Unit 7.2 Categories of informal reports
Unit 7 - Business Report Writing
4. Writing Procedures
• I. Defining the problem with a purpose statement
• A good report problem in business or administration meets the following criteria:
3. Common Business Reports
• i. • ii. Memo reports; Letter reports;
• iii. Agenda, minutes, and itinerary (旅程安排）; • iv. Proposals; • v. Personnel evaluations; • vi. Progress reports; • vii. Investigation reports; • viii. Feasibility reports.
• Conclusions summarize points made in the body and recommendations are action items to solve the problem. These sections are combined if they are short. • The conclusion section is most widely read part of the report. • No new information should be added in conclusions. • Number the conclusions and recommendations if necessary.
A sample title page
An Analysis of the High School Drop-out Patterns of Canadian Students Prepared for Mr. Andy Brown Director The Department of Education Columbus, OH 43210 Prepared by Julia Taush MW Consulting Services July 28, 2011
高中英语《M7 Unit 2 Period Five Task》课件 译林牛津版选修7
Step 1: completing notes
You will listen to a TV program and try to report on the current problem of short-sightedness, which is very common among Chinese teenagers today. Please take notes on the information given.
此ppt下载后可自行编辑
高中英语课件
Unit
2
Fit for life
Task
Reporting on short-sightedness
In this section, we will learn how to listen for current situations, how to interview someone and how to write a radio script.
writing a radio script
What should be included in a script is as follows: who you are
Focus your eyes on green trees or grass often for a rest.
Have your eyes relaxed once an hour when working on computers or watching TV.
Pair work
One acts as the doctor and the other as the reporter. When you finish the interview, you should change roles.
Unit 7
这二句的主语分别是setting inventory levels和determining transportation policies，是以动名词做主语。
5．Managers must understand how information is gathered and analyzed. 管理者必须要知道怎样收集信息和分析信 息。 how information is gathered and analyzed是宾语从句，是understand的宾 语。请注意gather和 analyze都使用了被 动语态（passive voice）。
the roles bar codes play
When a product is sold in a retail store, the bar code on that product is scanned, and this information is transmitted electronically to our company. That is to say,bar codes are information carriers.
capturing, delivering是现在分词，引导状 语，其逻辑主语是本句的主语，也就是说 IT captures and delivers the information necessary to make a good decision. The server hummed busily, receiving information from iits e3nd users.服务器闻 闻作响，从终端用户那里接受信息。
Text 1
Information
Is Crucial
Outline for review
Ingroup /outgroup
• ingroup • Five types of ingroup members: • Blood relationship • Demographic relationship • Colleague relationships • Teacher-student relationship • Classmate relationships • outgroup • Boundary between ingroup and outgroup is not so clear change frequently
Personal/public relationship
• personal • overlapping • Good public relationship is established after a good personal relationship • public • Separate • Privacy, individualism, autonomy, selfreliance
Particularism /universalism
• Particularism • Differences in age, sex, role, or status are maximized, mutuality and interdependency are encouraged
• Universalism • Follow general and objective rules that are applied to various relationships. • Principles of fairness and equality
The impact of Confucianism on communication
新编剑桥商务英语高级第三版 第7.2 + 7.3
7.2 Report writingWRITINGA business report1 This quotation could apply to any kind of business writing. Whatdoes it mean to you ?‘I have made this letter longer than usual, only because I have nothad the time to make it shorter.’Blaise Pascal (French Mathematician)2 Apart from conciseness, what are the other ingredients of a goodbusiness report? Work with a partner make it list.3 The business report below was written in response to thefollowing request. Make a note of the repor t’s good points andbad points.RequestHi DavinaJohn is asking me for a process report on the documentary filmabout Greenland.Can you please send me a formal report outlining:•the reason for making this documentary•how far you have got wi th the project•any problems experienced•the schedule from now up to completionThanksPaulaReportProgress report on Greenland documentaryThis is just to bring you up to day on the documentary we started last May, to let you know what we have so far and when we expect to be finished.We decided to make a documentary about Greenland because first, no-one else is doing one at the moment and secondly, because it isgood place to see the effects of global warming, which we all know is a topical subject just now.We’ve shot about five hours of material and have some great shotsof wildlife-especially polar bears - and some really interestinginterviews with local people.It’s taken a bit longer than expected because the weather is kind ofunpr edictable and we’ve spent quite a lot of time waiting around for it to change. Another problem has been getting permissions to shoot up in the north. It’s a conservation area and the authorities have been pretty tight letting us film.We reckon that we only have another fours weeks filming to do and then it’s back to the editing room to try to distil it all down to only an hour.One thing that we’re not really sure about is the angle that you’d like to take on this. Is it just a wildlife film? Should it be about globalwarming? Should it focus more on the people? It ’d be nice to have your views on this before we get to the cutting room.4 Rewrite the report , improving it in the ways you have Agreed. VOCABULARYLinking phrases5 