1-Uncle Sam and John Bull
浅谈《围城》讽刺艺术的特色
浅谈《围城》讽刺艺术的特色2013级函授汉语言文学一班张莉泾川县移动公司内容摘要：《围城》是一部以时代为背景，关注时代、关注人生的杰作。
《围城》以人物的活动为线索讽刺了社会生活的方方面面，而且它入骨的讽刺意味是通过情节的发展表现出来的，并以精雕的细节把它流露，讽刺的语言更是诙谐幽默，手法多样，反映了当时在中西文化交汇背影下，中国知识分子的真实写照，由于这部小说的主题的复杂性和艺术的独特性，本文无意于小说的内容和主题的分析研究，仅拟对其讽刺艺术的独特性方面谈几点粗浅的认识。
关键词：风趣幽默比喻漫画手法名称寓义涉笔成讽《围城》是钱钟书的唯一一部长篇小说，是一部让人回味无穷的奇书，它首先让你笑，然后让你哭。
在妙趣横生、妙喻迭出的幽默外表下，深藏着令人低徊轻叹的悲剧底蕴。
钱钟书的《围城》创作基调是讽刺，撕破了那些学历辉煌的虚伪面孔，作品通过对方鸿渐及他周围的一群人，从热闹的十里洋场到闭塞的三闾大学，从国外留学生活到国内游荡经历的描绘，用漫画夸张的手法嘲弄知识分子的精神困境，揭示了人生如“围困的城堡”，“城外的人想冲进去，城里的人想逃出来”这一典型的社会心理。
在中国文学史上就讽刺而言，鲁迅是辛辣幽默，老舍是深切温婉，而钱钟书受古今中西文化的教养，机敏、跃动的个人气质，周密、丰盈的书斋思考，使他的讽刺小说具有极其鲜明的特色和个性，《围城》所表现出来的不单只是讽刺，而是将讽刺与幽默紧密地结合在一起，小说令人吃惊的讽刺效果通过如落英缤纷的比喻和一针见血的漫画笔法，还有名称寓义和涉笔成讽的手法表达出来，形成了小说一个十分突出的艺术特色，使其与《儒林外史》或其他讽刺作品截然地分开，显示出其独有的艺术魅力和强大的讽刺力量，形成既尖锐泼辣又诙谐幽默的讽刺特色。
一、《围城》并没有贯穿始终的主要情节，而是以方鸿渐的活动贯穿全篇。
《围城》中的语言独具特色，无处不闪烁着幽默、智慧的火花，幽默可以说在《围城》贯穿始终，无论是叙述还是评论，都在真实的基础上不作空泛的指责，在讽刺可笑的人和事中让人悟出深刻的道理。
2011郑州枫杨外国语中学小升初英语真题
来源：郑州e度论坛 2011-12-20 16:06:03[标签：小升初重点中学郑州枫杨外国枫杨真题]奥数精华资讯免费订阅12月18日的“枫杨杯”开始，2012郑州小升初的家长们都在打听枫杨外国语中学的情况。
今日上午，“枫杨杯”的笔试成绩已经出来了。
很多家长反映，孩子说考得不错啊，为什么没有接到复赛通知啊？这次考试很多孩子都说不难，但还是没能进入复赛。
所以，抓住现在的冲刺时间，做几套往年的枫杨真题是最有效的备考方式。
小编为郑州小升初的家长们整理了几套枫杨的试题，下面是郑州外国语中学的小升初英语考试真题，供大家学习。
因为试题的很多地方没有完全显示，试题详情请点击文章后的链接查看。
下面是试题的放送，大家可以先看一下：一． Match the pictures with the right Olympic events.A. Water PoloB. WeightliftingC. DivingD. Badmi ntonE. FencingF. BoxingG. Table Tennis1. _____2._____3. _______4.______ 5._________二． Match the statements with the places you would hear or the people wh o would say them.___ I ."I am sorry. We only have size 10 left." a. fast f ood restaurant___ 2." Where to?" b. taxi ( passenger)___ 3."A single to Brighton, please." c. sh op___ 4."Fares, please." d. hospital___ 5."Eat in or take away?"e. bus___ 6."Today's special is chicken pie." f. ta xi___ 7."Six brown bread rolls, please." g. a irport___ 8."Doctor Richard to reception." h. r estaurant___ 9."FlightQA134 to Rome is now i.train stationboarding at gate 12.___10."Keep the change" j. baker's三． Please classify (归类) different problems.1. 1 always worry about tests.! hate them.2.! don't have any friends. I worry about that.3. I worry about Mum and Dad splitting up.4.1t's often dusty in spring. 