2019专升本英语语法复习指导
专升本英语语法与词汇知识点总结

专升本英语语法与词汇知识点总结在专升本的英语考试中,语法和词汇是两个至关重要的部分。
掌握好这两方面的知识,对于提升英语成绩和语言运用能力有着举足轻重的作用。
下面,我将为大家详细总结专升本英语中常见的语法和词汇知识点。
一、语法知识点(一)动词时态1、一般现在时表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观真理。
其构成是主语+动词原形(当主语是第三人称单数时,动词要加“s”或“es”)。
例如:“He often goes to school by bike”2、一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
构成是主语+动词的过去式。
如:“I played basketball yesterday”3、现在进行时表示正在进行的动作。
其结构是“主语+ be 动词+动词的现在分词”。
比如:“They are watching TV now”4、过去进行时强调过去某个时间正在进行的动作,形式为“主语+ was/were +动词的现在分词”。
像:“I was reading a book at that time”5、现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或者从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。
其构成是“主语+ have/has +过去分词”。
例如:“She has learned English for five years”6、过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,结构是“主语+ had +过去分词”。
比如:“By the end of last year, we had learned 2000 words”(二)语态1、主动语态主语是动作的执行者。
例如:“He opened the door”2、被动语态主语是动作的承受者,构成是“be +过去分词”。
如:“The door was opened by him”(三)非谓语动词1、动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,可作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
专升本英语语法知识点归纳

专升本英语语法知识点归纳1. 动词时态:一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)、一般过去时(Simple Past Tense)、一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)、现在进行时(Present Continuous Tense)、过去进行时(Past Continuous Tense)、现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense)、过去完成时(Past Perfect Tense)、将来完成时(Future Perfect Tense)等。
2. 名词的单复数形式:常见的复数形式有直接加s或es,不规则变化的单复数形式需要记忆。
3. 代词:人称代词(Subject/Object Pronouns)、反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)、指示代词(Demonstrative Pronouns)、相对代词(Relative Pronouns)等。
4. 形容词和副词:形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词、形容词或副词,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式。
5. 介词:表示方位、时间、原因、目的等关系,在句子中修饰名词或代词。
6. 连词:并列连词(and、or、but)、从属连词(because、if、when)、关联连词(however、therefore、besides)等,连接并列句、主从复合句。
7. 冠词:定冠词(the)、不定冠词(a,an)、零冠词,在句子中修饰名词。
8. 疑问词:用来引导疑问句的词,如who、what、where、when、why、how等。
9. 句子的基本成分:主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、定语(Adjective)、状语(Adverbial)等,在句子中扮演不同的语法角色。
10. 句子的类型:陈述句(Declarative Sentence)、疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)、祈使句(Imperative Sentence)、感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)等。
2019成人高考专升本《英语》词汇与语法复习【一】

【篇一】1. Now people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs before the name of in business letters.A. woman managerB. women managerC. woman managersD. women managers2. The children cooked some by burning and branches.A. potatos…leavesB. potatoes…leafsC. potatos…leafsD. potatoes…leaves3. The young students like and Mark novels very much.A. Dickens…Twain’sB. Dickens’… TwainC. Dickens’s…Twain’D. Dickens’…Twain’s4. film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II.A. The; theB. A; theC. The; 不填D. A; 不填5. Although he had studied very hard, John had hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some6. It was terrible. One passenger was killed, and was badly hurt.A. the othersB. restC. the otherD. the rest7. The jacket doesn’t fit Terry, as he has huge body and the jacket is small.A. such a; suchB. such a; soC. so; soD. so; such a8. Traveling in England, it will be cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A. moreB. veryC. quiteD. even9. “Must I return the book to the library in a week?”“No, you .”A. couldn’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. won’t10. “Why isn’t John in class?”