英语语法树状图
英语语法结构体系图
1 不 可 数 名 词 单独出现表示泛指。
︺ (U
不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等
uncountable) 来表示其具体数量： a piece of news, a sheet of paper
表 2 冠词
不 定
泛指某一具体的人/事物
He is an old doctor. She is now a different China from what she was.
every 表示“三者/三者以上当中的每 只作定语 You have every right to say so.(你完全有权
一个”侧重强调全体的情况
利这么说)
no one=nobody 只指人，谓语动词用 单数,不能与介词 of 连用。
No one likes a person with bad manners.
的部分
+that/who/whom +原剧中其他部 分
强调状语
强调时间 强调地点 强调方式 强调原因
It is at eleven that the train leaves. It was in the classroom that I left him. It was just as he ordered that I acted. It was because he was poor that I helped him
别的人/婴儿
The Greens have a new baby. It is lovely.
指自然现象（天气、气象、
天色等）/量度（时间、距 离、温度、价值等）
It is getting dark. How far is it to the Great Wall?
思维导图--英语语法知识树
1.中学英语语法知识体系
2.英语能力树
3.英语学习习惯
4.单词记忆通用工具
5.英语整体建构课堂教学模式
6.“和谐教育整体建构教学法”
7.中学英语16种时态
8.名词I
9.名词II
10.冠词
11.数词
12.代词的分类
13.人称代词
14.物主代词
15.反身代词
16.指示代词
17.疑问代词
18.关系代词
19.不定代词
20.形容词
21.副词
22.形容词和副词的比较等级
23.有关比较级的区别
24.动词
25.常见助动词用法
26.助动词
27.非谓语动词
28.动词ing形式
29.不定式的时态和语态
30.省to 的动词不定式
31.不定式作宾语
32.不定式作补语
33.不定式作主语
34.不定式句法功能
35.doing与to do的区别1
36.doing与to do的区别2
37.分词
38.独立主格结构
39.一般现在时
40.一般将来时
41.现在完成时
42.一般过去时
43.现在进行时
44.时态与时间状语
45.被动语态
46.各种形式的被动语态
47.句子的种类
48.反意疑问句
49.反意疑问句记忆规则1
50.反意疑问句记忆规则2。
英语语言学树型图详细讲解
树形图详细讲解1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left.Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road.Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road.Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature.N Qual V Deg A2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of peopleAPA P Nfull of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNPNP PPDet N P NPDet A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA Noften read detective storiesd) the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the windowVPV PPP Det Nmove towards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N Pst VThe jet landedb) Mary became very ill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst V APDeg AMary became very illc) What will you talk about?CPNP C SN Infl NP Infl VPVP NPV P NSNP VPDet N Aux V NPDet NThe apple might hit the man ORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N V NPDet NThe apple might hit the mane) He often reads detective stories.SNP VPN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective storiesORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPPresN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NPDet A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PPA N P NPDet A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.InflP(=S)NP VPN Aux V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsORInflP(=S)NP VPN Infl V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP VPN VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP VPN VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics ORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pres VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.SS CON SNP VP NP VPDet N V Adv Det A N V AdvThe detective went out and the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.SNP VPCPN V C SS CON SNP VP NP VPN Aux V Det N Aux VCrusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPN V NPNYou know that I hate warOR CPC InflP(=S)NP Infl VPCPN Pres V C SNP VPN V NP NYou know that I hate warb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPDet N VL AHe said that Tom asked whether the class was overc) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP VPN VP NPCPAux Neg V NP C SDet N NP VPN V NPDet A NGerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English examd) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP VPCPN VL A C SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Roycee) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP VPCPDet N VP C SV P NP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP Infl VPN V NPNThe essay he wrote that was too longSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was too longb) The dog that he keeps bites.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP VC Infl SPres NP VPN V NPNThe dog he keeps that bitesSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP VC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pres V NPNThe dog that he keeps e bitesc) Herbert found the man she loved.Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N C SNP Infl VPNPN VNHerbert found the man she loved whoSurface StructureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N SCNP Infl VPNP NPN VN Nd) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC Infl SNNP VPPPN Qual VP NPV P NThe girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguisticsSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC SNNP NP Infl VPPPN N Qual VP NPV P NThe girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep structureCPC SVPNP AdvPN Infl V Advyou would come tomorrowSurface structureCPC SVPNP AdvPInflN Infl V Advwould you e come tomorrowb) Can you pass me the newspaper?Deep structureCPC SVPNP NP NPN Infl V N Det Nyou can pass me the newspaperSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NP NPN Infl V N Det N Can you e pass me the newspaperc) Should the students report the incident?Deep structureCPC SVPNP NPDet N Infl V Det Nthe students should report the incidentSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NPDet N Infl V Det Nshould the students e report the incidentd) What did you eat for lunch?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Nyou did eat what for lunchSurface structureCPNP C SVPInfl NP PPNP NPN N Infl V PN Nwhat did you e eat e for lunche) Who should this be reported to ?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNthis should be reported to whomSurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNwhom should this e be reported to ef) What was Helen bringing to the party?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det NHelen was bringing what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det Nwhat was Helen e bringing e to the party。