linking ideas is an important part of report writing. Rewrite eachsentence using the words or phrases to give you the same mening.1 He’s rich, but he’s unhappy.0 Although he’s rich, he’s unhappy.a In spite of/Despite _________________.b ________________. Nevertheless ________________.2 It’s complex and expensive.a In addition to________________.b As well as _______________.c __________________. Furthermore_______________.3 They will produce a report when they have gathered all theevidence.a After_________________.b __________________. Subsequently,________________.4 The company went bankrupt because it was poorly managed.a __________________on account of________________.b __________________. Consequently, _________________. WRITINGA report on employee training6 Solartech is a company that makes solar panels. Demand for thistechnology is growing fast and in the last two years the company has employed twenty new people in the sales department. Thecompany is concerned that these new recruits either lack salesexperience or do not have a good technical understanding of theproduct. It would like a report on this situation as soon aspossible.Write a report describing:•the scope of your survey.•how many new recruits are not performing well and what theirproblem are.•any positive finding.•recommendations for remedying the situation.Exam SuccessAlways read your finished piece of writing back to yourself. First check it flows logically. Then look for error with tenses, subject-verb agreement and spellings.7.3 Reading Test:Part TwoEXAM FORMATPart two of the Reading Test consists of a test 400-500 words long, commenting on some aspect of business or working life. Thepassage will be taken form a newspaper, business magazine,management guide or company report.APPROACHFollow these steps.•Read the instructions twice and make sure you understand thecontext of the passage and what you are being asked to do.•Read the passage through quickly (two minutes). What is theSubject? What is the main argument?•Re-read the passage to the first gap and study carefully thesentences before and after the gap. What information do you expect to be included here?•Find the sentence from the list(A-H) that best fits.•Repeat this process for the other gaps.•Read the whole text(with the gaps filled) back to yourself quickly to make sure it makes sense.KEY SKILLCohesion1 Look at this passage. Predict what kind of information themissing sentence is likely to contain.According to legend, inventors have frequently come up with designsfor an everlasting light bulb. These products would cost no more tomake. But a conspiracy of light bulb manufacturers has alwaysensured that these innovations are suppressed, so that the continuingmarket for light bulb is not spoiled. The product is not always a lightbulb. (1)____And why don’t batteries go on forever? It must sure ly bepossible to build automobiles that would never wear out.2 Look at the options. Which one is correct? Does it correspond toyour prediction?A The same claims are make for tights: what woman would not rushto purchase a pair of long-lasting tights?B Light bulbs typically last between1,000 and 1,500 hours.C The truth is that it is not in company’s interests to make productswhich last.3 What kind of information is this missing sentence like to contain.One dictionary defines innovation as the introduction of somethingnew or different. (2)_____What it can do is propel you ahead ofcompetition, restructure an industry or shift customer perceptions.Perhaps six years ago we too were guilty of putting innovation in abox, seeing it as the preserve of only those employees who worked inresearch and development, or perhaps marketing.4 Look at the options. Which is correct? Why?A In the UK, for example, it has now become part of a company’sculture.B These employees must embrace it as something which is criticalto success.C That’s a fairly boring description of a concept so full of promises.Exam SuccessPractice this exercise by choosing a sentence in a text at random and asking yourself how it relates to the passage as a whole and particularly the sentences around it, both grammatically and in meaning.EXAM PRACTICE5 Following the approach described above do Practice Test PartTwo.PART TWOQuestions 1-6•Read this text about VW’s new corporate university.•Choose the text about sentence A-H to fill each of the gaps 1-6.•Do not use any letter more than once.•These is an example at the beginning(0).corporate universitiesInternationally, there is a trend towards corporate universities. More and more companies feel that the education system, and state universities in particular, are not meeting the need of industry and big business.(0)........ The concept originated in the US, where 1,600 such institutions are now owned by private companies. The number of corporate universities has quadrupled in the last fifteen years. In six years, it is estimated, more people worldwide will attend corporate than state universities.But some education experts point to the poor performance and very limited scope of subjects in many corporate universities.(1)........Some go even further, accusing companies who establish corporate universities of trying to mould their employee to be perfect corporate citizens.