1995年托福单词
1995年10月托福阅读真题及答案 Questions 1-13 Atmospheric
1995年10月托福阅读真题及答案Questions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word "demonstrated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 7-9 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water(B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems5.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory.8. The word "there" in line 18 refers to(A) treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word "extend" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules in strong.(C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12.Why does the author mention steel wire in line 30?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of water(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13.Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A) Lines3-4(B) Lines5-7(C) Lines10-11(D) Lines12-13Question 14-22Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster thanpopulation growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation.(B) Instability of urban life.(C) How supply and demand determine land use.(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts.(C) Changes in life in the inner city.(D) Increasing standards of living.16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities.(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to(A) people(B) lots(C) years(D) developers21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation system.Question 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even moreimpressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop-ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other newborn marine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to give birth.24. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) skeletons(B) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of burial(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal.26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens(C) They are older than fossils found in other places(D) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word "outstanding" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word "site" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 26)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in their development(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals.30. The word "they" in line 30 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the fossils(D) these factors31.The phrase "account for" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32.Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place while the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph.(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph.(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph.33.Where in the passage does the author mentions the variety of fossils found at Holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 12-13(D) Lines 19-21Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to share command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just acrossthe Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho.Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West – though not immediately published – were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A) The river systems of portions of North America.(B) Certain geological features to the North American continent.(C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government.(D) The discovery of natural resources in the United States.35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A) gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B) become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West.(C) investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West.(D) facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37.According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38.The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of the following characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 23 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40.It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) underestimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer to the explorers' failure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines1-3(B) Lines7-8(C) Lines16-18(D) Lines21-24Questions 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlike string and wind instrument, the piano is completely self-sufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the favorite household instrument of the nineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries –the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympa-thetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument). This instrument was called a piano e forte(soft and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words "a supremacy" in line 12 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46. The word "it" in line 15 refers to the(A) variety(B) music(C) harpsichord(D) clavichord47. According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48. Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 18-19(D) Lines 20-2549. According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads(D) The metal frame construction50. The word "myriad" in line 32 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual1995年10月答案：CCBBA DCADA BDCDD AABDB CCDAD BDBAA DCCCD BAABB DABCC DBCAB。
89-95老老托福听力单句文本与答案对应汇总
1989年1月托福听力文字及对应答案PART AI. 1 lent him a book. [(B) He borrowed my book.2.Bob wan ted to be a doctor, but he became a teacher in stead. (D) Bob is a teacher.3.No one ever liste ns to a word I say. (C) People don't liste n whe n I speak.4.Gary's beginning to come around to my point of view. (A) Gary's starting to share my opinion.5.Get to the movie theater by seve n and you won't have to wait i n the ticket line.(C) If you go early, you can buy your ticket right away.6.This biography isn't half as well - written as the last one I read.(A)The last biography I read was much better tha n this one.7.What a won derful story! (A) The story is very enjoyable.8.George helped himself to ano ther piece of pie. (C) George took ano ther servi ng of pie.]9.On the bookshelf in the office is a dictio nary for every on e's use (A) An ybody can use the dictio nary in the office. |10.I'd like a larger suitcase tha n this one. (D) This suitcase isn't large eno ugh.II.Bill and Mary were en raged whe n their meeti ng was can celled. (D) Bill and Mary were angry about the can cellati on.12.How about keep ing the no ise level down in here? (A) You must try to be quieter.13.They are getting along fine in their new school (C) They are doing well in school.14.Typing the essay is the least of my worries. (D) Typing the essay is only a minor problem.15.I did n't discourage Pamela from doing her art project. (A) I wan ted Pamela to con ti nue her project.16.I suggest we keep the party for Beth as a surprise. (D) I don't think we should tell Beth about the party.17.Sarah wan ted to take a makeup exam. (B) Sarah hoped to take the test ano ther time.18.Are there eno ugh assig nment sheets to go around? (A) Does every one have a copy of the assig nment?19.Wasn ' t that the city busathd just pulled away! (A) I think that was the city bus, don't you?20.No one knows more about the subject tha n Polly. (C) She's well acqua in ted with the subject.1989年5月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.I've ordered a radio and the compa ny is supposed to ship it this week. (B) The radio I ordered should be sent this week.ura has to make up the exam in ati on. (C) Laura must take the test.3.You know who is going to be at the convention? (D) Have you any idea who will attend the convention4.Because Susa n was accepted by the state uni versity, her brother Ben applied there too.(B)Ben applied to the state uni versity because Susa n was accepted there.5.It's lucky Tommy's ball did n't go through the win dow. (D) Fort un ately, the ball did n't break the win dow.6.You want me to make just one copy of this, right? (D) I un dersta nd you'd like a sin gle copy of this.7.How cheerful the room looks with so many colorful posters. (D) I understand you'd like a single copy of this.8.Mike's coffee was cold. (A) Mike's drink was cold.9.I can run this projector There ' s really nothAgRoraking this projector is very easy for me.10.We have n't eno ugh flour to make bread. (D) We n eed more flour.11.I ' ve just got to get a new 佝I really need a new car.12.Sandra set up a display for the tow n's local history week. (A) San dra arran ged an exhibit for history week.13 There is no one who does n't have an opinion about someth ing. (C) Everyone has an opinion on somethi ng.14.If I had the money to spare, I'd be happy to lend it to you. (D) rm sorry I can't lend you the mon ey.15.The aroma of fresh pastry came to us from the kitche n. . (A) Some one was bak ing in the kitche n.16.Bob usually gets along with us. (A) We find Bob agreeable most of the time.17.Never before have I heard the professor gave such an in terest ing physics lecture.(B) This was the professor's best lecture yet.18.Barbara read so much that she can talk intelligently about almost any topic.(A) Barbara is in teresti ng to liste n to because she reads a lot.1989-1995 老老托福听力Part A单句文字材料及对应正确选项19.1 don't expect he ' II getCh ej o beone else will probably get the job.20. How do you account for it? (B) What's the expla natio n?_|1989年8月托福听力文字及对应答案Part A1.She n ever wakes up before her alarm goes off.(D) She always sleeps un til the alarm clock wakes her. |2.There is a tax on cloth ing in some states. (C) In certa in states clothes are subject to tax.3.The training program was difficult, but she got a lot out of it. (B) She lear ned a great deal from the program.4.He should be here in no time at all. (B) He'll probably arrive soon.5.Only if she gets her scholarship, can Karen afford to go to college. (C) Without a scholarship, Karen could n't go to college.6.Ron ald has to renew his passport because it is expired (B) He has to apply aga in for a passport.7.I thought I was late, but my watch was ten minu tes fast. (A) I was actually on time.8.An swers to the math test came easily to every one except Jerry. (C) Jerry had difficulty with the test.9.I think you should avoid tak ing that course this term. (A) It would be better not to take the course. |10.I suspect that shopkeeper may be dish on est. (D) I don't thi nk that shopkeeper is trustworthy.11.There is a fine if the reserved library books are even one hour overdue.(A) A fee is charged for reserved books retur ned even an hour late.12.Leslie wants to graduate early, so this semester she is taking as many credits as her department will allow her to.(B)Leslie has a heavier course load tha n usual this term.13.How busy you've been the last a few days! (B) You've had a lot to do recently.14.I was n't give n a copy of the catalog. (D) No one gave me a catalog.15.Mike in formed Susan about the school's NO SMOKING policy. (B) Mike talked to Susan regardi ng the new policy.16.The preside nt's speech was thought-provok ing, was n't it? (C) Don't you think the speech was stimulat in g?