外文翻译-转向架结构设计
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译
土木工程专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译Here are two examples of foreign literature related to graduation design in the field of civil engineering, along with their Chinese translations:1. Foreign Literature:Title: "Analysis of Structural Behavior and Design Considerations for High-Rise Buildings"Author(s): John SmithJournal: Journal of Structural EngineeringYear: 2024Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the structural behavior and design considerations for high-rise buildings. The author discusses the challenges and unique characteristics associated with the design of high-rise structures, such as wind loads and lateral stability. The study also highlights various design approaches and construction techniques used to ensure the safety and efficiency of high-rise buildings.Chinese Translation:标题：《高层建筑的结构行为分析与设计考虑因素》期刊：结构工程学报年份：2024年2. Foreign Literature:Title: "Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions"Author(s): Jennifer Lee, David JohnsonJournal: Construction and Building MaterialsYear: 2024Chinese Translation:标题：《可持续建筑材料：最新进展与未来发展方向综述》期刊：建筑材料与结构年份：2024年Please note that these are just examples and there are numerous other research papers available in the field of civil engineering for graduation design.。
转向架的结构组成
转向架的结构组成转向架是机车车辆中非常重要的部件之一，主要承担着转向、支撑、缓冲和导向等作用，同时还应具备一定的耐久性和可靠性。
一个优质的转向架不仅能够提高车辆的安全性和运行稳定性，而且能够降低因转向故障而引起的事故发生的风险。
一个完整的转向架通常是由轮对、弹簧、轴承、轮轴、钢板、联轴器、润滑装置等多个部件组成的。
其中的轮对是转向架的核心部件之一，轮对应具有两个轮辋、轴承、轴流棱角、轴承箱、托架、弹簧座等部件，同时还要考虑到轮对的轴距、倾角等参数。
弹簧则是转向架中非常关键的部件，它能够缓解轮子在运行过程中的冲击和震动，从而降低车辆的运行噪音和轮胎的磨损。
同时，弹簧还能够提高车辆的运行速度和稳定性，在转弯时能够更好的抑制车辆的摇晃和侧倾。
在转向架的结构中，轴承也是不可或缺的部分。
轴承能够承受轴向力和径向力，随着车辆的运行，它需要保持良好的润滑，同时必须保证耐磨性和长期使用的稳定性。
轮轴则是承载轮对的部件之一，它需要具有足够的强度和耐久性，同时还要兼顾良好的铰接和润滑。
轮轴也是转向架的主要负荷部分，要能够承受车辆的重量和冲击力，同时还需要具备足够的可修复性和易用性。
钢板和联轴器是转向架中比较次要的部件，它们主要起到连接和保护作用，同时也可以起到一定的缓冲作用。
在转向架的设计中，它们需要充分考虑到材料的特性和制造工艺，以确保转向架的整体性能达到最优。
综上所述，转向架的结构应该是一个精密而复杂的系统，其中每个部件都必须协调配合，才能够保证整体的稳定和可靠性。
作为车辆的重要组成部分，转向架的品质和性能对运输安全和运行成本都有着非常重要的影响。
因此，在制造和维护转向架的过程中，必须严格按照标准和技术要求，从而确保其质量和稳定性得到充分保障。
土木工程框架结构设计开题报告文献综述外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目南凯信办公楼设计姓名学号专业班级土木工程（结构方向）1班指导教师学院土木建筑工程学院开题日期 2013年3月10日文献综述框架结构设计1.前言随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点；与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。
因此，在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层框架最常用的结构型式。
例如：我国20世纪60年代的北京民航办公大楼是装配整体式框架结构；80年代建造的北京长城饭店是现浇延性框架结构。
2.框架结构的优缺点框架结构体系是由梁、板、柱组成。
优点：建筑平面布置灵活，可以做成有较大空间的会议室、车间、教室等。
需要时还可以隔断分隔成小房间，或拆除隔断变成大房间，因而使用非常灵活。
外墙用非承重构件，可以使立面设计灵活多变。
使用轻质隔墙和外墙，还可以大大降低结构自重，节省材料。
缺点：框架结构的缺点也很明显，因为框架结构的抗侧刚度主要取决于梁、柱的截面尺寸，通常梁、柱截面惯性矩小，侧向变形较大，因此限制了框架结构的使用高度。
在我国目前情况下，框架结构建造高度以15～20层以下为宜。
综上所述，在高度不大的结构中框架结构是一种比较好的结构体系。
3.框架结构布置框架结构在进行平面布置时，首先要确定柱网，柱网的尺寸必须满足建筑使用和结构受力合理要求，同时还有考虑施工方便和经济因素。
柱网的开间及进深。
可设计成大柱网和小柱网，在抗震结构中，过大的柱网将给实现延性框架增加一定的困难。
承重框架及抗侧力框架。
承重框架是指直接支承楼板传来的竖向荷载的框架，根据楼板中梁板布置的不同一般可分为横向承重、纵向承重和双重承重等几种布置方式。
由于风及地震可能从任何一方向作用，所以不管横向还是纵向都是抗侧力框架。
抗侧力框架必须做成刚接框架，不得采用横向为框架、纵向为铰接排架的结构体系。
土木工程专业钢筋混凝土结构设计毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：钢筋混凝土结构设计文献、资料英文题目：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：土木工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES原文：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETESTRUCTURES1. BASIC CONCERPTS AND CHARACERACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETEPlain concrete is formed from hardened mixture of cement, water , fine aggregate , coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel ) , air and often other admixtures . The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to accelerate of the chemical hydration of hen cement mix and results in a hardened concrete. It is generally known that concrete has high compressive strength and low resistance to tension. Its tensile strength is approximatelyone-tenth of its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile reinforcement in the tension zone has to be provided to supplement the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete section.For example, a plain concrete beam under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig .1.1(a), when the distributed load increases and reaches a value q=1.37KN/m , the tensile region at the mid-span will be cracked and the beam will fail