lecture1
lecture 1
• （4）有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省 略了或被隐藏起来了。翻译时要加以拓展。例如，特区是 个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是 对外政策的窗口。有人把它翻译为：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必 须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-hows. They are also a window through which to disseminate China’s foreign policies.
•
上述各种能力和意识的培养，可以通过不同的 具体途径来实现。
• （1）深刻认识翻译的重要性。翻译的对与错、好 与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如，把海南 岛的“天涯海角”翻译成了“the End of the World（世界末日）”（应为Land’s End / End of the Earth）。再如某航空公司广告中的承诺 “一小时内免费送机票上门”被译成了“We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（一小 时内送免费机票上门。）”（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）。
lecture 1
1、关于应用文本的范围
应用类文本可分为法规或成文法类应用文本 （Texts of Rules and Regulations，TRR）和对 外宣传类应用文本(Practical Texts for Foreign Recipients，PTFR)两大类，前者包括法律、合 同、政策条文等文本，后者指宣传介绍或公告类 文本及商务文本，包括各级政府新闻发布会的信 息通报、我国政治经济、文化教育等发展状况的 对外介绍、投资指南、旅游指南、城市/乡镇/企 业/公司介绍、各种大型国际性活动宣传、企业 产品/服务广告宣传、商务函电、商务单证表格 等。
4.化冗为简(形式与内容的和谐或形神结合所产生的美 感)： 我们所讲的微笑，是发自内心的诚挚和善良的笑容，而 不是讨好别人的媚笑，也不是存心不良的奸笑或皮笑肉 不笑，更不是带有杀机的笑里藏刀。（“多一点微笑”） V1) What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile that comes from the bottom of one’s heart. We do not mean a smile specially put on to please others, or a false one harboring a sinister design, much less a grin with murderous intent behind. 改译：What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile, instead of a flattering one. We do not mean a sinister-harbored grin, much less a daggerhidden one.
lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)
III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构 词法上以派生构词（derivation）为主。 词类分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。
IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译
以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势，选用符合译语（target language）语言习惯的表 意手段，灵活变通，兼容互补，恰当再现源语（source language）的语法和逻辑意义。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
Lecture_1
Chapter 2 Properties of materials §2.1 Mechanical property §2.2 Electrical property §2.3 Thermal property §2.4 Magnetic property §2.5 Optical property
§ 1.1 Concept and classification 1. Definition 定义 Functional materials：with excellent
electric, magnetic, thermal, sonic, mechanical, chemical and biochemical properties, can be transferred from each other and used as non-structural materials.
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1. 1 Nano metallic materials
Size: < 100nm Types: 纳米晶稀土永磁材料： 纳米晶稀土永磁材料 2000年，日本三荣化成株式会社 铁粉附着钕，磁场中烧结＋真空烧结 制得各向异性磁体 各向异性磁体
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磁性液体：铁磁流体，具有磁性及 具有磁性及 磁性液体 流动性（我国，钢铁研究总院） 流动性 由纳米级得脆性颗粒分散在载液中 形成稳定的胶体，在重力、离心力 在重力、 在重力 及强磁场作用下不分离。 及强磁场作用下不分离 1963年美国宇航局：解决太空服头 盔转动密封问题
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1. Functionally metallic materials
Some are developed and widely applied: 形状记忆合金：军事、汽车 Some are less developed but with potential opportunities: 超导合金材料、减振合金材料
托福听力tpo51 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo51lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,continuing with crop domestication,and corn—or,um, maize,as it's often called.Obviously it's one of the world's most important cropstoday.It's such a big part of the diet in so many countries,and it's got so many different uses,that it's hard to imagine a world without it.But because it doesn't grow naturally,without human cultivation,and because there's no obvious wild relative of maize…uh,well,for the longest time,researchers weren’t able to find any clear link between maize and other living plants.And that's made it hard for them to trace the history of maize.Now,scientific theories about the origins of maize first started coming out in the 1930s.One involved a plant called teosinte.Teosinte is a tall grass that grows wild in certain parts of Mexico and Guatemala.When researchers first started looking at wild teosinte plants,they thought there was a chance that the two plants—um, maize and teosinte—were related.The young wild teosinte plant looks a lot like the corn plant,and the plants continue to resemble each other—at least superficially—even when they're developed.But when the scientists examined the fruits of the two plants,it was a different story. When you look at ripe corn,you see row upon row of juicy kernels…um,all those tiny little yellow squares that people eat.Fully grown teosinte,on the other hand, has a skinny stalk that holds only a dozen or so kernels behind a hard,um,almost stonelike casing.In fact,based on the appearance of its fruit,teosinte was initially considered to be a closer relative to rice than to maize.But there was one geneticist,named George Beadle,who didn't give up so easily on the idea that teosinte might be…well…the“parent”of corn.While still a student in the1930s,Beadle actually found that the two plants had