-117.Before long, we ' d all gotten to know one aero(A) We became friends quickly.18.She did n't want to undo the work she had started. (D) She did n't want to start all over aga in.19.The professor introduced himself to the new students. (C) The students met the professor.20.That's the last thi ng I needed(C) I certai nly did n't need that.1989年10月托福听力文字及对应答案Part A1.That's it for today; (C) That's all we'll do today.2.Robert is stopp ing by the bank to cash a check. (B) Robert is going to the bank to get some mon ey.3.She's left to go shopp ing. (D) She's gone to buy some thin gs.4.Your pen n eeds a refill, does n't it? (A) Don't you n eed a refill for your pen?5.Every one wants to take Professor Stanton's class. (A) Professor Stanton's course is very popular.6.Why don't we get together for dinner sometime? (C) Let's meet for dinner one of these days.7.Gary went to the dentist's about his broken tooth. (D) Why are the lectures held at four o'clock?8.Have you ever see n so many people at one of these lectures before" (C) This lecture is really crowded.9.You've got to do what is best for you. (A) Do what is most appropriate for you?10.I just arrived, but my suitcases were put on a later plane. (D) My baggage will arrive on another flight.11.He said the dormitory was n't full, and it wasn't. (B) There are still vaca nt rooms.12.Susan asked us to bring the slide projector. (D) We were supposed to bring the slide projector with us.13.He lacks discipli ne in his study habits. (A) His study habits are poor.14.The report is all ready to be typed. (B) The report can be typed now.15.We'll pick you up tomorrow at eight come what may. (A) No matter what, we'll come for you tomorrow.16.I wish the semester were over, but we still get a month to go. (B) I want the semester to end now.17.You mean you paid only ten dollars for that huge stack of books? (C) You got a lot of books for your mon ey.18.That kind of problem isn't completely unknown. (A) That is n't a totally new kind of problem.19.Professor Keen made us rewrite our essays in class. (A) We had to write our compositions over again.20.I can 'eteve you are not a physics major. (B) You certainly know a lot about physics.1990年1月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.I must have left my keys at my sister's house. (C) My keys are probably at my sister's house.]2.We need to arrive early for the graduation ceremony. (D) it ' s necessary for us to arrive at the ceremony early.3.Sarah spe nt twice as much time on computer as I do. (C) I use the computer half as much as Sara does.4.Let's listen to what Robert has to say. (B) We should pay attention to Robert.5.I told you two to cut it out. (A) Stop that!6.No one in the world could you expect to find a harder worker tha n Lois. (C) Lois works very hard.7.Dea n Williams was in vited by the college preside nt to address the faculty.(B) The preside nt asked Dea n Williams to speak to the faculty.8.I'll have this finished in a little while. ・(A) Soon I'll be finished.9.He's sick of his job. (A) He does n't like his work.10.Framed posters make interesting decorations, don't you think? (B) I believe framed posters are good for decorating.11.That's precisely the kind of camera I brought with me. (A) I brought a camera just like that one.12.If he' dnly give our quizzes back. (C) We wish he would return our quizzes.13.I did n't mea n to cause you so much trouble. (A) I'm sorry to have inconvenienced you.14.It's fun to sit in the stude nts' secti on at the football game. (D) I enjoy sitti ng with the stude nts at the game.15.There will be some one at the airport to meet us, won't there? (C) I believe that we'll be met at the airport.16.When will you ever learn! (C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?17.I don't recall lock ing my suitcase. (D) As far as I know, my suitcase should be ope n.18.To pay to see that movie would be foolish, when you can see it on television for nothing.(A)If you can see the movie on televisi on, why pay for it?19.I did n't know that both reports were due today. (B) I thought only one report was due.20.The classes should have shorter sessi ons. (C) The classes are too long.1990年5月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.Frank ren ted a car and drove to Dallas. (B) Frank drove to Dallas in a ren ted car.2.I saw her practici ng the viol in. (B) She was practici ng the violin whe n I saw her.3.He came over to our house just the other day. (A) He recen tly visited us.4.Sidney has a tooth removed. (C) The den tist pulled out Sidn ey's tooth.5.How on earth can you believe that? (D) You don't really believe that, do you?:6.The shop's closed for the ni ght. (D) The shops are closed un til tomorrow.7.I thought you would n't come to class today. (A) I did n't think you would be in class.8.Don failed physics and had to take it over. (D) He took physics again because he failed the first time.9.No sooner had the storm started tha n all the lights went out. (C) The lights went off just as the storm bega n.10.He's pla nning a graduatio n party for his sister on the 20th of the n ext mon th. (D) Next month on the twen tieth is the party.11.The bookstore is out of textbooks for French 102. (B) There are no more textbooks for French 102 in the bookstore.12.I really need to brush up on my math. (B) I need to improve my math skills.13.There is no body on campus who does n't know Irene. (B) Almost everybody knows Irene.14.He has a job on the side, preparing the laboratory every day for the next experiment.(A)He has part-time work in the laboratory.15.I can't deny that I was awful in the play. (A) I must admit that my performa nee was bad.16.Gloria has been knocking herself out on the project. (C) Gloria has been working very hard on the task.17.You are going to finish school this semester, aren't you? (A) Won't you be finished with school after this semester?18.Prof. Jenkins suggested that I use her n ame as a referen ce. (C) Professor Jenkins will recomme nd me.19.Should n't we be thinking about leavi ng for work? (A) Isn't it time we went to work?20.Lorraine's family was pleased by her thoughtful gift. (A) Lorraine gave her family a gift they liked.1990年8月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.She used to live in a dormitory, but now she has her own apartment(B) She has moved out of the dormitory.2.We'll probably be late for the con cert, won't we? (D) I think we'll miss the begi nning of the con cert.3.I' d better not go to bed because I haven* t finished my chemistry assignment. (B) I have to stay up to finish my chemistry.5.You gave me the right address for Bill's apartme nt, did n't you? (B) I hope you gave me Bill's correct address.6.Just down the street is a nice little gift shop. (D) There is a gift shop nearby.7.The sn ack bar has fresh fruit, right? (A) Does n't the sn ack bar sell fresh fruit?8.There are big sales going on in the department stores downtown this week according to Charlie.(C)Charlie told us about the sales in the stores dow ntow n.9.There is not a sin gle cloud in the sky this after noon. (B) It's sunny day today.10.Not one student in my class has studied painting before. (C) Nobody in the class has ever had any painting lessons.11.Beh ind the lecture hall is a small park ing lot. (C) The lecture hall is in front of a park ing lot.12.Lucy was offered a scholarship by the uni versity that was her first choice.(A) Lucy got a scholarship to the Uni versity of her Choice.13.Barbara discovered she was in eligible for the song con test. (D) She found out she could n't en ter the con test.14.Ted once worked there but no Ion ger does. (D) He does n't work there anymore.15.She replaced the broke n pane of glass. (B) She fixed the win dow.16.I guessed the right an swer. (B) I got the correct an swer by cha nee.17.I've promised to take Cathy some of this delicious tea. (A) I said rd take some of this tea to Cathy.18.Mary Ann, that's who makes the best soup. (C) Mary Ann makes outsta nding soup.19.The last pers on I want to see Is Jeff. (A) I don't want to see Jeff at all.20.Sarah used to teach psychology, but now she is a corporate statisticia n (D) Sarah has a differe nt job now.1990年10月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.Pat dropped the letter in the mailbox. (C) Pat mailed the letter.2.Fred gave the right answers to the question the instructor asked. (C) Fred's answers were correct.3.The trip was a won derful experie nee, don't you agree? (B) Was n't the trip marvelous?4.He ate two of them. (A) He had two to eat.5.Cheryl rarely goes with the group to the Saturday ni ght dan ces. (D) Cheryl seldom goes to the dan ces with the group.6.She has to buy a book bag for school.(A) She n eeds someth ing to carry her schoolbooks in.7.I ' decided to hang on to my textbooks form last year. (C) rm keeping my old textbooks.8.Carol works as a nu rse, but she would rather teach. (B) Carol wishes she were a teacher.9.If only this rain would stop. (B) I'm tired of the rain.10.Twelve people came, but half left early. (A) Six people left before the end.11.Through that door, you will find some one to help you. (C) You can get some one to assist you if you go in that door.12.Max felt sick and stayed home from school. (B) Max missed school because he was sick.13.Every one except Carrie voted for an exam in stead of a paper. (D) Everyone but Carrie preferred hav ing an exam.14.This tomato pla nt is still immature. (D) The tomato pla nt is n't completely developed.15.I ' smpposed to turn south at the corner, right? (C) Should n't I turn south at the corner?16.Steve wan ted a pair of table lamps, but got a floor lamp in stead.(A) Steve bought a floor lamp, though he'd pla nned to buy table lamps.17.I don't n eed to tell you to come alone, do I? (B) You know you should come by yourself, don't you?18.He ' turn his back on me if I ask for money. (A) When I need money, he won't help.19.I signed up for a month long course, but Kary signed up for one, that ei'hSweeks long.(B)My course is half as long as Katy's.20.He misread the recipe, so the stew he made tasted terrible. (D) He did n't follow the recipe for the stew.1991年1月托福听力文字及对应答案PART AI. 1 could n't hear her n ame clearly. (C) It was hard to hear her n ame.2.I would n't mind havi ng a roommate. (D) Having a roommate is all right with me.3.Little did she realize that the present was for her. (D) She didn ' t know that the present would be for her.4.I won der if you could shut the door. (A) Could you please close the door?5.We just can't get over the fact that Ted and Margie got married. (B) The fact that they got married still amazes us.6.I wish I had more time to spend with you. (A) it ' s too bad we have so little time together.7.I used to watch a lot of TV , but now I can't stand it. (A) Although I used to watch television a lot, I hate it now.8.On your right is the information booth. (D) You can get information over on the right.9.He fell dow n and hurt himself. (C) He was injured.10.What a long bus ride this is! (C) This bus ride takes a very long time.II.Jane wants to buy that painting? (B) Does Jane really wish to purchase that painting?12.Ruth liked Hen ry's watch so much that he bought himself one exactly like it. (D) Russ got a wat ch just like Henry13.You ' come right on time, won't you? (C) Please try to be prompt.14.Carrol was told that she had gained the top score. (A) Carol did better tha n anyone else.15.Stude nts out nu mbered teachers at the rally. (A) Carol did better tha n anyone else.16.No one could keep him from speaking. (C) He couldn ' t be prevented from speaking.17.The sea's very calm. (B) The water isn't rough.18.She stopped feeli ng the ducks at the park. (D) She no Ion ger gives the ducks food.19.I can't risk not telli ng him. (B) I have to tell him.20.Jeff and Ala n share a com mon outlook or life. (A) They thi nk alike.1991年5月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.Emily and Joe are medical stude nts, aren't they? (A) I think Emily and Joe are study ing medici ne.2.The con ductor of the sympho ny orchestra was terrific. (B) The orchestra's con ductor was excelle nt.3.Ned was n't in vited to the party. (D) No one asked Ned to the party.4.I have the store deliver the packages to my house. (C) The store sent the packages to my house.5.There is no sport I enjoy more than swimming. (A) Swimming's my favorite sport.6.You ' llfirhhr number listed in the telephone book. (C) Her number is in the directory.7.Too bad you did n't make a hotel reservati on. (A) You should have reserved a room.8.The editor should have completed their work earlier. (B) The editors were late in finishing.9.The dormitory laundry service gives out clean sheets each week, doesn it? t(D) Aren't clea n sheets provided in the dormitory weekly?10.If I'd remembered to check the mailbox, I might have found your note.