英语语言学树型图
树形图详细讲解1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left.Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road.Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road.Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature.N Qual V Deg A2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of peopleAPA P Nfull of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNPNP PPDet N P NPDet A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA Noften read detective storiesd) the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the windowVPV PPP Det Nmove towards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N Pst VThe jet landedb) Mary became very ill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst V APDeg AMary became very illc) What will you talk about?CPNP C SN Infl NP Infl VPVP NPV P NSNP VPDet N Aux V NPDet NThe apple might hit the manORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N V NPDet NThe apple might hit the mane) He often reads detective stories.SNP VPN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective storiesORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPPresN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NPDet A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PPA N P NPDet A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.InflP(=S)NP VPN Aux V NPDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsORInflP(=S)NP VPN Infl V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP VPN VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP VPN VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics ORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pres VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.SS CON SNP VP NP VPDet N V Adv Det A N V AdvThe detective went out and the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.SNP VPCPN V C SS CON SNP VP NP VPN Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPN V NPNYou know that I hate warOR CPC InflP(=S)NP Infl VPCPN Pres V C SNP VPN V NPNYou know that I hate warb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPDet N VL A He said that Tom asked whether the class was overc) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP VPN VP NPCPAux Neg V NP C SDet N NP VPN V NPDet A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English examd) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP VPCPN VL A C SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Roycee) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP VPCPDet N VP C SV P NP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long.Deep structureCPC SNP VP Det N CP V APC S Deg PNP Infl VPN V NPNThe essay he wrote that was too longSurface StructureCPC SNP VP Det N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe was too longb) The dog that he keeps bites.Deep structureCPC SNP VP Det N CP VC Infl SPres NP VPN V NPNThe dog he keeps that bitesSurface StructureCPC SNP VP Det N CP VC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pres V NPNThe dog bitesc) Herbert found the man she loved.Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N C SNP Infl VPNPN VNHerbert found the man she loved whoSurface StructureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N SCNP Infl VPNP NPN VN N Herbert found thed) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC Infl SNNP VPPPN Qual VP NPV P NThe girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguisticsSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC SNNP NP Infl VPPPN N Qual VP NPV P NThe girl majors in linguistics8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep structureCPC SVPNP AdvPN Infl V Advyou would come tomorrowSurface structureCPC SVPNP AdvPInflN Infl V Advcome tomorrowb) Can you pass me the newspaper?Deep structureCPC SVPNP NP NPN Infl V N Det Nyou can pass me the newspaperSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NP NPN Infl V N Det Npass me the newspaperc) Should the students report the incident?Deep structureCPC SVPNP NPDet N Infl V Det Nthe students should report the incidentSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NPDet N Infl V Det Nreport the incidentd) What did you eat for lunch?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Nyou did eat what for lunchSurface structureCPNP C SVPInfl NP PPNP NP N N Infl V PN Nfor lunche) Who should this be reported to ?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNthis should be reported to whomSurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNf) What was Helen bringing to the party?Deep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det NHelen was bringing what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det Nto the party21 / 2121 / 21。
英语语法结构体系图
复数的语境下:we放在最前，they放在最后
We, you and they should preserve theenvironment
it的特殊用法
指代事物/人
代替前文提到过的事物
This is a new dictionary.Ibought it yesterday。
in the morning/afternoon/evening，in the end。，by the way
零冠词
表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名词前
Failure is the mother of success。
Childrenlike cartoons。
泛指时,表示三餐、球/棋类运动、学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、节假日的名词前
用于强调句型
It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who/whom+原剧中其他部分
强调主语
It is my word that counts。（我说了算）
强调宾语
It is me that/whom you should ask。
强调状语
强调时间
It is at eleven that the train leaves.
a（great/large) number of, numbers of.