very similar chromosomes—very similar genetic information.In fact,he was even able to make fertile hybrids between the two plants.In hybridization,you remember,the genes of two species of plants are mixed to produce a new,third plant—a hybrid.And if this offspring—this hybrid—is fertile,then that suggests that the two species are closely related genetically.This new,hybrid plant looked like an intermediate,right between maize and teosinte.So,Beadle concluded that maize must've been developed over many years,uh,that it is a domesticated form of teosinte.Many experts in thescientific community,however,remained unconvinced by his conclusions.They believed that,with so many apparent differences between the two plants,it would have been unlikely that ancient—that prehistoric peoples could’ve domesticated maize from teosinte.I mean,when you think about it,these people lived in small groups,and they had to be on the move constantly as the seasons changed.So for them to selectively breed,to have the patience to be able to pick out just the right plants…and gradually—over generations—separate out the durable,nutritious maize plant from the brittle teosinte that easily broke apart…it's a pretty impressive feat,and you can easily see why so many experts would have been skeptical.But,as it turns out,Beadle found even more evidence for his theory when he continued his experiments,producing new hybrids,to investigate the genetic relationship between teosinte and maize.Through these successive experiments,he calculated that only about five specific genes were responsible for the main differences between teosinte and maize—the plants were otherwise surprisingly similar genetically.And more recently,botanists have used modern DNA testing to scan plant samples collected from throughout the Western Hemisphere.This has allowed them to pinpoint where the domestication of maize most likely took place—and their research took them to a particular river valley in southern Mexico.They've also been able to estimate that the domestication of maize most likely occurred about9,000 years ago.And subsequent archaeological digs have confirmed this estimate.In one site,archaeologists uncovered a set of tools that were nearly9,000years old.And these tools were covered with a dusty residue…a residue of maize,as it turns out…thus making them the oldest physical evidence of maize that we've found so far.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.A research study that compares wild and domesticated plantsB.Problems with a commonly held hypothesis about the origin of teosinteC.Reasons why wild plants are usually unsuitable for agricultureD.The process used to identify the ancestor of a modern crop2.What evidence seemed to indicate that maize and teosinte are not related?A.Young teosinte plants do not physically resemble young maize plants.B.Preliminary DNA evidence indicated that teosinte was related to rice.C.Maize and teosinte usually grow in significantly different climates.D.Maize and teosinte have very different types of kernels.3.Why does the professor discuss hybrids?A.To explain how a geneticist confirmed that maize was widely grown9,000years agoB.To indicate the earliest method used by geneticists to identify plant originsC.To explain a method used to demonstrate a link between two plant speciesD.To describe how geneticists distinguish between wild plants and domesticated plants4.What was most researchers'initial view of George Beadle's theory about teosinte?A.They accepted it but questioned the evidence cited.B.They rejected it because of conflicting archaeological evidence.C.They questioned it because it implies that ancient farmers were sophisticatedplant breeders.D.They questioned it because genetic research was viewed with skepticism at that time.5.What did Beadle conclude about maize and teosinte?A.Both plants lack particular genes that are common in most domesticated plants.B.Both plants have particular genes that enable them to adapt to varying climates.C.Only a small number of genes are responsible for the differences between the two plants.D.The genetic composition of both plants is very similar to that of rice.6.According to the professor,why was the discovery of stone tools important?A.It proved that teosinte was simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations.B.It helped to confirm the period in which maize was first domesticated.C.It suggested that maize required farming techniques that were more complex than experts had previously assumed.D.It provided evidence that maize plants were used for more purposes than experts had previously assumed.答案D D C C C B译文旁白：请听一段植物学讲座的节选。
Lecture 1-绪论
loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.
2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.
他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.