(2)........At VW, the German car manufacturer, which has recently announced the building of a new corporate university, they are aware of these criticisms. (3)........The company, in all modesty, calls their new Car Uni ‘the prototype of a new corporate university’. So what is it that it will do differently?The main difference between the VW and some other corporate universities is that the Car Uni aspires to become something like a ‘proper university’. Future students can earn two degrees here: an MA in global leadership, and an MSc in organisational excellence. (4)........A different order from, say, McDonald’s corporate Hamburger University where sellers of chips can become ‘restaurant assistant manager’.The Car Uni will consist of three schools - economics and business administration, sciences and technology, and human and social sciences - an impressively broad scope of subjects compared with other corporate universities.(5)........The Car Uni is an ambitious project indeed. But not everyone is impressed. Swiss scholar Peter Glotz, who researches the effectiveness of different education systems and has also studied corporate universities, warns that VW might be on the wrong track. (6)........‘Companies must develop platforms with which they can make use of the universities of the world, not build academies of their own.’A They say they would like to avoid the typical mistakes of corporateuniversities.B According to him,building a big campus and, especially, employing alot of staff are completely unnecessary.C Instead they prefer to train their staff in a specific way.D He suggest that corporate university graduates will not be equippedto work anywhere outside the company.E Moreover, the Car Uni will open its doors to postgraduates in 2009,even if they are not employed by VW.F They claim that these so-called universities offer little more than jobtraining for their employees and lack a scientific foundation inresearch.G Both will be certified and accredited.H In other words, to produce ‘graduates’ who are not only equippedwith the right skills, but who also never deviate from the company philosophy.。
跨文化交际上课内容unit7
Unit Seven Time and Space Across CulturesI.Warm Up1. Please read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?2. Go to answer the questions on Group Work (p235-236) and find out your sense of time?Supplement: Additional materialsII.ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.(i) The sense of time:1) Time is linear线形. Western cultures think time is linear — aflow from the past to the present to the future.2) Time is cyclical周期的. Life on earth evolved in response to thecycles of day and night and the ebb and flow潮涨潮落of thetides.(ii) Monochronic出现一次and Polychronic Time (p256-257)1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is thedominating time system in our culture?1) Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only onething at a time – events scheduled as separate items.2) Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.2. What is the philosophy哲学underlying each of the time system?1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion完成oftransactions事务rather than adherence to遵守present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible有形地than M-time.Weakness: Matters in a polychromic多彩的culture seem in a constant state 恒定常态of flux. Appointments are frequently broken.2) In M-time system, social and business life is commonly schedule-dominated. By scheduling, we compartmentalize划分; this makes it possible to concentrate on 集中注意one thing at a time, but it also reduces the context. M-time is also tangible. M-time scheduling is used as a classification system that orders life.Weakness: Life in general is at times unpredictable. M-time reduces the context and alienate使疏远people from themselves and from others.(iii) The Heartbeat of Culture (p229-232)1.What does the author want to tell us from his experience in Braziland the questionnaire between students in Niteroi and those in Fresno?In Brazil, people seem to be very flexible in their concepts of time and punctuality. Brazilians are likely to attribute lateness for appointments to unforeseen circumstances 意外情况that the person couldn’t control. They seem less inclined to倾向于feel personallyresponsible for being late. So they express less regret for their own lateness and blame others less when others are late.The Brazilian students believed that a person who is consistently late is probably more successful than one who is consistently on time.They seemed to accept the idea that someone of status is expected to arrive late. Lack of punctuality is a badge标记of success.2.There aren’t unanimous全体一致perceptions of time时间知觉among culturally different people. Even within one country, ideas of time and punctuality vary considerably from place to place.Different regions and even cities have their own distinct rhythms and rules.3.Appreciating cultural differences in time sense becomes increasinglyimportant as modern communications put more and more people in daily contact. If we are to avoid misreading issues that involve time perceptions, we need to understand better our own cultural biases偏见and those of others.※American Concept of Time: (See Case 25)III.Proxemics人际距离学A fascinating area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships空间关系, or proxemics, the study of man's appreciation and use of space. As a species, man is highly territorial but we are rarely aware of it unless our space is somehow violated. Spatial第3 页共9 页relationships and territorial boundaries directly influence our daily encounters. Maintaining control over such space is a key factor in personal satisfaction; observing spatial interactions in everyday life is a key to personal awareness.