(A) Since I forgot to look in the mailbox, I missed your note.11.Ire ne g'rades en abled her to earn a scholarship. (D) She received a scholarship because of her grades.12.Joh n does n't thi nk they've left the office yet. (D) He thi nks they're still at the office.13.No sooner had I started to type my paper tha n the telepho ne rang. (C) Some one called just as I started to work.14.The fire was preve nted from spreadi ng because of San dra's quick action. (A) Sandra stopped the fire from spreadi ng.15.1 went for a walk to wake myself up. (C) I was feeling sleepy and so I took a walk.16.Don' you think it would be wise to review how much we've spent to date? (B) We should total our expenses up to now.17.The committee was selected by the college faculty. (B) The college faculty chose the committee members.18.Standing n ext to Paul is the dea n of admissi ons. (C) The dea n is sta nding beside Paul.19.The door ban ged shut. (D) The door closed loudly.20.Peter j6bsearch was unsuccessful. (B) Peter was unable to find a job.1991年8月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.The bank gran ted her loa n to cover her school expe nses. (C) She borrowed money from the bank to pay her school fees.2.Bill tha nks for pick ing up the books for me. (D) I appreciate your gett ing my books, Bill.3.She said the dem on strati on beg ins at 8 o' clock, did n she? (t) I un dersta nd the dem on strati on will be at eight o'clock.4.Linda took ni ght classes for ten years and eve ntually got her degree. (C) It took Linda ten years to earn her degree.5.Automobile polluti on is a far greater problem tha n in dustrial waste. (B) Cars pollute more tha n in dustry does.6.I ' used to gett ing up early. (C) I usually get up early.7.Mary said she wan ted to live by herself. (A) Mary does n't want a roommate.8.Red letteri ng on sig ns is much more no ticeable tha n blue. (B) Blue prin t is less eye-catch ing tha n red print.9.He stood up for what he thought was right. (B) He defe nded his point of view.10.I 'like to skip the meeting, but I can't just not go. (C) I'll go to the meeting even though I don't want to.11.I could n't get David to tell where he's going on vacati on. (A) David would n't tell me where he will spe nd his vacati on.12.The radio is too loud only for Ben. (D) Just Ben thinks the radio is too loud.13.Let leave the ear at home and walk to tow n for a cha nge. (D) rd rather walk tha n drive today.14.Kevin raced through the stati on, afraid he'd miss the train. (B) Kevin did n't want to miss the train, so he ran to catch it.15.If we had n't made the wrong turn, we hade bee n on time. (D) We're late because we went the wrong way.17.People from the television station have requested the viewers to send in their suggestions.(A)The television station staff has asked for viewers' ideas.18.Although Joh n would n ever believe it, I did try to retur n his teleph one call. (C) I really tried to call Joh n back.19.Lunch was n't at all appeali ng today. (C) I did n't think today's lunch looked very good.20.Robert tends to keep his opinions to himself. (D) Robert seldom tells people what he's thinking.1991年10月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.The radio works well only in clear weather. (C) The radio does n't work in bad weather.2.Actually, I don't think Jan e's busy now. (A) I believe Jan e's free at the mome nt.3.Gary has to face the facts. (B) He had to accept the truth.4.If rd known the bank would be closed today. I would have gone there yesterday. (D) I did n't go to the bank yesterday.5.In computer program ming, Susa n is head and shoulders above the rest of us.(A) Susa n is much better tha n we are in this subject.6.She is a first-year law stude nt. (C) She's just begu n her legal studies.7.For the next half hour, we will work out in the gym. (C) We will be exercis ing inthe gymn asium for 30 minu tes.8.When will these pictures be ready? (A) I've waited too long for the pictures.9.Jane was taught to drive by her brother. (B) He taught her how to drive.10.Philip's n ever bee n see n wear a tie. (D) He does n't seem to ever wear a tie11.I must have left my office keys at home because I can't find them any where. (B) I forgot to bring my keys.12.Was n't it the best meal you ever ate! (C) The food was delicious, don't you agree?13.We won't start a new less on before n ext week. (D) There will be no new less on this week.14.You took the bus to get here right? (B) I un dersta nd you came by bus.15.I am afraid that Ala n is not up to such a difficult task. (D) I doubt that Ala n can do the job.16.My cousin, who is a geography teacher, helped us plan out trip. (C) We received advice about our trip from my cousin.17.Dian was too excited to sit quietly and kept paci ng the floor. (D) She could n't hide her exciteme nt.18.Robert wants to take up drawing. (A) He's interested in learning how to draw.19.He got bored playing cards last night; so he left early. (C) He did not stay for the entire evening.20.May I have a package of safety pins please? (C) Would you please give me safety pins.1992年1月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.Jack in troduced us to his pare nts (D) We met his mother and father.2.I fini shed the assig nment a week ago. (B) My assig nment was completed last week3.We did n ' think you would mind C) We did n't expect it to bother you..4.Do go ahead with your dessert. (A) Please eat your dessert.5.He was extremely angry but did n't let it show. (B) He was hidi ng his feeli ngs.6.Aren your clever to figure that out! (A) How smart you are to find the an swer to that!7.Ann rides her bike to work to save money on bus fare. (B) Anne saves money by riding her bike to work8.My marks are higher tha n I thought they ' bd. (B) I did n't think my marks would be this good.9.Alex will call before he comes, won he? (C) Will Alex phone before coming?]10.The club preside nt announced that each member has a quota of ten tickets to sell for the tale nt show.(B)Every one in the club should sell at least ten tickets11.We should include these figures in the report, I think. (C) I believe the report ought to include this information.12.Now that I fin ally turned in my thesis, I pla n to take it easy for a while. (C) I'm going to rest after all that hard work13.I don't think I heard her name mentioned before. (D) That name isn't familiar to me.14.No one came to the school play. (C) Nobody went to see the play.15.If on ly you told me sooner. (B) You should have in formed me earlier.16.I ' got to get going on my research project. (D) It's time to start my research project17.The actors received a sta nding ovati on for their performa nee. (C) The audie nee stood up and applauded.18. A friend bought Doris's painting. (D) Doris' friend bought her painting19.Every one thi nks Carlo is a very outgo ing fellow. (D) He's very frie ndly.20.I was late coming back from lunch today. (D) I look a Ion ger lunch break today1111111992年5月托福听力文字及对应答案PART A1.We tried calling Ken, thinking he'd be home. (B) We expected Ken to answer the phone.2.She does n't know we fini shed the experime nt. (A) She thinks we have n't fini shed.3.Didn shtha ndle her prese ntati on well (B) She gave a good prese ntati on4.I don't know Maxine although we went to the same university. (C) I never met Maxine when we were at college.5.At the end of the street is a bookstore where you can buy used books. (B) You can get sec on dha nd books in that store.6.If he'd only asked me for help rd have done my best for him. (A) rd have bee n happy to help if he'd asked me.7.The shoe polish does n't match the shoes. (A) The shoe polish is the wrong color.8.You ' have to get another chair from the living room. (C) You'll have to bring another chair in here.9.I had a piece of Carla's birthday cake although I usually don't like dessert. (D) It was unu sual that I ate some cake.10.Here take this pill, don chew it. (D) Swallow this tablet.11.I can't finish what I ' working on until I have your research result. (A) I need your data before I can finish my work.。
1995年8月 托福听力文字-托福考试.doc
1995年8月托福听力文字-托福考试95年8月托福听力文字1. Do you want to go on a trip with us to Florida this spring?It will cost about $300 a person.What can be inferred about the man?2. My watch stopped again. And I just got a new battery.Why don't you take it to Smith's Jewelry. They can check it for you. And they're pretty reasonable.What does the man mean?3. We're going to change our meeting from Monday to Tuesday.It's all the same to me.What does the man mean?4. We plan to go to the beach after class. Want to come?I'd love to. But Prof. Jones want to speak with me.What will the woman probably do?5. Janet sounded worried about her grades.But she's getting As Bs, isn't she?What does the man imply about Janet?6. You look great since you've been taking those exercises classes.Thanks. I've never felt better in my life.What does the man imply?7. I had a hard time getting through this novel.I know how you feel. Who can remember the names of 35 different characters.What does the woman imply?8. That's a long line. Do you think there'll be any tickets left?I doubt it. Guess we'll wind up going to the second show.What does the woman mean?9. This course in much too hard for me.Sorry you decided to take it, huh?What does the man ask the woman?10. Are you going home for winter vacation?I'd agreed to stay on here as a research assistant.What can be inferred about the woman?11. Hello!Hello! This is Dr, Grey's office. We're calling to remind you of your 4:15 appointment for your annual checkup tomorrow.Oh, thanks. It's a good thing that you called. I thought it was 4:15 today.What does the man mean?12. How wonderful you won the scholarship. Can you believe it?No. It's almost too good to be true.What does the man mean?13. Excuse me. Prof. Davidson. But I was hoping to talk to you about my class project for economics.I have a class in a few minutes. Why don't you come to see me during office hours tomorrow?When will the woman discuss her project with Prof. Davidson?14. How are you feeling?The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped. But it's making me awfully drowsy.What does the woman mean?15. Bill Smith has volunteered to write a summary of the proposals we've agreed on.Will I have a chance to review it?What does the woman want to know?16. Why don't you wear that yellow shirt that your sister gave you for your birthday.I love that shirt. But it's missing two buttons.What does the man mean?17. How many classes do you have today?Just one. From 3 till 6.What does the man mean?18. Our football team didn't play very well.That's true. But at least we won the game.What does the man mean?19. This has been an unusually cool summer.Uh huh! I actually had to get out my wool sweaters in August.What does the woman imply?20. I got some bad news today. The store where I work in laying off staff.Are they going to let you go?What does the woman want to know?21. I'd like to pick this film up by 4 tomorrow afternoon.I can have it for you at 2 if you like.What does the woman say about the film?22. I talked to Philip today and he said he'd be coming to the party.Oh, so he can come after all.What can be inferred about Philip?23. Gary insists on buying the food for the picnic.That's pretty generous. But shouldn't we at least offer to share the expense?What does the woman suggest they do?1 2 3。
托福考试必备词汇大全
托福考试必备词汇大全schoolyear学年term,trimester学季semester学期schoolday教学日schoolholiday假期curriculum课程subject学科discipline学科timetable课程表class,lesson课homework家庭作业exercise练习dictation听写playtime,break课间，休息toplaytruant,toplayhooky逃学，旷课lateforclass迟到course(ofstudy)学业writtenwork书面作业oralcalculation口算elucidation讲解preparelessons预习grant,scholarship,fellowship奖学金holderofagrant/scholar/fellow奖学金获得者schooluniform校服teachingstaff教育工作者(总称) ofschoolage学龄儿童beginningofterm开学matriculation注册toenroll注册totakelessons(学生)上课toteach(老师)上课requiredcourse必修课optionalcourse选修课transcript成绩单lecture演讲credit学分tostudy学习tolearnbyheart记住，掌握torevise,togoover复习test考试totest考试totakeanexamination参加考试convocationnotice考试通知examiner考试者boardofexaminers考试团oralexamination口试writtenexamination笔试question问题questionpaper试卷topassanexamination(exam)通过考试prizegiving分配奖品tofailanexamination未通过考试failure不及格torepeatayear留级petitiveexamination答辩考试petitiveness竞争意识driven有紧迫感的assiduouslearning勤奋学习independentstudy*学习learningefficiency学习效率gainnewknowledgebyreviewold温故知新skipschool逃学burnthemidnightoil开夜车。
托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题