“He be sick, or he’d have been here already.”A. shouldB. mayC. mustD. would11. I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for ______.A. mineB. meC. myselfD. my own12. Although he had not studied very hard, John had ______ hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some13. Lisa did not come for the piano lesson yesterday. She have missed the bus.A. wouldB. mightC. shouldD. ought to14. Why is the rubbish still here? It ought to yesterday.A. be thrown awayB. have thrown awayC. have been thrown awayD. throw away15. We a walk when it started to rain.A. takeB. tookC. are takingD. were taking1. Now people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs before the name of in business letters.A. woman managerB. women managerC. woman managersD. women managers2. The children cooked some by burning and branches.A. potatos…leavesB. potatoes…leafsC. potatos…leafsD. potatoes…leaves3. The young students like and Mark novels very much.A. Dickens…Twain’sB. Dickens’… TwainC. Dickens’s…Twain’D. Dickens’…Twain’s4. film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II.A. The; theB. A; theC. The; 不填D. A; 不填5. Although he had studied very hard, John had hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some6. It was terrible. One passenger was killed, and was badly hurt.A. the othersB. restC. the otherD. the rest7. The jacket doesn’t fit Terry, as he has huge body and the jacket is small.A. such a; suchB. such a; soC. so; soD. so; such a8. Traveling in England, it will be cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A. moreB. veryC. quiteD. even9. “Must I return the book to the library in a week?”“No, you .”A. couldn’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. won’t10. “Why isn’t John in class?”“He be sick, or he’d havebeen here already.”A. shouldB. mayC. mustD. would11. I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for ______.A. mineB. meC. myselfD. my own12. Although he had not studied very hard, John had ______ hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some13. Lisa did not come for the piano lesson yesterday. She have missed the bus.A. wouldB. mightC. shouldD. ought to14. Why is the rubbish still here? It ought to yesterday.A. be thrown awayB. have thrown awayC. have been thrown awayD. throw away15. We a walk when it started to rain.A. takeB. tookC. are takingD. were taking【篇二】1. Not only you but also I mistaken.A. amB. hadC. wereD. have2. Hardly the door when he rushed into the office out of breath.A. I openedB. did I openC. I had openedD. had I opened3. Not until the early years of the 19th century what heat is.A. man knewB. didn’t man knowC. man did knowD. did man know4. Ten days long enough for Mr Carter to finish his design. He doesn’t need any more.A. isB. has beenC. wasD. had been5. Try your best ______ you’ll certainly succeed this time.A. soB. andC. orD. for6. I’m sure he understands ______ you feel. He’s very clever.A. whenB. whatC. whetherD. how7. I visited Jiuzhaigou last autumn. Never in my life so beautiful a place like that.A. I had seenB. did I seeC. had I seenD. I shall see8. lovely weather we have been having these days?A. HowB. WhatC. How aD. What a9. Lets do the cleaning right after class, ?A. will youB. shall weC. do youD. can we10. “Have you seen Ann at the concert?”