1 hate dust storms.5.1 worry wherever I am traveling by air. 1 am afraid the plane will crash.6. I worry about the traffic. The bus is usually full of people.7. I'm tired of the evening class.8. I worry when 1 go into a lift. I hate being shut in.?9. My dad lost his job in June. 1 worry about money.10. There are plastic bags everywhere. I hate "the white pollution".Personal problems: _________________Family problems: _________________School problems: ___________________Social and world problems: _______________四． Match the idioms with their meanings.Idioms__1 .still waters run deep -__2.to face the music__3.to blow one's own trumpet__4.to keep your head above water___5.to look before you leap___6.to make one's hair stand on end__7.to let the cat out of the bag -__8.to burn the midnight oilMeaningsA. to think it over before you take any actionB. a quiet person is often the cleverestC. to talk about oneselfD. to let the secret outE. to deal with what will happen .F. to stay up late to learnG. to make sb. very afraidH. to play the music with one's own trumpetI. to talk about musicJ. to avoid difficulties ( usually with money)五．Please choose the best answer.1. Uncle Sam and John Bull stand for____.A. the UK; the USB. the UK; AustraliaC. the USA ; the UKD. theUSA;Australia:-2. Which of fhe following countries is not an English speaking country?A.AustraliaB. New ZealandC.BrazilD.Canada3. One pound equals about____grams.. ..--A.558B. 1000C. 454 D. 2544.When you have an insect bite(叮咬) , which is the best advice you can tak e'A. Take some vitamin C.B. Take some aspirin.C.Drink lots of hot water.D. Put some anti-itch cream on it.5. _____ on the door means good luck in the UK.A. A craneB.A keyC. A horseshoeD.A heart6. — Would you mind my opening the door?A. No, please don'tB. Yes, please do.C. No, please do.D. Yes, go ahead.7. — Thank you for sending me the letter.。
别称绰号话地名
别称绰号话地名人、地皆有名。
为之符号，为之能指。
其目的在于借以识别，方便表述，利于交际。
古代文人之有字、号、斋名和谥号，或缘于风雅，或为彪炳其身后哀荣。
地名也复如是。
山西、河北、山东、河南、湖南、湖北、江西，四川等省份，以晋、冀、鲁、豫、湘、鄂、赣、蜀分别指称。
进而还有幽燕、齐鲁、巴蜀，以及天府之国等别号。
上海和南京一般称之为沪和宁；上海和广州还有申和穗之称。
这是我国文化、历史、以及某省市地理位置，以及历史区划的沿革诸因素的产物。
湖南和湖北的得名，盖因它们分别位于洞庭湖南北两侧也。
另外，又因在春秋、战国时期，均属楚国，故和江西等省合称为楚。
其余可以类推。
无独有偶，外国地名也有别称或绰号。
用“山姆大叔”(Uncle Sam)和“约翰牛”(John Bull)，分别代表美国和英国，恐怕已经家喻户晓。
前者的来源众说纷纭。
但都承认，这是一个不无善意的谑称，是“美国”缩写U. S.的扩展。
字母U可以理解为大叔（Uncle），S则可以说是山姆（Sam）的缩略。
1812年英美交恶，美国辎重的包装箱上，印有U. S. 字样。
当时，检查这些军需品定单的官员中，有一个纽约州特罗城山姆•威尔逊，人称“山姆大叔”。
一说，他当时是为美军供应牛肉的商人，牛肉箱子上都写着U. S.字样。
到底怎样，只有由学者们去考证了。
反正“山姆大叔”成了美国的绰号。
后人又加以演义，把他的形象做了绘声绘色的塑造。
原来，他是一介下巴上长着白胡子老头儿，身材瘦长，上身着一袭蓝色燕尾服，内衬马甲，下身穿红白条相间的长裤，头戴高耸的硬顶礼帽，缀着一簇星星。
这种装束，是从民间文学中两个象征性人物--- 乔纳森兄弟和美国佬杜德尔--- 演化来的。
一战时，弗莱格以他的形象画了一张征兵的招贴，上写：“我需要你参加美国军队”。
二战时，也出现过类似的招贴。
19世纪30到60年代初，山姆大叔和乔纳森兄弟的形象，在美国卡通画家笔下，经常是可以相互交替的。
后来，英国幽默杂志《笨拙》(Punch)的卡通画家们，才让他逐步形成了现在的这副尊容。
现代大学英语精读6lesson 10 Notes on the English Character
Sound
(6) deep and peaceful.
