曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章
曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 02
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Figure 2
The production possibilities frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000 2,200 2,000 F C The production possibilities frontier shows the combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy’s resources.
6
The Economist as a Scientist
• Firms
– Produce goods and services – Use factors of production / inputs
• Households
– Own factors of production – Consume goods and services
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曼昆经济学原理(双语)2.10
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第二章像经济学家一样思考2.102-2c Why Economists’ Advice Is Not Always Followed2-2c 为何经济学家的意见并非总能被采纳Any economist who advises presidents or other elected leaders knows that his recommendations are not always heeded. Frustrating as this can be, it is easy to understand. The process by which economic policy is actually made differs in many ways from the idealized policy process assumed in economics textbooks.任何为总统或其他民选领导人提供建议的经济学家都知道，他的建议并不总是得到重视。
虽然这可能令人沮丧，但很容易理解。
实际制定经济政策的过程与经济学教科书中所设想的理想化政策过程在许多方面有所不同。
Throughout this text, whenever we discuss economic policy, we often focus on one question: What is the best policy for the government to pursue? We act as if policy were set by a benevolent king. Once theking figures out the right policy, he has no trouble putting his ideas into action.纵观全文，每当我们讨论经济政策时，我们往往会集中在一个问题上：政府寻求的最佳政策是什么？我们的做法就好像政策是由仁慈的国王制定的。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)2.8
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第二章像经济学家一样思考2.82-2 The Economist as Policy Adviser作为决策者的经济学家Often, economists are asked to explain the causes of economic events. Why, for example, is unemployment higher for teenagers than for older workers? Sometimes, economists are asked to recommend policies to improve economic outcomes. What, for instance, should the government do to improve the economic well-being of teenagers? When economists are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to help improve it, they are policy advisers.人们经常要求经济学家解释一些经济事件的原因。
例如，为什么年轻人的失业高于年龄大一些的人？有时也要求经济学家提出改善经济结果的政策建议。
例如，政府应该为改善年轻人的经济福利做些什么？当经济学家努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。
当经济学家想要改善世界时，他们是决策者。
2-2a Positive versus Normative Analysis实证分析与规范分析To help clarify the two roles that economists play, let’s examine the use of language. Because scientists and policy advisers have different goals, they use language in different ways. For example, suppose that two people are discussing minimum-wage laws. Here are two statements you might hear:Polly: Minimum-wage laws cause unemployment.Norma: The government should raise the minimum wage.为了有助于弄清楚经济学家所起的这两种作用，我们从考察语言的使用开始。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)2.6
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第二章像经济学家一样思考2.6Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier我们的第二个模型：生产可能性边界Most economic models, unlike the circular-flow diagram, are built using the tools of mathematics. Here we use one of the simplest such models, called the production possibilities frontier, to illustrate some basic economic ideas.与循环流向图不同，大多数经济模型都是用数学工具来建立的。
这里我们考虑一个最简单的这类模型，这个模型称为生产可能性边界，并运用这个模型去阐明一些基本经济思想。
Although real economies produce thousands of goods and services, let’s consider an economy that produces only two goods—cars and computers. Together, the car industry and the computer industry use all of the economy’s factors of production. The production possibilities frontieris a graph that shows the various combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology that firms use to turn these factors into output.虽然现实世界生产成千上万种物品与劳务，但我们设想一个只生产两种物品——汽车与电脑——的经济。
经济学原理曼昆2-精品文档
本章将探索这些问题的答案： In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
经济学家的两种角色是什么？怎样区别它们？ What are economists’ two roles? How do they differ? 什么是模型？经济学家怎么使用它们？ What are models? How do economists use them? 循环流程图的构成要素有哪些？流程图想要表达什么概念？ What are the elements of the Circular-Flow Diagram? What concepts does the diagram illustrate?
macroeconomics? Between positive and normative?
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作为科学家和作为政策顾问的经济学家
经济学家的两种角色/作用：
1. 2.
作为科学家：他们试图解释世界（explain the world）
作为政策顾问：他们尝试改善（改进）世界（improve it）
25,000
40,000 50,000
250
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2,500
4,000 5,000
生产可能性边界：举例
图中 各点 A
B
产量
电脑 小麦
小麦 (吨 ) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0
E D
C
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400
0
1,000
C
D E
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曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第6版课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1.稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2.经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3.效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4.平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5.机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6.理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7.边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8.激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9.市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10.产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。
经济学原理 曼昆Chapter_02_34902801
劳动,土地,资本
Wages, rent, and profit工资
of Production 生产要素市场
Income收入
13
、租金与利润
循环流向图
The Circular-Flow Diagram
企业Firms
生产和出售产品和服务Produce and sell goods and services
22
Cars Produced
坐标系中的双变量 Two Variables in the Coordinate System
• 理论预测变量之间的关系Theory predicts a causality relationship between variables
• 从数据中检验变量间的关系test the theory from data
20
Quantity of Computers Produced
4,000
3,000
2,100 2,000
The Production Possibiift in the production
possibilities frontier
生产可能性边界外移
对数据的经验（实证）分析 Empirical Analysis of Data
• How to present single variable data
圆形图Pie Chart 柱形图Bar Graph 时间序列图Time Series Graph
0
700 750 1,000
Quantity21of
假设应尽可能少 Fewer assumptions, the better
8
关于假设和结论 On Assumptions and Conclusions
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
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Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
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The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
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Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
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The Circular Flow Model The Production Possibilities Frontier
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The Circular-Flow Model
The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in
the economy.
Observation, Theory and More Observation!
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The Role of Assumptions
Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand.
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Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Copyright © 2019 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
DeadweigBiblioteka t lossHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.
The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.
Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Economist as a Scientist
The economic way of thinking . . .
Involves thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method.
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus