李亚东-欧洲结构规范技术标准体系与特点简介(西南交大 20111228)
国内外铁路桥梁规范抗疲劳设计方法分析
国内外铁路桥梁规范抗疲劳设计方法分析周尚猛;李亚东【摘要】回顾中国铁路钢桥设计规范的抗疲劳设计方法,阐述英国BS5400规范和欧洲规范Eurocode3的抗疲劳设计条文,分析比较这些规范抗疲劳设计方法.英国规范和欧洲规范采用了无限疲劳寿命方法和有限疲劳寿命相结合的方法,中国铁路桥规使用的是无限疲劳寿命方法,各国规范均不同程度地使用了概率的方法来处理影响结构疲劳的因素.在特殊结构细节分类和构造细节热点名义应力的计算方法上,英国BS5400及欧洲规范都进行了详细的规定,并且对于剪应力疲劳在欧洲规范中有了较为详尽的计算方法.【期刊名称】《铁道标准设计》【年(卷),期】2010(000)003【总页数】4页(P46-49)【关键词】疲劳设计;铁路桥规;BS5400;EUROCODE3【作者】周尚猛;李亚东【作者单位】西南交通大学土木工程学院,成都,610031;西南交通大学土木工程学院,成都,610031【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U442.5+11 概述在桥梁工程中,诱发疲劳的外因主要是结构承受的活载(车辆荷载、风荷载等)及其引发的桥梁振动[1]。
随着我国交通运输荷载的增加,桥梁结构疲劳日益成为广泛关注的问题。
各国规范的抗疲劳设计方法一般都从结构热点应力、疲劳损伤累积法则和疲劳破坏概率的角度对桥梁结构进行考察,但这些规范在上述几个方面考虑的方法也不尽相同。
BS5400和欧洲规范,对于结构热点应力的计算方法、荷载谱的假定和抗疲劳概率设计分析方法都做了详细的研究,其中在构件疲劳热点应力计算方面的研究在我国规范中描述较少。
本文主要从上述3个方面阐述英国BS5400规范、欧洲规范(EUROCODE3)和中国铁路规范的抗疲劳设计方法,并对其研究方法和进展作了分析比较。
2 中国铁路桥梁规范疲劳设计方法我国铁路钢桥疲劳设计经历了笼统单一安全系数下容许应力设计(1951年、1958年设计规范、规程)、分细节容许应力设计(1974年、1985年、1996年设计规范)、考虑累计损伤的分细节应力幅容许应力设计(2000年设计规范)3个阶段,不同时期疲劳设计强度与相应采用的设计方法密切相关,自成体系,确保安全[2～3]。
中欧混凝土结构设计规范对比研究
3、对工程实践的影响
中欧混凝土结构设计规范的差异在一定程度上影响了工程实践。例如，欧洲 规范的耐久性设计理念有助于提高结构全寿命周期性能，而中国规范的地震烈度 指标对于某些特定地区的工程实践具有重要意义。此外，规范的不同也导致在设 计过程中对安全系数、构造要求等方面的取值存在差异。
五、结论
本次演示通过对中欧混凝土结构设计规范的对比研究，分析了它们的异同及 其原因，并探讨了这些差异对工程实践的影响。结果表明，中欧混凝土结构设计 规范在基本设计原则、材料强度、荷载和作用以及结构设计等方面具有相似之处， 但在某些细节方面存在差异。这些差异主要源于各自的历史、文化和工程实践背 景。
在连接方式方面，中欧规范都要求连接部位具备足够的强度和刚度。欧洲规 范对连接部位的构造要求更加具体，而中国规范则更注重连接部位的基本性能要 求。例如，在焊接连接中，欧洲规范对焊接材料、焊接工艺等提出了具体要求， 而中国规范则主要焊接接头的力学性能。
对比分析
中欧钢结构设计规范在以下几个方面存在相同点： 1、都遵循结构可靠度理论，注重结构安全性；
规范概述
中国钢结构设计规范（GB）和欧洲钢结构设计规范（Eurocode 3）都是为了 指导钢结构设计、保证结构安全性而制定的。两者都遵循结构可靠度理论，注重 荷载、材料性能、结构体系等方面的要求。然而，由于地理环境、历史背景等方 面的差异，两者在某些方面仍存在一定差异。
设计方法
在荷载方面，中欧规范都考虑了重力、风、地震等荷载，但规定的荷载组合 方式和计算方法存在一定差异。例如，在风荷载计算中，中国规范考虑了顺风向 和横风向的风荷载，而欧洲规范则考虑了动态风荷载。
三、方法
本次演示采用文献调研和实地调研相结合的方法，收集并分析中欧混凝土结 构设计规范的相关文献和实际工程案例。此外，还通过数据库查询，获取中欧混 凝土结构设计规范的具体条文和历史沿革，为对比研究提供详实的数据支持。
欧洲标准-eurocode3设计指南
欧洲标准-eurocode3设计指南1. 简介欧洲标准-eurocode3是欧盟采用的一套针对结构设计的标准，其中包括了对钢结构的设计指南。
eurocode3作为钢结构设计的权威指南，被广泛应用于欧洲地区，也受到了全球范围内的关注和应用。
本文将对欧洲标准-eurocode3的设计指南进行简要介绍和分析。
2. 结构设计原则在欧洲标准-eurocode3中，对钢结构的设计原则有着明确的规定，其中包括了对结构设计的安全性、可靠性、经济性等方面的要求。
设计原则的遵循是钢结构设计指南的核心，也是保证结构工程质量的重要保障。
3. 结构计算方法在欧洲标准-eurocode3中，对结构的计算方法进行了详细的规定，包括了结构荷载的计算、结构受力分析、构件设计等方面。
这些计算方法的规定是为了保证结构在设计和使用阶段都能够满足安全性和可靠性的要求。
4. 结构材料选择在欧洲标准-eurocode3中，对结构材料的选择有着严格的规定，包括了钢材的性能指标、材料强度等方面。
材料选择的合理性是保证结构使用安全的重要方面。
5. 结构施工和监理欧洲标准-eurocode3中还包括了对结构施工和监理的要求，其中包括了施工工艺、工艺质量控制、监理标准等方面。
这些要求是为了保证结构在施工过程中能够得到有效的保障，从而保证结构的使用安全。
6. 结构的验收和使用欧洲标准-eurocode3也对结构的验收和使用进行了详细的规定，其中包括了结构验收标准、结构使用维护等方面。
这些规定是为了保证结构在使用过程中能够保持良好的性能和安全性。
7. 结论通过对欧洲标准-eurocode3设计指南的简要介绍和分析，可以看出该标准对钢结构的设计有着非常严格和全面的规定，其中包括了对结构设计原则、计算方法、材料选择、施工监理、验收使用等方面的规定。
这些规定是为了保证结构在设计、施工和使用阶段都能够符合安全性和可靠性的要求，从而保障人员生命财产安全。
欧洲标准-eurocode3设计指南的应用将对世界范围内的结构设计和工程建设产生重要的影响。
欧洲及法国的建筑和土木工程技术标准简介
欧洲及法国的建筑和土木工程技术标准简介一、欧洲建筑和土木工程技术标准为消除欧洲统一市场内部的贸易技术壁垒，1975年欧洲经济共同体委员会（EEC）根据其协议第95条，决定在建筑和土木工程领域实施一个联合行动计划——编制一套适用于欧洲的建筑和土木工程的标准，简称欧洲标准（Eurocodes）。
为使该标准具有法律规定的地位，欧共体委员会（EEC）与欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）达成协议，并通过一系列委托令，将欧洲建筑和土木工程技术标准的制定权和出版权转交给CEN，由CEN/TC250委员会（秘书处设在英国标准化协会BSI）来具体组织实施。
1992年欧共体进一步发展为欧洲联盟（EU）后，这个联合行动计划得以积极实施。
至今，经过欧洲各国的共同努力，这套欧洲建筑和土木工程技术标准已逐步形成包括10卷60分册的完整配套的工程技术标准体系，成为在工程建设领域中具有较大影响力的一套区域性国际标准。
首卷《结构设计基础》（Euro code 0）主要规定了工程结构的安全性、适用性、耐久性的原则和要求，阐明了以概率论为基础的极限状态分析系数方法设计和校核结构可靠性的规则，相当于我国国家标准《工程结构可靠性设计统一标准》GB50153-92。
EN1990与EN1991—1999相结合，适用于房屋建筑和各类土木工程结构设计，还包括土工设计、结构防火设计、抗震设计以及施工状况和临时结构的设计，也可用于对现存结构的评价和对结构变更用途的评估以及结构修复或构件替换的设计等。
目前，其他欧洲建筑和土木工程技术标准（BSEN）已陆续发布，并已在各成员国取得应用地位。
随着欧洲建筑和土木工程技术标准的完善和应用，CEN规定，各成员国最迟在2010年3月全面实施欧洲建筑和土木工程技术标准和相应的国家附件。
二、法国标准（NF）法国标准分为正式标准（HOM）、试行标准（EXP）、草案标准（ENR）和标准化参考文献（RE）4种。
截至1998年底，共有19500个NF标准。
欧洲规范体系简介
欧洲规范体系简介整理：cqucivilEurocode 0 - Basis of structural designEN1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural designEurocode 1 - Actions on structuresEN 1991-1-1 Part 1-1: General actions. Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildingsEN 1991-1-2 Part 1-2: General actions. Actions on structures exposed to fireEN 1991-1-3 Part 1-3: General actions. Snow loadsEN 1991-1-4 Part 1-4: General actions. Wind actionsEN 1991-1-5 Part 1-5: General actions. Thermal actionsEN 1991-1-6 Part 1-6: General actions. Actions during executionEN 1991-1-7 Part 1-7: General actions. Accidental actionsEN 1991-2 Part 2: Traffic loads on bridgesEN 1991-3 Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machineryEN 1991-4 Part 4: Actions on silos and tanksEurocode 2 - Design of concrete structureEN 1992-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1992-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1992-2 Part 2: Concrete bridges. Design and detailing rulesEN 1992-3 Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structuresEurocode 3 - Design of steel structuresEN 1993-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1993-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1993-1-3 Part 1-3: General rules. Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting EN 1993-1-4 Part 1-4: General rules. Supplementary rules for stainless steelsEN 1993-1-5 Part 1-5: General rules. Supplementary rules for planar plated structures without transverse loading EN 1993-1-6 Part 1-6: General rules. Supplementary rules for the shell structuresEN 1993-1-7 Part 1-7: General rules. Supplementary rules for planar plated structural elements with out of plane loadingEN 1993-1-8 Part 1-8: Design of jointsEN 1993-1-9 Part 1-9: FatigueEN 1993-1-10 Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness propertiesEN 1993-1-11 Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension componentsEN 1993-1-12 Part 1-12: Supplementary rules for high strength steelsEN 1993-2 Part 2: Steel bridgesEN 1993-3-1 Part 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys. Towers and mastsEN 1993-3-2 Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys. ChimneysEN 1993-4-1 Part 4-1: Silos, tanks and pipelines. SilosEN 1993-4-2 Part 4-2: Silos, tanks and pipelines. TanksEN 1993-4-3 Part 4-3: Silos, tanks and pipelines. PipelinesEN 1993-5 Part 5: PilingEN 1993-6 Part 6: Crane supporting structuresEurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structuresEN 1994-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1994-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1994-2 Part 2: Composite bridgesEurocode 5 - Design of timber structuresEN 1995-1-1 Part 1-1: General. Common rules and rules for buildingsEN 1995-1-2 Part 1-2: General. Structural fire designEN 1995-2 Part 2: BridgesEurocode 6 - Design of masonry structuresEN 1996-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules for buildings. Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonryEN 1996-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1996-1-3 Part 1-3: General rules for buildings. Detailed rules on lateral loadingEN 1996-2 Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonryEN 1996-3 Part 3: Simplified calculation methods and simple rules for masonry structures Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical designEN 1997-1 Part 1: General rulesEN 1997-2 Part 2: Part 2: Ground investigation and testingEurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistanceEN 1998-1 Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildingsEN 1998-2 Part 2: BridgesEN 1998-3 Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildingsEN 1998-4 Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelinesEN 1998-5 Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspectsEN 1998-6 Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneysEurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structuresEN 1999-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules. General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1999-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1999-1-3 Part 1-3: Additional rules for structures susceptible to fatigueEN 1999-1-4 Part 1-4: Supplementary rules for trapezoidal sheetingEN 1999-1-5 Part 1-5: Supplementary rules for shell structuresEurocode 0 - Basis of structural designEN 1990 'Eurocode: Basis of structural design' is the head document in the Eurocode suite. It describes the basis and general principles for the structural design and verification of buildings and civil engineering works including geotechnical aspects, the principles and requirements for safety and serviceability of structures and guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability in all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance, including fire and seismic events. Consisting of only one part, it is used with all the other Eurocodes (1 to 9) for design. A revised national annex, amended with Annex A2 for bridges, is due out in February 2009.Eurocode 1 - Actions on structuresEurocode 1 Part 1-1: General actions, Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings EN 1991-1-1 gives guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects for the following subjects: - densities of construction materials and stored materials; - self-weight of construction elements; - imposed loads.Eurocode 1 Part 1-2: General actions, Actions on structures exposed to fireThis standard is concerned with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended for use in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.Eurocode 1 Part 1-3: General actions, Snow loadsThis part of EN 1991-1 gives guidance to determine the values of loads to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering worksEurocode 1 Part 1-4: General actions, Wind actionsEN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.Eurocode 1 Part 1-5: General actions, Thermal actionsEN 1991-1-5 gives principles and methods for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural components. It describes the changes in the temperature of structural elements. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.Eurocode 1 Part 1-6: General actions, Actions during executionEN 1991-1-6 provides principles and general rules for the determination of actions which should be taken into account during execution of buildings and civil engineering works.Eurocode 1 Part 1-7: General actions, Accidental actionsEN 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with Ens 1992-1999Eurocode 1 Part 2: Traffic loads on bridgesEN 1991-2 defines imposed loads associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking, and acceleration and accidental forcesEurocode 1 Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machineryPart 3 of EN 1991 specifies imposed loads associated with cranes on runway beams, stationary machines and transport vehicles which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and braking, acceleration and accidental forces.Eurocode 1 Part 4: Actions on silos and tanksThis part provides general principles and actions for the structural design of tanks and silos including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1991-1: Basis of Design, other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992. This part may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in EN 1992 and where other materials or other structural design actions are involved.Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structureEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsThe standard gives a general basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works in reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight aggregates. In addition, Part 1 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildingsEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 1-2: General rulesEN 1992-1-2 deals with the design of concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. It provides additions to and identifies differences from the design of structures at normal temperaturesEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 2: Concrete bridgesComplementary to Part 1. Varied general rules and additional detailed rules for the structural design of road, rail and footbridges using reinforced and/or prestressed concreteEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structuresPart 3 of Eurocode 2 covers the design of structures constructed from plain or lightly reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete for the containment of liquids or granular solids and other liquid retaining structuresEurocode 3 - Design of steel structuresSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEurocode 3-1-1 gives basic design rules for steel structures with material thicknesses t > 3 mm. It also gives supplementary provisions for structural design of steel buildings.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designThis Part 1.2 of Eurocode 3 deals with the design of steel structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This Part 1.2 only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheetingThis part 1.3 of Eurocode 3 deals with the design of steel structures comprising cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting. It is intended to be used for design of buildings and civil engineering works in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary rules for stainless steelsThis Part 1.4 of Eurocode 3 gives supplementary provisions for the design of buildings and civil engineering works that extend the application of ENV 1993-1-1 and Eurocode 3-1-3 to austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-5: General rules - Supplementary rules for planar plated structures without transverse loadingThis Part 1-5 of Eurocode 3 gives supplementary provisions for the design of plated structures, with or without stiffeners, for use in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1 and other parts of Eurocode 3 that refer to it. Methods are given for determining the effects of plate buckling and shear lag in I-section plate girders and box girders.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-6: General rules - Supplementary rules for the shell structuresThis Part 1.6 of Eurocode 3 applies to the structural design of plated steel structures that have the form of a shell of revolution. It is intended for use in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1, Eurocode 3-1-3, Eurocode 3-1-4 and the relevant application parts of Eurocode 3, which include: - Part 3.1 for towers and masts; - Part 3.2 for chimneys; - Part 4.1 for silos; - Part 4.2 for tanks; - Part 4.3 for pipelines.