Chapter-17-Global-Production--Outsourcing--and-Log
巧克力工厂英文原版导读
巧克力工厂英文原版导读"The Chocolate Factory" is a beloved children's novel written by Roald Dahl. The story follows a young boy named Charlie Bucket, who wins a golden ticket to tour the mysterious and magical chocolate factory owned by the eccentric Willy Wonka. As Charlie and the other winners explore the factory, they encounter a series of fantastical and often perilous adventures, while learning about the inner workings of the chocolate-making process.The novel is filled with vivid descriptions of the factory's extraordinary rooms, such as the Inventing Room and the Chocolate Room, where rivers of chocolate flow and edible plants grow. The characters they meet, including the Oompa-Loompas and the enigmatic Willy Wonka himself, add to the sense of wonder and excitement throughout the story.Dahl's writing style is engaging and humorous, with a touch of whimsy that appeals to readers of all ages. The book also contains moral lessons about the consequences ofgreed and selfishness, as well as the rewards of honesty and kindness.Overall, "The Chocolate Factory" is a timeless classic that continues to captivate readers with its enchanting blend of adventure, imagination, and heartwarming moments. It has been cherished by generations of readers since its publication and remains a beloved favorite in the world of children's literature.。
农药生产许可管理办法英文版
Measures on the Management of thePesticide Production LicenseChapter I GeneralArticle 1 To regulate pesticide production practices, strengthen pesticide production management and ensure the quality of pesticides, the Measures on the Management of the Pesticide Production License (the Measures) is hereby developed in accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Pesti-cides.Article 2 The pesticide production referred to in the Measures includes the production of the TC (TK), formulation processing or repackaging.Article 3 The Measures shall apply to the application, review, issuance, supervision and management of a pesticide production license.Article 4 The Ministry of Agriculture shall be responsible for the nationwide supervision and guidance regarding the management of a pesticide production license and establishment of production condition requirements and review rules.The agricultural authorities under the provincial people’s government (hereinafter referred to as the agricultural authorities at the provincial level) shall be responsible for accepting, reviewing applica-tions and issuing a pesticide production license.Local agricultural authorities above the county level shall strengthen the supervision and manage-ment of a pesticide production license within their respective administrative areas.Article 5 The pesticide production license shall be managed on the principle of one license for one enterprise, and a pesticide producer will be granted only one pesticide production license.Article 6 Pesticide production shall comply with national industrial policies, and pesticide producers shall not produce products considered obsolete by the state, or use any technology, equipment or raw materials considered obsolete by the state during pesticide production, and shall not add the production of products restricted by the state, or add any technology, equipment or raw materials restricted by the state for the purpose of pesticide production.Article 7 Agricultural authorities at all levels shall strengthen information-based management of a pesticide production license. The Ministry of Agriculture shall accelerate the creation of a uniform nation-al pesticide management information platform, and gradually realize the uniform handling of pesticide production license applications, acceptances, reviews, issuances and printing through the pesticide management information platform. Local agricultural authorities shall timely upload and update pesti-cide production licenses, and details pertaining to supervision and management and other information in a timely manner.Chapter II Application and ReviewArticle 8 Enterprises engaged in pesticide production shall meet the following requirements:(1) comply with national industrial policies;(2) have in place management, technology, operations, inspection and special post personnel, etc.meeting the requirements of the production process;(3) have in place a permanent production site;(4) have in place reasonably arranged plants, and where a newly established chemical pesticideproducer or non-chemical pesticide producer expands the production scope of chemical pesticide, it shall establish factories in a chemical industry park above the provincial level; where a newlyestablished non-chemical pesticide producer, household hygienic insecticide producer or chemical pesticide producer increases the production scope of the TC (TK), they shall be located in a chemical industry park or industry park above the municipal level;(5) have in place automation production equipment and facilities suitable for the pesticide itproduces, as well as the facilities used in production and sales with traceable product electronic information codes;(6) have in place a specialized quality testing organization, complete testing instruments andequipment, and integrated quality assurance system and technical standards;(7) have in place a complete management system, including raw material procurement, processingequipment, quality control, product sales, product recall, product storage and transportation,production safety, occupational health, environmental protection, pesticide waste collection and disposal, sta training, documenting and recording, and other management systems.(8)other conditions speci ed by the Ministry of Agriculture.Where there are other requirements on the production conditions of enterprises regarding work safety and environmental protection laws and regulations, the pesticide producers shall comply with the requirements and consciously accept the supervision of relevant management authorities. Article 9 The following materials shall be submitted to the local agricultural authority at the provincial level in the application for a pesticide production license:(1) an application form for a pesticide production license;(2) a copy of the enterprise’s business license;(3) identity certi cates and basic information of the legal representative (person in charge);(4) copies of resumes and quali cation certi cates of main management personnel, technicalpersonnel and inspection personnel, as well as basic information of relevant personnel engaged in pesticide production;(5) oor plan layout, land use or lease certi cate of the production site;(6) process charts for production devices of the TC (TK) or formulation types of the pesticides to beproduced in the application, oor layout of production devices, process chart and process speci ca-tion, as well as the name, quantity and pictures of the corresponding main plant, equipment and facilities and ancillary facilities ensuring normal operation;(7) product quality standards and the list of main test instruments and equipment for the TC (TK) orformulation types to be produced in the application;(8) product quality assurance les and les pertaining to the management system;(9) primary records of three batches of pesticides manufactured in a trial production and for whichthe application is made, in accordance with the requirements found in the product quality assur-ance documents and the management system;(10) authenticity and legitimacy statements for application data;(11) other data speci ed by the Ministry of Agriculture.The application data shall be submitted in both paper and electronic forms.Article 10 For the application data submitted by the applicant, the agricultural authorities at the provin-cial level shall treat them respectively based on the following circumstances:(1) where no pesticide production license is required, the applicant shall be timely informed that theapplication is not accepted;(2) where any error is found in the application data, the applicant shall be allowed to correct it onsite;(3) Where the application data is not complete or consistent with legal forms, the applicant shall beinformed of all the contents that should be corrected or supplemented once and for all on site or within ve working days; if the applicant is not informed within the aforesaid period, the application shall be deemed as accepted upon receipt of the application data;(4) where the application data is complete, consistent with legal forms, or the applicant submits allsupplemental or corrected data as required, the application shall be accepted.Article 11 The agricultural authorities at the provincial level shall review in writing and conduct a technical assessment of the application data, and if necessary, carry out an on-the-spot investigation. The agricultural authorities shall make a decision on whether the production license should be issued within twenty working days upon acceptance. If the conditions are met, the pesticide production license shall be issued; if not, written notice indicating the reasons to the applicant shall be given.The technical assessment may be conducted by professionals