Lecture 1
– Lecture 15 Dickens………….4 periods – Lecture 16 Emily Bronte……4 periods – Lecture 17 Hardy……………4 periods
2. What ?
• Part 7 The 20th century literature（20世纪
• Lecture 2 Beowulf……2 periods • Lecture 3 Chaucer……4 periods – Part 2 Renaissance (文艺复兴时期英国文学) • Lecture 4 The English Bible……4 periods • Lecture 5 Shakespeare ………..6 periods
– General Literary Trends
– Representative Writers
• Life Story
• Major Works • Representative works
3. How ?
• (2) What the students should do? • A. Prepare a notebook • B. Classroom rules
英国文学)
– Lecture 18 Yeats……2 periods
– Lecture 19 Joyce……2 periods
• Lecture 20 The middle and late 20th
century literature…….2 periods
• Lecture 21 Review…...2 periods
understanding of plots
of novels and dramas
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第一讲：概论既是博客，便有些随兴而至。
又是讲堂，当以讲为主，比较口语化，不讲究文法词句。
为图方便，将中英文齐上。
同时，讲课中将用到很多他人的书籍甚至课件，除了在附录二中一并致谢外，将不再一一指明。
本课程基于我给香港科技大学经济系博士生开设的高级宏观第一学期的讲义。
课程简介及阅读材料见附录。
大家可能注意到我并未讨论有关于货币方面的内容；我只涉及实体经济(the Real Economy)。
货币方面的内容属宏观二。
除了讲解模型之外，我也将提一些问题供大家讨论。
有些问题时为了帮大家回忆和总结初级中级宏观所讲过的一些概念，另一些侧重于概念的应用。
欢迎大家踊跃提问和参与讨论。
先谈一下Major Theoretical Development in Macroeconomics: 1970 to Present•1970s: Business Cycle Models based on Rational Expectationso Lucas, Sargent, Prescott, Barro, Hall•Late 1970s and Early 1980s: Time Consistencyo Kydland, Prescott, Barro, Lucas, Svensson, Persson•1980s: Real Business Cycle Theoryo Kydland, Prescott, Long, Plosser, King, Rebelo•Late 1980s: Endogenous Growtho Paul Romer, Lucas, Gene Grossman, Helpman, Rebelo, Barro •Late 1990s: New Keynsian Sticky Price Models (Closed and Open Economies) o Mankiw, Obstfeld, Rogoff, Woodford, Svensson, Gali, Ireland •Late 1990s: Credit Cycleso Bernanke, Gertler, Kiyotaki, Moore•2000s: New Dynamic Public Finance合理预期概念由 John Muth 于60年代初提出。
粗浅的说，就是“一个经济人根据它所拥有的信息作预测时，不应有系统性的误差”。
即：一个经济人的主观期望 = 其条件期望。
而我们知道条件期望有下面两条性质：(1.1)说的是：预测误差的条件期望应为零。
（1.2）是指：预测误差和现有信息不再相关（因为相关的部分应充分反映在预测中，而不残留在误差中）。
有趣的是合理预期和与其敌对的 “Bounded Rationality” (Herbert Simon, Nobel Prize 1978) 都源自卡尼基-梅隆大学。
Lucas, Sargent，Wallace, Barro 70年代初将合理预期引入宏观经济政策分析，创立均衡下的商业周期理论。
1985年我在罗彻斯特大学就读的时候，Barro 给我们开高级宏观讲的便是这些。
现在还记得他讲课的情景：一身米黄色西服（其他老师大都穿着随意），从 Cagan 的 Hyperinflation 讲到他自己的“Rational Expectations and the Role of Monetary Policy”。
当时听课仍很吃力，但读他的文章是一种享受。
数学推导很清晰（包括待定系数法部分），而且每条方程的经济学含义都讲得很透。
80年代初，Kydland and Prescott (2004 Nobel Prize Winners), Long and Plosser 推出Real Business Cycle Theory (RBC)。
该理论强调技术上的冲击（比如石油危机）对商业周期的影响。
他们的分析认为：技术上的冲击不必很大，只要它有一定的持续性，便能随的时间的推移导致大的经济波动。
RBC 模型所能产生的波动与美国经济中实际观察到的波动的吻合程度，连 Prescott 本人都大吃一惊。
该理论的政策意义更让人吃惊：由于经济波动反映的是经济人对技术冲击的最有回应，任何政策上的干预（包括稳定经济的企图）都不可能是帕累托最优的。
Rogoff 曾对Prescott 1986年的文章作了如下的Diplomatic Conclusion：“It has been said that a brilliant theory is one which at first seems ridiculous, and later seems obvious. There may be many who feel that this research has passed the first test. But they should recognize the definite possibility that it may someday pass the second test as well.”70年代末和80年代初的另一大争论乃是“Rules versus Discretion”。
亦即“New Classical Economists”对凯恩斯的革命。
New Classical Economists (包括 Lucas, Stokey, Kydland, Prescott, Barro …) 指出：Discretion （指经济政策上相机行事的做法，比如当经济处于低谷时使用扩张性的财政和货币政策等）得不偿失，还不如遵从简单明了的规则（Rules）。
以货币政策为例，Barro 阐明：扩张性的货币政策对经济的推动来自于“Money Illusion”；如果政府总是在经济处于低谷时大量增发货币，人们将会预计到这些，从而不再有“Money Illusion”。
亦即实际经济仍然萧条，而同时出现通货膨胀。
要想维持“Money Illusion”，则货币政策必须难以捉摸。
从而对经济人而言又多了一曾不确定性。
Rules (inherently time consistent) are better than discretion, which are time inconsistent.86年，Paul Romer 的博士论文发在 JPE 上。
再加上 Lucas 88 年JME 上的 “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”. 内生经济增长理论蓬勃发展。
这个领域所发的文章估计和 RBC 差不多。
研究的问题很广：什么是经济增长的源泉及引擎；为什么有的国家增长得那么快; 什么经济政策可以带来更快更长远的增长；政治与法律体制对经济增长的影响；收入分配和经济增长的关系; 经济增长与经济各部门之间转移的关系…… 这一领域研究的特点是理论方面强调使用一般均衡模型，这样，所得结论较为可靠；实证研究方面越来越强调 Panel Data。
90年代后期，New Keynesians 采用 RBC 的研究方法，只不过在动态一般均衡模型中引入了 Sticky Price or Sticky Wage。
这方面的研究大大改善了凯恩斯原始的静态和基于 “Reduced-form Relationship” 的分析框架。
这一时期，“Credit Cycle” 方面的文章也出现很多。