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-7: General rules - Supplementary rules for planar plated structural elements with out of plane loadingPart 1-7 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of unstiffened and stiffened plates which are loaded by out of plane actions. It is to be used in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1 and the relevant application standards.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-8: Design of jointsThis part of Eurocode 3 gives design methods for the design of joints subject to predominantly static loading using steel grades S235, S275, S355 and S460.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-9: FatigueEurocode 3-1-9 gives methods for assessment of fatigue resistance of members, connections and joints subjected to fatigue loading.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness propertiesEurocode 3-1-10 contains design guidance for the selection of steel for fracture toughness and for through thickness properties of welded elements where there is a significant risk of lamellar tearing during fabrication.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension componentsSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-12: Supplementary rules for high strength steelsSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 2: Steel bridgesThis Part 2 of Eurocode 3 gives a general basis for the structural design of steel bridges, steel parts of composite bridges and also steel temporary works in bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in Eurocode 3-1-1, to which reference shall also be made.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys - Towers and mastsThis Part 3.1 of Eurocode 3 applies to the design of lattice towers and guyed masts. Provisions for the shafts of self-supporting and guyed cylindrical towers are given in Part 3.2 of Eurocode 3. Provisions for the guys of guyed structures are given in this Part. The provisions in this Part either supplement or modify those given in Part 1.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys - ChimneysThis Part 3.2 of Eurocode 3 applies to the structural design of vertical steel chimneys of circular or conical section. It covers chimneys that are cantilevered, supported at intermediate levels or guyed. The provisions in this Part either supplement or modify those given in Part 1.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 4-1: Silos, tanks and pipelines - SilosPart 4-1 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free standing or supported. This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 4-2: Silos, tanks and pipelines - TanksPart 4.2 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of vertical cylindrical above ground steel tanks for the storage of liquid products with the following characteristics: a) characteristic internal pressures not les than -100 mbar and not more than 500 mbar; b) design metal temperature in the range of -196°C to +300 °C; c) maximum design liquid level not higher than the top of the cylindrical shell.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 4-3: Silos, tanks and pipelines - PipelinesPart 4.3 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of cylindrical steel pipelines for the transport of liquids or gases or mixtures of liquids and gases at ambient temperatures, that are not treated by other European standards covering particular applicationsSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 5: PilingThis Part 5 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of bearing piles and sheet piles made of steel. It also provides detailing for foundation and retaining wall structures.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 6: Crane supporting structuresPart 6 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of crane runway beams and other crane supporting structures, including columns and other members made of steel.Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structuresEN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4 - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsDesign of composite steel and concrete structures. Eurocode 4 applies to a design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.EN 1994-1-2 Eurocode 4 - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designDesign of composite steel and concrete structures. This Part 1-2 of Eurocode 4 deals with design of composite steel and concrete structures for accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1994-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This Part 1-2 only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.EN 1994-2 Eurocode 4 - Part 2: Composite bridgesDesign of composite steel and concrete structures. EN 1994-2 gives a general basis for the design of composite bridges. In addition EN 1994-2 gives a specific basis for the design of composite structures and members for bridges such as road, railway, and pedestrian bridges, and detailed rules for composite bridge structures such as beam and slab bridge decks, box girders, trusses and columns that support bridge decks.Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structuresEN 1995 Eurocode 5 - Timber - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildingsEN 1995-1-1 gives general design rules for timber structures together with specific design rules for building. Some of the subjects which are dealt with are: general, basis of design, material properties, durability.EN 1995 Eurocode 5 - Timber - Part 1-2: General - Structural fire designEN 1995-1-2 deals with the design of timber structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. EN 1995-1-2 only identifies differences from or supplements to the design at normal temperature.EN 1995 Eurocode 5 - Timber - Part 2: BridgesEN 1995-2 gives general design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structuresEN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 1-1: General rules for buildings - Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonryEurocode 6 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry. Eurocode 6 is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures. Other requirements for example, concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.EN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designThis Part 1-2 of EN 1996 deals with the design of masonry structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1996-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This Part identifies only differences from or supplements to the normal design.EN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 1-3: General rules for buildings - Detailed rules on lateral loadingThis Part 1-3 of EN 1996 deals with the design of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to lateral wind loads and horizontal accidental loads (other than seismic actions) and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1996-1-1.EN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonryThis part 2 provides the necessary principles and application rules for masonry to be designed and constructed satisfactorily in order to comply with the design assumption of the other parts of Eurocode 6. Except for the items as given in 1.1(3) P, it deals with ordinary aspects of masonry design and construction.EN 1996-3:2006 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures - Part 3: Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structuresComplementary to Part 1-1. Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry walls subjected to vertical loading including wind loading, shear walls, basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure and non-load bearing internal walls. Simple rules, consistent with Part 1-1, for designing masonry structures for specifiedmore-conservative requirements with regard to conditions and limitations of use.Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical designEN 1997 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical - Part 1: General rulesEN 1997-1 is intended to be used as a general basis for the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil engineering worksEN 1997 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical - Part 2: Design assisted by laboratory testingEN 1997 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical - Part 3: Design assisted by field testingIn addition to Eurocode 7 part 1 the scope of Eurocode 7 part 3 is to provide for a number of commonly used field tests: a) requirements for the equipment and test procedures; b) requirements for the reporting and the presentation of test results; c) interpretation of test results. EN 1997-3 shall be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1.Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistanceEN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildingsEurocode 8 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in seismic regions. It purpose is to ensure that in the event of earthquakes: human lives are protected; damage is limited; and structures important for civil protection remain operational.