“No, but she said she would come, ?”A. didn’t sheB. wouldn’t sheC. did sheD. would she11. We can easily get from the computer has been stored in it.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. anything12. This is the only English-Chinese dictionary could be found in the teachers’ reading-room.A. whatB. whichC. itD. that13. I’d like to join the tennis club which my friend belongs.A. toB. forC. withD. in14. I asked two people to help me start my car, but ____ of them knew what to do.A. eitherB. noneC. bothD. neither15. We’re all looking forward to seeing you again, and we’ll be very disappointed if you .A. didn’t comeB. don’t comeC. won’t comeD. hadn’t come16. When Lenin in Europe he began to fulfill his plans step by step at once.A. gotB. arrivedC. reachedD. went17. Please be sure to telephone me next time you ______ to our city.A. will comeB. comeC. cameD. are coming18. The boy ______ the hole with water, but no rabbits ran out of it at all.A. pouredB. addedC. filledD. covered19. The nurse his temperature at twelve o’clock and then gave him some medicine.A. countedB. measuredC. hadD. took20. All the big buildings in the city were into hospitals during the Second World War.A. becomeB. turnedC. grownD. made21. This plan against my wishes, so I won’t agree with you unless you made some changes in it.A. goesB. comesC. fightsD. think22. It took them more a whole day to have their house painted.But it was worth the effort.A. and moreB. or lessC. or moreD. than that23. With five hungry children round the table, the little food in the plate disappeared .A. for a long timeB. on timeC. in timeD. in no time24. He seemed to have earned a great of money during the years. He bought another new car.A. lotB. manyC. muchD. deal25. People shouted at him, yet he silent all the time.A. remainedB. wentC. turnedD. grew26. I met the new manager this morning and we basic policies.A. looked onB. got onC. agreed onD. agreed with27. They couldn’t what the teacher was trying to explain.A. knowB. graspC. holdD. think28.The dancer and singer 24 years old, and I am 24.A. isB. areC. wasD. were29. Philip ______ her invitation to go to her farm for his holiday because he was too busy.A. receivedB. acceptedC. refusedD. got30. The young people in the city often come to the old man to ______ him for advice.A. begB. askC. offerD. invite答案:1-5:ADDAB 6-10:DCBBA 11-15:ADADB 16-20:BBCDB 21-25:ABDDA 36-40:CBACB【篇三】1. It is well known that Tomas Edison __________ the electric lamp.A. discoveredB. FoundC. developedD. invented2. I couldn’t enter the lab because I had ____________ the key in my office.A. takenB. leftC. missedD. got3. I regret ____________ you that we are unable to offer you employment.A. informing C. to informB. having informed D. to have informed4. The chairman has informed us that he ____________a few minutes late after the meeting begins.A. has arrived C. could arriveB. should arrive D. may arrive5. She had made __________many mistakes in the article that we couldn’t catch what she meant.A. suchB. thatC. soD. as6. I sincerely ____________him to make great progress with his new job in a short tine.A. expectB. believeC. thinkD. instruct7. Is ____________ necessary to complete the design before National Day?A. thisB. thatC. itD. such8. She said she would live in London for ____________ four or five years.A. anotherB. othersC. otherD. the others9. Mr. Smith used to smoke ____________but he has given it up now.A. badlyB. seriouslyC. heavilyD. hardly10. Thousands