E.g. a sound sleeper; (7) severe and through. E.g. a sound beating What did Napoleon call the British?
What do you think of it?
John Bull
Presented as a bluff,
kindhearted, bullheaded farmer. Always wear a squat top hat, neckcloth, waistcoat with the British flag on it, tailcoat, tight breeches, and boots.
Sound
(4) in good condition E.g. The bodywork is sound but the engine needs replacing. (5) physically and mentally healthy. E.g. as sound as a bell.十分健康的。 a sound mind.心智健全的。
Organization of the text (7 parts)
Part 1(Para.1) The first note: the middle
class have been the dominant force in the English community. Part 2 (Para.2-3)The second note — the English public school system and its role in the character building. Part 3 (para.4-8) the third note — the undeveloped heart of the middle-class Englishman.
大学英语Uncle Sam山姆大叔 精品课件
•But the kicker is that Lord Kitchener wd’s War Secretary from 1914 to 1916. We’d like to give Uncle Sam the benefit of the doubt, but the fact of the matter is that real people–even dead people–trump imaginary people every time.
Cartoon uncle sam
•
1830s, an American cartoonist had a picture, “Uncle Sam" in a long white hair, with a goatee, the star of the priests, dressed in red, white and blue striped trousers three color tuxedo and the united states pattern of stars and stripes (the united states is stars and stripes design） was a tall man. “Uncle Sam" the image is by many Americans. in 1961, the united states congress to finally adopted a resolution to confirm "uncle Sam" as a symbol of the united states. Later, Uncle Sam the image and cartoon, he was represented as a superpower and it is the speed of the old man, become the caricature of a super hero!
英国历史文化
John Bull “约翰牛”是英国人的绰号，16世纪英国著名作 家约翰· 阿布斯诺特(John Arbuthnot)写了一本讽 刺小说，名叫《约翰牛的生平》(The History of John Bull)，该书的主人公约翰牛为人粗暴冷酷， 桀骜不逊，他盛气凌人、欺辱弱者，如果谁流露 出对他稍微表示不满的反抗情绪，他立即摆出一 副格斗的架势。作者通过这个赳赳武夫的形象， 暗喻当年英国的专横跋扈， “约翰牛”的形象正 是这个时期英国的体现。
英国现在是君主立宪制,君主(现任的女王queen) 作为国家元首和武装部队统帅,只起荣誉性作用.英 王的地位是统而不治,是一个仪式性的存在. 实际的 行政权和军事指挥在内阁,内阁以首相prime minister为首. 首相就是第一大臣, 充当政府首脑角色.英国首相 (Prime Minister):代表英国王室和民众执掌国家行政 权力的最高官员,英国政府首脑。一般情况下国会下 议院的多数党党魁或执政联盟的首领自动成为首相 人选,人选经国王/女王确认并任命后才正式成为首 相。 首相和内阁是集体对议会负责的,如果议会对内 阁产生了不信任案的话,首相内阁要么就辞职,要么 名义上通过英王解散议会重新选举。但政府换届与 君主王室没有关系,照当不误.