suddenly . A reinforced concrete beam if the same size but has to steel reinforcing bars (2φ16) embedded at the bottom under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig.1.1(b). The reinforcing bars take up the tension there after the concrete is cracked. When the load q is increased, the width of the cracks, the deflection and thestress of steel bars will increase . When the steel approaches the yielding stress ƒy , thedeflection and the cracked width are so large offering some warning that the compression zone . The failure load q=9.31KN/m, is approximately 6.8 times that for the plain concrete beam.Concrete and reinforcement can work together because there is a sufficiently strong bond between the two materials, there are no relative movements of the bars and the surrounding concrete cracking. The thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials are 1.2×10-5K-1 for steel and 1.0×10-5~1.5×10-5K-1 for concrete .Generally speaking, reinforced structure possess following features :Durability .With the reinforcing steel protected by the concrete , reinforced concreteFig.1.1Plain concrete beam and reinforced concrete beamIs perhaps one of the most durable materials for construction .It does not rot rust , and is not vulnerable to efflorescence .(2)Fire resistance .Both concrete an steel are not inflammable materials .They would not be affected by fire below the temperature of 200℃when there is a moderate amount of concrete cover giving sufficient thermal insulation to the embedded reinforcement bars.(3)High stiffness .Most reinforced concrete structures have comparatively large cross sections .As concrete has high modulus of elasticity, reinforced concrete structures are usuallystiffer than structures of other materials, thus they are less prone to large deformations, This property also makes the reinforced concrete less adaptable to situations requiring certainflexibility, such as high-rise buildings under seismic load, and particular provisions have to be made if reinforced concrete is used.(b)Reinfoced concrete beam(4)Locally available resources. It is always possible to make use of the local resources of labour and materials such as fine and coarse aggregates. Only cement and reinforcement need to be brought in from outside provinces.(5)Cost effective. Comparing with steel structures, reinforced concrete structures are cheaper.(6)Large dead mass, The density of reinforced concrete may reach2400~2500kg/pare with structures of other materials, reinforced concrete structures generally have a heavy dead mass. However, this may be not always disadvantageous, particularly for those structures which rely on heavy dead weight to maintain stability, such as gravity dam and other retaining structure. The development and use of light weight aggregate have to a certain extent make concrete structure lighter.(7)Long curing period.. It normally takes a curing period of 28 day under specified conditions for concrete to acquire its full nominal strength. This makes the progress of reinforced concrete structure construction subject to seasonal climate. The development of factory prefabricated members and investment in metal formwork also reduce the consumption of timber formwork materials.(8)Easily cracked. Concrete is weak in tension and is easily cracked in the tension zone. Reinforcing bars are provided not to prevent the concrete from cracking but to take up the tensile force. So most of the reinforced concrete structure in service is behaving in a cracked state. This is an inherent is subjected to a compressive force before working load is applied. Thus the compressed concrete can take up some tension from the load.2. HISTOEICAL DEVELPPMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTUREAlthough concrete and its cementitious(volcanic) constituents, such as pozzolanic ash, have been used since the days of Greek, the Romans, and possibly earlier ancient civilization, the use of reinforced concrete for construction purpose is a relatively recent event, In 1801, F. Concrete published his statement of principles of construction, recognizing the weakness if concrete in tension, The beginning of reinforced concrete is generally attributed to Frenchman J. L. Lambot, who in 1850 constructed, for the first time, a small boat with concrete for exhibition in the 1855 World’s Fair in Paris. In England, W. B. Wilkinson registered a patent for reinforced concrete l=floor slab in 1854.J.Monier, a French gardener used metal frames as reinforcement to make garden plant containers in 1867. Before 1870, Monier had taken a series of patents to make reinforcedconcrete pipes, slabs, and arches. But Monier had no knowledge of the working principle of this new material, he placed the reinforcement at the mid-depth of his wares. Then little construction was done in reinforced concrete. It is until 1887, when the German engineers Wayss and Bauschinger proposed to place the reinforcement in the tension zone, the use of reinforced concrete as a material of construction began to spread rapidly. In1906, C. A. P. Turner developed the first flat slab without beams.Before the early twenties of 20th century, reinforced concrete went through the initial stage of its development, Considerable progress occurred in the field such that by 1910 the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete, the Austrian Concrete Committee, the American Concrete Institute, and the British Concrete Institute were established. Various structural elements, such as beams, slabs, columns, frames, arches, footings, etc. were developed using this material. However, the strength of concrete and that of reinforcing bars were still very low. The common strength of concrete at the beginning of 20th century was about 15MPa in compression, and the tensile strength of steel bars was about 200MPa. The elements were designed along the allowable stresses which was an extension of the principles in strength of materials.By the late twenties, reinforced concrete entered a new stage of development. Many buildings, bridges, liquid containers, thin shells and prefabricated members of reinforced concrete were concrete were constructed by 1920. The era of linear and circular prestressing began.. Reinforced concrete, because of its low cost and easy availability, has become the staple material of construction all over the world. Up to now, the quality of concrete has been greatly improved and the range of its utility has been expanded. The design approach has also been innovative to giving the new role for reinforced concrete is to play in the world of construction.The concrete commonly used today has a compressive strength of 20~40MPa. For concrete used in pre-stressed concrete the compressive strength may be as high as 60~80MPa. The reinforcing bars commonly used today has a tensile strength of 400MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength of prestressing wire may reach 1570~1860Pa. The development of high strength concrete makes it possible for reinforced concrete to be used in high-rise buildings, off-shore structures, pressure vessels, etc. In order to reduce the dead weight of concrete structures, various kinds of light concrete have been developed with a density of 1400~1800kg/m3. With a compressive strength of 50MPa, light weight concrete may be used in load bearing structures. One of the best examples is the gymnasium of the University of Illinois which has a span of 122m and is constructed of concrete with a density of 1700kg/m3. Another example is the two 20-story apartment houses at the Xi-Bian-Men in Beijing. The walls of these two buildings are light weight concrete with a density of 1800kg/m3.The tallest reinforced concrete building in the world today is the 76-story Water Tower Building in Chicago with a height of 262m. The tallest reinforced concrete building in China today is the 63-story International Trade Center in GuangZhou with a height a height of 200m. The tallest reinforced concrete construction in the world is the 549m high International Television Tower in Toronto, Canada. He prestressed concrete T-section simply supported beam bridge over the Yellow River in Luoyang has 67 spans and the standard span length is 50m.In the design of reinforced concrete structures, limit state design concept has replaced the old allowable stresses principle. Reliability analysis based on the probability theory has very recently been introduced putting the limit state design on a sound theoretical foundation. Elastic-plastic analysis of continuous beams is established and is accepted in most of the design codes. Finite element analysis is extensively used in the design of reinforced concrete structures and non-linear behavior of concrete is taken into consideration. Recent earthquake disasters prompted the research in the seismic resistant reinforced of concrete structures. Significant results have been accumulated.3. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE COURSEReinforced concrete is a widely used material for construction. Hence, graduates of every civil engineering program must have, as a minimum requirement, a basic understanding of the fundamentals of reinforced concrete.The course of Reinforced Concrete Design requires the prerequisite of Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials, and some if not all, of Theory of Structures, In all these courses, with the exception of Strength of Materials to some extent, a structure is treated of in the abstract. For instance, in the theory of rigid frame analysis, all members have an abstract EI/l value, regardless of what the act value may be. But the theory of reinforced concrete is different, it deals with specific materials, concrete and steel. The values of most parameters must be determined by experiments and can no more be regarded as some abstract. Additionally, due to the low tensile strength of concrete, the reinforced concrete members usually work with cracks, some of the parameters such as the elastic modulus I of concrete and the inertia I of section are variable with the loads.The theory of reinforced concrete is relatively young. Although great progress has been made, the theory is still empirical in nature in stead of rational. Many formulas can not be derived from a few propositions, and may cause some difficulties for students. Besides, due to the difference in practice in different countries, most countries base their design methods on their own experience and experimental results. Consequently, what one learns in one country may be different in another country. Besides, the theory is still in a stage of rapid。
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spendsthe time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4) product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profoundinfluence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototypedoes not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses theplaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and thebasic understanding.翻译：机械设计理论机械设计，通过设计新产品或改进老产品，以满足人类需要的应用技术科学。
C0-C0电力机车转向架构架结构设计
摘要C0-C0电力机车构架作为转向架的主要承载部件，它不仅要支撑车体、电机和各种零部件，而且需要传递车体和轮对之间的横向、垂向和纵向等各种力，其可靠性直接影响机车的性能和安全性，因此设计时不但要保证与其他部件接口形状及尺寸准确，而且需要满足机车的动力学性能和强度的要求。
本文通过转向架总体结构选型方案设计以及对构架结构参数的分析，在满足强度的要求下对构架进行设计。
关键词：C0-C0电力机车；转向架；构架；结构设计AbstractC0-C0 locomotive frame as the main load-bearing components of bogie, i t is not only to support the body, motor and all kinds of parts and components, but also need to pass between car body and wheels of transverse, longitudinal and vertical forces, its direct impact on the performance of locomotive reliability and security, so the design is not only to guarantee the accuracy of the interface with other parts shape and size, and need to meet the requirements of locomotive dynamic performance and strength.Based on the bogie structure type selection design and analysis of the frame structure parameters, under the request of structure strength design of architecture.Key words:C0-C0 electric locomotive, Bogie, frame, The structure design目录第1章绪论................................................. .. (1)1.1 国内外C0-C0轴式机车转向架发展现状 (1)1.2 SS9转向架总体概述 (2)1.3 本论文的主要工作.................................. ........... (3)第2章电力机车转向架结构方案选型设计 (4)2.1 C0-C0电力机车转向架设计原则.................. .............. . (4)2.2 转向架的作用与组成 ............... ............ .. (4)2.2.1转向架的基本作用及要求 (4)2.2.2转向架的组成 (5)2.3 转向架的结构选型.............................. ........... (5)2.4 转向架结构设计参数................................. (6)2.5 本章小结 (7)第3章机车转向架构架相关结构选型与设计 (9)3.1 电力机车构架焊接结构研究 (9)3.1.1母材焊接性分析 (9)3.1.2组焊工艺 (9)3.2 弹性悬挂系统定位分析 (12)3.2.1选型分析 (12)3.2.2结构设计 (13)3.2.3参数优化 (14)3.2.4总结 (15)3.3 牵引电动机悬挂 (15)3.4 电力机车制动装置介绍及其安装 (19)3.4.1制动系统概述 (20)3.4.2制动装置的安装 (24)第4章机车转向架构架结构设计 (25)4.1 转向架构架设计原则........................................... . (25)4.2 转向架构架的分类............................................ . (25)4.2.1 按设计和制造工艺分类.................................. ... . (25)4.2.2按轴箱及其定位装置的结构分类 (25)4.2.3按构架的结构形式分类 (26)4.3 SS3B转向架构架实例 (26)4.4 转向架构架结构设计............................................. (29)4.4.1侧梁结构 (29)4.4.2牵引梁结构 (30)4.4.3横梁结构 (31)4.4.4端梁结构 (31)4.5 构架结构................................................... .... (30)结论............................................................. . (32)致谢............................................................... .. (33)参考文献............................................. ........ (34)第1章绪论在铁路科技突飞猛进的今天，为了提高运力，缓和铁路客运季度紧张的局面，发展高速列车已迫在眉睫，这也是铁道部跨越式发展思路。
机械结构设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、机械设计外文翻译
2011届毕业设计外文翻译结构设计系、部：机械系学生姓名：**指导教师：康煜华职称副教授专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：机本0704班完成时间：2011年6月结构设计Augustine J.Fredrich摘要：结构设计是选择材料和构件类型，大小和形状以安全有用的样式承担荷载。
一般说来，结构设计暗指结构物如建筑物和桥或是可移动但有刚性外壳如船体和飞机框架的工厂稳定性。
设计的移动时彼此相连的设备（连接件），一般被安排在机械设计领域。
关键词：结构设计；结构分析；结构方案；工程要求Abstract: Structure design is the selection of materials and member type ,size, and configuration to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion .In general ,structural design implies the engineering of stationary objects such as buildings and bridges ,or objects that maybe mobile but have a rigid shape such as ship hulls and aircraft frames. Devices with parts planned to move with relation to each other(linkages) are generally assigned to the area of mechanical .Key words: Structure Design ；Structural analysis ；structural scheme ；Project requirementsStructure DesignStructural design involved at least five distinct phases of work: project requirements, materials, structural scheme, analysis, and design. For unusual structures or materials a six phase, testing, should be included. These phases do not proceed in a rigid progression , since different materials can be most effective in different schemes , testing can result in change to a design , and a final design is often reached by starting with a rough estimated design , then looping through several cycles of analysis and redesign . Often, several alternative designs will prove quite close in cost, strength, and serviceability. The structural engineer, owner, or end user would then make a selection based on other considerations.Project requirements. Before starting design, the structural engineer must determine the criteria for acceptable performance. The loads or forces to be resisted must be provided. For specialized structures, this may be given directly, as when supporting a known piece of machinery, or a crane of known capacity. For conventional buildings, buildings codes adopted on a municipal, county , or , state level provide minimum design requirements for live loads (occupants and furnishings , snow on roofs , and so on ). The engineer will calculate dead loads (structural and known, permanent installations ) during the design process.For the structural to be serviceable or useful , deflections must also be kept within limits ,since it is possible for safe structural to be uncomfortable “bounce”Very tight deflection limits are set on supports for machinery , since beam sag can cause drive shafts to bend , bearing to burn out , parts to misalign , and overhead cranes to stall . Limitations of sag less than span /1000 ( 1/1000 of the beam length ) are not uncommon . In conventional buildings, beams supporting ceilings often have sag limits of span /360 to avoid plaster cracking, or span /240 to avoid occupant concern (keep visual perception limited ). Beam stiffness also affects floor “bounciness,” which can be annoying if not controlled. In addition , lateral deflection , sway , or drift of tall buildings is often held within approximately height /500 (1/500 of the building height ) to minimize the likelihood of motion discomfort in occupantsof upper floors on windy days .Member size limitations often have a major effect on the structural design. For example, a certain type of bridge may be unacceptable because of insufficient under clearance for river traffic, or excessive height endangering aircraft. In building design, ceiling heights and floor-to-floor heights affect the choice of floor framing. Wall thicknesses and column sizes and spacing may also affect the serviceability of various framing schemes.Materials selection. Technological advances have created many novel materials such as carbon fiber and boron fiber-reinforced composites, which have excellent strength, stiffness, and strength-to-weight properties. However, because of the high cost and difficult or unusual fabrication techniques required , they are used only in very limited and specialized applications . Glass-reinforced composites such as fiberglass are more common, but are limited to lightly loaded applications. The main materials used in structural design are more prosaic and include steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete, wood , and masonry .Structural schemes. In an actual structural, various forces are experienced by structural members , including tension , compression , flexure (bending ), shear ,and torsion (twist) . However, the structural scheme selected will influence which of these forces occurs most frequently, and this will influence the process of materials selection.Tension is the most efficient way to resist applied loads ,since the entire member cross section is acting to full capacity and bucking is not a concern . Any tension scheme must also included anchorages for the tension members . In a suspension bridge , for example ,the anchorages are usually massive dead weights at the ends of the main cables . To avoid undesirable changes in geometry under moving or varying loads , tension schemes also generally require stiffening beams or trusses.Compression is the next most efficient method for carrying loads . The full member cross section is used ,but must be designed to avoid bucking ,either by making the member stocky or by adding supplementary bracing . Domed and archedbuildings ,arch bridges and columns in buildings frames are common schemes . Arches create lateral outward thrusts which must be resisted . This can be done by designing appropriate foundations or , where the arch occurs above the roadway or floor line , by using tension members along the roadway to tie the arch ends together ,keeping them from spreading . Compression members weaken drastically when loads are not applied along the member axis , so moving , variable , and unbalanced loads must be carefully considered.Schemes based on flexure are less efficient than tension and compression ,since the flexure or bending is resisted by one side of the member acting in tension while the other side acts in compression . Flexural schemes such as beams , girders , rigid frames , and moment (bending ) connected frames have advantages in requiring no external anchorages or thrust restrains other than normal foundations ,and inherent stiffness and resistance to moving ,variable , and unbalanced loads .Trusses are an interesting hybrid of the above schemes . They are designed to resist loads by spanning in the manner of a flexural member, but act to break up the load into a series of tension and compression forces which are resisted by individually designed tension and have excellent stiffness and resistance to moving and variable loads . Numerous member-to-member connections, supplementary compression braces ,and a somewhat cluttered appearance are truss disadvantages .Plates and shells include domes ,arched vaults ,saw tooth roofs , hyperbolic paraboloids , and saddle shapes .Such schemes attempt to direct all force along the plane of the surface ,and act largely in shear . While potentially very efficient ,such schemes have very strict limitations on geometry and are poor in resisting point ,moving , and unbalanced loads perpendicular to the surface.Stressed-skin and monologue construction uses the skin between stiffening ribs ,spars ,or columns to resist shear or axial forces . Such design is common in airframes for planes and rockets, and in ship hulls . it has also been used to advantage in buildings. Such a design is practical only when the skin is a logical part of the design and is never to be altered or removed .For bridges , short spans are commonly girders in flexure . As spans increaseand girder depth becomes unwieldy , trusses are often used ,as well as cablestayed schemes .Longer spans may use arches where foundation conditions ,under clearance ,or headroom requirements are favorable .The longest spans are handled exclusively by suspension schemes ,since these minimize the crucial dead weight and can be erected wire by wire .For buildings, short spans are handled by slabs in flexure .As spans increase, beams and girders in flexure are used . Longer spans require trusses ,especially in industrial buildings with possible hung loads . Domes ,arches , and cable-suspended and air –supported roofs can be used over convention halls and arenas to achieve clear areas .Structural analysis . Analysis of structures is required to ensure stability (static equilibrium ) ,find the member forces to be resisted ,and determine deflections . It requires that member configuration , approximate member sizes ,and elastic modulus ; linearity ; and curvature and plane sections . Various methods are used to complete the analysis .Final design . once a structural has been analyzed (by using geometry alone if the analysis is determinate , or geometry plus assumed member sizes and materials if indeterminate ), final design can proceed . Deflections and allowable stresses or ultimate strength must be checked against criteria provided either by the owner or by the governing building codes . Safety at working loads must be calculated . Several methods are available ,and the choice depends on the types of materials that will be used .Pure tension members are checked by dividing load by cross-section area .Local stresses at connections ,such as bolt holes or welds ,require special attention . Where axial tension is combined with bending moment ,the sum of stresses is compared to allowance levels . Allowable : stresses in compression members are dependent on the strength of material, elastic modulus ,member slenderness ,and length between bracing points . Stocky members are limited by materials strength ,while slender members are limited by elastic bucking .Design of beams can be checked by comparing a maximum bending stress toan allowable stress , which is generally controlled by the strength of the material, but may be limited if the compression side of the beam is not well braced against bucking .Design of beam-columns ,or compression members with bending moment ,must consider two items . First ,when a member is bowed due to an applied moment ,adding axial compression will cause the bow to increase .In effect ,the axial load has magnified the original moment .Second ,allowable stresses for columns and those for beams are often quite different .Members that are loaded perpendicular to their long axis, such as beams and beam-columns, also must carry shear. Shear stresses will occur in a direction to oppose the applied load and also at right angles to it to tie the various elements of the beam together. They are compared to an allowable shear stress. These procedures can also be used to design trusses, which are assemblies of tension and compression members. Lastly, deflections are checked against the project criteria using final member sizes.Once a satisfactory scheme has been analyzed and designed to be within project criteria, the information must be presented for fabrication and construction. This is commonly done through drawings, which indicate all basic dimensions, materials, member sizes, the anticipated loads used in design, and anticipated forces to be carried through connections.结构设计结构设计包含至少5个不同方面的工作：工程要求，材料，结构方案，分析和设计。
钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献
钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计1．导言在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。
在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。
在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。
塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。
尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。
在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。
所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。
在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。
结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。
在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。
这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。
尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。
与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。
因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。
图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。
在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。
在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。
理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
转向架结构设计 摘 要 当以功能模型为基础时，机械产品的结构设计能够有效完成。有一些基于函数的能够把函数从抽象到具体分解从而使物理部件与函数的匹配设计方法。然而，当函数只与预定义部件相配合时，创新设计是很困难的。本文在使用分类函数与推动的专业设计系统下描述列车转向架的结构设计过程。该专业设计系统能够给出列车转向架上并不存在的新部件的函数模型，并介绍描述不同难度的机械产品的操作的设计知识。这是创新设计和分类函数设结构设计的理论基础。该专业设计系统能够控制的设计知识，表现为对部件、函数模型、函数与部件之间的映射规则的认识。通过专业设计系统介绍列车转向架制动系统的函数模型。 关键词：结构设计、专业设计系统、分解、函数模型、分类函数、设计知识水平、创新 1、简介
结构设计是在早期的设计概念里完成的，它可以被解释为预定义组件的装配过程。在机械产品的结构设计中，常用函数来描述设计目标。在概念设计过程中函数起着关键性作用，正如 几何学在精细的设计阶段。在基于函数的设计过程中，分段函数和函数结构优化是必不可少的。 文中描述的专业设计系统有如下特点：（1）、机械产品的函数模型使用的是希曼费德尔分类函数；（2）、列车转向架的结构设计使用函数模型；（3）、转向架上不存在的新部件的函数模型使用在TRIZ中代表了一部分物理现象和效应的30函数组。 设计的主要目的是提供一个有效的方法来实现设计目标,防止设计失败没有阻碍创造力。有很多基于函数的设计方法,其中主要的缺点是通过函数组成简化设计问题和再设计过程中有效的解决重要问题。 阿奇舒勒分析了前苏联的专利申请，提出了几个他称为“发明问题解决理论”的方法。TRIZ倾向于提供一种系统的方法来解决许多工程领域的问题。在数据库方面，TRIZ提出了“物理现象和效应数”据库，这是一个作为新的科学发展成长 起来的分类收集的物理理论。在TRIZ中，描述机械产品的函数只代表30函数组的一小部分，每个函数组都有从PPE中选出的物理理论元素。如果TRIZ的30函数组与函数模型方案相结合，它就极有可能给机械零件的设计提供基本的物理知识。 在分析了柯林斯的工作和考虑消费者的产品之后，从直升机部分构件的失败中，它们建议了46个关键词和40个先行词形容词形成105个基本功能。希曼费德尔把机械产品的函数描述为4个基本函数组：运动、电力/物质，控制，和外壳。他们把每个函数组进行详细分解为更详细的描述，如图1所示。每一个详细的描述形式动词形容词的关系。 当函数分解时，将会发现原函数中的一点。在这一点上分解过程应该停下来保持在一个合理的水平内。基于优化的分类通常有一个列表与函数匹配完成分解。甚至一个新手设计师可以从列表中选择部分来满足给定的函数优化。 有很多执行结构设计的专业系统基于机械产品的函数结构层次。Myung and Han开发了一个参数化模型-机床装配与CAD系统。他们介绍的概念“设计单元”，这是一个函数单元用来描述函数的结构。 基于函数的设计可以使经验丰富的设计师在给定领域的设计过程形式化成为可能。然而，设计一个新部件来满足给定的函数在大多数基于函数的设计方法和专业设计系统是困难的，因为一个预定义的部分必须选定函数。为了解决这个问题，文中使用TRIZ的30函数组和希曼费德尔分来函数，因为分类函数在一般 的机械产品中是适用的。本文试图创建一个能够广泛用于产品设计的专业设计系统，而不是仅限于特定的范围内的工具。 2、分类函数和抽象的设计知识
有些抽象的知识可用来描述组成和操作计算机的体系。同样它可以通过不同层次的知识表达机械产品的设计知识，如图2示。每个层次描述了机械产品在不同抽象级别的表现。最高的知识层次包括设计方法论，使用任何可用的设计知识来完成设计目标。函数水平与函数的函数模型有关，比如函数优化策略和功能层次结构。 工程理论知识的层次包括机械产品或其零部件的理论分析知识。这个物理现象包括基本物理理论和为下一个更深更高层次的提供理论和工程理论。很可能每次更高水平的知识就是前面简单层次的抽象，这部分描述物理组件和机械产品。这个类型的连接零件之间的层次结构，零件也在这个层次上描述。 每个层次的知识都有自己的特点。设计方法在知识层次上包括TRIZ、公理化设计和其它智能原理。该知识层次的主要角色是联系其它设计知识来完成设计目标。在这篇文章中，TRIZ用来展现用专业设计系统下的概念设计来解决设计问题的可能性。考虑到一个公司可能掌握的转向架设计知识。关于转向架功能的知识属于功能性的知识水平，而起这些作用的机械部件使其服从部件水平。工程理论级别包括像强度、部件的动态特性，物理现象级别的知识会描述能够使车辆悬浮 的超导现象。 该论文的核心思想是追赶用这种知识结构去创造新的设计理念。如果如图1所示的那样，每种抽象级别的知识除普通级别知识都可以分为4类知识，将会对全面使用4类知识做出新的设计很有用。创新设计的策略可能属于图1中的基础知识水平。本文建议有必要把知识分为5类以便系统的使用有关知识，尤其是创新设计。如果一个专业设计系统被用于知识分类，就像它成功的被用于把每个级别的知识联系到它的知识基础、规则和推理机。 越复杂的设计信息，没有专业设计系统的时候越难有效处理。在一个设计完成后，以专业设计系统为基础的知识可以被设计者增加，通过分类和增添新的必要的设计知识，从而使它在未来的设计中更可信更有用。设计系统这个额外的优点展示了它怎么处理设计知识。它不仅仅储存信息而且用知识级分类和把信息储存、修改和使用。
每种级别的设计知识都能用于概念性设计。例如，一个设计者可以制作和分 析列车转向架的功能层次，尝试发现部件水平的功能（如图1）。然后设计者就能检查物理原理或者工程原理，该部件必须满足功能的需求。通过分类函数法来选择部件能狗被描述为使两种设计知识级别联系起来，功能级别和部件级别。分类函数的优点是为设计者提供一种共用语言。它提供一种标准函数使分解过程标准化，使物理部件配置更容易。 3、TRIZ的应用
阿奇舒勒，TRIZ的发明者，有很多创新专利和分类的专利解决问题。因此，他提出了一个普通问题的解决方案，如图2中描述的结构。TRIZ方法论是分为3组：理论基础、分析工具和知识库的工具。 在公理化的设计中，分解函数产生的条件是每个设计参数的功能需求不应耦合。该理论侧重于独立和最低复杂性的功能需求。这种方法为制作简单和优雅的设计增加了可能性。然而，当发明新产品的时候，使用这种方法作用不大，因为创新并不是来源于功能和部件之间的公理化设计的理论建议。
要解决这个问题，当设计一个新部件时，它会合理的去探索和发现一个物理理论来满足给定的函数。这个过程可以被描述为以图1的知识级别。为新零件的开发提供物理描述。创新的设计往往来自于为现有的功能采用不同的物理原理。本研究使用TRIZ的知识库PPE为一个函数找到必要的物理理论,也表明这将次于援助设计师创意设计过程形式化使用知识库和设计的知识水平。它也对经验丰富 的设计者在没有其它任何标准化的设计方法时有所帮助。图2表明所选的TRIZ的30函数组和它的选自于30函数组的元素的物理现象和效应。 分类函数和30函数组的紧密联系如图3的调查和分类。它们之间的功能类比被用于联系分类函数和物理理论，这是一个用分类函数做模型的理由。因为数据库的物理理论不断增加，应该补充30函数组的内容。本文使用被认为是有效显示其有效性的限制数量的函数。 当选择物理理论时，设计者需要展示其创造性来满足分类函数，然后以此为基础设计一个新部件。如果有两个不同的部件具有图1所示的相似的模型，但在物理现象级别有不同的物理理论，这两个部件的整体形状就会有很大差别。因此，应用不同的物理理论可能导致一个完全不同的配置部件。 4、为结构设计的转向架建立专业设计系统
机械产品设计中的专业设计系统的用途增加了，大多数基于规则系统。工程
设计系统可能被分开、存取和修改的基础知识，一个被命名为BODES的专业设计系统为结构设计转向架得到了发展。该专业设计系统由一台推理机和3种函数模型，部件表等如图3.这些基础知识包括图1所示的3种知识级别。功能级别，部件级别，物理现象级别。如图1所示的设计规则联系着函数模型知识与部件。IRE V 4.0用于专业设计系统发展BODES。IRE使用面向对象的软件结构。它支持“在不同的物体之间组织和使用知识，使用统一的方式对待知识和数据结构成为可能”。IRE的这个特点适用于不同抽象级别的知识。 类和属性，IRE的组件，是适当的用于描述机械产品的功能和TRIZ的30函数组，IRE的对象用于表达转向架部件，而规则和方法是联系各部件功能的角色，
如图4示完成部件后，BODES的设计知识的联系是在应用TRIZ的30函数组。图4中，代表物理部件的物体是两级函数和物理原理。图5表示了用BODES设计结构设计转向架的过程。分类函数的分解过程用使用者的投入来完成，已分解的函数与部件的基本设计过程联系起来。该专业设计系统询问设计者是否分解存在的
部件的每个功能。如果设计者决定使用存在的部件，那么代表部件的物体就要服从于代表分解函数的级别。 如果设计者试图设计出一个转向架上不存在的新部件，专业设计系统， BODES就为新部件的功能设计提供物理原理，类比图3的描述和图2所示的相应元素。在设计者选择了物理原理之后，新部件的分解用分类功能完成，一个函数的功能被建立用来执行新的物理原理。部件的形状和规模将在细节设计阶段以BODES为基础来完成。 5、转向架的结构设计
转向架是列车最基本的部件，它直接承载着来自车体的重量。当列车移动时，
转向架承担着列车的牵引和制动，为旅客提供着舒适和安全。转向架的构成如图6示，转向架的构成：传动系统，制动系统，二系悬挂和转向架构架。大多数转向架部件是机械部件。结构设计开始于转向架的功能分解，通过图5示的专业设计系统。四个基本的功能被细分成更明确的功能，通过BODES的输入。图7示了BODES的规则网。通过使用者输入的数据，推理机的选择和推理过程中的触发规则，BODES的合理答案最常用正常推理，因为它通过从使用者接收数据使新推论成为可能，这使得推理引擎更适合动态情况。