Chapter 2 Population of the United Kingdom
• 4. The Irish • Ireland was the first colony of British Empire. • The inhabitants of Ireland are mainly Celtic in origin, and most of them are Roman Catholic. • During the reign of Elizabeth I, however, many English and Scottish Protestants began to move to Ireland and became the most powerful elements in the country. Northern Ireland became mainly Protestant. • By the term of an Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, Northern Ireland was granted its own parliament in which a protestant government was formed. Roman Catholics, who were excluded from political office, came increasingly to resent the continuing protestant domination, and as a result, a vigorous civil rights movement emerged in the late 1960s.
• 5. Immigrants • Before the Second World War, the immigrants came from the old dominions, the commonwealth. • After the war a large number of Eastern European and other refugees came to Britain. • Since 1960 many doctors and scientists have emigrated to Canada and USA. This emigration of Qualified people from Great Btitain is called the “brain The over five million Scots have far more control over their own affairs than the welsh. They have their own legal and educational system, religion and administration. • On the whole Scottish national consciousness is cultural and sentimental, and not much concerned with language. • The Scots were great empire-builders, and they were fierce soldiers, particularly the Highlanders. Over the centuries, enemy troops have often been terrified at the sight and sound of Highlanders in kilts marching into battle accompanied by the bloodcurdling music of the bagpipes. Thus they got nicknames of “devils in skirts” or “ ladies from hell”. • They are hospitable, generous, and friendly.
• 1. The English • The English are Anglo-Saxon in origin. • The welsh, the Scots and the Irish are Celts, descendants of the ancient people who came from Europe to the British Isles centuries before the Roman invasion. • These people of Germanic Anglos and Saxons conquered in the fifth and sixth centuries A>D. these Germanic conquerors gave England its name, “Angle” land. • They were conquered in turn by the Norman French, when William of Normandy landed near Hastings in 1066. • The Danes, or Vikings, who invaded Britain in the 8th century. • A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow bells-the bells of the church of St Mary-le-Bow in east London. Cockney English is very rich in slang.
Chapter II Population of the United Kingdom
• The estimated population in the United Kingdom was 58,135,110 in1994, which consisted of 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster, and .8% other minorities. • Most people in the UK believe in one religion or another. About 27 million are Anglicans, 5.3 million Roman Catholics, 2 million Presbyterian, 760,000 Methodists卫理公会教派 and 450,000 Judaists.犹太教信徒 • The official language: English
• 2. The Welsh • The Welsh are a Celtic people. In 1535 Welsh was forbidden as an official language, but in 1965 it was given equality with English for all official use in Wales. • The Welsh are very musical. An annual national cultural festival of music, literature and drama is held alternately in North and South Wales during the first week in August. It is called the Eisteddfod. • The Welsh are emotional, cheerful people, proud of their past, and welcoming to friends, but suspicious of foreigners, particularly the English.
chapter II population of the UK
3. The Welsh
1) They are the Celtic people. 2) Three million Welsh people live in Wales, 26% can speak Welsh, 1% only speak Welsh. 3) In 1965 it was given equality with English for all official use in Wales. 4) Welsh literature had a profound influence in medieval Europe, as it is the source both of Arthurian legend and that of the Holy Grail. 5) “Eisteddfod” (P187)
6. Immigrants
1) Before the Second World War, the immigrants came from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. 2) After the War, from Eastern European, large number communities from the West Indies, India and Pakistan, China, Greece, Turkey, Italy and Spain. 3) “brain drain” (P191)
1727年，英国作家阿不斯 年 诺特写了本讽刺小册子： 诺特写了本讽刺小册子： 约翰·布尔的历史 布尔的历史》 《约翰 布尔的历史》（The history of John Bull），把 ），把 ）， 大英帝国比喻成一个蠢笨、 大英帝国比喻成一个蠢笨、 暴躁、傲慢， 暴躁、傲慢，但也有点可爱 的矮胖家伙，名叫John Bull 的矮胖家伙，名叫 约翰·布尔 布尔）。 （约翰 布尔）。 他头戴礼帽 ）、脚蹬长靴 （top hat）、脚蹬长靴 ）、 ）、手拿雨伞 （boots）、手拿雨伞，标准 ）、手拿雨伞， 的英国绅士（ 的英国绅士（gentleman） ） 派头，身后还跟着条哈巴狗。 派头，身后还跟着条哈巴狗。 冷漠傲慢的绅士派头加上暴 躁固执的“牛性” 躁固执的“牛性”，这确实 是那个时代英国人最突出的 特点。 特点。作者把约翰牛这个形 像写得入木四分， 像写得入木四分，更有一个 漫画家把他画得活灵活现， 漫画家把他画得活灵活现， 约翰牛很快就名扬海内外， 约翰牛很快就名扬海内外， 成了英国人的绰号 （nickname） ）
21世纪大学英语读写教程第2册全文