托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题1995年10月托福阅读全真试题Questions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, thesequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plantswas a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the livingcells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killedcan still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanationsfor the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom ofthe plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers,which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if itis not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, Howdoes it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation ofwater at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in anysample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes ofvery small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a columnof water compares with the strength of a steel wire ofthe same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns ofwater to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word "demonstrated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 7-9 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water(B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems5.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory.8. The word "there" in line 18 refers to(A) treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word "extend" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules in strong.(C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12.Why does the author mention steel wire in line 30?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of water(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13.Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A) Lines3-4(B) Lines5-7(C) Lines10-11(D) Lines12-13Question 14-22Mass transport[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题ation revised the social and economic fabricof the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses,and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, andelectric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre- modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those whocould afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery ofalmost every major city sparked an explosion of real estatedevelopment and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 newresidential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period,another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but withinthe metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of thepossibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirtyyears – lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was alwaysa huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicagoand other cities. These excesses underscore a feature ofresidential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased andprepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much asto respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process.Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster thanpopulation growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation.(B) Instability of urban life.(C) How supply and demand determine land use.(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts.(C) Changes in life in the inner city.(D) Increasing standards of living.16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities.(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to(A) people(B) lots(C) years(D) developers21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage ofresidential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation system.Question 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrencein the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering beforethey can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance ofbeing preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given t上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题hese factors,some areas have become a treasury of well-preservedichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present aninteresting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 millionyears ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered fromthese rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, butwhat is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaurfossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in asmall area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific sitewas used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly overtime. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop- ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that arebetween 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young atHolzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations havebeen carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration ofpregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other newborn marine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to give birth.24. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) skeletons(B) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of burial(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal.26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussedin the passage?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens(C) They are older than fossils found in other places(D) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word "outstanding" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word "site" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 26)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in theirdevelopment(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals.30. The word "they" in line 30 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the fossils(D) these factors31.The phrase "account for" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32.Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place while the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph.(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph.(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph.33.Where in the passage does the author mentions the variety of fossils found at Holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 12-13(D) Lines 19-21Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by PresidentJefferson, was the most important official examination of thehigh plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. ThePresident's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had beeninstructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with thewaters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the y上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题oungerbrother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to sharethe command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammothswandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent,the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Theirpoint of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, justacross the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group winterednear the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, themen worked their way along the Missouri to its source andthen crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho.Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where theystayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information,including the knowledge that the continent was wider thanoriginally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West – though not immediately published –were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A) The river systems of portions of North America.(B) Certain geological features to the North American continent.(C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government.(D) The discovery of natural resources in the United States.35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A) gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B) become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West.(C) investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West.(D) facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37.According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38.The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of thefollowing characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 23 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40.It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) underestimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer to the explorers' failure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines1-3(B) Lines7-8(C) Lines16-18(D) Lines21-24Questions 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of themost popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlikestring and wind instrument, the piano is completely self- sufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the favorite household instrument of thenineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord becamethe chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic andnever powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympa-thetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichordwith its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrumentfor supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not bevaried save by mechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth centuryby a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists pointout several previous instances of上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题the instrument). This instrumentwas called a piano e forte(soft and loud), to indicate itsdynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavierin the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, includingthe introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonaleffects from the most delicate harmonies to an almostorchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone toa sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words "a supremacy" in line 12 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46. The word "it" in line 15 refers to the(A) variety(B) music(C) harpsichord(D) clavichord47. According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48. Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 18-19(D) Lines 20-2549. According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads(D) The metal frame construction50. The word "myriad" in line 32 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual <br上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]。
托福阅读词汇题汇总(1995-2003)
carry
cease
celebratory
celestial
chance
characteristics
chronicle
classify
clear
2
clue
2
clue
cluster
coarse
coarse
coin
coincide with happen
collective
collectively
preference for achieved reached accompanying clothing credit characteristics make use eager infertile in addition to prejudice prejudice tie raised limit held departure from glance cause easily broken determine became impotant continued support stop full of praise astronomical unplanned qualities describe categorize unobstructed information information group rough crude create at the same time group together
考频 2 2
2 2
阅 读 词 汇新 题
1995.8-2003.01
考查的单词
正确的选项
abundant
plentiful
accelerate
increase
accessible
available
托福核心词汇