(i)The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space(a) fixed features of spaceFixed feature space is characterized by unmovable boundaries, like divisions within an office building. Architecture and spacing of buildings also belong to this aspect of space.For example, a person in the United States can drive on a highway for miles and never see a sign of people or dwellings民居. Therefore, he may be amazed at the closeness of people in China.Intercultural communicators need to realize that cultures have alternative approaches变换方法to space and ways of using it.(b) semifixed 半固定features of spaceSemifixed features of space refer to spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture arrangement and seating.1. furniture arrangement :French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized集中的, and spatially the entire country is laid outaround centers.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically分等级的in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy,feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health.2. seatingIn the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them.The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone.(c) personal space or private space (p239-241)1. Behavioral study indicates that individuals perceive a distance that is appropriate for different types of messages; they also establish a comfortable distance for personal interaction and nonverbally define this as their personal space. Research supports the hypothesis 假设that the violation违反侵害of this personal space can have serious adverse effects不利影响on communication. Thus, if an individual is to be mutually 互相satisfied in a communication encounter his/her第5 页共9 页personal space must be respected. Should an intruder侵入者invade 侵略干扰this personal space while also trespassing 擅自进入within territorial boundaries he placed himself in double jeopardy双重负担and must compensate 弥补for the other's increased anxiety.2. The differences among Americans, the India, the Japanese and the ArabIn the United States, Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone亲密区, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.The study of spatial territory for the purpose of communication uses four categories for informal space: the intimate distance for embracing or whispering (6-18 inches), the personal distance for conversations among good friends (1.5-4 feet), social distance for conversations among acquaintances (4-12 feet), and public distance used for public speaking (12 feet or more).intimate distance ranging from direct contact to about 45cm, which applies to the closest relationships such as husband and wifepersonal distance ranging from 45 to 80cm, which is usually maintained for conversations between friends & relativessocial distanceranging from 1.3to 2 meters, which covers people第 7 页 共9 页who work together or are meeting at socialgatheringspublicdistance such as that kept between a lecturer and his audienceIn India , there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste 印度的社会等级 may approach other castes.In Japan, the private bubble and the personal space are more a creation of the mind than an actual existence 真实存在. The Japanese connect privacy with mental space. In crowds each Japanese becomes an island and he is alone as long as he does not acknowledge any of the other people.In Arab , Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.(ii) TerritorialityTerritoriality refers to how space can be used to communicate messages.Territorial claims differ from personal space in that the personal zone accompanies the individual while territoriality is relatively stationary 固定的. Semi-fixed feature space is often the criteria 标准 used to establish a territory within any environment; it becomes a man's safety zone where he rests from the rigors 严格 of defending personal space from invasion, thedramatic or sudden entry into another's personal zone. Humans, like animals, indicate their ownership of this established territory and will consequently defend it against all invasions. Territoriality is established so rapidly that even the second session 会话in a series of lectures讲座is sufficient to find most of the audience returning to their same seats. And if one has been sitting in a particular seat and someone else occupies it, one can notice a fleeting 短暂的irritation.Compare the differences among the cultures of the countries mentioned in “Home in Various Cultures” (p244-247).America: showing visitors around home; people are not allowed to lock doors except the bathroom door; kitchen is the place for negotiation between the mother and the children; the parents’ bedroom is mostly off-limits.Germany: requires a wide area of privacy, formal and regimented; doors are firmly shut between rooms; an entrance hall 门廊to lead visitors into the house without showing specific rooms and spoiling the family’s privacy.Northern European countries: rude if not call in advance; not to expect the tour of the host’s home.France: never drop in unannounced; no tour of the house; guests are usually received in the living room, with the doors to the other rooms closed.Italy: you can drop in anytime without calling first, except for the resting hours of 2:00 to 4:00 pm.Spain: call ahead; normal visiting hours are 4:00 to 6:00 pm.Latin American countries: guests, even dropping in without warning, are greeted warmly, often with hugs and kisses; to communicate in the dining room.The Middle Eastern countries: the layout of the salon;IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.第9 页共9 页。
新编剑桥商务英语unit7精选全文
Languages for qualities and skills
❖fighter pilot / airline pilot
▪ Excellent health/vision ▪ Excellent heart condition ▪ Challenging , dangerous
❖politician / journalist
❖Rackspace Managed Hosting 可控制虚拟主机公 司 is an IT hosting company based in San Antonio,
Texas.
