研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写
summary怎么写
1.英语中的SUMMARY怎么写具体格式步骤是什么英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下： 1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
5、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：（1）筛选1-2个例子。
（2）避免重复，删除细节，只保留主要观点。
（3）把长段描述压缩变成短小精悍的句子。
如下例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” (5)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
（6）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” (7) 使用最短的连接词。
2.summary怎么写summary一般是英文作业中的总结或者摘要。
下面是我从meeloun教育网摘抄的summary写作方法，你可以看看，或许对你有用第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给summary起一个标题。
研究生英语summary
“The End of Something" is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it. Hemingway uses this story to convey how this change happens all the time, and however desperately you cling to the "present"This article uses the broken mill, the fish's not striking,and the characters in themselves to tell us a story far beyond what we read.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. Once,their relationship flourished.now they cannot relate as much to each other anymore.Nick has lost interest; the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore. The love is there, but it has ceased to appeal to Nick. The good old past simply isn't good enough anymore. Marjorie, on the other hand, clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.For what was, was, and what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow. It is as Hemingway conveys through this story: the present will not remain present for long, and one must look beyond what was and look at what is in order to be truly happy.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author think his conviction of ignorance was sane ,happy,and irrefutable.which did not depress he,for thinking that he is better as he is.At first, apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. Secondly,the acquisition of this store has cost he long years and much money,compared with all that he do not know,it seems,an inadequate terurn.And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. Just as he write “the happy ignorant man ,the man aware of his own ignorance,and perfectly content with it.”However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.For several decades we have known about one effect of exercise on the brain,the “endorphin high”that make us feel good dueing and right after exercise. And “a sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind. In this way, exercise is a state of mind.In this article the auther uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety,improves sleep,improves resilience in the face of stress and raises self-esteem.and they come from alterations inside your head. Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise. In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.and continuing exercise and motivation is the keys to good health.“Opportunity is what the new world has always represengted:struggle,risk,self-determination,and the hope of spiritual and progress.” But is America any longer a land of opportunity for the people born here?the answer is:no,not especially.And in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged.The writer Clive Crook holds that that phase America is exceptional in its material opportunity has ended.pessimism vies with vitality for command of the national consciousness.Most important of all,the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. America insist a kind of bargain,but it is false advertising.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor. And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get outof poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which cannot do everything ,but dismal school performance is the biggest problem that policy makers concerned with opportunity in American can fix. which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.As we all known, every language has its words to express good and evil,for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? The purpose this article is to propose a preliminary outline for a view of evil.and his basic assumption is that there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, c ustom, or prejudice. Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.The author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”. Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author give us a path which tell how should we teach our children.the path combines self-awareness,empathy,learning,creative compensation and good works.。
研究生英语summary writing课堂笔记
Summary(precis)One form of expository writing is the summary, which requires putting into shortened form the major ideas from someone else’s writing. Writing a good summary depends first of all on your ability to read the original material and understand it thoroughly. While reading, you must identify the main point or thesis, understand the difference between the major points and supporting details,and restate these points in your own words.How you summarize will partly depend on whether you are dealing with a narrative or an essay. The summary of a narrative is usually called a sequential plot summary and a comprehensive summary. The sequential summary follows the order in which the main events of a narrative are presented in the original work. A sequential summary of “One Good Turn Deserves Another”, for instance would begin as follows:With ￡50 drawn from the bank, Green was driving home along a lonely country road. At the loneliest part of the road, he gave a lift to a stranger. From the talk with the stranger, he got to know the stranger had been broken out of prison for robberytwo days before. He was worried and drove over the speed limit, hoping he would be caught by the policeman. The policeman caught him up, wanted just his name and address and left instead of taking him to the police station where he could tell the policemen about the escaped robber. When they reached the outskirts of London, the robber handed him the policeman’s notebook with Mr. Green’s name and address which he had stolen and “Thank you for the lift. You’ve been good to me.”Like all summaries, this one reduces each event to its bare essentials in the order of the essential events. While sequential summary simply recounts one event after another without saying which is the most important, a comprehensive summary immediately identifies the central action to which all other actions must be referred.