21世纪大学英语读写教程第2册全文Unit 1 My HometownPart 1 Listening PracticeExercise 1Track 1-1Instructions: You will hear a conversation between two friends, talking about their hometowns. Listen carefully and answer the following questions.1.Where is Mary’s hometown?2.What is the population of Mary’s hometown?3.How long does it take to get to Mary’s hometownfrom the city?4.What is the local specialty in Mary’s hometown?5.What does Mary recommend the listener do if theyvisit her hometown?Exercise 2Track 1-2Instructions: You will hear a monologue about a famous city. Listen carefully and complete the sentences with the missing information.1.The city is known for its _______ architecture.2.The city has _______ districts.3.The city’s most famous attraction is _______.4.Visitors can enjoy _______ performances in the city.5.The speaker recommends visiting _______ for abeautiful view of the city.Part 2 SpeakingExercise 1Instructions: Work in pairs. Answer the following questions about your hometown, using the prompts given.1.Where is your hometown?2.What is the population of your hometown?3.How long does it take to get to your hometown fromthe city?4.What is the local specialty in your hometown?5.What do you recommend visitors to do if they visityour hometown?Exercise 2Instructions: In pairs, discuss the following questions abouta famous city.1.Which city would you like to visit? Why?2.What do you know about the city?3.What attractions does the city have?4.What activities would you like to do in the city?5.What would you recommend others to do if theyvisit the city?Part 3 ReadingPassage 1Instructions: Read the following passage about the history of London and answer the questions that follow.London, the capital city of England, has a rich history dating back to Roman times. The city was founded by the Romans in AD 43 and was originally called Londinium. It quickly became an important trading port and grew in prosperity.During the Middle Ages, London saw significant growth and became the largest city in England. It played a major role in the development of the British Empire and was a center of political, economic, and cultural power.Today, London is a global city and a major tourist destination. It is known for its iconic landmarks such as the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace, and the British Museum. Visitors can also enjoy world-class shopping, theaters, and cuisine.1.When was London founded by the Romans?2.What was London originally called?3.What role did London play during the Middle Ages?4.What are some famous landmarks in London?Passage 2Instructions: Read the following passage about a famous city in Asia and answer the questions that follow.Tokyo, the capital city of Japan, is a modern metropolis with a unique blend of traditional and contemporary culture. The city is known for its bustling streets, futuristic technology, and vibrant entertainment industry.Tokyo has a rich history and was originally a small fishing village called Edo. It became the capital of Japan in 1868 andgrew rapidly during the Meiji period, when Japan opened up to the world.Today, Tokyo is one of the most populous cities in the world and a major economic and cultural hub. It is home to various attractions such as the Tokyo Tower, Imperial Palace, and Shibuya Crossing. Visitors can also experience traditional Japanese culture by visiting temples, enjoying Japanese cuisine, and witnessing traditional performances.1.What was Tokyo originally called?2.When did Tokyo become the capital of Japan?3.What is Tokyo known for today?4.What are some famous attractions in Tokyo?Unit 2 Environmental ProtectionPart 1 Listening PracticeExercise 1Track 2-1Instructions: You will hear a conversation between a student and a professor, discussing environmental issues. Listen carefully and answer the following questions.1.What is the main topic of the conversation?2.How does climate change affect ecosystems?3.What are some causes of deforestation?4.What are the consequences of air pollution?5.What can individuals do to help protect theenvironment?Exercise 2Track 2-2Instructions: You will hear a monologue about recycling. Listen carefully and complete the sentences with the missing information.1.Recycling helps reduce the _______ of waste.2._______ is a commonly recycled material.3.Recycling _______ helps conserve natural resources.4.The speaker suggests _______ as a way to reducewaste.5.It is important to _______ before recycling materials.Part 2 SpeakingExercise 1Instructions: Work in pairs. Answer the following questions about environmental issues, using the prompts given.1.What environmental issues are you concerned about?2.What are some causes of these issues?3.What are the consequences of these issues?4.What can individuals do to help protect theenvironment?5.How can governments and organizations contributeto environmental protection?Exercise 2Instructions: In pairs, discuss the following questions about recycling.1.How often do you recycle?2.What types of materials do you recycle?3.Why do you think recycling is important?4.Have you ever participated in any recyclingprograms or initiatives?5.What can schools and communities do to promote recycling?。
chapter 1 Colonization of North America
(2) Amerigo Vespucci:
① the importance: He was for a time regarded as the discoverer of the new land because he wrote many letters in which the new continents were described in great detail and the letters were most quickly published and widely spread. Although he was not the discoverer of the new continents, but it was he who first confirmed the fact that a new continent rather than Asia had been discovered. ②the origin of the “America”: A false impression was created that it was Vespucci rather than Columbus who first discovered the New World, and so in 1507 the New World was named after him, the Latin form of his Christian name, Amerigo.