in the elds of pesticide management, production, quality control, etc., and the time needed is not included in the license term and shall not exceed ninety days.Article 12 The pesticide production license pattern and the format of the forms will be uniformly deter-mined by the Ministry of Agriculture.The pesticide production license shall clearly indicate the license number, name of the producer, uniform social credit code, domicile, legal representative (person in charge), scope of production, production address, validity period, etc.The numbering format of the pesticide production license: pesticide production license + abbrevia-tion of province + serial number (four numerals).The production scope of the pesticide production license shall be marked according to the follow-ing regulations:(1) category of the TC (TK);(2) formulation type, with the chemical pesticides and non-chemical pesticides distinguished.Chapter III Alteration and RenewaArticle 13 The pesticide production license is valid for ve years. In case of any change of name, domi-cile, legal representative (person in charge) of a pesticide producer or narrowing of production scope, an application for change shall be led to the agricultural authority at the provincial level within thirty days from the date of change and related proof of materials shall also be submitted.The agricultural authority at the provincial level shall approve or disapprove an application forchange upon acceptance within twenty working days. If the application is quali ed, the change will be approved; if not, a written notice indicating the reasons will be given to the applicant.Article 14 In case a pesticide producer expands the production scope or changes the production site, he or she shall apply for a new pesticide production license according to the Measures. In case of relocation, chemical pesticide producers shall be relocated into a chemical industry park or industrial park above the municipal level.For a newly increased production site, it shall be subject to the requirements on newly established pesticide producers.Article 15 If the production of a pesticide needs to continue upon expiration of the period of validity, the pesticide producer shall apply to the agricultural authority at the provincial level for renewal ninety days before the expiration.Article 16 For the application of a pesticide production license renewal, the producer shall submit the application form, production report and other materials. The agricultural authorities shall review the application data. Where the application is not led within the speci ed time limit, or the conditions are not met, the renewal will not be approved.Article 17 In case of loss or damage of the pesticide production license, the pesticide producer shall state the reasons and provide relevant supporting documents, as well as apply to a local agricultural authority at the provincial level for re-issuance.Chapter IV Supervision and InspectionArticle 18 Pesticide producers shall organize production in accordance with the product quality stan-dards and provisions of the production license, ensue the pesticide products are consistent with those registered, and be responsible for the quality of pesticides they produce.Within the pesticide production license scope, pesticide producers may accept the entrustment of new pesticide developers and other pesticide producers to toll or repack pesticides, as well as the entrustment of enterprises exporting pesticide to China to repack pesticides according to Article 19 of the Regulations on the Management of Pesticides.Article 19 Pesticide producers shall upload production and sales data of the last quarter within fteen days upon the end of each quarter to the pesticide management information platform speci ed by the Ministry of Agriculture. In case of tolling or subpacking of pesticides, the entrusting party shall be respon-sible for such reporting.Article 20 The local agricultural authority above the county level shall strengthen the supervision and inspection of pesticide producers, conduct regular surveys and statistics on pesticide production, and establish pesticide production credit les and publish them.Article 21 Agricultural authorities at the provincial level shall withdraw a pesticide production license according to law, in the event of any of the following circumstances:(1) a fake pesticide is produced;(2) a sub-standard pesticide is produced (considered a severe circumstance);(3) the continued production of pesticides when no longer meeting the requirements of a pesticideproduction license, and refusal to rectify or still fail to satisfy the requirements after recti cation;(4) a violation of regulations speci ed in Article 53 and Article 54 of the Regulations on the Manage-ment of Pesticides;(5) due to a transfer, lease or loan of the pesticide production license;(6) due to the employment of any personnel speci ed in Paragraph I, Article 63 of the Regulationson the Management of Pesticides for pesticide production activities;(7) other circumstances where the pesticide production license shall be revoked according to law. Article 22 Agricultural authorities at the provincial level shall revoke a pesticide production license according to law, in the event of any of the following circumstances:(1) the decision of granting the pesticide production license is made by the personnel of the issuingauthority through an abuse of powers or a neglect of their duties;(2) the decision for granting the pesticide production license is made by the issuing authorityagainst legal procedures;(3) the pesticide production license is granted by the issuing authority to an applicant who isunquali ed or does not conform to the statutory requirements;(4) the applicant obtained the pesticide production license by fraud, bribery and other impropermeans;(5) other circumstances where the pesticide production license shall be revoked according to law. Article 23 In the event of any of the following circumstances, the original issuing authority shall cancel its pesticide production license according to law:(1) if the enterprise applies for cancellation;(2) if the quali cations of the subject are terminated according to law;(3) if the application for renewal is not led upon expiration of the term of validity of the pesticideproduction license;(4) if the pesticide production license is withdrawn, canceled or revoked according to law;(5) based on other circumstances where the license shall be canceled according to law.Article 24 Any pesticide producer shall be deemed as not validly holding a pesticide production license under any of the following circumstances:(1) if the continued production of pesticides is beyond the term of validity of the pesticide production license;(2) if the production of pesticides is beyond the scope of the pesticide production license;(3) if the production of pesticides in other places is carried out without approval;(4) if an enterprise which has obtained the pesticide production license is entrusted to process orsub-package pesticides beyond the scope of the license;(5) other circumstances where the pesticide production license is deemed not obtained.Article 25 The Ministry of Agriculture shall strengthen supervision and inspection of pesticide business licensing management by agricultural authorities at the provincial level, and if any personnel is found violating rules, the personnel shall be ordered to correct such a violation, and if punishment shall be imposed according to the law, suggestions for punishment shall be made to the personnel’s appointment and removal agency or supervision agency.Article 26 Agricultural authorities above the county level and their personnel shall be ordered to remedy any of the following actions below. Those who bare such direct responsibility for any such actions shall be investigated. Punishment shall be meted out according to the law, and if the actions constitute a crime, they shall be held criminally liable. The actions include:(1) a failure to perform pesticide production supervision and management duties, and if illegal pesticide production activities in their administrative region caused material loss or adverse social in uence;(2) granting a production license to any unquali ed applicant, or withholding a production license to any quali ed applicant;(3) being engaged in pesticide production and operation activities;(4) playing favoritism and committing irregularities, abusing powers and neglecting duties.Article 27 If any unit or individual nds any one is engaged in pesticide production activities in violation of the law, it has the right to report the violation to the agricultural authority, and the agricultural authori-ty shall verify such reporting, deal with the issue in a timely manner, and keep con dential the informa-tion of the informer. If the case is veri ed to be true and plays an active role in production safety or saves great loss, a reward or award shall be given according to relevant national regulations.Article 28 If a pesticide producer is engaged in illegal pesticide production activities, it shall be punished according to the stipulations in the Regulations on the Management of Pesticides; if the afore-said activities constitute a crime, the pesticide producer shall he held criminally liable according to law.Chapter V Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 29 Chemical pesticides mentioned in the Measures refer to pesticides arti cially synthesized with chemical substances.Article 30 The Measures will come into force from August 1, 2017.If any pesticide producer has obtained a production approval certi cate or license before the Measures come into e ect, it is allowed to continue such production of corresponding pesticides within the validity term. Where the production of pesticides needs to continue upon expiration of the term of validity, the pesticide producer shall apply for a new pesticide production license at the agricultural authority of the provincial level ninety days before expiration of the term of validity in accordance with the Measures.If any pesticide producer which has obtained a pesticide registration certi cate, but not the approv-al certi cate for pesticide production or a pesticide production license before the implementation of the Measures and needs to continue the production of pesticides, it shall obtain a pesticide produc-tion license within two years after the implementation of the Measures.。