❖Proctor and Gamble: 宝洁公司(P&G)
is a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio and manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. (财富500强公司之一，一家生产 个人卫生用品的大集团公司，总部设在美国)
- (many graduates believe) you work on creative PR campaigns and go on lots of jollies
- marketing seems more attractive (than sales)
- it isn’t as bad as myths suggest
❖Retain an air of glamour显得很风光 ❖Jolly 痛快，刺激 ❖Door-to-door 挨家挨户的 ❖Cold calling 不期而至的电话 ❖ Outnumber…by..数量上超过
高二英语牛津译林版 Module 7 Unit 2Task(共51张PPT)
P26
• reasons why the students exists • how the problem can be solved
reasons why the situation exists 中why 引导的是__定__语__从_句______，修饰_r_e_a_s_o_n_s_， 也可以用___fo__r _w_h_i_c_h__来替代。
This is a well-lit café.
P27
2. We have adjusted all the lights in the classrooms so that each room is well lit. 翻译：
我们已经调节了教室里所有的灯，这样 每间教室的光线都很充足。
P27
3. Computer monitors are placed at least 50
To tell the readers what to focus on when listening to a report about a present situation.
P26
Let’s read this passage sentence by sentence and learn some useful expressions.
__将_正__确__的__字__母_写__进__左__边__那_栏__。_________。
P27
Please read the article and think about the questions: 1. What’s the title of this article? 2. Can we create new ones to replace it?
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Feasibility Reports
▪ Examines the practicality and advisability of following a course of action
▪ Writing plan of feasibility reports: o (1) announce your decision immediately; o (2) describe the background and problem necessitating the proposal; o (3) discuss the benefits of the proposal; o (4) describe any foreseeable problems that may result; o (5) if cost involves, calculate the costs associated with the proposal and show the time frame necessary for implementation of the proposal; o (6) conclude with a summary specifying the recommendation and acttification/Recommendation Reports
For non-sensitive topics and recommendations that will be agreeable to readers, we can organize directly according to the following sequences: In the introduction identify the problem or the need briefly. Announce the recommendation, solution, or action concisely and with action verbs.
▪ Functions of Progress Reports: o Reassure the client that: [1] you are making progress; [2] the project is going smoothly, and [3] the project will be complete by the expected date. o Provide the client with preliminary findings o Give the client a chance to evaluate your work on the project and to request changes, if any. o Give you an opportunity to discuss problems in the project and thus to forewarn the client. o Allow you to establish a work schedule so that you'll complete the project on time.
Justification/Recommendation Report
Present data Offer analysis Draw conclusions and make
recommendations
Justification/Recommendation Report
We occasionally need to write reports that justify or recommend something, such as: Buying equipment Changing a procedure Hiring an employee Consolidating departments Investing funds
Justification/Recommendation Reports
Present a discussion of pros, cons, and costs. Explain more fully the benefits of the
recommendation or steps to be taken to solve the problem. Conclude with a summary specifying the recommendation and action to be taken.
Group similar topics together. Use appropriate headings.
Ch. 9–4
Progress Reports
▪ Provide information about activities performed and related matters at midpoint dates in the projects. .
Unit 7 Business Reports & Proposals 第七章 商务报告与计划书
Unit 7.2 Categories of Informal Reports
7.2 非正式报告分类
Six Categories of Informal Reports
Information Reports Progress Reports Justification/Recommendation Reports Feasibility Reports Minutes of Meetings Summaries
Ch. 9–3
Information Reports
Findings
Organize information in one of these patterns: (1) chronological, (2) alphabetical, (3) topical, (4) geographical, (5) journalism style (who, what, when, where, why, and how), (6) simple-to-complex, or (7) most to least important.
Ch. 9–2
Information Reports
Introduction
Identify report purpose Describe data methods and sources Provide background Offer a preview of the findings