“One Good Turn Deserves Another”is the story of Mr. Green’s experience with a stranger when he was driving home with ￡50 drawn from a bank. When he was hurrying home, he was stopped by a stranger on the loneliest part of the road. He gave him a lift. From the talk with the stranger, he got to know he had been a robber broken out of prison…A comprehensive summary such as this gives a clearer account of the story as a whole than a sequential summarydoes.There is another kind of summary which summarizes an essay or an argumentative essay. In this summary, you have to have the following points:1.Cite your source. A good summary of this kind shouldbegin with a sentence that identifies the source, title, author, and type of writing.2.Present the author’s controlling idea. The summaryshould restate at the beginning what the controlling idea is before continuing to mention the other main points. The detail or support usually is not included in the summary.3.Clarify the author’s attitude. This is especiallyimportant in argumentative writing.Remember that the summary is not the place for you to present an opposing viewpoint or your own point.You must clarify the original point of view in the summary.Read the following editorial from the Oregonian and see how the summary is composed:The original:Cut for Campus QualityFacing the crunching consequences of Measure 5, highereducation Chancellor Thomas A. Bartlett is making the best of a bad situation. The least the Oregon Legislature can do is not make it any worse.The situation is bad because Measure 5 diverts more than $625 million of the state general fund to school districts and, probably, community colleges to replace reduced property tax receipts. Higher education’s share of the cuts looks likely to leave the system about $90 million short of what it needs to continue operations at the current level.Even the system’s best options are bound to move it in the wrong direction. Just when the system should be getting better and preparing for growing numbers of students, it’s preoccupied with the best way to shrink.But the challenge is to ensure that the ripple of Measure 5 doesn’t wash Oregon’s state universities into national higher education back-waters. As Bartlett notes, if Oregon is going to be competitive, its universities must be competitive, too-even in pared-down form.Many specific choices have yet to be made at individual colleges and universities on where and how to respond to the budget difficulties. But the system is inevitably facing a combination of substantial, specific program cuts and bigtuition increases.The result will be fewer course choices for studedts —and also fewer students, most of whom will be paying more for their education.That is a tough bullet to bite. But Measure 5 wasn’t warning shot. And by eliminating whole programs where they are deemed less necessary than others, the system retains a chance at preserving quality elsewhere. And unfortunate as tuition increases are, they are a better deal for students than a cheaper but poorer education.The Legislature needs to respect the need for these hard decisions, unhappy as they are. It needs to recognize, too, the importance to Oregon’s future of an excellent higher education system, even as an excellent primary and secondary system is important. It needs to see that this is not a budget to raid further; indeed, it’s a place to restore resources as they become available. And it needs to recognize that maintaining a high-quality system requires addressing one of the system’s most fundamental problems —uncompetitively low salaries for nationally respected faculty members.Finally, the state —which under Measure 5 assumes primary responsibility to provide for community colleges aswell —needs a more comprehensive higher education strategy for both systems, clarifying missions and what can be expected in funding support.If the Legislature refuses to face the reality of higher education’s needs, it may find that a bad situation can always be made worse.To write a good summary of this kind, you must keep the following in mind;1. Read the original well. You may need to read the original piece several times, a nd then jot down a brief outline of the main ideas before writing your summary.2. Restate or paraphrase the main idea without using the exact phrase or sentences of the original. This may be the most difficult part of writing a summary. The easiest way to write a good restatement or paraphrase and avoid the danger of copying is to put the original piece away while you draft the summary. Remember to use your own sentence structure and vocabulary to express the ideas in the original piece.3. Only present the author’s main idea. The summary is not the place to present your own judgments orconclusion of the author’s idea because its main purpose is to acquaint the reader in short form with the author’s ideas, not the summary writer’s opinion on those ideas. You may present yours in another paragraph, not in the summary, if you want to.。
summary 总结
如何写一篇英语文章的summarysummary是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。
首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。
2）弄清要求。
搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。
分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。
在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。
将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。
在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。
摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。
要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
英语考试作文-2019英语专八作文summary写作8个技巧
英语考试作文2019英语专八作文summary写作8个技巧2019英语专八作文summary写作8个技巧1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”5) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”7) 使用最短的连接词。
(完整版)英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
1/ 19E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
怎样写总结英语作文
怎样写总结英语作文How to Write a Summary English Composition。
Writing a summary is an essential skill for both academic and professional purposes. It involves condensing a longer piece of text into a shorter version while retaining the most important information. Here are some tips on how to write a summary in English.1. Read the original text carefully。
Before you begin writing your summary, it's important to read the original text carefully. Make sure you understand the main ideas, arguments, and supporting details. Take notes as you read to help you remember the key points.2. Identify the main ideas。
Once you've read the text, identify the main ideas.These are the most important points that the author is trying to convey. Look for topic sentences, thesis statements, and other key phrases that signal the main ideas.3. Ignore minor details。
summary_writing总结写法
Why is summary writing useful?
Teachers use summary writing to test your understanding of reading material.
Summary writing helps you comprehend information as you attempt to pull out just the essential information from a reading.
Remember, you must include only the author’s opinions.
Think of yourself as a reporter, not an interpreter!
Personal reflections in conclusions are appropriate only in essays.
must be precise and clear.
Remember that the more summaries you write:
the better you will get at using language effectively.
15
Other benefits
Consider writing summaries for all your readings; it will help you “know what you know” and do better on mid-term and final exams.
12
Checking your summary
Read it out loud closely. Do you have at least three paragraphs? Examine each part (introduction, body,
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In
the article,the writer argues that there are synergies between gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.
- Show the relationships among these ideas.
- Omit specifics, such as illustrations, descriptions, and detailed explanations. - Indicate the author’s purpose in writing: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. If the passage is a persuasive piece, report the author’s bias or position on the issue.
In
the process of urbanization, many women are left behind to take care of everything single-handedly. Those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well, like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions. Disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas. To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about "propriety".
The writer finds that women are unequal to men in every way. (They are underprivileged and put under social and moral restrictions. )He believes that an exploration into biomass energy can shed light on the synergy between gender, poverty and environment issues. To begin with, environmental deterioration like deforestation reduces biomass energy dramatically, sending poor women to collect wood fuel for long hours instead of studying or working, perpetuating their poverty. At the same time, women become more vulnerable as victims of indoor air-pollution. They can access fewer resources of biomass energy due to privatization of communal lands. Even in developed countries, they have to live with inequality in such realms as energy, education and labor division.
Steps in Writing a Summary
►1.Read the article ►2.Reread the Article. - Divide the article into segments or sections of ideas. Each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme. A segment can comprise one or more paragraphs. - Label each segment. Use a general phrase that captures the subject matter of the segment. Write the label in the margin next to the segment. - Highlight or underline the main points and key phrases.
►3. Write One-Sentence summaries. - Write a one-sentence summary for each segment of thought on a separate sheet of paper. ►4. write supporting ideas - Cover all of the author’s major supporting ideas.
- Omit all personal opinions, ideas, and inferences. Let the reader know that you are reporting the author’s ideas.
►5.Formulate the Thesis Statement. - Formulate a central theme that weaves the onesentence segment-summaries together. This is your thesis statement.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The
writer calls for forward-looking strategies to integrate gender into environmental analysis. To be more specific: Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on women's part; put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it; resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environmental analysis.
- In many articles, the author will state this directly. You may wish to take his direct statement of the thesis and restate it in your own words. - In other articles, you may have to write your own one-sentence thesis statement that summarizes this central theme.
several aspects to an effective thesis
statement:
- It comprises two parts: a) the topic or general subject matter of the text b) the author’s major assertion, comment, or position on the topic.
In the article, the writer argues that attention to gender issues sharpens environmental studies and helps relieve poverty. …… …… ……
To conclude, a gender perspective will go a long way toward making smarter environmental policies and programs, alleviating poverty at the same time. They are interlocked and interactive.
The worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden, etc. But women can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy. Discriminatory inheritance, property ownership and limited access to agricultural support systems render women unable to ensure food safety, soil conservation and land sustainability.