INTERVIEWING AND INTERROGATION
消化内科学(医学高级)：胰腺疾病找答案（题库版）1、单选下列哪项不是急性胰腺炎腹痛的特点()A．疼痛大多在中上腹，亦可偏左或偏右B．疼痛性质多样C．疼痛多向腰背部放射D．呕吐后疼痛减轻或缓解E．弯腰抱膝位可减轻疼（江南博哥）痛正确答案：D2、单选多种病因导致急性胰腺炎，虽致死途径不同，但共同发病过程为（）。
A.胰腺自身消化理论B.胰液分泌增多C.胰液排出受阻D.胰腺受损E.共同通道学说正确答案：A3、多选病例摘要：患者，女性，45岁。
因上腹部持续剧烈疼痛20小时入院，活动时疼痛加重，坐位及胸膝位减轻。
既往有胆石症病史。
体检：T39.5℃，P130次/分，BP12/7kPa（90/52.5mmHg）。
巩膜微黄。
轻度腹胀，腹软，上腹部明显压痛，肠鸣音减弱。
墨菲征阳性。
应给予此患者哪些治疗（）。
A .禁食B.胃肠减压C.肌注阿托品D.静滴甲氰咪胍E.吸氧F.输液正确答案：A, B, C, D, E, F4、单选关于急性胰腺炎腹痛机制的论述错误的是（）。
A.胰腺炎症刺激包膜上的神经末梢B.炎症渗出物刺激腹膜C.胰腺受压迫腹部神经丛D.炎症累及肠道引起肠胀气E.胰管阻塞正确答案：C5、问答题男性，29岁。
大量饮酒后，恶心呕吐，上腹部疼痛，吐后不缓解，不发热。
既往有溃疡病史。
查体：巩膜黄染(-)，心肺正常。
肺肝界存在，左上腹有压痛，无反跳痛及肌紧张。
肠鸣音正常。
血淀粉酶1600U/L(正常80～180u/L)，WBC：6.0×10/L。
(1)初步诊断?(2)需除外何种疾病?做哪种检查可明确?(3)治疗原则?正确答案：1.急性胰腺炎(水肿型)2.需除外溃疡病穿孔，拍立体腹平片3.治疗原则(1)禁食.补液(2)H2受体阻断剂或质子泵抑制剂(3)抗炎治疗受体阻断剂或质子泵抑制剂6、单选治疗急性胰腺炎，不是抑制或减少胰液分泌的方法是()A．禁食及胃肠减压B．抑肽酶C．H2受体拮抗剂D．降钙素E．抗胆碱能药物正确答案：B7、单选急性水肿型胰腺炎的治疗，原则上主要采用哪项措施（）。
《全球产业转移》英文版
Global Shifts1Barry EichengreenUniversity of California, BerkeleyApril 2011Shifts happen. We are currently witnessing a major shift in the balance of economic, financial and political power from the advanced countries to emerging markets – from West to East, or from the West to the Rest. This is, of course, not the first time that we have observed this kind of global shift. The rise of the West from the 15th century and its concomitant, the decline of China, was itself an earlier instance, if mirror image, of this kind of shift. (See Figure 1.) The industrial revolution, which gave rise to what is sometimes called “The Great Divergence” (the growing divergence in manufacturing capability and in capacity to project power between the first countries to industrialize, principally in Europe, and other regions) marked another global shift. It is no coincidence that the first industrial nation, Great Britain, came to control fully a quarter of the world’s population and land mass by the end of the 19th century.2 There was the shift in economic power from the pioneer industrializer, Britain, to followers like Germany that contributed to the economic and geopolitical tensions helping to set the stage for World War I. There is Charles Kindleberger’s thesis that that Great Depression of the 1930s was a consequence of the global shift in power from Britain to the United States, one that left an exhausted Britain incapable of managing the world economy and an inexperienced United States unwilling to do so.3 There is the shift after World War II toward the two great superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the dominance of the U.S. over the Western world (Figure 2). There is then the relative decline of the United States owing to catch-up growth, first in Europe, next in Japan, and finally in East Asia and elsewhere, which gradually closed the per-capita-income gap. The current shift toward emerging markets like China and India (Figures 3 and 4) is usefully seen in this light.This paper examines these earlier shifts in economic and political power and asks what light they shed on the implications of today’s global shift. I inquire into the sources of the shift, describe the tensions to which it gave rise, and ask how those tensions were managed. The answer to this last question, in two words, is “not well.” Global shifts have almost always fanned economic conflict, created problems for economic management, and heightened diplomatic tensions. Sometimes they have erupted into military conflict. While the same need not be true this time, there is reason to worry that the current global shift is a source of economic and political risks. It is past due time to start thinking about both the nature of those risks and mechanisms for managing them.The causes and consequences of changes in economic fortune, both relative and absolute, probably constitute the central question of all of economic history, if not all of economics. One paper can do justice to neither the topic nor the literature. Rather than attempting to be comprehensive, I focus on a number of specific cases, those mentioned in the opening paragraph. While this requires me to touch on aspects of nearly a millennium of human history, my focus is mainly on the last two centuries, the period since the establishment of the Bank of Finland, the1 Prepared for the Bank of Finland’s 200th anniversary symposium, Helsinki, May 5-6, 2011.2 And to “rule the waves.”3 As originally advanced in Kindleberger (1973).event providing the occasion for this symposium. Coverage of these episodes is also necessarily selective and designed to highlight the themes sounded above.1.The Rise of the WestEconomic historians are unanimously of the view that Ming China was the leading economic power in 1400. No other country constructed the equivalent of the Great Wall or the Grand Canal. No other state or empire had a standing army with a million troops. China was known for its technological prowess and precocity – for its mastery of gunpower, printing, paper-making, and compasses. It was known for the long-distance commercial voyages of the great admiral Zheng He whicht served commercial purposes (many of his ships had private cabins for merchants) and also sought to extract tribute from other lands bordering the Indian Ocean.Two factors then combined to set on foot a global shift. First, the Ming Dynasty turned inward. Zheng He’s fleet was dismantled. Limits were placed on the size of newly-constructed ships. By the end of the 15th century, subjects of the Chinese empire were forbidden to construct ocean-going ships or to leave the country. The overland route west, the Silk Road, was all but closed to traffic. The Chinese met early European incursions by limiting contact to a handful of treaty ports.Why the Mings turned inward is disputed. One view is that curtailing contact with the outside world was a low-cost way of dealing with piracy and the Uighurs. Another is that from the middle of the 15th century the Mings had bigger problems close at hand, like their border dispute with what is modern-day Vietnam. Still another is that this was the ill-advised decision of a clutch of conservative officials concerned about the impact on China of foreign influence.But there is little disputing the consequences. China’s inward turn created space for other powers. Lack of contact with foreign ideas, the absence of foreign competition, and the smothering effects of tradition set China up for a long period of economic stagnation.The coincident factor was improved Western sailing, navigation and military technology. The key innovation was the caravel, a sailing ship developed by the Portuguese and then the Spanish that combined lateen (triangular) rigging, making it very maneuverable and able to sail up rivers, with square sails that made it very fast and able to cross oceans. Lateen sails came from the Arab lands, square ones from Northern Europe; the Iberians were strategically placed between the two influences. New navigational techniques developed by Arab, Indian and Jewish astronomers but systematized by the Portuguese allowed European ships to go anywhere. Finally, the Portuguese were quicker than others to adapt the use of canon to ocean-going vessels.Why Portugal, one might ask? As with the Internet, public-sector R&D played a role. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal founded a maritime academy that fostered many of these innovations. He established an observatory at Sagres to construct accurate tables on the sun’s declination.4The early voyages down the west coast of Africa were sponsored by the4From 1500 or so there was a growing accumulation of navigational data in a variety of countries (Spain, France, England), all of which saw the publication of practical pamphlets and guides on the subject.Portuguese crown (just as Columbus’ pioneering trans-Atlantic voyage was underwritten by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain). The result was the Age of Exploration (sometimes referred, in less politically-correct terms, as the Age of Discovery), in which the Portuguese and Spanish found their way around Cape Horn to Asia and then across the Atlantic to the Americas.5While the Portuguese had a head start, the Spanish had a larger economy. The two quickly came into conflict over trading posts, trade rights, and other commercial prerogatives. There was an effort to divide the spoils – to create separate spheres of influence not unlike the Western and Soviet blocs during the Cold War or the possibility, sometimes mooted today, of Chinese and U.S. spheres of influence in Asia and the West. The first such effort, the Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, divided the newly discovered territories of Africa and the Western Hemisphere. The dividing line ran north-south along a meridian roughly down the middle of the Atlantic before bisecting what became modern-day Brazil. This was followed in 1524 by the Treaty of Zaragoza, which similarly divided Asia and the Pacific along a north-south meridian running roughly through the middles of Japan and Australia.6An unintended consequence of this spheres-of-influence strategy may be to permit the regional hegemon to grow fat and lazy. So it is said of Spain and Portugal following the conclusion of the two treaties.7This made room for hungry upstarts: England and theNetherlands. The Iberians were followed into the Indian Ocean by first the Dutch and then the English: the Dutch ended up controlling trading rights with much of modern-day Indonesia, the English with India. In the Western Hemisphere the Iberians were flanked to the north by the Dutch and, more importantly, English and French, who built their commercial empires on the basis of shipping and finance but in addition had manufactures (woolens) to export.The upstarts also relied on strong institutions – national champions that enjoyed public-sector support. In 1602 the Dutch States General established the world’s first joint-stockcompany, the Dutch East India Company, granting it not just a monopoly of trade with Asia but also the power to establish fortified trading posts, negotiate treaties, and wage defensive wars.8 The company established a centralized hub in Batavia (now Jakarta), organized nearly 5,000 voyages, and paid its shareholders an annual dividend approaching 20 per cent for twocenturies.9 5 Why Europe, more generally, one might ask? Was the Renaissance conducive to the systematization ofknowledge? Did the Black Death, by raising land-labor ratios, create surplus agricultural production that could be traded and higher living standards? These questions presumably deserve more than a footnote. At virtually the same time Queen Elizabeth granted a royal charter to the (English) East Asia Company, which like its Dutch competitor acquired monopoly rights and, eventually, a 6 The prod for this treaty was the conflict between the two countries over Malacca and the surrounding “spice islands” (the source of the region’s valuable spices). Portugal arrived first, establishing a fort at Malacca in 1511. Spain then arrived in the Moluccas from the east in 1521 as part of Magellan’s famous attempt to circumnavigate the globe, and Charles V sent another expedition to colonize the islands. There followed a year of fighting between the two countries. In 1524 the two kingdoms agreed to resolve the issue by drawing another meridian that would divide the world into two equal-sized hemispheres. To get it right, each crown appointed three astronomers, three pilots, and three mathematicians. 7 See Kindleberger (1994) and Landes (1998). 8 This, recall, was the age of mercantilism, when states sought to monopolize the trade of a region so as to generate monopoly profits which could then be used to strengthen the state’s finances and its ability to wage war. 9 Now there’s a risk premium for you.modern board of directors.10 Using Surat in India as a transit point between the Spice Islands and Europe, the East Asia Company was responsible for Britain establishing its foothold in India. These two trading concerns, as joint-stock companies and public-private partnerships, were important institutional innovations. They were the agents of the power shift from Southern to Northern Europe and of Europe’s growing influence and control over much of Southern Asia.This situation – two aspirants infringing on the turf of two established powers, and the Europeans all seeking to establish exclusive access to the minerals, precious metals, and high-value crop-lands of other regions (spice- and sugar-growing land in particular) – was a recipe for conflict among the imperialists and between the Europeans and the indigenous peoples with whom they made contact.11 In addition to nimble sailing ships and canon, the Europeans had on their side metallurgy (which furnished them with efficient swords and daggers) and infectious disease (which desimated previously isolated indigenous populations). In turn the imperialists were weakened by almost continuous internecine conflict. The rising Northern European powers fought for space and influence with both their Iberian predecessors and one another. When the English arrived in the Bandas and Moluccas, islands where cloves and nutmeg were grown, the Dutch drove them out by force.12 The Dutch fought with Sultan Agung, who headed a powerful state in central Java, over the establishment of Batang. They took Ceylon from Portugal along with most of that country’s Indian forts and trading stations. Similar stories could be told about the Western Hemisphere. Cooperation would have meant more surplus for the Europeans and indigenous peoples alike. But it was not to be.The Dutch and English, having come into conflict over foreign policy and commercial interests (it is not clear that there was a clear separation between the two matters in this period), skirmished in Europe as well. The Dutch also attracted the enmity of France, which sided with England in its mid-17th century conflict with the United Provinces and then used import tariffs to protect its infant sugar and cloth industries from Dutch competition.13 In the 18th century the French and English clashed over control of North America in the French and Indian Wars.14 Military means were used repeatedly to bolster trade and create mercantilist preserves free of foreign competition. One worries that it could happen again.2.The Great DivergenceThe industrial revolution transformed the world economy by launching per capita incomes on a sustained upward path unlike anything seen previously. It also constituted a global shift par excellence. It widened the gap in economic and military capabilities between European countries whose ambitions had been restrained by a fragile balance of power. It also transformed the conduct of warfare. Within Europe, Germany’s comparative advantage in the production of steel and, by implication, the construction of railways gave it a decisive advantage over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In the colonies, the invention of the Gatling gun, another10 A Royal African Company was later formed to take charge of trade in slaves, ivory and gold in Africa.11 The scramble for scarce resources and associated possibility for conflict will resonate, presumably, with Chinese officials concerned about their country’s dependence on imported raw materials.12 Helped importantly by their native allies.13 This, from the mid-17th century, being the age of high mercantilism.14 Leading to the Seven Years’ War in Europe and indirectly, it is often said, to the French Revolutionary Wars.byproduct of the industrial revolution, gave the Europeans a powerful advantage in their effort to secure colonial control of additional portions of Africa and Asia.15Thus, it is no coincidence that the industrial revolution was followed by the new imperialism of the second half of the 19th century: by the partition of Africa by the European powers and their further colonial expansion into Asia. Crude Marxian accounts sometimes explain this new wave of colonialism and imperialism as a function of the voracious appetite of 19th century industrial economies for raw materials and the desire of governments to secure exclusive access to the same.16 But modern economic histories cast doubt on the notion that empire paid: any benefits to the imperialists, including those associated with favored access to raw materials, were swamped by military and other costs.17What industrialization did was greatly enhance the ability of industrial nations to project power and control other lands.18 With the railway and the steamship (practical for ocean-going voyages in the second half of the 19th century, not incidentally coincident with the new imperialism), it became possible to deploy military force more quickly. Machined canonry (now breech rather than muzzle loaded) and rifles (notably the caplock rifled musket) were for the 19th century what steel swords and daggers had been for the 16th and 17th. These innovations were decisive, for example, in the First Opium War of 1839-42.19 With the Great Divergence in per capita incomes, it became possible for the industrial powers to raise larger and better equipped standing armies. European control of the interior of Africa or India might have been paper thin, but it would have been unimaginable in the absence of industrialization. Like 21st century Europeans who prefer to take part of their higher living standards in the form of increased leisure time, their 19th century predecessors sought to take a part in the form of colonial conquest.This desire was a source of frustration to countries late to the great global game, Germany in particular. With the growth of its industry, and its comparative advantage in military-relevant heavy industry in particular, Germany became as capable as any European power at mobilizing and projecting force. But the process of industrialization reached critical mass later than in Britain or France.20 German unification had to wait for Bismarck to incorporate the southern states. Thus, by the time Germany emerged as an industrial and military power of the first rank, the process of colonial partition was largely complete.Germany therefore had to content itself with a few remaining scraps in West Africa, East Africa and the Pacific. It pushed against French and Spanish control in North Africa, precipitating the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905 by insisting that France adopt an open door policy for its protectorate, to little avail. It was left to advance its expansionist aims in and around Europe, notably attempting to expand its influence over the declining Ottoman Empire by completing the Berlin-Baghdad Railway, something that in turn became a geopolitical15 The descendant of the hand-cranked Gatling gun was the automatic Maxim gun, invented in 1884.16 An interpretation that has obvious implications for China’s actions in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. There is also the more sophisticated variant of the hypothesis due to Eric Williams (Williams (1966).17 For the balance sheet see Davis and Huttenback (1986).18 David Landes in his 1998 book and earlier writings makes this argument most forcefully.19 See for example Hacker (1977).20 The classic account being Clapham (1936).flashpoint.21 Some accounts describe Germany’s ambitions in terms of the need of an industrial economy to secure a reliable supply of energy and raw materials (oil in the case of the Ottoman Empire), something that will resonate with observers of China today. Most, however, understand it more in terms of naked imperial ambition.22 Be this as it may, the result was the tensions and tangled alliances that set the stage for World War I.Finance was enlisted not just in the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway but more widely in the effort to advance geopolitical goals. Then like now, that influence might be more subtle than overt. Modern observers alarmed by the rise of sovereign wealth funds wonder whether those funds’ governmental masters are encouraging them to invest in ways that are geopolitically expedient as well as economically remunerative. Before World War I, they saw governments, like those of France and Germany, encouraging private lending to Czarist Russia or the Ottoman Sultan with the goal of alliance building. Hints were dropped that the government would take it as a favor if an investment bank underwrote bond issues on behalf of such borrowers on favorable terms.23 Sometimes governments might intervene directly to encourage or halt issuance on behalf of foreign governments. Between 1897 and 1901, for example, the French government intervened with the Crédit Lyonnais, discouraging it from issuing bonds on behalf of the Russian government until the Russian and French general staffs had agreed on the particular strategic railways to whose construction the proceeds would be put.Employing finance for military and strategic purposes meant that it was not always allocated in ways that maximized returns. The fact that the French and German governments regularly intervened in the operations of the Paris and Berlin markets, whereas the British government employed a more hands-off attitude, helps to explain why the rate of return on French and German lending was generally lower than comparable returns on British overseas investment.24 While financial might creates strategic opportunities for governments, in other words, exploiting those opportunities also has costs.25With governments intervening in private financial affairs before the fact, they also felt some compulsion to come to the aid of the bondholders if and when things went wrong. Gunboats might then be dispatched to collect payments from defaulting debtors. Just how But while Mitchener and Weidenmier (2005) argue for the importance of these “supersanctions,” they identify just 6 episodes of direct military intervention out of 43 default episodes spanning the 19th century. Other authors argue that when governments intervened militarily in response to default, they were in fact using financial events as a pretext for intervention desired on other grounds. They suggest that other mechanisms – ex ante monitoring by investment banks with reputations to protect and ex post exclusion from the bond market by a cohesive cartel of issuers – were more important for enforcing contracts.2621 See Jastrow (1917).22 Something to which today’s China, which prefers to keep a relatively low-key profile internationally, has not obviously fallen prey.23 For accounts of the practice see Feis (1930).24 This point is argued and documented in Fishlow (1986).25 Something for the managers of sovereign wealth funds to bear in mind.26 See inter alia Mauro, Sussman and Yafeh (2006) and Flandreau and Flores (2007).3. The Rise of the United StatesThe other global shift at this time was the rise of the United States. From an economic speck at the outset of the 19th century, the U.S. by 1914 had grown into the world’s largest economy and leading exporter. But while economic change was rapid, political adjustments lagged behind. The North American colonies had been settled by Europeans who had sought to distance themselves from the Old World. George Washington in his farewell address had emphasized the desirability of “as little political connection as possible” with foreign nations (while at the same time acknowledging the value of “extending” commercial relations).Isolationist instincts, in other words, ran deep. Even the Monroe Doctrine, which warned the European powers against attempting to advance their colonial ambitions in the country’s Latin American backyard, can be interpreted in isolationist terms: it promised as a quid pro quo that the U.S. would not participate in wars among the European powers. The notable exception was U.S. occupation of the Philippines resulting from the Spanish-American War. That the precipitating event that led the U.S. to disregard its long-standing tradition of non-interventionism was an incident on an island, Cuba, a scant 90 miles from the rising power’s shores is perhaps worth recalling (Taiwan being only 81 miles from the Chinese mainland).27 In defeating the Spanish, the U.S. in fact took control not just of the Philippines but also Guam and Puerto Rico. Whether this was a momentary fall from grace or an emerging economic power for the first time displaying geopolitical ambitions is disputed.28But there is no question that the U.S. was, by this time, seeking to more actively assert its economic interests. Before long it was seeking to alter the structure of international markets so that they worked to its advantage (or at least didn’t disadvantage it to the same extent). A long-standing bone of contention was that the trade credit required by U.S. exporters and importers was almost entirely denominated in sterling and sourced in London. This put U.S. producers and merchants at a competitive disadvantage; not only did they have to pay two commissions, one to their local bank and the other to its London correspondent, but they also bore the exchange risk. One of several rationales that combined in 1913 to cause the establishment of the FederalReserve System (overcoming another deep-seated American aversion, this one to concentrated financial power) was the desire to create a market in securitized trade credits (“tradeacceptances”) denominated in dollars and sourced domestically.29Almost immediately the Fed took steps to develop this market, passing the necessaryregulations while discounting acceptances and purchasing them outright. As a result of this initiative (and as a byproduct of disruptions to the London market caused by World War I), in a scant ten years the acceptance market in New York matched its rival in London in both size and liquidity.30 27 Cuba not having achieved independence in the second decade of the 19th century, it was effectively exempted from the Monroe Doctrine. The dollar became as a true international currency; by the mid-1920s central banks 28 On the first view, see Bemis (1962); proponents of the second include Kennedy (1987), Mead (1987) and Nye (1990). 29 As emphasized by Broz (1997). 30 The relevant document is provided by Eichengreen and Flandreau (2010).around the world held as large a fraction of the foreign exchange reserves in dollars as in sterling.31The U.S. competed with Britain throughout the 1920s in seeking to bring more countries into its financial orbit. As governments prepared to return to the gold standard, the Fed, in the person of Benjamin Strong, influential governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, encouraged them to contract stabilization loans in New York rather than London.32 Receiving a stabilization loan was the first step in establishing ongoing relations with a financial center. But while he governor himself may have been strongly internationalist in orientation, the U.S. otherwise reverted to its previous stance of quasi-isolationism following the war. The Congress famously refused to approve President Wilson’s request to join the League of Nations. Not wishing to become entangled in the reparations dispute, the U.S. did not join the Bank for International Settlements in 1930 (although it did provide finance for its early operation). The country’s diplomats did little to slow the progress of German rearmament or otherwise to do anything to prevent the war clouds from gathering over Europe.U.S. tariff policy was inappropriate for what was now the world’s leading trading nation, a country with an interest in the maintenance of an open trading system that should have led by example. Here the greater villain was probably the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 rather than the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, but neither helped.33 The mistake was to allow trade policy to be politicized. Herbert Hoover ran for the presidency in 1928 on a platform that promised to raise tariffs on imports of farm products, agricultural prices having been depressed for much of the decade. Once the tariff bill got to the Congress, there was nothing to prevent members from adding all manner of protection for manufactures so as to build as wide a coalition as possible.34Yet to say that the United States disregarded the case for international economic cooperation would not be accurate. The Fed famously kept interest rates low in order to encourage capital to flow toward Britain and aid that country’s efforts to return to gold in 1924-5. It made a credit line available to the Bank of England.35 It hosted a meeting of central bankers on Long Island in 1927, where other countries holding sterling as reserves committed not to taking gold from the British. In the summer of 1931, with the spread of the financial crisis, President Hoover offered a moratorium on inter-allied war debt payments in order to facilitate a moratorium on German reparations.31 This from a starting point in 1914 where the dollar accounted for a negligible proportion of global reserves (Eichengreen and Flandreau 2009). Elsewhere I have suggested what the U.S. accomplished in ten years – moving from a point where its currency played no international role to one where it was the leading invoicing, investment and reserve currency – may also be possible for China (Eichengreen 2011).32 Chandler (1958) and Clarke (1967) document his efforts.33 With the U.S. not a member of the League of Nations, the League’s efforts to negotiate a tariff truce in the 1920s were to little avail.34 See Schattschneider (1935). The Fordney-McCumber Tariff had similarly been intended to raised depressed farm-gate prices but had also been expanded to provide protection for manufactures by the time it was passed by the Congress. When efforts turned to rolling back tariffs in the 1930s, a change in institutions, in the form of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, made a substantial difference.35 One that, in the event, was not drawn.。
汽车行业企业级BOM管理
EBOM Release & Change Control
BOM Restructure
Additional Information Maintain
Release By Plants
Support Product Mgmt
Support Supply Collaboration
Burlwood
Mahogany
Red leather
Software,Circuits
没有CAD数模旳工程零件
Paint, Fluids
Seals
E-BOM零件
swept volume
closed
Support Design-in-Context
Layout
Prod
Definition
Exterior
Enterprise Change Mgmt
Product Change Management
Engineering Change Management (Eng./Mfg/… Change)
Product Structure Building
Product Configuration
Validate and Analysis
Complete data model to support product line and configuration definitionEasily link to vehicle program management data, such as portfolio and requirements, make sure vehicle design/engineering reflect marketing requirementsProvide a Function BOM to facility cross departments early collaboration and vehicle development tasks breakdown
Chapter 17
Chapter 17Equipment and supplies EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, DRUGS AND REAGENTSMost embryo transfer practitioners in North America use entirely disposable supplies and purchase sterile saline and complete media. Various suppliers ship these materials with just a telephone call (credit is prearranged). This greatly simplifies operations. There is nothing to wash and sterilize; no medium need be prepared except to add macromolecular and antibiotic solutions with a sterile syringe; there is no need to purify water; there is no danger of spreading disease from farm to farm because everything is disposed of at each farm. Some practitioners do not even have a refrigerator, but depend on each farmer's household refrigerator.This approach is inappropriate for embryo transfer in many countries because of unreliable access to suppliers, but it should be considered seriously in some situations. We have organized this chapter by listing equipment and supplies needed for basic embryo transfer, and add additional supplies for various functions, such as media preparation and cryopreservation.Equipment∙stereomicroscope(s)∙compound microscope (optional)∙hair clippers (scissors can substitute)∙cabinet or incubator for embryos (an insulated box can substitute) ∙cervical expanderSupplies∙syringes and needles∙betadine (tamed iodine scrub)∙ethanol∙plastic palpation sleeves∙sterile plastic gloves∙lubricant (K - Y jelly)∙insemination or embryo transfer guns∙sterile sheaths for guns∙0.25-cc plastic straws∙transfusion bag to hold medium (2-litre flask can substitute)∙Foley catheter plus stylet∙tubing for flushing∙straight, tapered and Y-connectors∙clamps (haemostats can substitute)∙graduated cylinder or embryo filter∙0.22-μ bacteriological filters∙pipettes for embryos and rubber connectors∙microscope bulbs∙searching dishes and small Petri dishes∙KaMaR oestrus-detection aids (optional)∙labelling tape and indelible marking pens∙paper towels∙blood collection tubesDrugs and reagents∙appropriate vaccines for health programme∙prostaglandin F2 alpha (or analogue)∙follicle-stimulating hormone or pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin∙Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline∙Na penicillin G∙streptomycin sulphate∙bovine serum albumin (Fraction V) or heat-inactivated bovine serum ∙procaine (2 %)∙siliconizing agent (optional)Additional needs if washing and sterilizing capabilities are required for reuse of equipment:Equipment∙gas sterilizer (a ventilation hood is a useful option)∙drying oven∙autoclave (optional)Supplies∙detergent∙sterilization packaging and heat and gas indicator tape∙aluminium foilDrugs and reagents∙ethylene oxideAdditional needs if media are to be prepared at the embryo transfer laboratory:Equipment∙balance∙pH meter∙osmometer (optional)∙centrifuge (if serum prepared)∙water bath (if serum prepared)∙refrigerator with freezer∙still or deionizer (unless water is purchased)∙Bunsen burner or alcohol lamp∙large bacteriological filter unitSupplies∙flasks∙sealable bottles∙weighing paperDrugs and reagents∙CaCl2.2H2O∙MgSO4.7H2O∙NaCl∙KCl∙Na2HPO4∙KH2PO4∙glucose∙Na pyruvate∙distilled or deionized water (unless made in the laboratory)Additional needs if embryos are to be cryopreserved:Equipment∙liquid nitrogen tank (can use farmer's)∙freezing machine or apparatus∙heat sealer or haemostat (unless PVC polymer powder is used) ∙small insulated container for liquid nitrogen (e.g. DeWar flask)Supplies∙forceps (for seeding)Drugs and reagents∙glycerol∙non-toxic paraffin oil (optional)∙sucrose∙liquid nitrogen∙polyvinyl chloride powder (unless a heat sealer is used)Additional needs for micromanipulation:(Note: Simple bisection of embryos does not require this equipment.) Equipment∙fixed-stage microscope∙micromanipulators (usually left and right)∙pipette puller∙microforgeSupplies∙breakable razor blades∙glass capillary tubingOther optional equipment:∙ultrasonography apparatus∙laparoscopeSuppliersThe following list of suppliers includes companies which have exhibited at the annual conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society recently or which are listed in Procedures for recovery, bisection, freezing and transfer of bovine embryos (Elsden and Seidel, 1985). We have listed only our local suppliers; it is logistically impossible to list all suppliers worldwide. These suppliers, however, can give information on distributorships for their products in other localities. Inclusion in this list does not signify endorsement nor does exclusion signify lack of endorsement.American Embryo Systems, 2619 Skyway Drive, Grand Prairie, TX 75051 USA. 214-641-5420. Culture media, serum, antibiotics.H.W. Andersen Products, P.O. Box 1050, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Anpro gas sterilizer and sterilization products.CEVA Laboratories, Inc., 10560 Barkley, Overland Park, KS 66212 USA. Transfusion bags, Syncromate B.Colorado State University, Embryo Transfer Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA. 303-491-5287. Cervical expander.Curtin Matheson Scientific, 12950 E. 38th Avenue, Denver, CO 80239 USA. 303-371-5713. Siliconizing agent, culture dishes, biological filters, pipettes, tubing, and many laboratory supplies including plastic ware.Edwards Agri Supply, P.O. Box 65, Baraboo, WI 53913 USA.608-356-6641. Artificial insemination equipment; oestrus-detection aids. Emery Medical Supply. 5601 Gray Street, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. Sterilization packaging and supplies.EM-TEX Supply Co., Inc., 2741 S. Great Southwest Parkway, Grand Prairie, TX 75051 USA. 214-660-1771; Fax: 214-660-2303. Antibiotics, antiseptics, artificial insemination equipment, catheters, dishes, flushing and freezing media, disposable flush kits, embryo filters, embryo transfer guns and straws, gloves, bovine serum albumin, sera, programmable cryopreservation unit, cervical expanders, drugs for superovulation and oestrus synchronization, connectors, sterilization packaging.Fisher Scientific Company, 14 Inverness Drive E., Building A, Suite 144, Englewood, CO 80112 USA or Fisher Scientific International, 50 Fadem Road, Springfield, NJ 07081 USA. 201-467-6400; Cable: Fishersci, Springfield, NJ; Telex: 475 4246 or 138287; Fax: 201 379 7415. Paraffin oil, culture dishes, biological filters, pipettes, tubing, microscopes, and many laboratory supplies including plastic ware.GIBCO, 3175 Staley Road, Grand Island, NY 14072 USA. Culture media. Mobay Corp., P.O. Box 390, Shawnee, KS 66201 USA. 913-631-4800. Estrumate (cloprostenol).IMV, 10, rue Georges Clemenceau, B.P. 76, F-61300 L'Aigle, France.333-324-0233 or 6870 Shingle Creek Parkway, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55430 USA. 612-560-4986. Artificial insemination equipment, transfer guns, sheaths, straws and polyvinyl chloride powder.Intermed, Inc., Newfoundland, NH 07435 USA. 201-697-3818. Foley catheters.Kamar, Inc., P.O. Box 26, Steamboat Springs, CO 80477 USA.303-879-2591. KaMaR oestrus-detection aids.M & M Company, 1120 Industrial Ave., Escondido, CA 92025 USA.619-746-0800; Telex: 607 950. Micromanipulator.PETS, Professional Embryo Transfer Supply, Inc., 27221/2 Garden Valley Road, Tyler, TX 75702 USA. 216-595-2047; Telex: 205997-PETSUR; Fax: 214-592-1525. Antibiotics, artificial insemination equipment, catheters, dishes, flushing and freezing media, disposable flush kits, embryo filters, embryo transfer guns and straws, gloves, bovine serum albumin, sera, polyvinyl chloride powder, sterile water, microscopes, cervical expanders, drugs for superovulation and oestrus synchronization, connectors and sterilization packing.Reproduction Resources, Inc., P.O. Box 135, Hebron, IL 60034 USA. 815-648-2431. Sani-Shield Protector.Research Instruments, Ltd., Kernick Road, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9DQ, UK. Micromanipulator.Rocky Mountain Microscope, 440 Link Lane, Fort Collins, CO 80524 USA. 303-484-0307. Microscopes.Sigma Chemical Co., P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA.314-771-5750. Reagents for culture and freezing media.The Upjohn Company, P.O. Box 108, Kansas City, MO 60901 USA.616-323-4000. Lutalyse (prostaglandin F2 alpha).VWR Scientific, P.O. Box 39396, Denver, CO 80239 USA. 303-371-0970. Latex tubing, culture dishes, biological filters, pipettes, and many laboratory supplies including plastic ware.Veterinary Concepts, 100 McKay Avenue, Spring Valley, WI 54767 USA. Antibiotics, antiseptics, artificial insemination equipment, catheters, dishes, flushing and freezing media, disposable flush kits, embryo filters, embryo transfer guns and straws, gloves, bovine serum albumin, sera, programmable cryopreservation unit, cervical expanders, drugs for superovulation and oestrus synchronization, connectors and sterilization packaging.United States Biochemical Corporation, P.O. Box 22400, Cleveland, OH 44122 USA. 216-765-5000. Bovine serum albumin.MICROSCOPESIt is essential to have a stereomicroscope of good quality to search for embryos, and most programmes should have at least two. Most people use a magnification of 8X to 15X to locate embryos. Higher magnifications are unsuitable for this purpose because the field of view is too small, which greatly increases the time required for searching as well as the likelihood that embryos will be overlooked. However, a 30X to 50X magnification is essential for evaluation of embryos once they are located. Thus, one needs a stereomicroscope with at least two magnification settings. In practice, there is usually some zoom or step arrangement to vary magnification from lowest to highest settings.Stereomicroscopes of good quality are priced in the range of US$1 200–1 500. Sometimes good used instruments can be purchased for much less. Unless required for some other purpose, such as splitting embryos,stereo-microscopes costing US$3 000 and higher are a luxury; they are not any better for routine embryo transfer work than the less expensive ones. Conversely, the microscopes marketed for US$200–300 (price when new) simply are not good enough.Appropriate stereomicroscopes that we have used include the Olympus Zoom model SZ-111-100 with transmitted light-base illuminator; American Optics (now Reichert-Jung) Stereostar 561B or 561C with Starlite illuminator; and Bausch and Lomb (now Cambridge Instruments) BVB-73 with Nicholas illuminator. Eyepieces of 10–20X magnification are available for most of these. Similar models from other companies are usually satisfactory. Always be sure to obtain a base/stand designed fortransillumination of transparent specimens and a good light source (with spare bulbs).Advice on purchasing a compound microscope for embryo evaluation purposes is similar to that for a stereomicroscope: a sturdy, easy-to-use bright-field microscope without complex accessories is best, generally in the range of US$1 500–2 000. It should be borne in mind that a compound microscope is not absolutely essential, but that a small percentage of embryos cannot be evaluated properly without one, and evaluation of progressive motility of semen requires a microscope with 100–200X magnification. Also the process of learning to evaluate embryos is easier with the improved resolution of a compound microscope.Many laboratories have compound microscopes for other purposes such as semen evaluation or microbiology studies. Any of these can be used for embryos as well. If a new microscope is to be purchased just for embryos, an inverted type should be considered. This is easier to use for embryos because the objective is below the stage, which reduces the risk of contaminating or spilling embryos. Inverted microscopes, however, are more expensive and generally have slightly poorer resolution. In purchasing a compound microscope, one also should take into account needs such as micromanipulation, for which a fixed stage is required, whether the microscope is inverted or not. Obviously, in some cases it is best to have more than one compound microscope, for example, one with differential interference phase-contrast (Nomarski) optics or phase-contrast optics and one that is less expensive with simple bright-field optics. Note well, however, that embryos can be evaluated perfectly well with a 10X bright-field objective, and for this purpose more sophisticated systems are of little additional value. A 2X or 4X objective is useful for locating embryos prior to examination with the 10X objective.FREEZING MACHINESMore than 20 models of freezing machines are currently being manufactured by approximately 12 companies in eight countries. Nearly all of these machines work satisfactorily. All machines require repairs from time to time, so arrangements for service are important, particularly in remote areas. A particularly good approach is a system of shipping a replacement machine on loan while the malfunctioning machine is being repaired. An obvious generalization is that more can go wrong with complex machines than with simple ones; however, this does not always apply because some of the more complex machines are particularly well made. The reason for purchasing more complex freezing machines is that they are easier to use; most have automatic functions so that little or nothing need be done except to add the straws or ampoules to the freezing chamber at the beginning of the process and remove them prior to plunging into liquidnitrogen. A somewhat incongruous situation is that companies and organizations in developing countries tend to purchase complex and expensive freezing machines. Success rates are not usually improved with more complex machines; they just save (and replace) labour. This is especially ironic since capital is short and labour is in excess in many countries.There are two important criteria for evaluating performance of freezing machines. The first is whether the machine