Mary, Queen of Scots
伊丽莎白的姑妈玛格丽特· 都铎是亨利七 世的女儿，亨利八世的姐妹。她和斯图亚特 王朝的苏格兰国王詹姆斯四世成婚，生子詹 姆斯五世。詹姆斯五世是苏格兰女王玛丽· 斯 图亚特的父亲，因此说伊丽莎白是玛丽的表 姑。 。
亨利七世
格利特 都铎
嫁与詹姆斯四世 娶其寡嫂
浸泡在她们纯洁的血液中，方能不断吸取 其中的精华，而让她永葆青春。每次洗澡 前，她还要喝下至少半升的血液。她洗一 次澡，至少要杀掉两个少女。就这样，在 长长而黑暗的50年里，一共有2800名少女 惨被杀害，所有的尸体全部埋在她私人的 浴室底下。这也是她的主意，因为她相信， 少女们的魂魄能够驱走衰老和迟钝。由于 常用血液洗澡，她身上总带着浓烈的血腥 气。但她却从不用任何香水掩盖，任其自 然。
uncle sam and john bull
INTRODUCTIONA s personifications of their respectivenations, Uncle Sam and John Bull becamepopular during the nineteenth century. JohnBull originated earlier, as a character in JohnArbuthnot's The History of John Bull (1712).He became widely known from cartoons by Sir John Tenniel published in the British humor magazine Punch during the middle and late nineteenth century. In those cartoons, he was portrayed as an honest, solid, farmer figure, often in a Union Jack waistcoat, and accompanied by a bulldog. He became so familiar that his name frequently appeared in books, plays, periodical titles, and as a brand name or trademark. Although frequently used through World War II, since the 1950s John Bull has been seen less often.U ncle Sam originated in popular culture. His origins are disputed, but the name usually is associated with Sam Wilson, a businessman who supplied the army during the War of 1812. His barrels were stamped "U.S." for the government, leading him to be nicknamed "Uncle Sam." The symbolic Uncle Sam's appearance evolved from that of Brother Jonathan, the most common earlier symbol for the United States. The two characters were used interchangeably from the 1830s through the 1860s.A s with John Bull, the cartoonists of Punch helped develop the figure, showing him as a lean, whiskered man wearing a top hat and striped pants. The famous American cartoonist Thomas Nast crystallized the image with his cartoons beginning in the 1870s. By 1917, when James Montgomery Flagg depicted him on the famous World War I recruiting poster, Uncle Sam was an icon, readily recognized around the globe. He was officially adopted as the national symbol of the United States in 1950.J ohn Bull and Uncle Sam have often been depicted interacting, as friends or antagonists, and thus their names were selected as appropriate symbols for this exhibition. This introductory section provides a small sampling of images of the two characters from thelast hundred years. Other images will be found in additional sections of the exhibition.WilliamAllan andJ.B.Herbert.John BullandUncle Sam.Chicago:S. Brainard's Sons, [1898]. Sheet music cover.Music Division, Library of Congress (75A) Song CelebratesBritish-American Ties This song written by a member of the British Parliament celebrates the peaceful resolution of the Venezuela Boundary Dispute in 1898--the last time the United States and Britain came close to going to war.John Bull Recruiting PosterThis World War I military recruiting poster demonstrates that more than a century after independence from Great Britain, in many areas the United States still copied the mother country. This British recruiting poster showing John Bull was produced in 1914 or 1915, before mandatory conscription began. Both this and James Montgomery Flagg's Uncle Sam poster (77) are similar to an earlier recruiting poster showing Britain's Lord Kitchner. "Who's Absent?Is It You?" ca. 1916. Courtesy of theImperial War Museum, London (77A)JamesMontgomeryFlagg."I Want YouForthe U.S.Army."New York:Leslie-Judge Co., 1917. Color Lithograph.Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (77) Uncle Sam Recruiting PosterThis version of Uncle Sam was first published in a popular magazine in 1916 and was adopted as a military recruiting poster when the United States entered World War I. "The Uncle Sam Wants You" motif has been used subsequently to promote every conceivable cause. During the Vietnam War it became an anti-war poster.Pro-British Song of the World War II EraWritten just before the United States became involved in World War II, "Let's Get Together" supports a British-American alliance.John W.Bratton andGeoffreyO'Hara."Let's GetTogether."Cleveland: SamFox Publishing Company, 1941.Sheet music cover.Music Division, Library of Congress (85c)John R.Fischetti."Time fora NewDeclaration,"1953.Color drawing.Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress Declaration of InterdependenceThis 1953 cartoon accompanied an editorial in Collier's magazine in response to an eruption ofanti-British feeling in the U.S. after disparaging remarks by former(296) Prime Minister Clement Atlee. Theeditorial reminds Americans of theimportant ties between the twocountries and suggests that theydraw up a"Declaration ofInterdependence" instead ofcriticizing each other.Cold War TensionsThis cartoon from the British humor magazine Punch reflects Cold War tensions and the strains that sometimes have developed in the"special relationship" between the United States and Britain. Uncle Sam is depicted as a householder who won't cooperate with the British as represented by John Bull, but does not want the British to turn to the Soviet Union. "Anddon't letme catchyoutryingnext dooreither."Punch, April 29, 1959, p. 569. General Collections, Library of Congress (295)Oliver Herford."How Do Youlike Your LaborGovernment,John? How DoYou like YourBelaboredGov't, Sam?" ca. 1924. Ink.Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (297) Uncle Sam and John Bull Compare Governments Oliver Herford's cartoon was produced after Britain elected its first Labor Party government in 1923.Cold War UnityThe similarity of British and American policies during the Cold War is noted in this 1950s cartoon.EdwinMarcus."Russia:'How IHate ThatSong!'" ca. 1955. Pen and ink.Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (298)。
新编英语教程7 unit 1
Different Space Concepts between the English and the Americans黄微王哲刘燕王利洁曹娟娟Ⅰ. IntroductionAs foreign language especially English learners, Uncle Sam and John Bull are not strange to us. As is known to all, Americans are optimistic, confident, brave and active, while traditional Englishman are introversive, indifferent, polite, loyal and full of sense of national superiority. Englishman and Americans respectively complain so much that Englishman dislike Americans’lack of history whereas Americans say Englishman are void of future sense. In spite of their shared language, their culture is totally different. American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture. However, the culture of England refers to the idiosyncratic cultural norms of England and the English people. Because of England’s dominant position within the United Kingdom in terms of population, English culture is often difficult to differentiate from the culture of the United Kingdom as a whole. It is culture that makes them hold different attitudes towards space. What’s more, in regard to the need for a screen for the ego, this places the Americans somewhere between the Germans and the English. Some examples which can obviously illustrate these differences are as follows.Ⅱ. Contrasting1.Class distinctionsIn the United States, we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines whoyou are. In the United States, your address is an important cue to status. The Joneses from Brooklyn and Miami are not as "in" as the Joneses from Newport and Palm Beach. Greenwich and Cape Code are worlds apart from Newark and Miami. Businesses located on Madison and Park avenues have more tone than those on Seventh and Eighth avenues. A corner office is more prestigious than one next to the elevator or at the end of a long hall.In England, the particularly complex and confusing class system is simply made up of the upper, middle and lower class. The wealthy families who run the City of London are at the core of the British class and they pass on wealth from generation to generation and enjoy a dominant position in society, which marks it as different from the American or Chinese structure. The middle class can be divided into even smaller segments. Some people who are dependent on the tight class structure of the British Empire for his position, but poorer than many people in supposedly lower classes may refer to his own family as “lower-upper-middle class”. Unfortunately, lower-class is related to those whose backgrounds are working class. They seldom have the right to do what they want to do. Thus, in Britain, with an inherit title such as baronets, barons and duck, the upper-class does have a lot of privilege. They most likely have a seat in the House of Lords and vote as individuals for serving their own interests. They, the Englishman, are born and brought up in a social system. He is still Lord--no matter where you find him, even if it is behind the counter in a fishmonger's stall.2. In addition to class distinctions, there are differences between the Englishman and Americans in how space is allotted.The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels he has a right to have his own room, or at least part of office. SomeAmerican subjects, when asked to draw an ideal room or office, invariably drew it for themselves and no one else. When asked to draw their present room or office, they drew only their own part of a shared room and then drew a line down the middle. Both male and female subjects identified the kitchen and the master bedroom as belongings to the mother or the wife, whereas Father's territory was a study or a den, if one was available, otherwise, it was "the shop," "the basement," or sometimes only a workbench or the garage. American women who want to be alone can go to the bedroom