of people took part in when the old temple ____________.A. was rebuilding C. would be rebuiltB. was being rebuilt D. had been rebuilt11. ____ with each other, two systems can work better.A) When combine C) When combinedB) When combining D) When they combined12. It's important that everyone ____ here on time.A) is B) will be C) must be D) be13. The stormy weather gradually gave _____ to a period of sunshine.A) room B) way C) space D) place14. I could not do anything except just _____ for him to come round.A) waiting B) to wait C) waited D) wait15. I can't _____ the sight of that poor man.A) suffer B) endure C) bear D) put up16. Wang Ming ____ ill. I saw him playing basketball a moment ago.A) needn't have been C) couldn't have beenB) must have been D) can't be17. ____ that her son had fallen from a tree and broken his leg, she hurried back home.A) Having been told C) Having toldB) Telling D) To be told18. At present ____ than doing well in our socialist economic construction.A) nothing is more important C) much is more importantB) nothing is less important D) anything is more important19. Give up smoking, ____ you will have a good health.A) or B)and C) so that D) otherwise20. Taking her doctor's advice, she has now ____ on smoking.A) cut up B) cut out C) cut off D) cut down答案:【1.D 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B】【11.C 12.D 13.B 14.B 15.C. 16.C 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.D】【篇四】1. I wish I could _B____ some way of persuading him out of smoking.A) think of B) think about C) think up D) remind2. You should _ A__ your desk before you leave the office.A) clear up B) set up C) get off D) put out of3. Mr. Green is helping his daughter review her lessons, _D____ his wife is preparing supper.A) at the moment B) in the meantime C) at that time D) for the same period of time4. I __C__ getting plenty of morning exercises but I just can't get up early.A) have the confidence in C) put my faith toB) believe in D) place the trust at5. The old man is proud of his three sons ___A__ college in the same year.A) entering B) entered C) to enter D) for entering6. Words are to a language _A____ bricks are to a building.A) as B) which C) what D) that7. We don't accept the unequal treaties that the imperialists__D___ us.A) pressed on B) set upon C) put up on D) imposed on8. __B__, the students had to go to bed.A) The lights had gone out C) The lights went outB) The lights having gone out D) The lights have gone out9. We can see things happen at the exact moment _B__ they are happeningA) which B)as C) what D)that10. They paid fines of $300 each, _C__ about two months' wages.A) approximating B) reaching C) equal to D) the same as11. Your mother has left your clothes there _C___ for you to wash yourself.A) with a purpose C) on purposeB) on aim D) with an aim12. The classroom is quite clean __A___ some waste paper on the floor.A) except for C) exceptB) besides D) without13. I __A___ her for your girlfriend when I first saw her in your home.A) figured B) thought C) considered D) regarded14. We should never be frightened out of our wits __B___ an earthquake.A) being up with C) in the front ofB) in the face of D) ahead of15. Having been sanctioned (制裁) by the United Nations, Iraq has almost been _D____ the outside world.A) cut ...out C) kept apart ... ofB) separated ... away D) isolated ... from。
专升本英语语法知识归纳(完整版)