何兆熊综合英语第二册Unit
poor hearing
Hearing Test
An elderly gentleman feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So he called her doctor to make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two weeks, and meanwhile suggested the husband try a simple informal test to give the doctor some idea of the state of her problem.
廓继续变得模糊。
68脸下半部的松弛变
58嘴角处有了十分明 得明显；上眼睑明显 显的变化；色斑变深、 凹陷；颈部和下巴处
变大；颈部明显变得 肤质改变；每一个老
更松弛
化临床特征都开始加
深。
pop stars‘ aging
安吉利娜·裘莉布拉德·皮特等
哈里·贝瑞朱莉亚·罗伯茨等
(2) What would you like your life to be when you are retired?
阅读理解Passagetwo的六级深度讲义
阅读理解Passagetwo的六级深度讲义关于阅读理解Passage two的六级深度讲义Passage TwoThe tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, youd expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each others countries at a moderate cost. What was once the grand tour, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybodys grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldnt have dreamed of. But whats the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted, sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool isrecreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.。
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
PART 2
Characters introduction
Tom
Nick
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想 叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻 子。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
高中英语 Unit2 The United Kingdom Le
感顿市安乐阳光实验学校Unit 2 第三课时Ⅰ.根据句意及首字母提示补全单词1．This was shown to the world in a new flag called the U________Jack.2．The girl is of great a________.3．His words p________ me.4．You should make your trip to the United K________ worthwhile.5．P________ you would like to go this way.6．His English teacher has a great i________ on his belief.7．John has a twostorey house of his o________.8．F________ the lette before putting it in the envelope.9．Two p________ five is seven.10．He should a________ the books on the shelf.答案：1.Union 2.attraction 3.puzzled 4.Kingdom 5.Perhaps6.influence7.own8.Fold9.plus10．arrangeⅡ. 用所给词的适当形式填空1．We left the room very ________(quiet)．2．Now when people refer to England you find Wales ________(include)as well.3．They looked after the ________(frighten) boy.4．The teacher ________(suggestion)that we should be on time tomorrow.5．How pleased I am to see you well today and looking so________(happily)．答案：1.quietly 2.included 3.frightened 4.suggests 5.happyⅢ.根据汉语意思完成句子1．张先生病了。
曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文答案 第二章
c.Real GDP falls because with fewer workers on the job, firms produce less. Thisaccurately reflects a fall in economic well-being.d.Real GDP falls because the firms that lay off workers produce less. This decreaseseconomic well-being because workers’ incomes fall (the income side), and there are fewer goods for people to buy (the expenditure side).e.Real GDP is likely to fall, as firms shift toward production methods that producefewer goods but emit less pollution. Economic well-being, however, may rise. The economy now produces less measured output but more clean air; clean air is not traded in markets and, thus, does not show up in measured GDP, but is neverthe-less a good that people value.f.Real GDP rises because the high-school students go from an activity in which theyare not producing market goods and services to one in which they are. Economic well-being, however, may decrease. I n ideal national accounts, attending school would show up as investment because it presumably increases the future produc-tivity of the worker. Actual national accounts do not measure this type of invest-ment. Note also that future GDP may be lower than it would be if the students stayed in school, since the future work force will be less educated.g.Measured real GDP falls because fathers spend less time producing market goodsand services. The actual production of goods and services need not have fallen, however. Measured production (what the fathers are paid to do) falls, but unmea-sured production of child-rearing services rises.9.As Senator Robert Kennedy pointed out, GDP is an imperfect measure of economic per-formance or well-being. In addition to the left-out items that Kennedy cited, GDP also ignores the imputed rent on durable goods such as cars, refrigerators, and lawnmowers;many services and products produced as part of household activity, such as cooking and cleaning; and the value of goods produced and sold in illegal activities, such as the drug trade. These imperfections in the measurement of GDP do not necessarily reduce its usefulness. As long as these measurement problems stay constant over time, then GDP is useful in comparing economic activity from year to year. Moreover, a large GDP allows us to afford better medical care for our children, newer books for their education, and more toys for their play. Finally, countries with higher levels of GDP tend to have higher levels of life expectancy, better access to clean water and sanitation, and higher levels of education. GDP is therefore a useful measure for comparing the level of growth and development across countries.。
英语国家概况Chapter2 The People
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the
roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
Changes in grammar
By the close of the Middle English period, English replaced both French and Latin as the written language of the people.