abandon vt.离弃，完全放弃(desert)n.放纵abbreviate vt.缩短，缩写(shorten)abnormal a.反常的,变态的(unusal,exceptional)abolition n.废除，废止abort n.中止计划（任务），夭折(cancel)abound vi.富于(flourish)；大量存在(teem)；充满(overflow)abrasion n.表面磨损abreast ad.并列地，并排地(side by side)abrupt a.突然的，意外的(unexpected)absence n.缺席；缺乏(lack)，不存在absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地(utterly)absorb vt.吸收(take in,engage)abstract a.抽象的(unconcrete)；抽象派的(nonrepresentational)absurd a.可笑的，荒唐的(ridiculous)abundant a.充足的，丰富的(rich,plentiful)academy n.研究会，学术团体；专门院校accelerate v.（使）加快，加速(increase,quicken)access n.通道(approach)；（接近或享用的）机会(opportunity).存取accessible a.易接近的；可得到的(available)；可进入的accessory n.附件，零件(adjunct)acclaim vt./n.喝彩(applaud)；称赞(praise)accommodate vt.供应（住宿或房间）(supply)；使适应(conform,adjust to) accompany vt.陪伴(attend)；为…伴奏accomplish vt.达到(reach)；完全(complete)；实现(realize)accomplished a.多才多艺的(all-round)；完成了的(achieved)accord n.一致；符合(agreement)account n.解释(interpretation)；账户(record)；考虑.说明…的原因accumulate v.积累，堆积(build up,collect)accuracy n.准确（性），精确（性）(nicety,precision)accurate a.正确的，精确的(precise,exact)accuse vt.指责，归咎(blame)；指控(charge)accustom vt.使习惯于(familiarize)acid n.酸 a.酸的acknowledge vt.承认，确认(recognize,admit)；对…表示感谢(express gratitude) acoustic a.非电声乐器的；听觉的acquaint vt.使认识(inform)；使熟悉(familiarize)acquire vt.获得(obtain,gain)；学到acting a.代理的(representative) n.演戏，表演action n.行为，活动(step,behavior)；作用(effect)activity n.活动(movement)；活跃(fizz)acute a.极度的，（事情）激烈的(intense)；敏锐的(keen)adapt v.使适合(adjust)；调整(alter)additional a.附加的(additive)，额外的(further,extra)additive a.添加的；加法的n.添加剂address n.地址；讲话(speech) v.（正式）讲话；写姓名地址adequate a.适当的(proper)；足够的(sufficient)adhere vi.粘附(stick)；坚持(cling to)adhesive a.带粘性的n.胶合剂adjacent a.邻近的(nearby,adjoining,bordering)adjunct n.附加物，附件(addition,accessory)adjust v.调整(alter,rectify)；使适合；适应(adapt) administer vt.管理(manage)；执行execute)admire vt.钦佩；欣赏(appreciate)admission n.准许进入；入场费；承认(acknowledgement) admit v.承认(confess)；接纳(let in)adobe n.泥砖，土坯adolescence n.青春期(youthhood)adopt vt.采用(assume)adorn vt.装饰，装扮(decorate,beautify)advanced 先进的；高级的advent n.到来(arrival)，出现(emergence)adventure n.奇遇(happening)；冒险活动adverse a.负面的(negative,contrary)；不利的(unfavorable) advertise v.登广告宣传；宣传(promote)advocate vt.提倡n.倡导者(proponent)aerial a.空中的aerobic a.增氧健身法的n. 有氧运动aesthetic a.美学的artisitic)；审美的affection n.喜爱(fondness)；影响(influence)affirm vt.断言，坚持声称(assert)afflict vt.使苦恼，折磨(torment,torture)afford vt.买得起；冒险做；提供(provide,supply)agency n.代理处；（政府等的）专门行政部门aggregate n.聚成岩；聚集物aggressive a.挑衅的(combative,offensive)；强有力的(strong) agreeable a.使人愉快的(pleasant)；欣然同意的(willing) airborne a.空气传播的alarm n.闹钟；警报(alert) v. 使惊恐(startle)alchemist n.炼金术士alert a.机警的(vigilant,watchful)vt 提醒(ware,,remind)alga n.藻类，海藻(seaweed)algabra n.代数（学）alien a.不同的(different,foreign) 外星人；组织之外的人alkali n.碱allay vt.减轻，减少(raduce,alleviate)allegory n.寓言(fable,parable)allergy n.过敏症alleviate vt.减轻，缓和(relieve)allocation n.配给，分配(apportion)alloy n.合金vt. 使成合金alphabet n.字母表alter v.（使）改变(change,vary)alternate a.交替的(by turns)，轮流的(totate,in turn) alternative n.选择(option) 其他可选用的altitude n.（海拔）高度(hight)；海拔甚高的地方aluminum n.铝alumnus n.男校友amass v.积聚(accumulate)amateur n.业余爱好者(non-professional)amid prep.在…中amino a.氨基的ammonia n.氨，氨水amnesia n.健忘症amount n.总额(sum,quantity) vi. 总计达(totalize)ample a.充足的(abundant,enough)amplify vt.放大（声音等）；增强(strengthen)amuse vt.逗乐，逗笑(delight,entertain)amusement n.娱乐(recreation)，消遣(entertainment) analogy n.类比，类推；类似物analysis n.分析(stydy)analyze vt.分析，研究anatomy n.解剖构造；解剖(dissection)ancestor n.祖先(forefather)anchor vt.紧固，使固定(fix)ancient a.古代的(archaic)；古老的(old)angle n.角；角度(viewpoint)animation n.动画制作announce vt.宣布(herald,proclaim)；通告(notify) annoyed a.生气的(angry)annual a.每年的(yearly)；一年一度的anthropology n.人类学antibiotic n.抗生素 a.抗生的anticipate vt.预见(foresee)，预期(look forward to,expect) antique n.古董apartment n.公寓(flat,suite)apparent a.显然的，明显的(obvious,evident,detectable) appeal n.吸引力(attraction)vi. 吸引；上诉appetite n.胃口，食欲(savor)applaud v.鼓掌喝彩(cheer)；称赞(acclaim)applicable a.可应用的，可实施的applicant n.申请者appointment n.约会(date)，约定(faith)appreciate vt.赏识(recognize)，鉴赏；感激apprentice n.学徒approach v./n.接近，靠近(near) 方法(way)，手段(neasure) appropriate a.适当的(suitable,becoming)vt. 拨款；占用(engross) approve vt.批准(pass,ratify) vi.赞成(assent)approximate vi.近似(close to) a. 近似的(about)aquarium n.养鱼池；水族馆aquatic a.水生的；水中（上）的(marine)arbitrary a.任意的，专断的archaeology n.考古学architect n.建筑师arid a干旱的(dry)；贫瘠的(barren)arithmetic n.算术arrange vt.布置；安排(plan)；筹备(prepare)array n.一系列(series)articulate a.有关节的vt.清楚地说artifact n.人工制品；史前古器物artificial a.人造的(synthetic)；假的(false)artisan n.工匠，手艺人(workman,craftsman)artistic a.艺术（家）的(aesthetical)ascending a.上升的，向上的(climbing)ascribe vt.把…归于(attribute)aspect n.方面(facet)assemble v.集合(gather)；装配(fit together)assert vt.断言，声称(affirm,declare)assign vt.指派(prescribe)；分配(apportin)；布置（作业）associate v.关联(relate)；结交(consort) a. 副的associate n.伙伴(companion,partner)；大专学位a. 准的assume vt.假定(premise,suppose)；承担(bear)assure vt.确保(guarantee)；使确信(convince)asteroid n.小行星astronomy n.天文学asymmetrical a.不均匀的，不对称的athlete n.运动员atmosphere n.大气，空气(air)；气氛(tone)atomic a.原子的；原子能的(nuclear)attach vt.连接（fix,connect)；贴上，依附于（affix）attain vt.达到（reach）；获得（achieve，gain)attempt n./vt.尝试（try），努力（strive）attendance n.出席（presence）；出席人数attorney n.代理人，辩护律师attract vt.吸引（lure，draw）attractive a.吸引人的（tempting，appealing,inviting）attractive a.有魅力的（intriguing，charming)attribute n.属性（characteristic，trait）vt.把…归结于（ascribe) auction n.拍卖audience n.听众（listener)；观众（spectator)audio a.音频的（acoustic）；声音的（vocal)audit vt.旁听audition n.旁听；试唱（rehearsal)auditorium n.礼堂（hill）augment vt.增大，增加（increase）authority n.权威人士；权力（power)；当局authorize vt.授权（empower），批准（sanction），许可（peimit）automatic a.自动的（self－acting）automobile n.汽车（motor)available a.可得到的（accessible,obtainable）available a.可利用的（improvable）;有空的（free）avalanche n.雪崩，山崩（snowslide，landslide）avenue n.途径（approach）；大街avert vt.避免，规避（avoid)aviation n.航空（navigation）航空学；飞行（fly)avoid vt.避免，规避（shy away from，prevent)aware a.知道的（perceptible）；意思到的awareness n.知道，注意（realization）awful a.不舒服的（unwell)；糟糕的（terrible）；可怕的（awesome）awkard a.别扭的（unnatural）；笨拙的（clumsy）axis n.轴（shaft)Babylonian a.巴比伦的backlighting n.逆光bake v.烘，烤balcony n.包厢（loge）bald a.光秃的（uncovered，hairless）banner n.横幅barb n.倒钩，倒刺barbecue n.烧烤野餐bare a.赤裸的（naked，bald）barge n.驳船，游船bark n.树皮barn n.谷仓；牲口棚barrel n.桶barren a.贫瘠的，荒芜的（infertile，unproductive）barrier n.栅栏；屏障（fence，obstruction）barter n./v.实物交易（trade，deal）basin n.盆地battery n.电池bead n.珠子，水珠beak n.鸟嘴，啄beam n.束；横梁（timber，bar）beat v.敲打拍子a. 疲惫的beaver n.海狸behave vi.行为，表现（conduct）behavior n.举止，行为（conduct,manner）belt n.地带；腰带beneficial a.有益的，有利的（advantageous）benefit n.利益，好处v.（使）受益（profit）benign a.（气候）良好的besiege vt.包围（surround）beverage n.饮料bias n.偏见（prejudice）bill n.账单，票据；议案；钞票；鸟嘴，形似鸟嘴的东西bind vt.使结合，绑（tie，fasten）；装订biography n.传记bison n.美洲或欧洲的野牛blade n.刃，刀片bland a.无味的blanket n.毛毯；覆盖物blast n.一股v.爆发（burst）；发出尖响bleach n.漂白剂blend v./n.混合（mix，combine）blip n.雷达上显示的点blizzard n.大风雪block vt.阻塞（back up）n.一块；街区bloom n.花vi.开花（blossom）blossom n.花vi.开花（bloom）blur vt.使…模糊（make indistince）board n.委员会；膳食费用；板boast v./n.自夸（brag）bog n.沼泽（swamp）bold a.大胆的（daring），冒失的bond n.联结，粘结；债卷；化学键bony a.瘦骨嶙峋的boom n.繁荣（expansion）vi 迅速增长boost vt.提高，推进（raise，push）botany n.植物学boulder n.大石头bounce v./n.（使）弹，（使）反弹bound a.被束缚的，被要求的（obligated，enclose）bound n.界限（limit，boundary)boundary n.分界线；边界（bound，border）brand n.商标brass n.黄铜（器）；铜管乐器breakthrough n.突破（improving）breed n.品种vt.饲养（raise）繁殖（reproduce）breeze n.微风brief a.简短的，短暂的（fleeting，short）brighten vt.使快活brilliance n.光辉（radiance）；显赫brilliant a.闪耀的（bright）；杰出的（outstanding）brittle a.易碎的（easy brken，fragile）brochure n.小册子（pamphlet，booklet）bronze n.青铜brush n.毛笔v.刷，拂（wipe）bubble n.（气、水）泡v. 起泡buck n.美元buckle n.皮带扣环v.扣紧（fasten)bud n.芽，蓓蕾buddy n.密友，伙伴（companion）budget n.预算buffalo n.水牛bulb n.植物的球茎，球形物；灯泡bulk n.体积；大部分（majority）bulletin n.简明新闻；公告bump v.撞（破）（hit）n. 肿块bundle n.捆，束（package，nale）vt.捆bureau n.局，署burgeon vi.迅速成长，发展（bloom，flourish）burrow vi.挖地洞（dig，tunnel）n.洞穴cabin n.小屋（hut，cottage）cabinet n.内阁；贮藏橱；陈列柜cable n.缆绳；电缆（wire）；电报（telegraph）cactus n.仙人掌cafeteria n.自助餐厅（cafe）calcium n.钙calculate vt.计算（count，figure）；推测（speculate）；打算（determine）calculus n.微积分学；结石calendar n.（日、月）历；日程表calibration n.标度，刻度camouflage n./v.掩饰，伪装（hide，disguise）camopaign n.竞选活动vi竞选；参加战斗candidate 候选人（nominee）cannibalism n.嗜食同类canopy n.天篷，遮篷（awning，covering）canvas n.帆布（sail）；画布canyon n.峡谷capability n.能力（ability，potentiality）；性能；容量capacity n.能力（ability）；容量；身份（identity）cape n.海角，岬capillary n.毛细血管captive n.俘虏，猎物（quarry）carbon n.碳cardiac a.心脏的，心脏病的cardinal a.主要的，最重要的（main，essential）n.红衣凤头鸟cargo n.货物（freight）caribou n.北美洲驯鹿carnivore n.食肉动物carp n.鲤鱼cart n.大车；手推车（asmall wheeled vehicle）cartilage n.软骨carve v.切（cut，slice）；雕刻（incise）cascade n.小瀑布（steep small fall of water）cascara n.缓泻剂cassette n.盒式录音（或录像）带cast n.铸件vt.浇铸（mold）；投掷（throw）catalog n.目录（list）catalyst n.催化剂catastrophe n.突如其来的大灾难（disaster，tragedy）category n.种类（kind）；范畴caterpillar n.毛虫，蝴蝶的幼虫cautious a.小心的，谨慎的（discreet）cavity n.腔；洞（pit，crater）cease v./n.结束，停止（stop，end）celebrate vt.赞美（proclaim，observe）；庆祝（commemorate）celebrated a.著名的（famous）；有名的（renowned）celestial a.天空的（astronomical，heavenly）cell n.细胞；单人房间（a single room usually for one person）census n.人口普查centennial n.百年纪念ceramic n.陶瓷制品cereal n.谷类（食品）ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certificate n.证（明）书chafe vt.擦热，擦破，擦痛（abrade，rub）chamber n.房间（room，compartment）；洞穴（cavity)champion n.冠军（winner，victor）；拥护者（defender，protector）vt.支持championship n.冠军身份；冠军赛，锦标赛channel n.通道（path，way）chaos n.混乱（muddle，disorder）chapel n.小礼堂（a subordinate or private place of worship）character n.性格（nature）；特性（property）角色（role)characteristic a.特有的；典型的（typical)；n.特性（property）characterize vt.以…为特征；刻画…的性格（distinguish，feature）charcoal n.木炭chart n.图表（map，graph）vt.用图说明（to make a map of）charter n.宪章（constitution）vt.特许（certify）checked a.格子花纹的；棋盘状的chief n.首领（leader，head）a.主要的（primary）；总的（total）chill n.寒冷，寒意（coldness）chilled a.冷冻的chimpanzee n.黑猩猩chip n.碎片（piece，bit）；芯片（integrated circuit）chip v.削（或凿）下(break off)chlorine n.氯choir n.唱诗班，合唱队cholesterol n.胆固醇choreographer n.舞蹈指导chorus n.合唱队chromosome n.染色体chronical a.慢性的，延续很长的（not acute）circuit n.电路，线路（circular line）circular a.圆形的（round）；循环的（intended for circulation）circulation n.发行额；循环（cycle）；流通（flow）circumference n.周边（periphery）；圆周（the perimeter of a cirle）circumstance n.环境（environment）；境况（condition，situation）cite vt.引用，引证，举例（quote）civilian a.平民的；民间的（folk）claim v./n.声称；要求（request）；索赔n.断言（assertion）clam n.蛤clamor n.吵闹，喧哗（sound，noise）clarify vt.澄清；阐明（identify，explain）classic a.经典的；典型的（typical）classic n.经典作品（a work of enduring excellence）；古典文学classify vt.分类（categorize，sort）；分等级（to arrange in classes）clay n.泥土，粘土（earth，mud）client n.委托人，当事人；顾客（customer）cliff n.悬崖，绝壁（precipice，bluff）cling vi.附着；紧贴（adhere，stick）clinical a.临床的clipper n.快速帆船closet n.壁橱（cabinet）隐蔽的（closcly private）clue n.线索（information，hint）；提示（cue）clump n.土块vi.丛生，成群（cluster）clumsy a.笨拙的（awkward）cluster n.串，丛，群（group）v. 丛生；使成群（concentrate，assemble）clutch n.一次所孵的卵（或蛋）v.企图抓住，抓紧（take，clench）coarse a.粗（糙）的（rough）coax vt.巧妙地（耐心地）处理code n.密码，代码；法规（laws，rules）vt.把…编码coexist vi.共存（to exist together or at the same time）cognition n.认识，认识（力）（perception）coherent a.有条理的（consistnet）；相干的cohesion n.内聚力；凝聚力；团结，结合（unity）coil n.卷，线圈（wire）盘绕（swirl）coincide vi.一致（agree，accord）；相巧合collaborator n.合作者collapse vi./n,崩溃，倒塌（crash）collect v.收集；聚集（accumulate，assemble））collect ad./a（打）电话由对方付费（的)collectively ad.全体地，共同地（together）collide vi.碰撞；冲突（conflict）colonize vt.开拓（或建立）殖民地；移居于（settle）colony n.殖民地（settlement）；（生物）群体（community）column n.圆柱（pillar）；专栏；长列combat n./v.格斗，战斗（conflict，battle）combination n.结合（体）（mixture）；化合；组合（compounding）combine v.（使）联合，（使）结合（fuse，unite）combustible a.可燃的，易燃的（flammable）comedy n.喜剧comet n.彗星comic a.滑稽的，喜剧的（funny，laughable）command n./v.命令；指挥，掌握（govern，control）commemorate vt.纪念，庆祝（celebrate，honor）comment n./vi.评论（review）；注释（remark，note）commentary n.评论，注释（comment）commerce n.贸易，商业（trade，business）commission n.委任（charge）vt. 委托，授命（appoint，assign）commit vt.承诺（promise）；负责（obligate）；犯（错）commitment n.承诺（promise）；支持（support）commitment n.允许（permission）致力，献身（devotion）committee n.委员会（council）commodity n.商品(article）；日用品communal a.公共的；社区的（of or relating to a community）communicate v.通信，交流；传达，传播（express，convey）community n.社团（corporation）；社会（society at large）；群落commute vi.坐公共汽车上下班compact a.紧凑的；简洁的（concise）v.压缩（compress）companion n.同伴，共事者（partner，comrade）comparable a.可比较的，类似的（similar，like）；比得上的comparative a.比较的（relative）相当的，接近的comparison n.比较（the act or process of comparing）；比喻compass n.罗盘；圆规；范围（range，scope）compatible a.协调的，一致的（harmonious，coherent）compel vt.驱使（drive）compensate v.赔偿，弥补（pay for，make up）compete vi.比得上；竞争，对抗（rival）competence n.胜任；能力compile vt.汇编（put together）；编辑（edit）complement vt.补充，使完善（supplement,complete）；与…相配（to match）complementary a.补充的；互补的completion n.完成，实现（accomplishment，realization）complex a.综合的；错综的，难以理解的（intricate，complicated）complex n.综合体complicated a.难懂的；复杂的（complex）compliment vt./n.赞美，恭维(praise) n.问候(regsrds)comply vi.服从，遵守(conform,submit)component n.成分，组成部分(part,element) a.构成的compose v.创作(create,devise)；组成(constitute)；使安定(calm,pacify) composition n.成分(component)，构成(composing)；作品，作文(works,writing) compound n.混（化）合物 a. 复合comprehend vt.理解，领会(understand,grasp)compress vt压缩(condense)；缩短(shorten)comprise vt.包含(include)；由…组成(consist of)compromise n.妥协，折衷(yield)compulsory a.义务的，必须做的conceal vt.隐蔽，隐瞒(cover)concede vt.承认(grant)；让步(yield)conceive vt.以为；构思，设想(design,imagine)concentration n.专心；集中；浓度concept n.概念，思想(motion,thought)concert n.一致(agreement)；音乐会concise a.简明的，简练的(terse)conclude v.作出结论；（使）结束(complete,end)conclusive a.确定的，最后的(definitive)concrete n.混凝土(cement) a. 具体的(material)condensation n.浓缩，凝结condense v.（使）压缩(compress)；（使）凝结(contract)conduct n.行为(behavior)conduct vt.引导(guide)；传导(transmit)；进行(progress)conductivity n.传播性conductor n.导体；（乐队等的）指挥confederacy n.联盟(alliance)confer vt.授予(award)conference n.会议；讨论会(meeting,consulation)confession n.供认，承认(admission)confidence n.信心(faith,belief)configuration n.构造，外形(structure,shape)confine vt.限制(restrict,limit)confirm vt证实(validate,verify)；使巩固(strengthen)；批准(approve) conflict n.冲突(clash)；不一致(disagreement)；争论(dispute)conflict vi.冲突(clash)；不一致(disagree)；争论(argue)conform vi.遵守，符合(comply,agree)；适应(adapt)confront vt.使面临(face,encounter)；对抗(oppose)congenial a.性格温和的(gentle)；相宜的(kindred)congestion n.拥塞(clog)congress n.议会，国会(parlianment)；（代表）大会(convention) conscious a.有知觉的(preceptual)；有意识的(awake)consciously ad.