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: BridgesWithin the framework of the general requirements set forth in Part 1.1, this part of the Code contains design Principles, Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the earthquake resistant design of bridges.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildingsThis document provides criteria for the evaluation of the seismic performance of existing individual building structures, and describes the approach in selecting necessary corrective measures.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelinesThis standard includes the additional criteria and rules required for the seismic design of this structure without restrictions on their size, structural types and other functional characteristics. For some types of tanks and silos, however, it also provides detailed methods of assessment and verification rules.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspectsThis Part of Eurocode 8 establishes the requirements, criteria, and rules for siting and foundation soil of structures for earthquake resistance. It covers the design of different foundation systems, earth retaining structures andsoil-structure interaction under seismic actions.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneysThis document deals with material related Eurocode parts dealing with towers, masts and chimneys. Design rules for the earthquake resistant design of tall, slender structures: towers, including bell-towers , masts, industrial chimneys and lighthouses constructed in reinforced concrete or steel.Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structuresEN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules - General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1999 Eurocode 9 applies to the design of buildings, civil and structural engineering works in aluminium. It is subdivided into various separate parts. This Eurocode is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures.EN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designThis European standard deals with the design of aluminium alloy structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This European standard only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.EN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-3: Additional rules for structures susceptible to fatigue This Part 1-3 gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures with respect to the limit of fatigue induced fracture. Design for other limit states is covered in Part 1.EN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-4: Supplementary rules for trapezoidal sheetingEN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-5: Supplementary rules for shell structures。
欧洲规范的结构体系和发展
欧洲结构设计规范的体系和发展e Syste a d o ut o o St uctu a u ocode The System and Evolution of Structural Eurocode(Short Version)Why?h?What?When?Y.L. Wang Dr. Ing. MECCS Mar. 20101 欧洲规范的结构体系1 欧洲规范的结构体系EN 1990 Eurocode0: 设计基础EN1990E d0设计基础EN 1991 Eurocode1: 作用在结构上的荷载EN 1992 Eurocode2: 混凝土结构设计EN 1993 Eurocode3: 钢结构设计EN 1994 Eurocode4: 钢-砼组合结构设计EN 1995 Eurocode5: 木结构设计EN 1996 Eurocode6: 圬工结构设计EN 1997 Eurocode7: 土工设计EN 1998 Eurocode8: 结构抗震设计铝结构设计EN 1999 Eurocode9: 铝结构设计EUROCODES 1990 结构设计基础EN 1990Basis of design设计基础EN1990Basis of designEN 1990/A2Basis of design -Annex for bridges设计基础-桥梁附录EUROCODES1-EUROCODES 1 作用在结构上的荷载EN 1991-1-1Self-weight结构自重EN 199112Fire防火EN‐‐EN 1991‐1‐3Actions of snow雪荷载EN 1991‐1‐4Actions of wind99ct o s o d风荷载EN 1991‐1‐5Actions of temperature温度荷载EN 1991‐1‐6Actions during execution施工荷载g荷载EN 1991‐1‐7Accidental actions偶然荷载EN 1991-2Actions of transport on bridges作用在桥梁上的交通荷载p gEUROCODES 2 -混凝土结构设计EN 1992-1-1Concrete structures -General rules 混凝土结构设计-通用规则EN 1992-1-2Concrete structures -Fire resistance混凝土结构-防火设计EN 1992-2Concrete structures -Bridges混凝土结构-桥梁EN1993-1 钢结构设计：“通用条文和建筑规范” 包括：EN1993-1-1钢结构设计：通用条文和建筑规范austria+germany F+Belgium EN1993-1-2钢结构设计：结构耐火性设计EN1993-1-3钢结构设计：冷弯成型的标准杆件和薄板EN1993-1-3钢结构设计冷弯成型的标准杆件和薄板EN1993-1-4钢结构设计：不锈钢EN1993-1-5钢结构设计：板结构单元Sweden + GermanyEN1993-1-6钢结构设计：壳体结构的强度和稳定EN199316钢结构设计壳体结构的强度和稳定EN1993-1-7钢结构设计：板结构在横向荷载作用下的强度和稳定EN1993-1-8钢结构设计：接头设计DefltEN1993-1-9钢结构设计：钢结构疲劳强度ETHEN1993-1-10钢结构设计：钢的断裂韧度和沿厚度方向特性的选择ARchen EN1993-1-11钢结构设计：钢拉杆的设计EN1993111钢结构设计钢拉杆的设计EN1993-1-12钢结构设计：高强钢的附加条文EN1993-2 钢桥设计Germany19932钢桥设计GEUROCODES 4 -钢-砼组合结构EN 1994-1-1General rules and rules for buildings通用准则和房屋设计准则EN 1994‐1‐2General rules —Structural fire design通用准则-结构抗火性能设计EN 1994-2General rules and rules for bridges通用准则和桥梁设计准则EUROCODES 7 -地质和基础设计EN 1997-1Foundations -General rules通用准则EN 1997-2Foundations -Tests测试和实验EUROCODES 8 -结构抗震设计EN 1998-1Earthquake -General rules通用准则EN 1998-2Earthquake -Bridges桥梁q gEN 1998-3Earthquake -Retroffitting抗震加固EN 1998-4Earthquake -Silos, pipelines, tanks筒体，管道压力容器荷载EN19985EarthquakeEN 1998-5Earthquake -Foundations基础EN 1998-6Earthquake -Towers塔桅结构欧洲桥梁设计规范汇报2 欧洲桥梁规范历史演变和特点1975 –1989年，14年中在各个成员国代表的帮助下发展欧洲规范，导致1980年左右出现第一代的欧洲规范；年右出现第代的欧洲规范；1989年决定将欧规计划转给CEN和CEN/TC 250 “欧洲结构规范”委员会正式成立；1995 –1998 预规范ENV 正式出版；1997 –2000 重新回顾ENV并准备把ENVs转化为正式版本EN；2000 2007 出版正式的欧洲结构规范EN2000–2007出版正式的欧洲结构规范EN2002 第一部分欧洲结构规范出版(EN 1990)2003 委员会建议各成员国接受欧洲结构设计规范EN2007 出版所有的欧洲结构规范，共计58 册2010 年3月–欧洲大范围的采用欧洲结构规范，撤出和欧洲结构规范相抵触的各成员国规范March,2010‘The Big Month for EuropeanCivil Engineers第二次世界大战后的三代欧洲规范第一代规范以应力折减法和允许应力法为基础第二代规范以极限状态法为基础例如英国1980年左右颁布的BS5400规范,德国的DIN等。