The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集
English, Gaelic
English, 1/5 Welsh English, Gaelic
The English Language Three stages P10
1. Old English (450-1150)古英语 2. Middle English (1150-1450)中古英语 3. Modern English (1450-present) 现代英语
Who were they?
The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes朱特人
When did they come? 5th and 6th centuries
Where were they from? Denmark, Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg
The Celts were either assimilated by the Anglo-Saxons or driven into the mountains in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.
高中英语Unit2TheUnitedKingdom培优练习含解析新人教版必修
Unit 2 The United Kingdom培优练习(时间：100分钟；满分：120分)一、阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)AThe brain is a remarkable part. It’s responsible for thoughts and feelings. Now a new study finds that going through tough times as a kid also can have an impact. The adult brains of people who lived through lots of stress before the age of six—and then became depressed or anxious as teenagers—were different pared with adults who had an easier childhood. It seems that teens changed the shape of their brains by internalizing (使内在化) the stresses experienced years earlier.Researchers already knew that the shape and size of a child’s brain can change in response to lots of stress. They also knew that adults were more likely to be depressed if，as kids，they'd lived in poverty. Some studies showed that these depressed adults had unusual changes in their brain shape. But no one had tested if the early stress and later brain changes were linked.Scientists in England studied almost 500 boys from birth until the ages of 18 to 21. Sarah Jensen is one of the new study's authors. Almost all of the boys her team studied experienced some hard times as kids. And, she concludes，“This is not necessarily harmful.”To some extent，that's just life. What can be dangerous，she says，is when children experience too many forms of difficulties. Her team’s new data suggest that the tougher the childhood，the stronger the impact on the brain might be.What’s happening in the world around us relates to how we feel. Her team linked more childhood stress to more depression. Still，she notes，it’s possible that if you find support for anxiety or depression，you might be able to prevent the changes seen here.“If you can change the environment，you can change the course of things，”Sarah says. So，she remends，if teens develop anxiety or depression，it’s good to ask for psychological doctors to give advice.1．When people had a hard childhood，．A．they will have a brave attitude to lifeB．their way of thinking may be strangeC．they will be good at dealing with stressD．the shape of their brain may be changed2．What is the breakthrough of the new research?A．The size of the brain can change.B．The brain can be influenced by stress.C．Poverty can affect the brain's shape in future.D．Changes in brain are connected with earlier hardship.3．It’s a problem when children ．A．had a lonely childhoodB．led a peaceful childhoodC．got different kinds of hardshipD．experienced limited hard times4．For teenagers with anxiety，Sarah suggests .A．they adapt to their lifeB．they seek professional helpC．they talk to friends or relativesD．they bee confident and optimisticBWithout proper planning，tourism can cause problems. For example，too many tourists can crowd public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country. If tourists create too much traffic，the inhabitants bee annoyed and unhappy. They began to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely. They forget how much tourism can help the country’s economy. It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them. Tourism should help a country keep the customs and beauty that attract tourists. Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants.Too much tourism can be a problem. If tourism grows too quickly，people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry. This means that other parts of the country’s economy can suffer.On the other hand，if there is not enough tourism，people can lose jobs. Business can also lose money. It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels，airports，air terminals，firstclass roads，and other support facilities needed by tourist attractions. For example，a major international class tourism hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build. If this room is not used most of the time，the owner of the hotel lose money.Building a hotel is just a beginning. There must be many support facilities as well，including roads to get to the hotel，electricity，sewers to handle waste，and water. All of these support facilities cost money. If they are not used because there are not enough tourists，jobs and money are lost.5．Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?A．It is extremely important to develop tourism.B．Building roads and hotel is essential.C．Support facilities are highly necessary.D．Planning is of great importance to tourism.6．Too much tourism can cause all these problems EXCEPT ．A．a bad effect on other industriesB．a change of tourists' customsC．overcrowdedness of places of interestD．pressure on traffic7．It can be inferred from the text that ．A．the author doesn’t like tourism developing so fastB．local people will benefit from tourist attractionsC．other parts of a country’s economy won't benefit from tourism muchD．we can’t build too many support facilities8．The author thinks it is good for local people to know that tourism will ．A．waste a lot of moneyB．weaken their economyC．help establish their customsD．help improve their lifeCLondoners are great readers. They buy vast numbers of newspapers and magazines and of books－especially paperbacks，which are still paratively cheap in spite of everincreasing rises in the costs of printing. They still continue to buy “proper”books，too，printed on good paper and bound(装订)between hard covers.There are many streets in London containing shops which specialize in bookselling. Perhaps the best known of these is Charring Cross Road in the very heart of London. Here bookshops of all sorts and sizes are to be found，from the celebrated one which boasts of being “the biggest bookshop in the world” to the tiny，dustylittle places which seem to have been left over from Dickens’ time. Some of these shops stock，or will obtain，any kind of books，but many of them specialize in second hand books，in art books，in foreign books，in books on philosophy，politics or any other of the countless subjects about which books may be written. One shop in this area specializes only in books about ballet!Although it may be the most convenient place for Londoners to buy books，Charring Cross Road is not the cheapest. For the really cheap secondhand books，the collector must venture off the beaten track，to Farringdon Road，for example，in the East Central district of London. Here there is nothing so impressive as bookshops. The booksellers e along each morning and pour out their sacks of books onto small handcarts. And the collectors，some professionals and some amateurs，have been waiting for them.In places like this they can still，occasionally，pick up for a few pence an old one that may be worth many pounds.9．“Londoners are great readers.” means that．A．Londoners are great because they read a lotB．there are a great number of readers in LondonC．Londoners are readers who read only great booksD．Londoners read a lot10．According to this passage，Charring Cross Road ．A．is in the suburbs of LondonB．is famous for its bookshopsC．contains various kinds of shopsD．is the busiest street in London11．In this passage，what does th e underlined part “venture off the beaten track” mean?A．Buy books in a most busy street.B．Move away from a busy street.C．Waste time looking for books.D．Take a risk of losing one's life.12．On Farringdon Road，．A．you can find fine bookshops for the latest booksB．there are only small bookshops for the secondhand booksC．you can see booksellers selling books on handcartsD．the same books as the ones in the bookshops of Charring Cross Road are soldDThree men traveling on a train began a conversation about the world’s greatest wonders.“In my opinion，”the first man said，“the Egyptian pyramids are the world’s greatest wonder. Although they were built thousands of years ago，they are still standing. And remember：the people who built them had only simple tools. They did not have the kind of machinery that builders and engineers have today.”“I agree that the pyramids in Egypt are wonderful，” the second man said，“but I do not think they are the greatest wonder.I believe puters are more wonderful than the pyramids. They have taken people to the moon and brought them back safely. In seconds，they carry out mathematical calculations that would take a person a hundred years to do.”He turned to the third man and asked，“What do you think is the greatest wonder in the world？”The third man thought for a long time，and then he said，“Well，I agree that the pyramids are wonderful，and I agree that puters are wonderful，too. However，in my opinion，the most wonderful thing in the world is this thermos.”And he took a thermos out of his bag and held it up.The other two men were very surprised.“A thermos？” they exclaimed. “But that’s a simple thing.”“Oh，no，it’s not，”the third man said.“In the winter you put in a hot drink and it stays hot. In the summer you put in a cold drink and it stays cold. How does the thermos know whether it’s winter or summer？”13．The three men could not agree on what the world’s greatest wonder was because ．A．they could not think of anything very wonderfulB．they all had different ideasC．they could not prove that their opinions were rightD．the journey ended too soon14．The first man thought the pyramids were the most wonderful things in the world because ．A．they were very beautifulB．they were EgyptianC．they had been built with very simple toolsD．they could do mathematical calculations15．The third man thought a thermos was the most wonderful thing in the world because ．A．it lasted longer than the pyramidsB．it cost less than a puterC．he thought it knew whether it was winter or summerD．the other two men were surprised when he told them about it二、阅读填句(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。