有意识地(on purpose)，自觉地consent vi./n.同意，赞成(approve,agree)consequence n.结果(outcome)；影响(influence)；推理(inference) consequently ad.因此，从而(accordingly,therefore)conservation n.保守，保存，保持(preservation)；守恒conserve vt.保存，保藏(retain,preserve)considerable a.相当大（或多）的(great,much,substantial)considerable a.值得考虑的，重要的(significant)considerate a.考虑周到的，体贴的(thoughtful)consistent a.一致的(coherent)；稳定的(sustained)consistent a.调和的(compatible)；始终如一的(constant)consistently ad.一贯的(regularly)consonant a.协调的(harmonious)consort vi.结交(associate)constant a.稳定的(stable)constant a.不变的，持续的(consistent,continued,continuous)constantly ad.不断地，坚持不懈地(continually)；经常地(regularly,always) constellation n.星系；一系列constituent n.要素，成分(component,element)；选民(electorate) constitute vt.组成(make up)；设立(set up),establish)；制定（法律）constitution n.宪法，章程constrain vt.束缚，限制(confine,limit)constricted a.狭窄的(confined)；收缩的(contractive)construct vt.建造(build)；创立(found)consult v.请教，商议(counsel,confer)；参考，翻阅(refer to)consume vt.消耗，浪费(spend,use up)；大吃大喝(waste) consumption n.消耗（量），消费（量）；食用(eating)contagious a.传染性的，有感染力的(catching)contain vt.包含(include)，容纳；控制(control)contaminate vt.污染(pollute)contemporary a.当代的，现在的(existing,surrent)n.同时代的人content a.满足的(satisfied) n.内容，容量(capacity)contest n.竞赛(game)；辩论(debate)context n.上下文；背景(setting)；环境(environment)continent n.大陆(mainland)continuation n.延长，延续(prolongation)continuity n.连贯性，连续性(consistency,succession)continuum n.连续统一体(acoherentwhole)contour n.轮廓(outline)；等高线，周长contract n.合同，契约(agreement,pact)v.订合同；收缩(shrink)contrast n.对比，对照vt.对比，对照(compare,balance)contribute v.贡献，捐献(donate)；有助于(promote)；投稿(to submit articles to) controversy n.争论，辩论(dispute,argument)convection n.对流；传送(conveying,transmission)convenience n.便利(fitness or suitability)；便利设施convention n.惯例(custom)；公约(agreement)；（正式）会议conventional a.传统的，惯例的(traditional,customary)converge vi.汇聚，聚合(asssemble,aggregate)conversation n.交谈；会话converse vi.交谈(talk,discuss)convert vt.使…改变信仰；使转化（换）convey vt.运（送，输）(carry,transport)；传达(communicate,transfer)convict vt.定罪，宣告…有罪(cirminate)convince vt.使确信，说服(persuade,assure)cooperative a.合作的，协力的coordinate vt.协调，相配合(harmonize,cooperate)copper n.铜（币）coral n.珊瑚（虫）a.珊瑚色的，珊瑚红的corona n.日冕(sunglow)，光环(aura)corporate a.共同的；公司的(incorporated)correspond vi.符合(accord)；相应(match)correspondence n.信件；通信(communication by letters)；相应corrosion n.腐蚀（状态），侵蚀corrosive a.腐蚀（性）的cosmic a.宇宙的(universal)cosmos n.宇宙(universe)costume n.服饰(dress) vt.装束counseling n.咨询服务counselor n.顾问，法律顾问(advisor)counteract vt.消除(clear up)，抵消(neutralize)counterpart n.相对物，极相似的人或物；副本(duplicate)coupon n.礼卷，优惠卷(gift certificate)court n.法院；球场(playground,field)vt.向…献殷勤，追求crab n.蟹crack v.（使）破裂(break)n.裂（缝、纹）(split)craft n.工艺(art) vt.手工制作cramped a.（指空间）狭小的，狭窄的(limited)crater n.火山口；（弹）坑crawl v.n.缓慢（或费力）地行进，爬行(creep)creativity n.创造（力）credential n.证明书(certificate)，文凭(diploma)，资格(qualification) credit n.荣誉；学分；信用；银行存款vt.把…归给crest n.顶部（peak）crew n.全体船员；全体工作人员crippling a.令人震惊的(surprising)crisscross v.交叉往来crterion n.标准（standard)critic n.评论家，批评家（detractor)critical a.批评的，非难的(disapproving)critical a.非常重要的(essential,crucial)；危急的critique n.批评，评论(criticism,comment)crow n.乌鸦crown n.王冠；顶，冠crucial a.至关重要的，决定性的(important,essential)crude a.天然的，未提炼的(unrefined)；粗糙的（rough）crusade n.十字军（远征）；运动(movement)vi.加入十字军，投身正义运动crush vt.碾碎（grind）；使变形crust n.硬壳，地壳；面包皮crustacean n.甲壳类动物crystal n.水晶；晶体 a.透明的（clear）；结晶状的cube n.立方体，立方cue n.暗示，提示（hint）cultivate vt.耕种；培养（bring up，foster）cultivated a.栽植的（grown）；有修养的（educated）culture n.文化，文明；培养vt.培养cumbersome a.笨重的（awkward）；麻烦的（troublesome）cuneiform a.楔形的n.楔形文字curiosity n.好奇心（desire to know）current a.当前的(ongoing)current n.（液体、气体的）流(stream)；趋势(tendency)curriculum n.课程（course）curve n.曲线，弯曲vt.弄弯（bend）cushion n.垫子（pillow）vt.缓冲custom n.进口税（duties)；海关cylinder n.圆柱体；汽缸dairy n.牛奶场；奶制品dam n.坝，堤damp a.潮湿的（moist）dated a.过时的（old－fashioned）dawn n.黎明；开端（outset）dazzling a.眼花缭乱的，耀眼的deadline n.最后期限，截止时间deadly a.致命的（deathful，fatal）dealer n.商人，小贩（businessman，peddler）debate n./v.辩论（argue）；讨论，争论(discuss,dispute)debris n.废墟，残骸（ruin，remains）；碎片（fragment）debut n./v.首次演出decade n.十年decay vi./n.腐烂（rot）；衰落（decline）deceive vt.欺骗（trick）decent a.体面的(honorable)；适当的(suitable)；令人满意的(satisfactory) deceptive a.欺骗性的（fraudulent）deciduous a.每年落叶的decipher vi.破译，解释（decode）declaration n.宣言declare vt.表明（announce)；宣称（assert）decline n./vi.下降（descend）；衰退（decay）decode vt.译解（interpret）decompose v.分解（disintegrate）；（使）腐烂（decay，rot）decorate vt.装饰（adorn，ornament）decrease vi.减少（diminish，reduce）n.减少dedicate vt.（使）致力于（devote），奉献dedication n.奉献；题献词defect n.瑕疵（flaw）；过失defense n.防御，防卫（protection）deficiency n.不足，缺乏（lack）deficient a.不足的，缺乏的（inadequate）define vt.定义，解释（explain）definte a.清楚的，确切的（distinct，precise）definitive a.确定的，最后的deform v.（使）变形（distort）delegate n.代表（representative）vt.授权（authorize）deliberate a.审慎的，深思熟虑的（careful，cogitative）delicate a.易损的（fragial）；微妙的（subtle）；精巧的（exquisite）delicious a.美味的，可口的（tasty，savory）delight n.使人高兴的东西v.（使）愉快（please）deliver v.传递，传送（transmit，pass）；陈述（state）delta n.（河流的）三角洲demanding a.苛求的（rigorous）democrat n.民主主义者，民主人士；美国民主党人democratic a.民主的demolish vt.拆除（dismantle）；破坏（destroy）demonstrate vt.论证，表明（show）denote vt.表示（show）dense a.密集的，浓厚的（thick）dentist n.牙科医生deny vt.否认（negate）；拒绝（refuse）depart vi.离开（leave，exit）；背离（deviate）depend vi.依靠，依赖（rely）；取决于（lie on）depict vt.描写，描述（present，describe）；描绘（portray）deplete vt.使枯竭，耗尽（use up，exhaust）deposit vt.沉淀（settle）；堆积（accumulate）；存款deposit n.堆积物(accumulation)depression n.萧条（期）（recession）；坑；低气压；沮丧(dejection) deprive vt.使丧失，剥夺（take away）derive vi.得自，源于（originate）descend vi.遗传（inherit）；下降（fall)descent n.血统（ancestry）；下降（drop）describe vt.描写，描述（portray，depict）；称做（call）descriptive a.描述性的deserted a.荒废的（obsolete）；无人的（void）deserve vt.应得，值得（be entitled to）designate vt.指定（name，appoint）；任命（nominate）desire vt.想要，渴望desolate a.荒凉的（deserted）desperate a.令人绝望的（despairing）dessert n.（餐后）甜点destined a.注定的（doomed）destruction n.毁坏，毁灭（destroy）destructive a.破坏性的（ruinous）detect vt.发现，察觉（discover）；探测（explore）detective n.侦探 a.侦探的deter vt.阻止（prevent）deteriorate vi.变坏；变质（erode）determine vt.确定（dictate）；决定（decide）detest vt.憎恶（hate）devastate vt.破坏（ruin）device n.装置，设备（equipment，apparatus）；手法（technique）devise vt.设计（contrive）；发明（invent）；想出（think out）devoid a.全无的（empty）devote vt.为…付出（时间、精力等）；献身于（dedicate）作…之用devour vt.贪婪地吃；吞食（consume）diagnose vt.诊断diagonal a.倾斜的n.斜线dialect n.方言（idiom）diameter n.直径dictate vt.规定（regulate）；决定（determine）diction n.措辞，用语（expression）diet n.饮食，食物vi.节食differentiate v.（使）不同，区别（distinguish）diffuse v.传播（travel）；扩散（spread）a.散开的digest vt.消化，吸收（absorb）digestive a.消化的；助消化的dignity n.尊严；高贵（nobleness）dilemma n.进退两难的局面dilute vt.稀释；淡化（desalt）dim a.模糊的（faint）；暗淡的（pale）dimension n.维（数）；尺度（measure）；方面（aspect）大小diminish v.减低重要性（debase，devalue）；（使）变小（decrease）dinosaur n.恐龙dioxide n.二氧化碳diplomat n.外交官director n.导演；主管；负责人(principal)directory n.人名地址录；目录disadvantage n.缺点（drawback）；不利（handicap）disaster n.灾难（catastrophe）；彻底的失败discard vt.丢弃（reject）discern vt.洞悉（ascertain）；识别（identify）discharge n.流出物；放电vt.释放（release）discipline n.纪律；科学（subject）vt.训练（drill)；惩罚（punish）discount n.折扣discrete a.分离的（separate）discrimination n.识别，辨认（discernment）disease n.疾病（illness，sickness）disguise vt./n.掩饰（mask）；伪装（pretend）disgust vt.厌恶，嫌恶（detest，loathe）disintegrate v.（使）瓦解（collapse）；（使）碎裂（smash）disinterested a.无个人利害关系的；无私的dismal a.阴沉的（gloomy）；忧郁的（blue）dismay vt./n.使气馁，使沮丧（discourage，deject）disorder n.混乱，动乱（chaos）；失调（maladjustment）displace vt.取代（replace）；移置display vt./n.陈列（exhibit）；展示（demonstrate）；显示(show) dispose v.使愿意做；除掉（get rid of）dispute n.争论（arguement）；纠纷v.争论（debate）disrupt vt.使中断（interrupt）；扰乱（disturb）disseminate vt.散布，传播（spread）dissolve v. （使）溶解（melt,liquefy）；清除（eliminate）distinct a.明显的（visible）；明确的；不同的（separate，different）distinguish v.区别，辨别（discriminate，differentiate）；出名distort vt.弄歪（形状等）（twist);歪曲（misrepresent）distract vt.分散注意力，使…分心distress n.痛苦，不幸（pain，grief）distribute vt.分配，分发（parcel out）；散布（scatter，spread）disturbance n.干扰（interference）；骚动（stir）dive n./vi.跳水；潜水（submerge）diverse a.不同的（different）；多样的（varied，various）diversification n.多样化diversity n.多样性（variety）divert vt.转移（distract）；使娱乐（amuse,entertain）division n.划分（partition）；除法doctrine n.教条，教义（dogma，teachings）；学说（theory）documentary a.文献的；纪实的（realistic）n.纪录片documentation n.文件（file）dolphin n.海豚domain n.领域（field）；领土（territory）domestic a.国内的（internal）；家庭的（household）；家养的dominate v.支配（monopolize）；控制（control,rule）vi.盛行(prevail) donate vt.捐献（contribute）；赠送（present）dormant a.静止的（inactive）；休眠的（resting）dormitory n.宿舍（hostel）downtown ad./a.在市区（的），往市区（的）draft n.草图（sketch），草稿vt.起草 a.供役使的drain n.排水；消耗（expenditure）v.（使）流走（flow away）dramatic a.引人注目的（striking）；戏剧性的（theatrical）；生动的（vivid）drastic a.剧烈的（fierce，intense）drift n./vi.漂流；漂泊drill v.钻（孔），打眼（bore）n.钻（孔）；操练（practice）drought n.干旱（期）dubious a.可疑的（questionable）ductile a.易延展的（plastic）due a.到期的；由于（owe to）；预定的（scheduled）dull a.单调的（drab）；迟钝的（slow）dump vt.倾卸，倾倒duplicate vt.复写，复制durable a.持久的，耐用的（long－lasting，lasting）dwarf n.侏儒；矮小的东西vt.使…显得矮小（outshine）dwelling n.住处（house）ease n.不费力Easter n.复活节eccentric a.古怪的；反常的（odd，abnormal）eclipse n.（日月）食vt.使相形见绌ecology n.生态，生态学economy n.经济（制度）；节俭，节约（thrift，saving）ecosystem n.生态系统edible a.可食用的（eatable）edifice n.高大的或宏伟的建筑物editorial n.社论a.社论的eject vt.逐出（expel）；喷出（erupt）elaborate a.精心计划（制作）的（detailed），复杂精美的（ornate，complex）elective a.选修的（optional）electricity n.电；电流electron n.电子elegant a.雅致的，高雅的element n.元素，要素（component）；基础（foundation）elementary a.初级的（primary）elevate vt.举起，抬高（lift，raise）elicit vt.得出，引出（bring out，educe）eligible a.符合条件的，合格的（qualified）eliminate vt.消除；淘汰（eradicate，remove）elliptical a.椭圆的elm n.榆树eloquent a.雄辩的（expressive）；动人的（appealing）elusive a.难懂的；难捕捉的embarrass v.（使）尴尬；（使）困窘embellish vt.修饰（decorate）；渲染（exaggerate）emblem n.徽章（badge）embody vt.体现（express）；含有（contain）embrace vt.乐意或渴望从事于（welcome）embryo n.胚胎；雏形emerald n.绿宝石emerge 显露；暴露（appear）eminent a.显著的；杰出的（outstanding，distinguished）emission n.散发（物），发射emit vt.发出（give off，produce）；放射（radiate）emotion n.感情；情绪（sentiment，feeling）emotional a.感情（上）的，情绪（上）的emphasize vt.强调，着重；重读（stress）enactment n.制度（establishment）encase vt.包住（embed）enclose vt.围住；把…装入（信封、包裹等）encompass vt.包含（include）；环绕（encircle）encounter n./vt.偶然碰到（come across）；遭遇（meet）encourage vt.鼓励，促进（urge，stimulate）encroach vi.侵占，吞食endangered a.将要绝种的（extinct）endeavor vi./n.努力，尽力（strive，effort）endow vt.使天生具有；赋予endure v.忍受，忍耐（tolerate，suffer）enforce vt.实施，执行（carry out）；强迫（compel）engaging a.迷人的（charming）engine n.引擎，发动机engraving n.雕刻术；版画（print）engulf vt.吞没（merge）enhance vt.提高（increase，improve）；增强（enrich）enlightenment n.启发，启迪（illumination）enormous a.巨大的，极大的（remarkable，massive）enrich vt.使充实，使肥沃（fertilize）enroll v.登记（check in）；注册（register）entail vt.牵涉（involve）enterprise n.公司（corporation）；事业enterprising a.有事业心的，有进取心的（ambitious）entertain v.招待；使娱乐（amuse）enthusiasm n.热情（passion）；积极性（positivity）entitle vt.使有权（做某事）entry n.进入（权)；入口处（entrance）envelop vt.包围（surround,encircle）enzyme n.酶，酵素ephemeral a.短暂的，转瞬即逝的（transient）epic n.史诗 a.英雄的epidemic n.流行（popularity）；流行病episode n.一段时期（period）；（电视剧的）一集；一段情节epitomize vt.成为…的缩影epoch n.新纪元，时代（era）equal a.相同的（same）vt.等于（amount）；相当于n.相等的人equator n.赤道equivalent a.相同的（identical）；相当的（interchangeable）equivalent n.对等物（equal）；等价物era n.纪元；时代（period of time，epoch）erect a.直立的（upright）vt.建立（establish）erode vt.侵蚀，腐蚀（corrode，rot）errand n.差事；差使（assignment，task）erupt vi.爆发（burst out）essay n.散文（prose），短文，评论（comment）essence n.本质，精髓（basic nature）essential a.基本的，本质的（substaintial）；重要的establish vt.建立（set，enact）；安置estate n.地产（lands）estimate v.估计（judge，reckon）；估价（value）n.估价；估计eternal a.永恒的，不朽的（lasting）ethics n.道德规范；伦理学ethnic a.种族的（racial）；民族的（national）。
托福英语词汇集（带音标）