这方面的代表作，比如Bernanke, Gertler, Gilchrist 的文章，还有 Kiyotaki and Moore 的文章，都还有很多不尽人意的地方。
只是再进一步却相当难，难在如何将银行体系更准确地在模型中表述。
目前，银行体系在模型中要么不出现，要么以 Black Box 的形式出现。
2000年代，似乎宏观已缺乏象RBC 和 Endogenous Growth 那样吸引人的领域。
比较令人瞩目的有所谓 New Dynamic Public Finance. 有兴趣的参见Golosov et al.今年六月，香港科大经济系和 Center for International Economics and Development (Northwestern University) 以及香港金管局下属机构香港货币研究院合办了一次小型会议。
有兴趣的可看看会议的文献。
附录一：课程简介及阅读材料Econ 525: Macroeconomic Theory IFall 2006Instructor: Danyang XieOffice Hours: Tuesday 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm or by appointmentCourse Outline and Reading ListThis course covers deterministic and stochastic models of economic growth with and without the presence of money. These dynamic models are used to discuss government fiscal and monetary policies. Background in dynamic optimization is helpful but not required.There is no required textbook. The following books are recommended for general reference:Olivier Blanchard and Stanley Fischer, Lectures on Macroeconomics, MIT Press, 1989. Thomas Sargent, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, Harvard University Press, 1987. Barro and Sala-i-Martin, Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1995.Roger E. A. Farmer, The Macroeconomics of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, MIT Press,1993. David Romer, Advanced Macroeconomics, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001. Evaluation CriterionThe evaluation is based on a final exam (50%), a midterm (25%), a set of homework (10%) and participation in class discussion (15%). The exams will be open books. Topics and ReadingsA. Growth Theory(4 weeks)A.1 ClassicsSolow Robert, “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 70, 1956: 65–94.Ramsey Frank, “A Mathematical Theory of Saving,” Economic Journal, Vol. 38, December 1928: 543–559.A.2 Endogenous Growth: One-Sector ModelRomer, Paul “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 94, 1986:1002–1037.Xie, Danyang “Increasing Returns and Increasing Rates of Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, April, 1991: 429–435.A.3 Endogenous Growth: Two-Sector ModelLucas, Robert, E. Jr. “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 22, 1988:3–42.Xie Danyang “Divergence in Economic Performance: Transitional Dynamics with Multiple Equilibria,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 63, June, 1994: 97–112.Romer, Paul “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, 1990: S71–S102.Grossman Gene and Elhanan Helpman, “Endogenous Product Cycles,” Economic Journal, Vol. 101, September, 1991: 1214–1229.Grossman Gene and Elhanan Helpman “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 58, January, 1991: 43–61.Bond Eric, Ping Wang and C, K. Yip, “A General Two-Sector Model of Endogenous Growth with Physical and Human Capital: Balanced Growth and Transitional Dynamics,” Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 68, 1996, 149-173.A4. Fiscal Policies in Endogenous Growth ModelsRebelo, Sergio, “Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99, No. 3, 1991: 500–521.Barro, Robert, J. “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 5, 1990: S103–S125.Devarajan, Shantayanan, Danyang Xie and Heng-fu Zou, “Does Public Capital Formation Promote Economic Growth,” Journal of Monetary Economics, April, 1998.A.5. Structural Change and Economic GrowthKongsamut Piyabha, Sergio Rebelo and D. Xie, “Beyond Balanced Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 68, November, 2001: 869-882.Ngai Rachel and Christopher Pissarides, “Structural Change in a Multi-Sector Model of Growth,” London School of Economics, Mimeo, 2006.Acemoglu Daron and Veronica Guerrieri, “Capital Deepening and Non-Balanced Economic Growth,” Manuscript, 2006.B. Empirics of Growth (1 week)B.1 Growth Regression and Convergence DebateN. Gregory Mankiw, David Romer, and David Weil, “A Contribution to the Emprics of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (1992), 