1. we
the Journey to the West since we were young.
a. saw
b. have see
c. have seen
d. have been seen
2. hurry up! the film
for ten minutes.
a. had begun
b. has begun
B. would have repaired
C.have repaired
D. had repaired
4.He
just
(finish) his homework.
六:过去完成时(had done)与将来完成时(will have done)
必考点总结:
(1) 过去完成时:by /by the end of + 过去时间(by last week/month/year)
将来完成时:by /by the end of+将来时间 (by next/this week/month/year)
to me.
a. write b. will write
c. are writing d. would write
4. If Mr. Smith
back, please let me know.
A. will come B. comes C. came D. had come
必考点 2:4. the more..., the more...句型 完整句型:The +形容词/副词的比较级+(名词)+主语+谓语,the +形容词/副词的比较级+ (名词)+主语+谓语.
英语专升本语法知识点汇总

英语专升本语法知识点汇总一、时态。
1. 一般现在时。
- 用法:- 表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
例如:I go to school by bike every day.(我每天骑自行车去上学。
)- 表示客观事实或普遍真理。
例如:The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。
)- 结构:- 主语为第三人称单数(he/she/it等)时,动词要加 -s或 -es,如He likes reading. 其他人称用动词原形,如I like reading.2. 一般过去时。
- 用法:- 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
例如:I visited my grandparents last weekend.(我上周末去看望了我的祖父母。
)- 结构:- 动词一般用过去式形式。
规则动词的过去式一般在词尾加 -ed,如work - worked;不规则动词有其特殊的过去式形式,如go - went。
3. 一般将来时。
- 用法:- 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。
例如:I will go to Beijing next month.(我下个月将去北京。
)- 结构:- 常见的结构有will+动词原形,be going to+动词原形(表示计划、打算做某事或有迹象表明即将发生某事)。
如He is going to have a party tonight.(他今晚打算举办一个聚会。
)4. 现在进行时。
- 用法:- 表示现在正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
例如:She is reading a book now.(她现在正在读一本书。
)- 结构:- be动词(am/is/are)+动词的 -ing形式。
5. 过去进行时。
- 用法:- 表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
例如:I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.(昨晚8点我正在看电视。
专升本英语复习方法

专升本英语复习方法英语是专升本考试中非常重要的一门科目,对于很多考生来说,英语的复习往往是最具挑战性的。
然而,只要掌握了正确的复习方法,就能够事半功倍地提高英语成绩。
本文将给出几种有效的专升本英语复习方法,供考生参考。
一、制定合理的复习计划首先,制定合理的复习计划是成功复习英语的关键。
根据自己的实际情况合理安排复习时间,确保每天都有足够的时间用于英语复习。
在制定计划时,要根据考试大纲确定复习的重点内容,将复习内容分为不同的模块,逐一进行学习和巩固。
二、注重词汇积累英语词汇是英语考试的基础,词汇量的大小直接关系到考试成绩的高低。
因此,注重词汇积累是复习的重中之重。
可以通过背单词、词汇卡片、词汇书籍等方式进行词汇积累。
同时,要注重词汇的运用和记忆,可以通过做词汇练习题、模拟考试等方式进行巩固。
三、加强语法学习除了词汇积累外,语法的学习也是英语复习的重要内容。
英语语法的正确运用是提高英语成绩的关键。
可以通过学习语法书籍、做语法练习题等方式,加强对英语语法规则的掌握。
同时,要注重语法知识的运用,在写作和阅读中灵活运用语法规则,提高语言表达的准确性和流畅性。
四、多练习听力和口语听力和口语是英语考试的重要环节,也是很多考生感到困扰的部分。
要提高听力和口语能力,就需要进行大量的听力练习和口语练习。
可以通过听英语原版材料,如新闻、电影、音乐等,来提高听力理解能力。
同时,可以找语伴进行口语练习,提高口语表达的准确性和流利度。
五、有针对性地做题在复习过程中,做题是检验自己复习效果的重要手段。
要有针对性地选择相关的练习题,如阅读理解、完形填空、写作等,进行反复练习。
通过做题,可以熟悉考试的题型和要求,找到自己的不足之处,并有针对性地加以改进。
六、多参加模拟考试模拟考试可以帮助考生熟悉考试过程,提前感受考试的紧张氛围。
可以找相关的模拟试卷进行模拟考试,将自己置身于考试的环境中。
通过模拟考试,不仅可以提高应试能力,还可以发现自己的不足之处,为最终的考试做好准备。
专升本英语语法重点汇总

专升本英语语法重点汇总1.主谓一致- 单数主语与单数谓语动词搭配,如"The cat is sleeping."- 复数主语与复数谓语动词搭配,如"The cats are sleeping."- 不定代词"everyone, everybody, someone, somebody"的主语与谓语动词搭配时,使用第三人称单数形式,如"Everybody loves ice cream."2.时态- 现在进行时:表示目前正在发生的动作或临时的动作,一般由“be + 现在分词”构成,如"She is reading a book."- 现在完成时:表示过去发生的一种持续的动作或状态,与现在的影响或结果有关,一般由“have/has + 过去分词”构成,如"They have finished their homework."- 过去进行时:表示过去其中一具体时间正在进行的动作,一般由“was/were + 现在分词”构成,如"We were playing basketball yesterday."- 过去完成时:表示在过去其中一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作,一般由“had + 过去分词”构成,如"She had already eaten when I arrived."3.强调句- 强调句是为了将强调句子中的一些成分突出表达,一般由“Itis/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 原句其余部分”构成,如"It was John who told me the good news."- 当强调句的被强调部分是动词时,需使用“do/does/did”来构成强调句,如"It was he who did all the work."4.