops. When people ingest cadmium, it may cause diarrhea, liver, and kidney damage. Heavy metals, like mercury, arsenic, and lead are toxic, and can lead to a fall in the hemoglobin levels, along with headache, abdominal pain, and problems of theendocrine system.Case study - The Minamata DiseaseMinamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision, and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma, and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms. Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, in 1956. It was caused by the release of methylmercury in the industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation's chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968.(The Chisso factory and its wastewater routes)Methyl mercury flew out with the waste water from Chisso plant, was taken through the surface of plankton or through the bill of fishes into their bodies. This phenomenon is called “Biological concentration”. Plankton with methyl mercury was eaten by a small fish, and then the small fish was eaten by a big fish, and the big fish was eaten by bigger one, and so on. This relation is what we just mentioned the“Food Chain” . And the bigger the fish was, the more methyl mercury was accumulated in the body of the fish. Look at the chart 1. There were extremely polluted fishes, which looked normal at first sight, in Minamata bay and the neighboring sea. People had kept on eating many fishes without knowing that the fishes had been polluted. And finally they had gotten Minamata disease.(chart 1)As of April 30, 1997, the number of people in Kumamoto and Kagoshima prefectures who had applied for certification as Minamata disease victims numbered more than 17,000. Of these 2,265 ( of which 1,484 have passed away by January 31, 2003 )were certified by the government. Moreover, there are 11,540 persons set as the object of the Minamata disease synthesis measure medical enterprise which carried out the last decision in 1997 also including the person who had already died. Therefore, the victim permitted the influence of mercury by administration for the moment can call it 13,805 persons. However, there are some people who died before the official discovery of Minamata disease, and others who died after the discovery without submitting an application form for official recognition and / or for medical assistance. Furthermore, some people did not apply for compensation for other various reasons, so it is impossible to know the exact number of victims. The disease did not occur only in the Minamata area. In 1965 Minamata disease broke out alongthe Agano River in Niigata prefecture, caused by mercury discharged by the Showa Denko corporation. Ill-health or damage to one’s health as a result of mercury poisoning caused by factories was also reported in China and Canada. In recent years rivers and lakes in the Amazon and Tanzania polluted by mercury have created serious health concerns.Causes刘坤11210401. Agricultural PollutionExcess fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides used for agricultural procedures often get discharged in water bodies right from streams to lakes and seas. Ungoverned control of manure and slurries also leads to polluting thewater.2. Mining ActivitiesDuring mining, the rock strata is crushed with the help of heavy equipment on a large scale. These rocks are often composed of sulfides and heavy metals, which when combined with water form sulfuric acid and other harmfulpollutants.3. Sewage WaterThe leftover or excess water that is left after carrying out domestic and industrial activities is called sewage water. This water consists of a lot of chemicals, and if left untreated, it can cause diarrhea. People flushing medicines and other chemical substances down the toilet has been a cause of concern for the developed countries today.4. Burning of Fossil FuelsIt is a well-known fact that combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, emits large amount of greenhouse gases. The offshore drilling of these fossil fuels poses a serious threat to water quality and the aquatic life that depends on it.5. EutrophicationWhen a water body is filledwith excessive nutrients, oftendue to surface runoff, it results indense growth of algae which inturn depletes the oxygen level inthe water. This process is calledeutrophication. Coupled with anthropogenic activity, it causes premature aging and waste-filled water content of the water body.6. Algal BloomThe amount of organic wastes that can be degraded by the water bodies is measured in terms of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). BOD is nothing but the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose the organic waste present in the sewage. The higher the amount of BOD, the more water is polluted with organic waste and vice versa. Many people are not aware of the fact that soaps and detergents enrich the water bodies with phosphates. Thesephosphates often lead to harmful algal bloom (HAB), which is a common problem in stagnant water bodies, such as ponds and lakes. It leads to the suffocation of fish and other organisms in a water body.7. LandfillThe areas where a city'sgarbage is buried are calledlandfills. An ideal landfill should bewell-protected at the base toprevent seepage. However, if thereexists even a slight crack in thebottom layer, the pollutants seepthrough it and mix with the groundwater present below. This makes the water unfit for consumption in any form.8. Oil SpillsThe causes of oil spills can be both, natural and anthropogenic. More often than not, they result from human activities, be it accidentally, or deliberately. Oil products stored in special containers often leak over a long period; the same can happen during handling of the containers or improper transport. Sometimes, oil and its products are intentionally discharged down the drain after their use, proving harmful in the long run.Solution孙簃昉1121041Generally, we divide the solutions into two parts——biochemical method and physical method.1.B iochemical methodUsually it takes the chemical additive as the main means of processing. Also, it takes the bacteria as auxiliary means (swallow organic matter in water) Usually it uses an instrument for oxygen for the microorganisms to achieve the purpose of purifying water quality.Generally it was used for sewage treatment systemCharacteristic:It has an obvious purifying effect. As long as the microbial quantity can keep stable, the treatment effect can be achievedBut the raw water has to stay 4-5 hours, so that the decomposition time is enough. However, the whole equipment covers an area of large space. And this kindof treatment cannot produce too much effect on deep water.2.Physical methodIt uses precipitation, filtering, magnetic field pulse as the main means of processing, sometimes supplemented by chemical way, in order to help the impurity in the water as soon as possible change into the precipitation and speed up the formation of large particles.Here are