and close the door.The Middle-and upper-class Englishman, on the other hand, is brought up in a nursery shared with brothers and sisters. The oldest occupies a room by himself which he vacates when he leaves for boarding school, possibly even at the age of nine or ten. The difference between a room of one's own and early conditioning to shared space, while seeming inconsequential, has an important effect on the Englishman's attitude toward his own space. He may never have a permanent "room of his own" and seldom expects one or feels he is entitled to one. Even Members of Parliament have no offices and often conduct their business on the terrace overlooking the Thames. As a consequence, the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office. Americans working in England may become annoyed if they are not provided with what they consider appropriate enclosed work space. In regard to the need for walls as a screen for the ego, this places the Americans somewhere between the Germans and the English.3.The closed door is an unremarkable phenomenon, while it has great distinction among American, English and German.The closed door is the sign meaning “Do not disturb” or “I’m angry.”An American is available if his door is open at home or at his office. Heis expected not to shut himself off but to maintain himself in a state of constant readiness to answer the demands of others. Closed doors are for conferences, private conversations, and business, work that requires concentration, study, resting, sleeping, dressing, and sex. When the American wants to be alone he goes into a room and shuts the door. For an American to refuse to someone else present in the same room, to give them the “silent treatment,”is the ultimate form of rejection and a sure sign of great displeasure.The English, on the other hand, lacking rooms of their own since childhood, never developed the practice of using space as a refuge from other. They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize. Therefore, the more the Englishman shuts himself off when he is with an American the more likely the American is to break in to assure himself that all is well. Tension lasts until the two get to know each other. The important point is that the spatial and architectural needs of each are not the same at all.In an instance where the Americans would consider himself not to intrude Germany and by definition would not become involved with him, while Germany would think they have already entered their territory. The following experience brought the conflict into focus. As Hall stood talking on the doorstep, he glanced to the left and noticed that some fifty to sixty feet away, inside the studio, the Prussian artist and two of his friends were also in conversation. The artist was facing so that if he glanced to one side he could just see Hall. Hall had noted the artist’presence, but not wanting to appear presumptuous or to interpret his conversation, unconsciously applied the American rule and assumed that the two activities - he quiet conversation and the artist’s conversation - were not involved with each other. As Hall was soon to learn, this was amistake, because in less time than it takes to tell, the artist had detached himself from his friends, crossed the intervening space, pushed Hall’s friend aside, and with eyes flashing, started shouting at Hall. By what right had Hall entered his studio without greeting him? Who had given Hall permission?Ⅲ. SummaryLike most writings of an academic nature, this article is neatly-structured. It uses introduction-elucidation-conclusion structure. Its thesis is clearly stated in the first paragraph that there’re differences between the English and the Americans and the reason causing this is communications on other levels beginning with English intonation and continuing to ego-linked ways of handling time, space, and materials. In the second and third paragraphs, the author draws how the Americans and the English handle or deal with rooms by detailed examples. Comparing English and American patterns, Englishman sometimes have the built-need to shut off. Finally, the author tells us even though we should spend too much time in understanding; we can identify the different features between the Americans and the English in handling space. While the article builds on contrast, contrasting the two major English-speaking cultures is not the ultimate purpose. The aims of contrasting that are letting us understand the differences among many countries about the space. We should respect the different cultures. When we communicate or get on with foreigners, we’d better learn something about their culture at first and then try to respect their cultures. Only by this way can we keep harmony with people from other countries.。