虚拟语气- 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,使用"would, could, might"等情态动词与原型动词搭配,如"If I were you, I would go to the party."- 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,使用"had + 过去分词"构成,如"IfI had known, I would have helped him."5.定语从句- 定语从句用来修饰先行词,修饰的内容可以是人、事物或整个句子,一般由关系代词"who, whom, whose, which, that"或关系副词"where, when, why"引导,如"The book that I bought is very interesting."6.名词性从句- 主语从句:作为句子的主语,一般由"that, whether, who, whom, which"引导- 宾语从句:作为句子的宾语,一般由"that, whether, if, what, who, whom, which"引导,如"I don't know what to do."- 表语从句:位于系动词之后,与主语构成等价关系,一般由"that, whether, who, whom, which"引导,如"The important thing is that you try your best."7.比较级和最高级- 比较级用来比较两个人或物之间的差异,一般在形容词或副词前加"more"或"less"构成,如"She is taller than her sister."- 最高级用来表示三个或三个以上人或物之间的差异,一般在形容词或副词前加"the most"或"the least"构成,如"He is the tallest boy in the class."以上是专升本英语语法的重点汇总,希望对你的学习有所帮助。
专升本英语语法零基础解题技巧

专升本英语语法零基础解题技巧一、选择填空题1. 先通读所有句子,凭语感选择答案,如果不能确定答案,可以跳过这一题,先做下面的题目。
完成所有题目后,再回过头来选答案。
2. 四个选项中,意思相反的,其中有一个是正确的。
3. 四个选项中,有两个是意思相近的,在这两个中选。
4. 根据句子意思,联系实际生活,进行逻辑推理。
比如,句子描述的是某人在办公室里,那答案就选与办公室相关的。
5. 根据语法进行选择。
如果一个句子是主语从句、表语从句或宾语从句,一般在句首的连接词应该是that(偶尔用as)、which、what等,而连接词在句子中不做成分,那么这个连接词应该是没有实际意义的。
二、完形填空题1. 通读全文,了解大意。
首先要认真阅读短文,理解作者的观点和意图,同时注意短文中的关键词和关键句。
2. 仔细阅读短文,分析句子结构。
通过阅读短文,掌握句子之间的逻辑关系和语义关系。
根据语境和上下文提示来选择正确的答案。
3. 联系实际生活,进行逻辑推理。
根据短文描述的情境和语境,结合实际生活经验进行分析和推理。
4. 核对答案,总结经验。
完成答案后,再次阅读全文,检查自己的答案是否合理。
三、阅读理解题1. 仔细阅读题目要求和文章标题、副标题等提示信息,明确文章的主题和要点。
2. 快速浏览全文,抓住文章的主旨大意和重要细节。
注意文章中的关键词和关键句,如转折词、总结性词语等。
3. 仔细阅读题目所给的选项,明确每个选项的含义和正误标准。
结合文章内容和选项进行对比分析,排除错误选项。
4. 在文章中找到与选项相对应的句子或段落进行核实,确定正确答案。
如果不能确定答案或者两个选项之间存在较大的差异时,应该根据文章整体内容和上下文语境进行推断和分析。
四、写作题1.仔细阅读题目要求,明确作文的主题和要点。
注意审题,确保作文不离题。
2.构思作文框架,列出要点和论据。
确定作文的结构,如引言、正文和结论。
3.运用所学语法知识,确保作文的句子结构正确。
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2019专升本英语语法复习指导
一、动词时态及语态题
英语中的九种时态,特别是其中的过去完成,过去实行时,客观
真理要用一般现在时等。
1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958.
2、By the time we got there,the play had already begun.
3、When I was a child,I knew that the earth turns about
its axis.
4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day’s exhausting work,his wife and children were sleeping.
二、非谓语动词题
特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别,大家一定要弄明白主动与被
动这对最最重要的区别。
1、The film showed last night was very moving. (不用moved,大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别)
2、Having finishing his lecture,the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question.
3、The problem being discussed is very important.
4、Given more time,we are sure to finish it.
5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here
三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题
这也是一个常考点,it本身是没有意思的,注意it还能够指时间,天气等。
1、It is difficult to study English well.
2、We think it is important to pass the exam.
四、强调句型
大家要记住的是it is(was)……。
that…。
如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that,当然强调人的时候也可用who
1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her.
2、It is what you will do that is important.
3、When was it that he bought a new car.
五、倒装句型
A. 全部倒装句(这种全部倒装题历年只考过一次,考得最多的都
是下面的部分倒装)
1、Stop talking!There comes the teacher.
B. 部分倒装句(如果选项里面有两个主谓倒装了,两个没有,我
们一般要在倒装里做选择)
1、So badly was he hurt in the accident that he had to be sent to hospital.
2、Not only does he study well,but also he is always ready to help others.
3、Mary has done well in the English exam. So she has.
She always does well in the exam.。