cools embryos at the assigned rate. The smoothness of the cooling curve is frequently overemphasized. Fluctuations in temperature of 0.5-1°C from a perfect, straight-line cooling curve are not of much consequence as long as the average cooling rate is correct. The latter capability is essential, however. The second important criterion is whether the temperature being recorded in the freezing chamber is, in fact, correct. Temperatures at the time of seeding and plunging are critical, and drifts in thermometer readings of 2-3°C can lead to catastrophic results. In fact, it is a good idea independently to check temperatures in freezing chambers on a regular basis, perhaps every few months, as a quality control measure.TABLE 14Information on some commercially available freezing machinesBrand name Address of company Source of coolant Description of chamberBio-Cool FTS Systems, Inc.P.O. Box 158Stone Ridge, NY 12484USA; 914-687-7664MechanicalrefrigeratorAlcohol bathCryoembryo-PSP HoxanHoxan Bldg.2 Nishi 1-chomeKito 3-joChuo-ku Sapporo 060JapanVessel of liquidnitrogenSlots for strawsonlyCryo Genetic Cryo-GeneticTechnology400 Hoover Rd.Soquel, CA 95073 USALiquid nitrogenvesselStraws loweredinto vapourCryo-Med Cryo-MedN49659 Leona Dr.Mt. Clemens, MI 48045USA; 323-371-5713Liquid nitrogentankLarge chamberCTE LabortechnikPostfach 1107Liquid nitrogentankOpen vesselD-3406 Bovenden—Göttingen Fed. Rep. Germany; (0551) 82835Freeze Control Freeze Control USA3377 Solano Ave.Suite 303Napa, CA 94558USAVessel of liquidnitrogenSlots for strawsonlyGlacier Technology Glacier Technology404 Europe St.Baton Rouge, LA 70802USAPeltiereffect/electricitySmall chamberMini Cool CFPOB.P. 15F-38360 SassenageFranceLiquid nitrogentankLarge chamberMcDonald Veterinary Concepts303 South McKay Ave.Spring Valley, WI54767 USANeck of liquidnitrogen tankSmall chamberPlaner Planer Products, Ltd.Windmill RoadSunbury-on-ThamesMiddlesex TW16 7HDUKLiquid nitrogentank15 cm diameter ×20 cm high cylinderRPE Peter Elsden & Assoc.P.O. Box 9677Fort Collins, CO 80525USA; 303-223-6665Neck of liquidnitrogen tankSlots for strawsonlyOne other criterion for selecting a freezing machine is ease of use. Things to consider are weight, if it must be moved from place to place, ease of access to the cooling chamber, simplicity of programming, systems for holding straws, vials or ampoules, depending on which is to be used, and ease of diagnosing problems and fixing them. Cost, reliability of service, reputation of the manufacturer and dealer, and similar factors also need consideration. A brief description of freezing machines is given in Table 14. We have no way of knowing about all possible models of freezing machines available and have provided information on those companies that have contacted us in recent years.One final point is that embryos can be cooled perfectly adequately with dry ice and alcohol in DeWar flasks (see Maurer, 1978, for examples). This ismore labour intensive and requires conscientious personnel, but if done correctly results will be as good as with freezing machines.。
简爱英文原版16章
简爱英文原版16章Chapter 16"I went on with my day-to-day life at Thornfield, busy with my duties and trying to forget my feelings for Mr. Rochester. However, the thoughts of him still haunted me, and it became increasingly difficult to hide my emotions.One morning, Mrs. Fairfax called me to her room to inform me that a gentleman had arrived to visit Mr. Rochester. She described him as a fashionable and handsome man who seemed very formal and precise. I couldn't help but wonder who this visitor could be and if he had any connection to Mr. Rochester's past.Curiosity got the better of me, and I found myself eavesdropping outside the drawing-room where Mr. Rochester and the visitor were talking. From their conversation, I gathered that the visitor was Mr. Mason, a wealthy man from the West Indies. Mr. Rochester seemed surprised and somewhat displeased by his unexpected arrival.After their conversation, Mr. Rochester called for me. As I entered the room, I noticed a change in his demeanor; he seemed to be in a better mood than before. Mr. Rochester asked me to serve Mr. Mason some refreshments, and as I did, I couldn't help but study him closely. He had a noble and distinguished air about him, but there was also something troubled in his gaze.As I returned to the drawing-room to collect the tray, I overheard snippets of their conversation. Mr. Mason seemed to be asking Mr.Rochester about something he had seen the previous night, and Mr. Rochester, in response, appeared to be deflecting his questions and trying to change the subject.Before Mr. Mason left, Mr. Rochester escorted him out, and I caught a glimpse of a woman waiting outside the house. It was a brief moment, but there was something in her appearance that struck me as familiar. I couldn't quite place it, but it made me uneasy.Days passed, and the visit from Mr. Mason remained a topic of speculation among the household staff. Mrs. Fairfax told me that Mr. Mason had gone back to the West Indies, but she had no idea why he had come or what his connection to Mr. Rochester was. The mystery only deepened, and I couldn't shake the feeling that something significant had happened during his visit.Meanwhile, Mr. Rochester's behavior towards me became even more confusing. At times, he would seek my company and engage in friendly conversations, almost as if we were acquaintances. Other times, he would ignore me completely, causing me great distress. I couldn't decipher his intentions, and it left me feeling lost and uncertain.One night, as I lay awake in my bed, thinking about Mr. Rochester and the secrets that seemed to surround him, I made a resolution. I vowed to myself that no matter how difficult it may be, I would try to suppress my feelings and focus on my own self-improvement. I couldn't expect anything from Mr. Rochester, and it was time for me to find my own happiness.With this newfound determination, I closed my eyes and fell into a fitful sleep, hoping that the next day would bring some clarity to my confused heart."。
《商务英语入门》
Joint Ventures
• Joint Ventures: the pooling of resources
and expertise by two or more business ,typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal .the risks and rewards of the enterprise are also shared (eg:HewlettPackard and Samsung)
legislation ,which permits a group of people ,as shareholders (for-profit companies) or members (non-profit companies), to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objective ,and empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individual ,such as to sue or be sued ,own property ,hire employees or loan and borrow money
Questions for discussion
• What ownership is a joint venture
similar to ?why ?
• What are the advantage of a joint
venture ?
????
Corporation
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➢ create a global web of activities ➢ global concentrations of activities at certain locations
17-9
rtant?
➢ Firms should consider
International Business
9e
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
By Charles W.L. Hill
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 17
Global Production, Outsourcing, and Logistics
The Relationship Between Quality and Costs
17-7
Where Should Production Be Located?
➢ Firms should locate production so that
➢ production and logistics can be locally responsive
17-8
Why Are Country Factors Important?
➢ Manufacturing should be located where economic, political, and cultural conditions are most conducive to the performance of that activity
➢in the EU, firms must meet ISO 9000 standards before gaining access to the EU marketplace
➢Improved quality reduces costs
17-6
How Can Quality Be Improved?
production sites? 3. Should the firm own foreign production activities or
outsource those activities to independent vendors? 4. How should a globally dispersed supply chain be
match supply and demand
2. Add value by better serving customer needs?
➢ eliminate defective products from the supply chain and the manufacturing process
➢ production and logistics can respond quickly to shifts in customer demand
➢ Firms should consider
1. Country factors 2. Technological factors 3. Product factors
➢ the availability of skilled labor and supporting industries
17-4
How Are Strategy, Production, And Logistics Related?
➢ Questions: How can production and logistics 1. Lower the costs of value creation?
➢ disperse production to the most efficient locations ➢ manage the global supply chain efficiently to better
What Are The Main
Production Issues For Firms?
➢ International firms must answer five interrelated questions
1. Where should production activities be located? 2. What should be the long-term strategic role of foreign
17-5
How Can Quality Be Improved?
➢Most firms use the Six Sigma program - a direct descendant of total quality management (TQM)
➢aims to reduce defects, boost productivity, eliminate waste, and cut costs throughout the company
17-3
How Are Strategy, Production, And Logistics Related?
➢ Production - activities involved in creating a product
➢ Logistics - procurement and physical transmission of material through the supply chain, from suppliers to customers