欧美规范的特点和内容简述
1.各欧洲规范间的联系EN 1990 将与EN 1991 共同使用：欧洲规范1－结构作用和设计欧洲规范EN1992 至EN 1999，针对建筑物的结构设计和土木工程的结构设计，包括岩土工程技术、结构防火设计以及涉及地震、执行和临时结构的状况。
EN 1990 单独在欧洲规范系列中提出了所有独立于材料的可操作标准（例如作用的分系数、承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态的荷载组合公式）。
因此，没有规定独立于材料材料指导的EN 1991 和EN 1992 至EN 1999 必须要和EN 1990 一起使用。
2.欧洲规范的特点1)方法基于极限状态概念，采用分项系数法2)对象建筑结构土木工程结构（桥梁，筒体，管道，塔桅等）对特殊结构（大坝、核电站等），需用到其他相关规范3)材料钢，混凝土，铝，木，砌体等4)结构新建结构，既有结构；不同寿命要求的临时结构和永久性结构5)桥梁的适用范围（各成员国情况不尽相同）公路桥铁路桥人行及自行车桥6)规范条文的类型所有条款分为两类，一类为原则性条款（Principles），一类为应用性条款（Application Rules）原则性条款描述结构性能的基本要求，必须满足；应用性条款则是满足原则性条款要求可采用的方法（非强制性）7)成员国层面的欧洲规范的组成与格式a)成员国标题页b)成员国前言c)EN（正式版本）标题页d)EN正文e)EN附录f)成员国附录8)修订周期：5年1.欧洲规范的组成规范组成（计10册，每册由若干篇组成）EN 1990 Eurocode : 结构设计基础EN 1991 Eurocode 1: 结构作用EN 1992 Eurocode 2: 混凝土结构设计EN 1993 Eurocode 3: 钢结构设计EN 1994 Eurocode 4: 钢－混凝土组合结构设计EN 1995 Eurocode 5: 木结构设计EN 1996 Eurocode 6: 圬工（砌体）结构设计EN 1997 Eurocode 7: 土工设计EN 1998 Eurocode 8: 结构抗震设计EN 1999 Eurocode 9: 铝结构设计EN 1990 Basis of structural design•EN 1990 Basis of structural design - Annex A.2 Bridges•EN 1991-1-1 Actions on structures –Self weight & imposed loads•EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures –Fire•EN 1991-1-3 Actions on structures –Snow loads•EN 1991-1-4 Actions on structures –Wind actions•EN 1991-1-5 Actions on structures –Thermal Actions•EN 1991-1-6 Actions on structures –Execution•EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions•EN 1991-2 Actions on structures –Traffic loads on bridges •EN 1991-3 Actions –Cranes and machinery•EN 1991-4 Actions on structures –Silos and tanksEN 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structures –General requirements •EN 1992-1-2 Design of concrete structures –Fire design•EN 1992-2 Design of concrete structures - Bridges•EN 1992-3 Concrete –Liquid retaining•EN 1993-1-1 Design of Steel structures –General requirements •EN 1993-1-2 Design of Steel structures –Fire design•EN 1993-1-3 Steel –Cold thin gauge members•EN 1993-1-4 Steel –Structures in stainless•EN 1993-1-5 Steel -- Strength planar plated•EN 1993-1-6 Steel –Shell structures•EN 1993-1-7 Steel –Out of plane•EN 1993-1-8 Design of Steel structures - Design of joints•EN 1993-1-9 Design of Steel structures- Fatigue strength•EN 1993-1-10 Design of Steel structures –Mat. Toughness •EN 1993-1-11 Steel –Tension components•EN 1993-1-12 Steel–HSS•EN 1993-2 Steel -- Bridges•EN 1993-3-1 Steel –Towers and masts•EN 1993-3-2 Steel -- Chimneys•EN 1993-4-1 Steel –Silos•EN 1993-4-2 Steel –Tanks•EN 1993-4-3 Steel –Pipelines•EN 1993-5 Steel –Piling•EN 1993-6 Steel –Crane supporting structures•EN 1994-1-1 Design of composite structures –General req.•EN 1994-1-2 Design of composite structures –Fire design•EN 1994-2 Design of composite structures –Bridges•EN 1995-1-1 Design of timber structures –General requirements•EN 1995-1-2 Design of timber structures –Fire design•EN 1995-2 Design of timber structures –Bridges•EN 1996-1-1 Design of masonry structures –Generalrequirements•EN 1996-1-2 Design of masonry structures –Fire design•EN 1996-2 Design of masonry structures–Selection & execution•EN 1996-3 Design of masonry structures–Simplified calculation•EN 1997-1 Geotechnical design –General requirements•EN 1997-2 Geotechnical ground investigation•EN 1998-1 Design for earthquake resistance –Gen. req.•EN 1998-2 Design for earthquake resistance –Bridges•EN 1998-3 Design for earthquake resistance –Assess. andretrofitting•EN 1998-4 Earthquake –Silos, tanks & pipelines•EN 1998-5 Design for earthquake resistance –Foundations•EN 1998-6 Design for earthquake resistance –Towers masts•EN 1999-1-1 Aluminium –Common rules•EN 1999-1-2 Aluminium –Fire design•EN 1999-1-3 Aluminium –Fatigue•EN 1999-1-4 Aluminium –Trapezoidal sheeting•EN 1999-1-5 Aluminium –Shell structures欧洲规范0 建立了结构安全性，适用性和耐久性的原理和要求，描述了结构设计和校核的基础，给出了结构可靠性相关方面的准则。
桥梁工程概论 李亚东 第一章-1 第一章-1
浙江泰顺县泗溪溪东桥，1802
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• 位于甘肃渭源县的清源河上，是一座古典纯木结构卧式悬臂拱桥， 俗称“卧桥”，结构独特，工艺精巧，已成为渭水一大景观
• 始建于明洪武初年（1368年），1919年重建，跨度29.5m，高 15.4m，宽4.8m；桥底部以十根粗壮圆木并列十一组，从两岸桥墩 逐次递级，飞挑凌空，形成半圆状桥体，桥面有台阶通道三条，并
2009年3月8日
李亚东:《桥梁工程概论》 第一章
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第一章 绪论
第一节 桥梁概说
工程与土木工程