407-438.Bernard, A. B. and Jones, C. I. , “Technology and Convergence,” Economic Journal, 106, 1996, 1037-1044.Jones, Charles I. “Convergence Revisited,” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 2, July, 1997: 131-153.Jones, Charles I. “On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer, 11, 1997: 19-36.Quah, D. T. “Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics”. Economic Journal, 106, 1996: 1045-1055.B.2. Growth AccountingAlwyn Young, “A Tale of Two Cities:Factor Accumulation and Technical Change in Hong Kong and Singapore,” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1992, 13-54.B.3. Finance and GrowthRafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, “Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation,” Mimeo, 2001.King Robert G. and Ross Levine, “Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108, 1993: 717-737.Levine Ross, Norman Loayza, and Thorsten Beck, “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes,” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 46, 2000: 31-77.B4. Law and DevelopmentDaron Acemoglu,, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation,” American Economic Review, December 2001: 1369-1401.C. Real Business Cycle Models (2 weeks)C.1. ClassicsLong, John, Jr. and Charles Plosser, “Real Business Cycles,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 91, 1983: 39–69.Kydland Finn and Edward Prescott, “Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations,” Econometrica, Vol. 50, November, 1982: 1345–1370.C.2. RefinementsMcCallum, Bennett, “Real Business Cycle Models,” Modern Business Cycle Theory, (Robert J. Barro, ed.), 1988.Prescott Edward “Theory Ahead of Business-Cycle Measurement,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 25, Autumn, 1985: 11–44Hansen, Gary, “Indivisible Labor and the Business cycle,” Journal of Monetary Economy, Vol. 16, November, 1985: 309–327.King R. G. and C. Plosser, 1984, “Money, Credit, and Prices in a Real Business Cycle,” American Economic Review, Vol. 74, June, 1984: 363–380.King R. G. and M. W. Watson, “Money, Prices, Interest Rates and the Business Cycl,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 78, February, 1996: 35–53.Robert G. King and Sergio T. Rebelo, 2000. “Resuscitating Real Business Cycles,” RCER Working Papers 467, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER).C 3 Self-Fulfilling PropheciesCass David and Karl Shell, “Do Sunspots Matter?” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 91, 1983: 193–227.Asariadis, Costas, “Self-Fulfilling Prophecies,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 25, 1981: 380–396.Benhabib Jess and Roger Farmer, “Indeterminacy and Increasing Returns,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 63, June, 1994: 19–41.Farmer Roger, and Jang-Ting Guo, “Real Business Cycles and the Animal Spirits Hypothesis,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 63, June 1994: 42–72.Day Richard, “Irregular Growth Cycles,” American Economic Review, Vol. 72, 1982: 406–414.Benhabib Jess and Richard Day, “A Characterization of Erratic dynamics in the Overlapping Generations Model,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 4, 1982: 37–55.Benhabib Jess and K Nishimura, “Competitive Equilibrium Cycles,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 35, 1985: 284–306.D. Consumption Behavior (1 week)Hall Robert E. “Stochastic Implications of the Life Cycle–Permanent Income Hypothesis: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Political Economy, December 1978: 971–988.Flavin Marjorie “The Adjustment of Consumption to Changing Expectations about Future Income,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89 October 1981: 974–1009.Campbell and Deaton “Why Is Consumption Too Smooth?” Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 56, 1989: 357–374.Christiano Lawrence, Eichenbaum Martin and David Marshall “The Permanent Income Hypothesis Revisited,” Econometrica, Vol. 59, No. 2 (March, 1991): 397–423.E. Asset Pricing (1 week)Lucas Robert E., Jr. “Asset Prices in an Exchange Economy,” Econometrica, Vol. 46, 1978: 1429–1445.Hansen Lars Peter “Calculating Asset Prices in Three Example Economies,” in Advances in Econometrics, Fifth World Congress, edited, Truman F. Bewley, Cambridge University Press, 1987: 207–243.Hansen Lars Peter and Scott F. Richard “The Role of Conditioning Information in Deducing Testable Restrictions Implied by Dynamic Asset Pricing Models,” Econometrica, Vol. 55 May, 1987: 587–613.Mehra Rajnish and Edward Prescott “The Equity Premium: a Puzzle,” Journal of Monetary Economics, January, 1985: 145–61.Constantinides George “Habit Formation: A Resolution of the Equity Premium Puzzle,” Journal of Political Economy, 1990.Abel Andrew, “Asset Prices under Habit Formation and Catching up with the Joneses,” American Economic Review, May, 1990: 38–42.F. Time Inconsistency of Government Policies (3 weeks)F.1. ClassicsKydland Finn and Edward Prescott, “The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, 1977: 473-492.Barro Robert and David Gordon, “Rules, Discretion and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy,” Jounal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 12, 1983: 101-121.Rogoff, Kenneth, “The Optimal Degree of Commitment to an Intermediate Monetary Target,” Quarterly Jounal of Economics, Vol. 85, 1985: 1169-1189.Fischer Stanley, “Dynamic Inconsistency, Cooperation, and the Benevolent Dissembling Government,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 2, 1980: 93-107.Lucas Robert Jr. and Nancy Stokey, “Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy in an Economy Without Capital,” Jounal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 12, 1983: 55-93.Persson Torsten and Lars Svensson, “Why a Stubborn Conservative Would Run a Deficit: Policy with Time-Inconsistent Preferences,” Quarterly Jounal of Economics,, Vol 104, 1989: 325-345.F.2 Discrete Time ModelsAbreu D, D. Pearce, and E. Stachetti, “Toward a Theory of Discounted Repeated Games with Imperfect Monitoring,” Econometrica, Vol. 58, 1990: 1041-1063.Chang Roberto, “Credible Monetary Policy in an Infinite Horizon Model: Recursive Approaches,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 81, 1998: 431-461.Chari V.V. and Kehoe Patrick,” Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy,” Mimeo, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1998.Schmitt-Grohe Stephanie and Martin Uribe,”Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy under Sticky Prices,” Mimeo, University of Pennsylvani and NBER. 2001.Alvarez Fernando, Patrick J. Kehoe and Pablo A. Neumeyer, 2004. “The Time Consistency of Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policies,” Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 72(2), pages 541-567F.3. Continuous Time ModelsXie Danyang, “On Time Inconsistency: A Technical Issue in Stackelberg Differential Games,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 76, 1997: 412-430.Lansing K, “Optimal redistributive capital taxation in a neoclassical growth model,” Journal of Public Economics, 1999: 423-453.Karp Larry and In Ho Lee, “Time Consistent Policies,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 112, 2003: 353-364.G. Economics of Cities (1 week)Henderson Vernon, “Urbanization and Growth,” Chapter 5, Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1, Elsevier, 2005.Lucas R. E. Jr. and E. Rossi-Hansberg, “On the Internal Structure of Cities,” Econometrica, Vol. 70, No. 4. July 2002: 1445-1476.Xie D., “Technical Progress and Urbanization Process,” Manuscript, 2006.附录二：致谢名单Thomas Sargent, Jeremy Greenwood, Sergio Rebelo, Steven Sheffrin, Michael Szenberg, Brian Snowdon, Howard Vane, Mark Gertler, Michael Woodford, Jang-Ting Guo, Pengfei Wang, Ping Wang, Roger Farmer, Robert Barro, Xavier Sala-i-Martin。