the simple introductions of the three main methods.a.Precipitation (gravity separation) method:By using the principle that the suspended matter and water are in different proportion, borrowing the floating action of gravity, making the matter lighter than water float, the heavier sink and then removing them. Precipitation devices commonly use sand pool, sedimentation tank etc. The residence time of waste water in precipitation device usually is: sand pool 2h35min,oil separation tank0.25h.b.Filtering method:By using filter media to intercept the suspended matter remained in water, such as colloid, flocculation, algae to make the water clear. The filter medium contains screen, sand, filter cloth etc. Filtration equipments contain grid, sand filter etc. The treatment effect is related with the porosity of the filter medium.c.M agnetic field pulse method:It is a way to absorb the small particles by the magnetic field. Once the surface is full, the magnetic field would be cut down. After cleaning, it can be used again. As it is easy to be automatic and takes up less area, this kind of method is widely used now. Though it is promising, its infrastructure and operation cost high and much energy.Characteristic:It is characterized by small occupation of area, and can achieve the great treatment effect even of the deep water. And it can make the extremely purified water.But the process is a little more complex.If the quality of raw water is poor, the treatment is required (dosing,precipitation or natural decomposition) the filter to be frequently backwashed. It would also cause the waste of water resources. Even some media need to be replaced frequently, so the cost is higher.3.P revention for individualDealing with water pollution is something that everyone (including governments and local councils) needs to get involved with. Here are a few things you can do to help. Learning about the issue (like you are doing) is the greatest and most important step to take. Here are a few more:Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain, or the toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can help with the disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local authorities if there is a chemical disposal plan for local residents.Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Also, you can reduce the amount of water you use in washing and bathing. If we all do this, we can significantly prevent water shortages and reduces the amount of dirty water that needs treatment.Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct waste bin. If there is none around, please take it home and put it in your trash can. This includes places like the beach, riverside and water bodies.Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for the use at home and other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment.If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the material into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and using organic manure instead.If you live close to a water body, try to plants lots of trees and flowers around your home, so that when it rains, chemicals from your home does not easily drain into the water.ConclusionsClearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don’t end up in sewage treatment plants that can’t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whetheradditional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world's environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.。
水污染的英文解决方案
needswater.Water is found atmosteverywhere. Even in the driest part of the world there is some water in the air.As we all have found out, water may be a solid, or a liquid or a it isa solid, it may be as hard as brick, When itis a liquid, you can pour it out of a container. When it is a gas, you cannot see or feel it.Although about 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered with water, But with the rapid development of agriculture and industry, more and more water is needed. Therefore, water is becoming scarce in many places. What's more, a lot of rivers and lakes are beginning polluted by the waste watcr from factories. Fish can't live in them any longer. At the same time, thc waste water does great harm to people's health.In order to make rivers and lakes clean and prevent water from being polluted,we must do something to stop all sorts of pollution.翻译：大伙儿好，我是崔学荣，今天我要和大伙儿谈一谈水的重要性。
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DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Aid Group
Designs System to Make Dirty Water Safe
to Drink
By Jill Moss
Broadcast: Monday, October 17, 2005
This is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English Development Report.
Each year more than two million people die from diseases caused by drinking dirty water.
That is the estimate of the World Health Organization. Dirty water is a leading killer in
developing countries. Most of the victims are children.
Diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and infectious hepatitis are all
spread through unclean water by bacteria or viruses.
Malaria, river blindness and dengue fever are spread by
insects that lay their eggs in drinking water or live around
water resources.
There are systems designed to make dirty water safe to
drink. A group called Potters for Peace has developed a
low-cost system for use by families. Potters for Peace is a
non-governmental organization based in the United States
and active in Central America. The system this group
developed is called the Ceramic Water Purifier.
The purifier is a round container with a filter inside made of porous clay. Clay is hard earth.
A process called firing strengthens it with intense heat. Porous means it still lets water flow
through. But the clay acts as a filter. It traps harmful organisms. Also, the clay filter is
painted with a substance called colloidal silver. Colloidal silver kills bacteria. It is used in
water purification systems in many aircraft.
The purifier sits inside a larger container that catches and stores water as it flows through
the filter. This larger container also protects the purifier from damage. The filter is supposed
to be cleaned about once a month to make sure water is still able to flow through. Potters for
Peace suggests that users replace the filter after a year.
Ceramic water purifiers are being used in developing countries around the world. They first
became popular in Ecuador and Guatemala. Today they are being used throughout Central
and South America, and in parts of Africa and Asia.
Ceramic water purifiers can help communities meet their water needs. But Potters for Peace
says they can also help communities earn money. With a little training, local artists can
produce and sell the containers that hold the purifier.
You can find out more about the Ceramic Water Purifier at the Potters for Peace Web site.
That address is wwww.potpaz.org. Again, potpaz.org.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Jill Moss. This is Steve
Ember.