只修饰不可数名词
much, a little，little, a bit of，a good/great deal of，a large/great amount of，amounts of.
既修饰可数名词有修饰不可数名词
some, any，a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great/large quantity of，quantities of。
英语语法结构体系图
It was in the classroom thatIleft him。
强调方式
It was just as he ordered thatIacted.
强调原因
It was because he was poor thatIhelped him
强调宾补
It was red that we painted the gate.
in the morning/afternoon/evening，in the end., by the way
零冠词
表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名词前
Failure is the mother of success。
Childrenlike cartoons。
泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、节假日的名词前
The population ofChinais larger than that of any other country.
those替代复数可数名词
His stories are more interesting than thoseItold.
区别指示代词that与数词one/ones
that只能代替事物,相当于the+被代替的单数可数名词/不可数名词(特指同一种/类的事物）
代替指示代词，起this/that作用
Is this you car？
No, it isn’t.
指代动植物、不明身份/性别的人/婴儿
Look at that bird。It always comes to my window.
The Greens have a new baby.It is lovely.
英语语法结构体系图
英语语法结构体系图名词︹表1︺可数名词(Ccountable)单数表示“一个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系/指示关系的限定词（冠词/数词/名词所有格/物主代词/指示代词/不定代词等。
表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词：a book, an orange复数表示泛指时不必加任何限定词We must tell friends from enemies. 不可数名词(Uuncountable)单独出现表示泛指。
不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等来表示其具体数量： apiece of news, a sheet of paper冠词不定泛指某一He is an old doctor.She is now a different China︹表2︺冠词具体的人/事物from what she was.固定词组once upon a time(从前)，anhour or twoa long time, a few, a little定冠词说话人和听话人心中都了解的人/事物，表示特指I bought a skirt yesterday. Theskirt is very beautiful.最高级/固定词组/习惯用法in themorning/afternoon/evening, inthe end., by the way零冠词表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名词前Failure is the mother of success.Children like cartoons.泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、节假日的名词Do you have a rest after lunch?They are fond of playingbasketball/chess.Spring/April/Sunday/Children’sday is the best time.前固定词组/习惯搭配on foot, at home, at night, in danger, for exampleface to face, hand in hand, side/step by side/step人称代词︹基本用法单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us 第二人称you you you yo表3︺u 第三人称he himtheytheyshe herit it多个人陈代词并列的排序单数的语境下：you放在最前，I放在最后You,she and I all enjoymusic.复数的语境下：we放在最前，they放在最后We,you and they shouldpreserve theenvironmentit的特殊用法指代事物/人代替前文提到过的事物This is a newdictionary. Ibought ityesterday.代替指示代Is this youcar?词，起this/that作用No, it isn’t.指代动植物、不明身份/性别的人/婴儿Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. The Greens have a new baby. It is lovely.指自然现象（天气、气象、天色等）/量度（时间、距离、温It is getting dark.How far is it to the Great Wall?度、价值等）充当形式主语代替不定式It is our dutyto take careof the old.代替动名词It isworthwhileworking thewhole night. 代替主语从句It doesn’tmatter whatyou do.充当形式宾语代替不定式I consider itbetter to beearly.代替动名词We thoughtit no usedoing that. 代替宾语从句The teachermade it clearthateveryoneshould hand in his homework on time.用于强调句型It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who/whom +原剧中其他部分强调主语It is my word thatcounts. (我说了算)强调宾语It is methat/whom youshould ask.强调状语强调时间It is ateleven thatthe trainleaves.强调地点It was in theclassroomthat I lefthim.强调It was justas he方式ordered that I acted.强调原因It was because he was poor that I helped him强调宾补It was red that we painted the gate.指示代词︹表4︺分类及用法单数复数空间/时间上离说话人较近/下文将要讲的事物thisthese 空间/时间上离说话人较远/上文提及的事物thatthose作替代词的指示代词（后面必须有后置定语）that替代单数可数名词Your pen isexpensivethan that Ihave.不可数The用法名词populationof China islarger thanthat of anyothercountry.those替代复数可数名词His storiesare moreinterestingthan those Itold.区别指示代词that与数词one/onesthat只能代替事物，相当于the+被代替的单数可数名词/不可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物）可以代替事物，也可以代替人。