托福英语词汇集（带音标）insect n. 昆虫concentration n. 浓度, 集中(物)alternative n. 供替代的抉择configuration n. 形状；布局rehabilitation n. 恢复reach n. 地带amazing a. 令人吃惊的competence n. 能力rod n. 杆，棒条eyelid n. 脸vertical a. 垂直的adolescent n. 青少年(此处是类比)horsefly n. 马蝇；虻archaeologist n. 考古学家extend vi. 延伸lull vt. 使安静topsoil n. 表层土constrain vt. 强迫；压制，抑制precede vt. 先于counterbalance vt. 使平衡organ n. 风琴nondramatic a. 非戏剧的timed a. 定时的piling n. 桩木ultimately ad. 最终constitution n. 章程, 宪法chain n. 连锁，一系列,vt. 拘禁；用链条拴住molecule n. 分子vista n. 远景era n. 时代depression n. 经济萧条inhabitant n. 居民rural a. 乡村的；农村的astronomer n. 天文学家invasion n. 侵犯dictate n. 命令，要求humiliate vt. 羞辱subspecies n. 亚种root n. 词根film vt. 拍摄,n.胶卷*genre n. 类型；体裁writhe vi. 扭动；缠绕grasshopper n. 蚂蚱glimpse n. 一瞥,一闪seclude vt. 使隔绝urge vt. 力劝；敦促, n. 强烈的欲望，冲动judgment n. 判断packed a. 压紧的reputed a. 被一般认定的；普遍认为的feminist a. 主张男女平等的；女权主义的object vt. 反对，n. 物体，目的；目标；宗旨namely ad. 即，那就是superintendent n. 主管人；监督人unearth vt. (从地下)发掘；掘出spring vi. 反弹；跳parasite n. 寄生虫investment n. 投资conductor n. 导体, 列车员, 指挥skull n. 颅骨stretch vi. 延伸sheer a. 全然的；纯粹的tambourine n. 铃鼓；小手鼓concave a. 凹面的rhetoric n. 雄辩术；修辞学convict vt. 证明...有罪，宣判有罪corona n. 日冕；冠状物pyramid n. 金字塔suburbanization n. 使郊区化analogy n. 类比pestilential a. 有害的；引起瘟疫的burgeon vi. 迅速生长；发芽；抽枝inferiority n. 自卑感unaffected a. 不受影响的inherit vt. 继承mime vt. 以滑稽剧的形式表演；模拟tavern n. 小洒店；客栈prosecute vt. 起诉；告发theme n. 主题affordable a. 买得起的undergraduate n. (本科)学生(与postgraduate研究生相对) congenial a. 协调的；意气相投的lesser a. 较小的，次要的scavenge vt. (动物)以(腐肉或垃圾)为食transport vt. 运输clergy n. (总称)教牧人员；神职人员lathe n. 车床seep vi. 渗出sophisticated a. 精密的；复杂的；尖端的nickle n. 5美分underscore vt. 强调，加强campaign n. 竞选活动tectonic a. 构造的location n. 位置，场地；外景拍摄地handily ad. 轻易地；灵巧地larva n. 幼体cyan n. (介乎绿色和蓝色之间的)青色secure vt. 获得；使安全(可靠)hillside n. 山坡erode vt. 削弱；腐蚀scale n. 鳞filter vi. 渗入；过滤treasurer n. 财务主管swelling n. 隆起部metropolis n. 大城市extract vt. (费力地)取出；提炼radius n. (复数为radii/radiuses)范围；半径fancy a. 昂贵的；花哨的colossal a. 巨大的parcel n. (土地)一块；一片，包裹embryo n. 胚elaborate a. 复杂的vt. 精心制做，详述ameliorate vt. 改善；缓和anatomy n. 解剖monument n. 纪念碑reaish n. 小萝卜variance n. 分岐；差异surface vi. 出现；露面jury n. 陪审团undermine vt. 逐渐损害(削弱)；在...下挖engage vt. 施展；吸引；占用(时间，精力等) mantle n. 地幔entry n. 参加比赛的人(或物) disguise n. 伪装；假扮jostle vt. 挤，推；搅扰；同...竞争idyllic a. 田园诗般的straight-grained直纹的minimize vt. 最小化resolution n. 分辨率，清晰度；决心seeker n. 寻求者advance vt. 提升,提出bestow vt. 给予long-standing a. 长时间的metabolic a. 新陈代谢的considerably ad. 十分地；相当地shortage n. 缺少；不足geologic a. 地质的pressure n. 压力eternal a. 永恒的illusion n. 幻觉self-expression自我表现unimpeded a. 未受阻碍的repetitive a. 重复的drape vi. 呈褶状垂下discern vt. 看出；识别fitness n. 适应性arsenal n. 军工厂toil a. 艰苦地行走associate n. 伙伴，同事photoconductive a. 光电导的community n. 社区,团体,(生)群落substitute n. 代用品；替代物converge vi. 汇合diverge vi. 分离；分叉excel vi. 突出；超常collaborator n. 协作者；合作者alloy n. 合金obsolete a. 废弃的；过时的consume vt. 消耗；花费subsidiary a. 次要的；附属的sack n. 袋子outcome n. 结果；结局studio n. 画室reform n. 改革reclaim vt. 改造jumble vt. 乱堆；使杂乱connoisseur n. 行家；内行hover vi. 盘旋；彷徨productive a. 多产的ferromagnetic a. 铁磁的harness n. 马具，vt. 应用virtual a. 实际上起作用的，实质的rentable a. 可租用的pronounced a. 显著的；明显的normal a. 正常的substrate n. 本源；基础appropriate a. 私占，侵占；挪用；拨款twisted a. 扭曲的，歪曲的；(喻)恶毒的，邪恶的artisan n. 工匠；手工艺人curio n. 古董；珍品minimalist n. 极简抽象派艺术的vacant a. 空着的fray v. 磨损；摩擦dominance n. 优势，最高位置soak vt. 浸泡chilled-steel n. 淬火钢；硬化钢lacquer n. 漆；漆器subtle a. 微妙的；细微的discount vt. 不信，不考虑，怀疑地看待civilization n. 文明trial n.试验，a. 试验性的microbe n. 微生物quest n. 追求；探索rear n. 后部，vt. 养殖；培育secrecy n. 保密suspect vt. 认为，推测；怀疑cite vt. 引用imperative n. 命令，规则；必要的事line n. 种类modify vt. 改变subtitle n. 副标字幕air n. 气氛；外观railhead n. 铁路线的终点gamble v. 赌博hum n. 轰鸣声fragment n. 片段；碎片infrared a. & n. 红外线(的)quench vt. 冷却；平息till n. 冰碛物nightmare n. 恶梦background n. 背景onlooker n. 旁观者affiliate vt. 使录属于，使成分会员；使紧密联系woolly a. 毛茸茸的memorandum n. 备忘录disciple n. 学徒；弟子factor n. 因素monochrome a. 单色的n. 脑电图electroencephalogramcomposer n. 作曲家inspiring a. 鼓舞人心的；启发灵感的seal n. 海豹motorcycle n. 摩托车cast-iron a. 用铸铁制的handsomely ad. 相当大地，可观地shielding n. 防护罩neglect n. 忽视；忽略reserve n. (常作reserves)矿藏，储量dawn-horse始祖马capacity n. 容量；承受力prefer...to宁愿选择...而不是...purchase vt. 购买fiction n. 虚构；小说reaction n. 反应save prep. 除...之外gravity n. 重力；引力devotion n. 忠心decline n. 衰退；下降excess n. 过多的量；超越resourcefulness n. 足智多谋airtight vt. 捆绑；捆扎overturning n. 推翻commissioner n. 地方长官depreciation n. 贬值；折旧；跌价effective a. 有效的celebrity n. 名人；名流ornamental a. 装饰的syllable n. 音节repertory n. (保留节目轮演)剧团indispensable a. 必不可少的；必需的bound n. (常用复数)限制范围；界线clavichord n. (敲弦)古钢琴mechanics n. 构成；机制birthright n. 与生俱来的权力indefinitely ad. 不确定地genderless a. 无性的anti-Federalist反北部联邦同盟者second n. 秒arcade n. 拱形建筑物inspect vt. 检验wilderness n. 荒地gentility n. 高贵的出身income n. 收入scrap n. 碎片tilt n. 倾斜foray n. 初步的尝试；突袭ankle n. 踝disgust n. 恶心frame n. 构架eminence n. 卓越；显赫；(此处喻指高处) ceremonial a. 仪式的；礼节的drugstore n. 杂货店envision vt. 预测；想象isolated a. 与世隔绝的treaty n. 条约，协定spare a. (风格)不加渲染的；简朴的，vt. 用不着；免去desolate a. 荒凉的，荒芜的stern a. 严厉的visual a. 视觉的flute n. 笛子liveliness n. 活力essence n. 本质；实质thorough a. 完全的sin n. 罪孽solid a. 固体的；结实的，坚固的self-limiting a. 自我限制的symbolize vt. 象征overall a. 总的；全面的subsistence n. 活命；生存cosmic a. 宇宙的proclaim vt. 声明，宣告；表明zone n. 带；圈；层sew vi. 缝；干针线活stocky a. 矮胖的promptly ad. 立即contend vt. 声称，主张，认为favor vt. 有利于，有助于；赞同endocrine n. 内分泌tyrannical a. 暴君的，专横的rage vi. (战争等)激烈地进行cautious a. 谨慎的trapper n. 设陷阱捕兽者krill n. 鳞虾reputation n. 名声；声誉universe n. 宇宙patriarch n. 家长；族长parallel vt. 摆好姿势，与...并驾齐驱generous a. 大量的；慷慨的tale n. 故事attainment n. 成就demobilize vt. 使(军人)复员skyrocket vi. 突飞猛进emancipate vt. 解放storage n. 储存；仓库permanent a. 永久性的nutrition n. 营养interlocal a. 地区间的simplicity n. 简单；简易restore vt. 恢复critic n. 批评家survive vi. 活下来；幸存currently ad. 现在chlorine n. 氯formalize vt. 使形式化；使程序化preserve vt. 保留；保护paternal a. 父亲的amethyst n. 紫晶availability n. 可用性；可得性promoter n. 发起人；促进者fervor n. 热情；热诚sodium n. 钠unfailing a. 始终如一的extinction n. 灭绝dye n. 染料scout n. 侦察者self-winding a. 自动上发条的strap v. 捆扎negotiation n. 谈判indicator n. 指示者，指示物nitrogen n. 氮compose vt. 组成predominate vi. 占主导地位hatch vt. 孵prosper vi. 繁荣routine n. 一套固定舞步(或动作)，a. 普通的；惯例的spanking a. 飞快的；了不起pottery n. 陶器colonel n. 陆军上校inexorably ad. 不可阻挡地；不容变更地amplifier n. 放大器rebellion n. 反叛；反抗pinhead n. 针头，别针slimy a. 分泌黏液的rating n. 类别；分类obligation n. 义务，责任flamboyant a. 光彩夺目的；灿烂的；火焰似的dynamic a. 动态的；有活力的corset n. 紧身衣market vt. 销售；出售feud n. 长期不和speckle vt. 使弄上斑点；沾污outline vt. 描绘；画出...的轮廓footnote n. 脚注masonry n. 砖土建筑ventilation n. 通风孔；出口virtually ad. 实质上chaotically ad. 混乱的；无秩序controversy n. 争论；论战interval n. 间隙supremacy n. 至高无上，最高地位thunderous a. 雷声般的boom n. 兴旺consumer n. 消费者remnant n. 残余物arch vt. 使成弓形home-grown土生土长的conceal vt. 掩盖；隐瞒assume vt. 假定；想当然地认为；采取；承担，就(职)；steady a. 稳定的，稳固的intend vt. 打算；计划perspective n. 透视pivotal a. 关键的；枢轴的commute n. 承车上下班afloat a. & ad. 漂浮着(的)complementary a. 互补的，补充的relevant a. 有关的；有重大关系的wildcatter n. 盲目开采油井者vote vi. 选举；投票endear vt. 使受喜爱hospitable a. 宜人的，有利的；好客的distinction n. 著名，荣誉；区分，辨别recreation n. 消遣；娱乐alchemist n. 炼丹家network n. 网络pound vi. (连续)猛击delectable a. 美味的exaggerate vt/vi. 夸大rival vt. 与...竞争；与...同样好impurity n. 不纯；杂质coral n. 珊瑚transmission n. 发射；转播bag vt. 把...装进口袋puddle n. 水坑approach vt. 接近；靠近，n. 方法；态度rosy a. 美好的；乐观的；玫瑰色的steep a. 陡峭的；大起大落的sting vt. 刺beacon n. 灯塔；指向标upholsterer n. 室内装璜商exemplary a. 模范的distasteful a. 不合口味的；令人反感的procedure n. 程序fraction n. 部分notwithstanding prep. 尽管；还是threaten vt. 恐吓；威胁costume n. 服饰outweigh vt. 超过gallery n. 美术馆mineral n. 矿物academic a. 学术的territorial a. 领土的intrinsic a. 固有的，内在的load vt. 装载distribution n. 分布free-wheeling a. 随心所欲的，不受约束的lumber n. 木材exhilarating a. 使人高兴的；令人振奋的tower n. 高楼大厦boundary n. 分界线，边界calculate v. 估计barrel n. 桶condemn vt. 批评；责备remodel vt. 改造suspend vt. 吊；悬挂，中止；停止intimacy n. 熟悉；密切proportion n. 比例bitterness n. 痛苦claim vt. 要求得到vision n. 视力；视觉replace vt. 代替；取代overlapping n. 重叠unrelated a. 不相关的unattached a. 未结(订)婚的；非阶属的brawl v. 争吵；吵架programming n. (编排的)程序untapped a. 未开发的inextricably ad. 无法摆脱地ingenuity n. 独创性；设计创造力versatile a. 多才多艺的churn vi. (波涛)翻腾；剧烈搅动given prep. 考虑到tolerance n. 忍受enthusiasm n. 热情；激情framework n. 结构property n. 财产crust n. 地壳trace n. 痕迹，vt. 追溯；查考setting n. 环境；背景compass n. 罗盘specify vt. 明确说明urban a. 城市的elementary a. 基础的；初级的launch vt. 创办；发起rod-shaped a. 条形tourniquet n. 止血带unevenly ad. 不均匀的chlorophyll n. 叶绿素observe vt. 注意；观察labor-saving节省劳力的；减轻劳动强度的arthritis n. 关节炎bombard vt. 不断攻击；炮击pursue vt. 进行，从事；追求spectacular a. 壮观的function n. 功能；作用，vi. 起作用revitalization n. 复兴；新生predator n. 肉食动物；掠夺者previously ad. 先前plot n. 情节intent n. 意图recognition n. 承认；认可Arctic a. & n. 北极(的)multifunctional a. 多功能的ministry n. 过渡；变革stimulate vt. 刺激，引起pose vt. 造成；形成quotation n. 引文，语录wagon n. 篷车；四轮货运马车adrenalin n. 肾上腺素overwhelming a. 势不可挡的，压倒的mystify vt. 使...大为吃惊；使神秘化deposit n. 矿床abundant a. 充足的；富裕的hatchet n. 短柄小斧deccication n. 脱水；干贮amplification n. 扩大；加强etching n. 蚀刻；蚀刻画limb n. 肢confidence n. 信心comprehensive a. 综合的total a. 完全的；整个的，总体的stable a. 稳定的rewarding a. 有益的，有意义的；给予报偿的gap n. 空白somewhat ad. 有点conservative a. 保守的；守旧的hollow vt. 掏空chip vi. 削下碎片adaptation n. 适应bunch n. 群；帮.伙application n. 适用；用途conduct vt. 进行(研究)gingham a. 花格方布的landscape n. 地貌；风景hue n. 颜色varied a. 各种各样的warfare n. 战争harmony n. 和声overcome vt. 战胜proficiency n. 熟巧；精通donation n. 捐赠motivate vt. 激起corridor n. 地带；走廊exocrine n. 外分泌present vt. 提出perplexing a. 使人困感；令人费解的disadvantage n. 缺点coincidence n. 巧合complement vt. 补足；补充；完善cherish vt. 抱有；怀有descend vi. 是...后裔；祖传trunk n. 树干sentimental a. 多愁善感的reflection n. 反映；抒发spectrum n. 光谱；范围modestly ad. 谦虚地strenuous a. 费力的；紧张的trumpeter n. 小号手weed n. 杂草；野草snowflake n. 雪花stringent a. 严格的，严厉的comedy n. 喜剧band n. 波段stagecoach n. 马车supplant vt. 取代cohesive a. 内聚(力)的；有黏合性的fold vt. 折叠admiring a. 赞美的accusation n. 指控retool vt. 改组，重新装备literaryaward文学奖airborne airbear的过去分词，意为在空中instinctive a. 本能的project n. 计划；设计veteran n. 退役军人,老兵parental a. 亲本的humid a. 潮湿的legislature n. 议会；立法机关whale n. 鲸retain vt. 保持；保留pulse n. 脉冲；脉博understanding a. 善解人意的swift a. 迅速的fatigue n. 疲劳depositor n. 储户fieldwork n. 现场考古工作dot n. 点milieu n. 周围环境softball n. 垒球discerning a. 有识别力的dwelling n. 住所meteorite n. 陨石；流星capital n. 资本rigid a. 呆板的compaction n. 压实mass-scale a. 大规模的bony a. 多骨的；瘦的swampy a. 沼泽地的liberal a. 自由的potential a. 潜在的；可能的preponderance n. 优势，多数plainwire铁丝release vt. 释放；放出instability n. 不稳定性facelift n. 改建intelligence n. 智力；才智enterprise n. 企业odor n. 气味pollute vt. 污染punch vt. 用力击mitigate vt. 减轻；缓和conventional a. 习惯的，符合传统的subway n. 地铁massive a. 粗大的negative a. 消极的；负面的vent n. 通风孔；出口suborder n. 亚目barge n. 驳船debris n. 碎片intrepid a. 勇敢的deposit n. & v. 沉积；存储utilitarian a. 实用的，功利的juvenile n. 幼苗，幼体；少年sweep n. 猛烈移动base a. 差的；次的hit vt. 到达，n. 风行一时的作品puzzling a. 费解的deny v. 拒绝给予；拒绝(某人的)要求inactivity n. 迟钝extra a. 额外的；多余的preach vt. 鼓吹；宣讲paraphrase vt. 释义arranger n. 改编乐曲的人iodine n. 碘unconventional a. 不符合习俗的，异常的sediment n. 沉积物radically ad. 激烈地；根本地ultimate a. 最终的，最后的duke n. 公爵mode n. 方式vaudeville n. 杂耍；轻歌舞剧protein n. 蛋白质complicated a. 复杂的；难解的autonomy n. 自主；自治权pose n. 姿势enforce vt. 实施，使生效pregnant a. 怀孕的，妊娠的sanction n. 约束力；认可，许可，制裁tuner n. 调音者reduction n. 减少，简化；简约float vi. 漂浮lyrically ad. 抒情地；热情奔放地marvel n. 奇迹lens n. 透镜ongoing a. 进行中的annex vt. 并吞；附加confer vt. 授予exceed vt. 超过switchyard n. 调车场charge n. 指控mortal n. 人hazard n. 危险sun-baked a. 日晒的textile n. 纺织品 a. 纺织的reveal vt. 揭示；展示instinct n. 本能；直觉carat n. 公制克拉(钻石等珠宝的重量单位) commercial a. 商业的mission n. 任务；使命，天职built-in a. 内置的corps n. 队；团；特殊兵种innumerable a. 无数的，数不清的grassland n. 草场，牧场assumption n. 假设extensive a. 广泛的settlement n. 新拓居地；定居shadow n. 阴影feathery a. 羽状的lessen vt. 减少；减轻editorial n. 社会；重要评论plunge vt. 投入diversity n. 多样性；差异raise vt. 养殖；培育avenue n. 渠道；大街，林荫道multiplication n. 乘法bacteria n. (bacterium的复数)细菌concern n. 担扰；关心maintenance n. 保养；维持pervasive a. 遍布的；弥漫的directive n. 指示，命令inherent a. 生来的，固有的municipal a. 市(政)的laden a. 装满的；充满的purveyor n. 承办者angiotensin n. 高血压素；血管收缩素fair n. 集市likewise ad. 同样地；也pretense n. (pretence)虚假；做作chronological a. 按年月顺序的ambitious a. 费劲的，要求过高的；雄心勃勃的output n. 输出respect n. 方面thrust n. 推力；猛冲prudent a. 节俭的，善于经营的；审慎的extent n. 程度；范围deprivation n. 夺去；剥夺diameter n. 直径curiosity n. 好奇心erupt vi. 喷出accumulate vt. 积累elusive a. 难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的outcry n. 呼叫；呐喊stage n. 阶段spectacle n. 景象；壮观；场面clip vt. 剪；删uneven a. 不平坦的；不公平的；不均等的youngster n. 年轻人spontaneity n. 自发fall vi. 衰落superintendent n. 主管人；校长invite vt. 征求；欢迎impersonate vt. 扮演；模仿strain n. 品种；血统，负担；紧张documentation n. 文献资料barren a. 贫瘠的；不毛的tank n. 水池；坦克composition n. 组成，构成fumigate vt. 烟熏；熏蒸allegory n. 寓意；寓言affinity n. 密切关系sac n. 囊sanitation n. 卫生；卫生设备everlasting a. 永恒的；永久的introspective a. 内省的；反省的dissenter n. 反对者aggregation n. 聚集地spine n. 脊椎seat n. 职位precious a. 宝贵的aesthetic a. 美学的；审美的hierarchy n. 等级；范围equator n. 赤道horde n. (贬)群flagella n. (flagellum的复数)鞭毛虫tessellation n. 镶嵌细工facade n. 正面foghorn n. 雾角maturity n. 成熟wander vt. 漫游convex a. 凸的lace n. 带子carnivorous a. 食肉的devastate vt. 破坏Enlightenment n. 启蒙运动shade n. 色度；颜色深浅silt n. 淤泥supernatural a. 超自然的orchid n. 兰花continental a. 大陆(性)的prolific a. 多产的hydrogen n. 氢reature vt. 以...为特色；给...以显著地位stain vt. 玷污，n. 染色；污迹confine vt. 限制；禁闭fabric n. 结构；构造acquire vt. 习得triangle n. 三角形pulp n. 纸浆campaign vi. 从事活动；参加运动towering a. 高耸入云的remains n. (复)残余；剩余物superficial a. 肤浅的minute a. 微小的eons n. (aeon)极长时期，万古；千万年Amendment n. 修正案monster n. 怪物；巨兽designation n. 表明，指定coat n. 皮毛,层decade n. 十年enhance vt. 增加seasonal a. 季节性的halt vt. 停止priority n. 居前；优先考虑的事characterize vt. 显示...的特色mine vt. 开采choppy a. 波涛起伏的astronaut n. 宇航员embody vt. 体现，包含rumble v. 发隆隆声；隆隆地进行consequently ad. 合乎逻辑的；随之发生的beaver n. 河狸pigment n. 颜料evaporation n. 蒸发process n. 过程uniform a. 均匀的；统一的, n. 制服 v. 穿制服replicate vi. 复制freshwater n. 淡水meander vi. 蜿蜒而流miasmic a. 瘅气的；有害的loom vi. 隐隐呈现controversial a. 有争论的faint a. 浅淡的column n. 柱clarify vt. 使清晰明了；澄清inhabit vt. 栖居于mammal n. 哺乳动物nickname n. 绰号；process n. 过程splinter vt. 分散；分裂coordinated a. 协调的percussive a. 打击乐器的consequence n. 结果；后果drainage n. 流域；排水系统；下水道means n. (单复数同)手段；方法，(复)金钱，财力rectangle n. 长方形Chicano n. 住在美国的墨西哥人hacienda n. 庄园；庄园住宅cluster n. 一组；一群;vi. 群集，丛生surge vi. 激增；波浪般汹涌奔腾hippopotamus n. 河马speculator n. 投机商shrink vi. (过去分词shrunk)收缩fort n. 要塞；城堡fiber n. 纤维citadel n. 堡垒；避难所phenomenon n. (复数phenomena) 现象dwarf n. 侏儒星publicized a. 众所周知的chase vt. 追赶overlap n. 重叠glare n. 耀眼的光outlying a. 远离中心的；边远的transmit vt. 传送；传导deceive...into...欺骗...来(做)grit n. 勇气，坚毅；砂子nature n. 性质trade vi. 进行交易lash vt. 捆绑mass n. (聚成一体的)团；快，堆v. 集中，聚集collapse v. & n. 倒坍；崩溃metropolitan a. 大城市的sensitivity n. 繁感性cycle n. 循环；周期global a. 完整的；全球的gush vi. 喷；涌innovator n. 发明者consequent a. 随之发生的illustrate vt. (用图或例子)说明，表明horizon n. 范围，眼界；地平线rational a. 理智的；理性的；合理的spy v. 侦察instruct vt. 指示；分咐explicit a. 明确的accessibility n. 可得性；可近性portrayal n. 描绘；描写providence n. 上帝；天命plot n. 情节rejoin vt. 再连接；重新结合absenteeism n. 旷工；旷课tunnel n. & vi. 隧道；挖隧道painstaking a. 刻苦的fossilize vt. 使成化石superior a. 优良的；卓越的adopt vt. 采取，采纳musicologist n. 音乐理论家two-toed两趾的metazoan n. 后生动物，多细胞动物yielding a. 柔性的；易弯曲的fluorine n. 氟squarely ad. 坚定地；坚实地；直接地forbidding a. 令人生畏的，险恶的，难以靠近(或通过)的nascent a. 新生的，诞生中的initial a. 最初的，首先的，a. (姓名的)首字母jellyfish n. 海蜇topaz n. 黄晶，黄玉shrill n. 尖声；尖叫trait n. 特征stalk vt. 跟踪，n. 茎，梗barrier n. 障碍；屏障helium n. 氦primary a. 首要的；主要的stir vt. 搅拌antiquated a. 陈旧的，老式的hardware n. (总称)金属器材valiant a. 勇敢的withstand vt. 忍受identifiable a. 可证明是同一的；可识别的tile vt. 贴砖于；用瓦盖strength n. 强点，长处ironworks n. (用单或复)钢铁厂glue n. 胶水，vt. 用胶粘hail n. 冰雹，vt. 欢迎concrete a. 具体的envelope n. 外壳,vt. 笼罩respective a. 各自的，分别的droplet n. 微滴distorted a. 扭曲的；被歪曲的native a. 本地的illuminate vt. 阐明，解释；照明dominate vt. 占主导地位replenish vt. 补充；把...装满erosion n. 侵蚀tanyard n. (tannery)(制革工场的)鞣(革)桶放置场steamer n. 汽船；轮船elixir n. 精华；长生不老药prevailing a. 流行的；普遍的descendant n. 后代；派生物armor n. 盔甲coordination n. 协调contender n. 竞争者periphery n. 边缘地区stripe n. 长条；条纹hold vt. 主张；坚持，认为grandeur n. 伟大；壮丽staggering a. 惊人的；摇晃的。
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1995年托福单词subject to#v.使服从,使遭受[]uncharted#adj.未知的; 图上未标明的[ˌʌn｀tʃɑ:tid]void#adj.空的, 空虚的没有…的无效的#n.太空, 宇宙空间空隙, 空处空虚感, 失落感[vɔid]sediments#n.沉积物[]deep drilling#n.深井钻井[]drill#n.钻头, 钻床操练, 训练#vt. [ vi.钻(孔); 打(眼)操练, 训练[dril]extract#n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物#vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出[iks｀trækt]vessel#n.船, 舰容器血管, 脉管, 导管[｀vesəl$0log#n.原木, 木材, 木料航海[飞行]日志#vt.把…记入航海日志航行(…距离), 飞行(…小时)#vt. [ vi.砍伐[lɔɡ]core#n.果核核心, 精髓, 要点[kɔ:]geologist#n.地质学者[dʒi｀ɔlədʒist]plate tectonics#n.板块构造论[]tectonic#adj.构造的,建筑的[tek｀tɔnik]insight into#n.洞察…[]insight#n.洞察力, 洞悉, 深刻的见解领悟, 顿悟[｀insait]surge#n.(感情等)洋溢, 奔放浪涛般汹涌奔腾#vi.(人群等)蜂拥而出(感情等)洋溢, 奔放(波涛等)汹涌, 奔腾[sə:dʒ]baby boom#n.生育高峰[]boom#n.(营业等的)激增, (经济等的)繁荣, 迅速发展隆隆声#vi.激增, 猛涨, 兴隆发出隆隆声[bu:m]exceed#vi.(在数量、质量上)突出, 领先#vt.超过; 超越[ik｀si:d]prairie#n.(尤指北美的)大草原[｀prɛəri]derive#vt. [ vi.得到源于[di｀raiv]derived from#n.采自[]fall in step#n.顺着…的步调走[]claim for#n.要求支付…的费用声称〔宣布〕…属于[]advocate#n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人#vt.提倡, 主张[｀ædvəkeit]proclaim#vt.正式宣布显示[prə｀kleim]spark#n.火花; 火星丝毫, 略微, 一点点#vi.发出火星; 发出闪光#vt.使大感兴趣导致[spɑ:k]inadequate#adj.不充足的, 不适当的不足胜任的, 信心不足的[in｀ædikwit]preponderance #n.数量上的优势[pri｀pɔndərəns]ponder#vt. [ vi.考虑; 深思熟虑[｀pɔndə]publicize#vt.宣传(某事物)(尤指用广告)[｀pʌblisaiz]folklore#n.民间传统; 民间故事; 民俗[｀fəuklɔ:]besieged#v.包围,围绕,使烦恼[]siege#n.围攻; 围困; 围城(期间)[si:dʒ]substantiate#vt.用事实支持(某主张、说法等); 证明, 证实[səb｀stænʃieit]synthetic#adj.合成的, 人造的〈口〉假的, 非天然的; 虚伪的#n.合成物, 合成纤维[sin｀θetik]fertilized egg#n.受精卵[]fertilize#vt.施肥[｀fə:tilaiz]fumigate#vt.用化学品熏(某物)消毒[｀fju:miɡeit]ritual#adj.作为仪式的一部分的#n.(宗教等的)仪式例行公事, 老规矩[｀ritʃuəl]retain#vt.保持; 保留止住; 容纳[ri｀tein]veil#n.面纱覆盖物#vt.用面纱遮盖[veil]rite#n.仪式; 典礼[rait]myth#n.神话杜撰出来的人[事物][miθ]auditorium#n.观众席, 听众席礼堂, 会堂[ˌɔ:di｀tɔ:riəm]enactment#n.演出; 展现; 规定; 通过[i｀næktmənt]impersonate#vt.扮演模仿, 假冒[im｀pə:səneit]mime#n.指手画脚, 做手势哑剧哑剧演员#vt. [ vi.指手画脚地表演; 用哑剧的形式表演[maim]revival#n.复活, 再生; 复兴, 再流行(老戏多年后)重新上演[ri｀vaivəl]elaborate#adj.复杂的; 精心制作的#vi.详尽说明#vt.详细制定[i｀læbəreit]feat#n.功绩, 伟业; 技艺[fi:t]gymnastic#adj.体育的, 体操的[dʒim｀næstik]stagger#vi.蹒跚#vt.使…感到震惊[担心]错开[｀stæɡə]demobilize#vt. [ vi.〈正〉使复原, 遣散[di:｀məubilaiz]devastate#vt.毁坏; 使荒芜在感情上(精神上、财务上等)压垮[｀devəsteit]interference#n.干涉, 介入阻碍, 干扰[ˌɪntə｀fiərəns]plight#n.境况, 困境[plait]eclipse#n.(日、月)食消失, 黯然失色#vt.(日、月)食使黯然失色; 使蒙上阴影[i｀klips]retool#vt.改组; 革新#vt. [ vi.(给…)更换工具; (给…)更换机械设备[ˌri:｀tu:l]loom large#n.赫然耸立; 显得严重[]loom#n.织布机#vi. [ link v.隐约出现; 阴森地逼近[lu:m]prudent#adj.审慎的; 有先见之明的; 判断力强的[｀pru:dnt]devastation#n.毁灭[ˌdevəs｀teiʃən]herculean#adj.力大无比的；十分费力的[ˌhə:kju｀li:ən]herculean task#n.需要付出巨大气力的工作;极为艰巨的工作[]liable#adj.有法律责任的, 有义务的易患…的, 易受…之害的有做某事的倾向[｀laiəbl]treason#n.不忠, 叛逆, 谋反, 叛国(罪)[｀tri:zn]confederacy#n.(尤指国家之间的)联盟, 同盟[kən｀fedərəsi] insult#n.侮辱, 辱骂, 侮辱性的言论#vt.侮辱, 冒犯[in｀sʌlt]imprisonment#n.关押, 监禁[im｀priznmənt]convict#n.囚犯#vt.宣判有罪[kən｀vikt]atmospheric#adj.大气的; 大气层的制造气氛的[ˌætməs｀ferik]sequoia#vt.红杉, 巨杉[si｀kwɔiə]hypothesize#v.假设,假定,猜测[hai｀pɔθisaiz]stem#n.(花草的)茎, (树木的)干词干#vt.遏制[阻止](液体的流动等) [stem]conifer#n.针叶树[｀kəunifə]evaporation#n.蒸发(作用)[iˌvæpə｀reiʃən]vapor#n.水汽,水蒸气,无实质之物;自夸者#v.自夸;(使)蒸发[｀veipə]tension#n.紧张紧张的状态张力, 拉力[｀tenʃən]extend from#n.从…伸出来[]confined#adj.(指空间)有限的, 受限制的[kən｀faind]bore#n.令人讨厌的人或事物, 麻烦#vt.令人厌烦#vt. [ vi.挖, 掘, 钻, 开凿(洞、井、隧道等) [bɔ:]cohesion#n.粘连, 粘合; 团结; 凝聚力[kəu｀hi:ʒən]cohesive#adj.有结合力的产生结合力的; 产生内聚力的[kəu｀hi:siv]revised#n.改进的[]fabric#n.织物, 布构造, 组织[｀fæbrik]catalyze#vt.催化; 促进[｀kætəlaiz]inherent#adj.固有的; 内在的[in｀hiərənt] omnibus#adj.综合性的,混合的,(包括)多项的#n.公共汽车,公共马车,精选集[｀ɔmnibəs]trolley#n.(两轮或四轮的)手推车装有脚轮的小台车电车[｀trɔli]periphery#n.外围; 边缘〈解〉(神经)末梢周围[pə｀rifəri]sprawl#n.(城市)杂乱无序拓展的地区随意扩展; 蔓延; 蔓延物#vi.伸开四肢坐[躺]蔓延; 杂乱无序地拓展[sprɔ:l]lot#n.许多, 大量签; 抽签命运; 运气一块地, 场地[lɔt]plot#n.故事情节(秘密)计划, 密谋小块地皮#vt.把…分成小块; 划分绘制; 标出#vt. [ vi.密谋[plɔt]metropolitan#adj.大都会的, 大城市的中心地区的, 正宗的[ˌmetrə｀pɔlitən]surplus#adj.过剩的, 多余的#n.过剩[｀sə:pləs]subdivide#vt.再分, 细分[ˌsʌbdi｀vaid]vacant#adj.未被占用的, 空的(指职位)空缺的茫然的, 空虚的[｀veikənt]plotted#n.标绘的[]excess#adj.超重的, 过量的; 额外的#n.超过, 过多之量过度, 过分[｀ekses]underscore#n.底线#vt.划线于…下,强调[ˌʌndə｀skɔ:]invest#vt.授予#vt. [ vi.投资; 花费[in｀vest]heed#vt.听某人的劝告, 听从[hi:d]prime#adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的#n.全盛时期#vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况[praim]embryos#n.晶胚[｀embriəuz]juvenile#adj.少年的幼稚的, 年少无知的#n.青少年扮演少年角色的演员[｀dʒu:vinail]scattered#adj.分散的; 稀稀拉拉的[｀skætəd]scatter#n.零星少数; 少量#vt.撒#vt. [ vi.(使)散开, (使)分散; 驱散[｀skætə]scat#int.嘘!#n.爵士音乐中无意义的音节的演唱,敲打声#v.迅速走开,乱喊乱叫,无意义地乱唱;嘘叫着赶[skæt]ichthyosaur#n.鱼龙[｀ikθiəsɔ:]terrestrial#adj.地球的陆地的; 陆上的; 陆栖的; 陆生的[ti｀restriəl]decay#n.腐败、衰退的状态#vi.衰败, 衰退, 衰落#vt. [ vi.(使)腐烂, 腐朽[di｀kei]scavenge#v.打扫,以(腐肉)为食,从废物中提取[｀skævindʒ]jumble#vt. [ vi.混杂, (使)混乱[｀dʒʌmbl]treasury#n.(政府的)财政部国库, 金库[｀treʒəri]deposit#n.矿床, 矿藏; 沉淀物储蓄, 存款订金; 押金, 保证金#vt.放置; 放下存放; 交与…保管付订金[di｀pɔzit]bituminous#adj.含沥青的[bi｀tju:minəs]shale#n.页岩,泥板岩[ʃeil]specimen#n.范例, 典范, 实例样品, 标本某种类型的人, 家伙, 怪人[｀spesimən]reptiles#n.爬行动物[]invertebrate#adj.无脊椎的#n.无脊椎动物[in｀və:tibrət]canal#n.运河管道[kə｀næl]birth canal#n.产道[]quarry#n.采石场猎取的目标, 猎物#vt.采(石), 挖(沙)[｀kwɔri]account for #n.说明〔解释〕…原因[]concentration#n.专心, 专注集中, 集结[ˌkɔnsən｀treiʃən]famed#adj.著名的, 出名的[feimd]amid#prep.(表示位置)在…中间, 处于…之中, 为…所环绕(表示环境)处于…环境中, 处于…状态中; 由于存在…情况, 由于处于…状态中(表示让步)尽管有…的情况, 尽管存在…的状态[ə｀mid]mammoth#adj.巨大的n.猛犸，长毛象[｀mæməθ]rock salt#n.岩盐,石盐[]point of departure#n.开航点,出发点[]departure#n.离开, 离去[di｀pɑ:tʃə]winter#n.冬, 冬天, 冬季v.（尤指鸟）在某处过冬，越冬[｀wintə]Mandan#n.曼丹人(美国印第安人的一部族),其语言[｀mændæn]resume#n.摘要,概略,〈美〉履历#vt.重新取得; 再占有#vt. [ vi.重新开始; 恢复[ri｀zju:m]tributary#adj.(需向…)进贡的, 附庸的#n.支流[｀tribjutəri]speculation#n.思考, 思索, 推断, 推测推测的结论; 猜测投机活动投机买卖, 投机生意[ˌspekju｀leiʃən]speculate#vi.投机#vt. [ vi.思索; 猜测, 推测[｀spekjuleit]ancestry#n.祖先, 世系[｀ænsistri]spinet#n.小型拨弦古钢琴[spi｀net]dulcimer#n.洋琴[｀dʌlsimə]virginal#adj.处女的; 童贞的未经使用的; 未玷污的[｀və:dʒinl]organ#n.器官风琴机构新闻媒体, 宣传工具; 机关报[杂志][｀ɔ:ɡən]clavichord#n.击弦古钢琴[｀klævikɔ:d]harpsichord#n.羽管键琴[｀hɑ:psikɔ:d]supremacy#n.至高, 无上; 最高权力[sju:｀preməsi]supplant#vt.把…排挤掉, 取代[sə｀plɑ:nt]metallic#adj.金属的像金属的, 金属般的[mi｀tælik]sympathetic#adj.表示同情的赞同的, 支持的[ˌsimpə｀θetik]save#n.(足球等)阻碍对方得分的动作, 救球#prep.[conj.除了#vt.拯救, 挽救#vt. [ vi.储蓄, 贮存节省[seiv]versatility#n.多功能性[ˌvə:sə｀tiləti]recoil#n.(尤指枪炮的)反冲, 后坐力#vi.畏缩, 退缩(枪炮射击时)产生的后坐力[ri｀kɔil]felt pad#n.毛毡坐垫[]pad#n.垫, 护垫便笺本, 拍纸簿肉趾, 肉垫发射台住所, 房间, 公寓#vi.步行, 放轻脚步走#vt.给…装衬垫, 加垫子[pæd]sustain#vt.承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受[sə｀stein]myriad#adj.无数的#n.无数, 极大数量[｀miriəd]orchestral#adj.管弦乐队(演奏)的; 为管弦乐队创作的[ɔ:｀kestrəl]liquid#adj.液体的, 液态的清澈的, 明亮的(声音)流畅的易转换成现款的, 流动的#n.液体[｀likwid]percussive#adj.敲击的[pə:｀kʌsiv]pueblo#n.印第安人村庄[pu｀ebləu,｀pwebləu]niche#n.壁龛合适的位置[工作等][nitʃ]Anasazi#n.阿那萨齐族;阿那萨齐人[ˌɑ:nə｀sɑ:zi:]compound#n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地#vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化[｀kɔmpaund]virtually#adv.实际上; 事实上[｀və:tʃuəli]bluff#adj.直率的, 爽快的, 粗率的#n.欺骗, 恐吓悬崖, 峭壁#vi.以假象欺骗, 吹牛#vt.以虚张声势找出或达成[blʌf]masonry#n.石工工程; 砖瓦工工程[｀meisənri]adjoin#vt. [ vi.邻近, 毗连[ə｀dʒɔin]terrace#n.台地, 梯田台阶(房侧的)铺砌地面一排并列的房屋#vt.使(某物)成梯田形或台阶形[｀terəs]terraced#adj.台地的,阶地的;有平台的,有露台的[]kiva#n.大地穴(美国西部和墨西哥等地印第安人用作会堂的一种建筑)[｀ki:və]chamber#n.房间(作特殊用途的)房间会议厅, 会所[｀tʃeimbə]sanctuary#n.圣所, 圣地圣堂庇护所庇护, 庇护权避难所禁猎区, 鸟兽类保护区[｀sæŋktʃuəri]impart#vt.给予, 传授告知, 透露[im｀pɑ:t]lore#n.学问和传统[lɔ:]pit#n.坑煤矿, 矿坑#vt.使有麻子; 使有凹陷[pit]draft animal#n.役畜[]draft#n.草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队#vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍[drɑ:ft]sandstone#n.砂岩[｀sændstəun]canyon#n.峡谷[｀kænjən]haul#n.拖, 拉拖运货物的距离一网的捕获量, 一次偷得的数量#vt.运送传讯#vt. [ vi.拖, 拉[hɔ:l]mortar#n.砂浆, 灰浆[｀mɔ:tə] roof beam#n.屋顶梁[]beam#n.梁, 横梁束, 柱#vi.发出光与热面露喜色#vt.播送[bi:m]fir#n.〈植〉冷杉[fə:]tableland#n.高原[｀teibllænd]ascend#vt. [ vi.上升, 攀登[ə｀send]improvisation#n.即席创作[ˌimprəvai｀zeiʃən]congruity#n.一致,适合,调和[kɔŋ｀ɡru(:)iti]incongruity#n.不调和的,不适宜的[ˌinkɔŋ｀ɡru(:)iti]cellist#n.大提琴手[｀tʃelist]principal#adj.最重要的; 主要的#n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人[｀prinsəpəl]improvise#vt. [ vi.临时制作, 临时凑成[｀imprəvaiz]distribute#vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布[dis｀tribju:t]explicit#adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的[iks｀plisit]cue sheet#n.电视节目演播次序表;(电视工作者用)记事一览表[]cue#n.尾白, 提示暗示, 暗号, 指示#vt.向…发出指示信号[kju:]scores#n.大量，众多[skɔ:z]comprise#vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成[kəm｀praiz]mantle#n.覆盖物; 幕; 披风; 斗篷[｀mæntl]silicate rock#n.硅酸盐岩石[]silicate#n.硅酸盐[｀silikit] molten#adj.熔化的; 熔融的[｀məultən]crust#n.面包皮; 糕饼等的酥皮(泥土、雪等)硬的外层[krʌst]topographical features#n.地貌[]topographical#adj.地形学的[ˌtɔpə｀ɡræfikəl]deformation#n.损形; 变形; 畸形破相; 变丑; 残废[di｀fɔ:mʃən]be confined to#v.禁闭[]confine#n.界限, 范围#vt.限制; 局限于禁闭; 管制; 关起来[kən｀fain]converge#vi.(线条、运动的物体等)会于一点, 向一点会合(趋于)相似或相同[kən｀və:dʒ]margin#n.页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地[｀mɑ:dʒin]lava#n.(火山喷发的)熔岩(熔岩冷凝后的)火山岩[｀lɑ:və]issue from#n.从…大量涌出由于…产生[]mid-ocean ridge#n.洋中脊[]ridge#n.脊, 山脊脊状突起[ridʒ]rift#n.裂缝, 裂隙分裂, 不和[rift]subduct#v.①下拉；(使)下降②除去；撤去[səb｀dʌkt]collide#vi.相撞, 碰撞冲突, 抵触, 不一致[kə｀laid]buckle#n.搭扣, 扣环#vt. [ vi.用搭扣扣紧(使)变形, 弯曲[｀bʌkl]well-being#n.健康; 幸福[ˌwel｀bi:ɪŋ]coincident#adj.同时发生的; (时间上)巧合的相符的; 一致的[kəu｀insidənt]exceptionally#[]distinctive#adj.有特色的, 与众不同的[dis｀tiŋktiv]distinct#adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的[dis｀tiŋkt]bias#n.偏见, 偏心, 偏袒#vt.使倾向于[｀baiəs]get in#n.收割, 收获插话到达当选[]landmass#n.大陆[｀lændˌmæs]the bulk of#n.大部分, 主要部分[]bulk#n.(巨大)物体, (大)块, (大)团主体, 绝大部分#vt. [ vi.变得越来越大(或重要)[bʌlk]constrain#vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束[kən｀strein]phyla#n.(生物分类学上的)门,语群(比语系关系松散的一种语言)(phylum的复数)[｀failə]representation#n.表现, 表示, 代理表现…的事物, 图画, 雕塑[ˌreprizen｀teiʃən]abundant#adj.大量的, 充足的; 丰富的[ə｀bʌndənt]on the order of#n.〈美〉大约, 与…相似[]assorted#adj.各种各样的; 五花八门的[ə｀sɔ:tid]larvae#n.幼虫[]sponge#n.海绵#vt.(用海绵或海绵状物)擦拭, 清除#vt. [ vi.骗取; 敲詐; 揩油[spʌndʒ]starfish#n.海星(一种海洋动物)[｀stɑ:fiʃ]clam#n.蚌, 蛤#vi.(在沙滩上)挖蛤[klæm]hem in#v.包围[]hem#n.布的褶边; 贴边短促的咳嗽#vt.缝…的褶边包围[hem]prevailing wind#n.主风;盛行风[]prevail #vi.说服, 劝说; 诱使盛行, 流行获胜; 占优势[pri｀veil]moist#adj.潮湿的, 微湿的[mɔist]moisture#n.水分, 水气, 湿气#vt.使防潮[｀mɔistʃə]precipitate#adj.(指行动)急促的, 迅猛的(指行动)未经考虑的, 仓促的(指人)鲁莽的, 仓促行事的, 感情用事的#n.〈化〉沉淀物; 析出物; 冷凝物#vi.沉淀, 淀析; 凝结#vt.(突如其来地)使发生; 促成猛然摔下使沉淀, 使淀析[pri｀sipiteit]wring#vt.绞, 拧, 扭(尤指脖子)握紧(尤指别人的手)把(湿衣服)拧干; 绞掉(水)[riŋ]watercourse#n.水道,河道[｀wɔ:təkɔ:s]cottonwood#n.三叶杨,棉白杨[｀kɔtənwud]willow#n.柳树[｀wiləu]eke#vt.补充,增加[i:k]sparse#adj.稀疏的; 稀少的[spɑ:s]pinon#n.矮松,矮松果[]juniper#n.刺柏属丛木或树木[｀dʒu:nipə]arid#adj.干旱的, 贫瘠的[｀ærid]depression#n.忧伤, 消沉, 沮丧经济大萧条, 不景气时期凹陷, 洼地低气压(地区)[di｀preʃən]briny#adj.海水的, 盐水的, 咸的#n.海洋[｀braini]remnant#n.剩余部分, 残余零料, 零头布[｀remnənt]basin#n.盆, 碗流域[｀beisn]latitude#n.纬度特指的纬度地区自由, 自由范围[｀lætitju:d]receptacle#n.容器; 放置物品的地方[ri｀septəkl]。