– 工程（engineering）是指应用科学知识和实践经 验，采用指定材料制造出具备某种功能、满足人类 需求的产品的技术。土木工程是其分支之一。
– 土木工程（civil engineering）是以房屋、桥梁、道 路等工程设施为研究对象的学科，是建造各类工程 设施的科学技术的统称。所谓工程设施，指由若干 构件组成并固定于地面，能为人们提供服务且能安 全承受各种荷载的建筑结构物。土木工程既指工程 设施本身，也指与其相关的各种技术活动。桥梁工 程是其分支之一。
– 支座（bearing），可划归为上部结构 – 附属结构物（护坡、导流堤、导航装置等） – 承重结构（主体结构＋支承结构）
多孔跨径总长（公）或桥长（铁）－划分指标
计算跨径
桥梁全长－工程规模 桥梁建筑高度
2009年3月8日支座 桥墩基础
净跨径 桥下净空高度
（公路） 李亚东:《桥梁工程概论标》准第跨一径章
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2009年3月8日
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何为欧洲结构规范？
对建筑和土木工程结构物，制订出的一套欧盟共用的技 术规范，最终替代各成员国采用的各不相同的规范。
2012年5月22日
李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes
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采用欧洲结构规范的潜在好处
协调欧洲工程领域的劳务市场 有利于材料、构件和配件的使用、采购及销售 通过构建共同的设计框架，强化土木工程理论研究和技术 发展的共同基础 加大设计方法的透明度，易于设计方、官方和业主等之间 的沟通交流 可为设计施工提供通用的设计指南、手册、软件等 增强欧洲土木工程在全球范围内的竞争力 增强欧洲土木工程在全球范围内的竞争力 在欧洲不同地区，可获得更为一致的工程安全性水准 在欧洲不同地区，可获得更为一致的工程安全性水准 核心：协调技术规范，消除欧洲贸易中的技术障碍
2012年5月22日 李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes 13
2012年5月22日
李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes
9
欧洲标准的“三足鼎立”
EN 1090 - Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures EN 13670 - Execution of concrete structures EN1536 - Execution of special geotechnical work: Bored piles EN 1537 - Execution of special geotechnical work: Ground anchors
欧洲结构规范 （Structural Eurocodes） Eurocodes） 技术标准体系与特点简介
土木工程学院 桥梁工程系 李亚东 博士 教授 ydli@ 2011-122011-12-29 北京
主要参考文献
EN 1990:2002, Eurocode-Basis of structural design, CEN 2002 EurocodeEN 1990: 2002/A1:2005, Basis of structural design, CEN 2004 http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/home.php /Default.aspx Department for Communities and Local Government, Guide to the use of EN 1990 Basis of Structural Design, 2006 Joint Research Centre (JRC), The Role of EN 1990: The Key Head Eurocode, European Communities, 2008 H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro and M. Holicky, Designers’ Guide to EN 1990, Thomas Telford, 2002 J.A. Calgaro, Safety philosophy of Eurocodes, ISGSR 2011 Vogt, Schuppener, Straub & Bräu (eds)
2012年5月22日
李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes
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欧洲结构规范－概述 欧洲结构规范－
背景资料
欧共体（European Communities, EC），1965 欧盟（European Union , EU），1993，“多元一体” 的国家联合体 成员国，6次扩充，27个（2007年） 人口，5亿多；面积，400多万平方公里（2010年）
成员国层面的欧洲规范的组成 与格式 修订周期～ 5年
2012年5月22日
李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes
a. b. c. d. e. f.
成员国标题页 成员国前言 EN（正式版本）标题页 EN（正式版本）标题页 EN正文 EN正文 EN附录 EN附录 成员国附录
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成员国附录中可包含的内容
Example
Ex-cast Concrete Products EN 10025 Hot-rolled Structural Steel Products EN 10080 Steel for Reinforcement
2012年5月22日
2012年5月22日
李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes
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欧洲结构规范－进程（续） 欧洲结构规范－进程（
CEN拥有众多的负责标准工作的技术委员会，其中的 CEN拥有众多的负责标准工作的技术委员会，其中的 CEN/TC250委员会负责目前欧洲规范的制订工作。 CEN/TC250委员会负责目前欧洲规范的制订工作。 1990 – 1998，规范各部分的（英语）试行版本（ENVs） 1998，规范各部分的（英语）试行版本（ENVs） 陆续面市。 1998 – 2006，陆续转换ENVs为正式的欧洲规范（EN） 2006，陆续转换ENVs为正式的欧洲规范（EN） 2002，第一部分欧洲结构规范出版 2002，第一部分欧洲结构规范出版 (EN 1990) 2003，委员会建议各成员国接受欧洲结构设计规范EN 2003，委员会建议各成员国接受欧洲结构设计规范EN 2006，出版了所有的欧洲结构规范，共计58册 2006，出版了所有的欧洲结构规范，共计58册 2006 – 2010，欧洲规范与成员国规范共用期 2010，欧洲规范与成员国规范共用期 2010 ，全面实施欧洲结构规范，撤销与欧洲结构规范相 抵触的各成员国规范
久性结构
桥梁的适用范围（各成员国情况不尽相同）
公路桥 铁路桥（含高铁桥梁） 人行及自行车桥
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规范的基本特色（续）
规范条文的类型
所有条款分为两类，一类为原 则性条款（Principles），一类 则性条款（Principles），一类 为应用性条款（Application 为应用性条款（Application Rules） Rules） 原则性条款描述结构性能的基 本要求，必须满足；应用性条 款则是满足原则性条款要求可 采用的方法（非强制性）
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欧洲结构规范－组成 欧洲结构规范－
规范组成（计10册，每册由若干篇组成） 规范组成（计10册，每册由若干篇组成）
EN 1990 Eurocode : 结构设计基础 EN 1991 Eurocode 1: 结构上的作用 EN 1992 Eurocode 2: 混凝土结构设计 EN 1993 Eurocode 3: 钢结构设计 EN 1994 Eurocode 4: 钢－混凝土组合结构设计 EN 1995 Eurocode 5: 木结构设计 EN 1996 Eurocode 6: 圬工（砌体）结构设计 EN 1997 Eurocode 7: 土工设计 EN 1998 Eurocode 8: 结构抗震设计 EN 1999 Eurocode 9: 铝结构设计
Values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the EN Eurocode; Values to be used where a symbol only is given in the EN Eurocode; CountryCountry-specific data (geographical, climatic, etc), e.g. a snow map; The procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the EN Eurocode. Decisions on the application of informative annexes; References to non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI) to assist the user in applying the Eurocode.
EN 1317 Road Restraint Systems 李亚东：Introduction to Eurocodes
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欧洲结构规范－进程 欧洲结构规范－
20世纪70年代初期，欧共体委员会（Commission of 20世纪70年代初期，欧共体委员会（Commission European Communities，CEC）建议制订一套工程结构方 Communities，CEC）建议制订一套工程结构方 面的欧洲规范，使其在一段时间内与各国规范平行使用， 在若干年后逐步取代各国规范。 初步设想是：利用国际结构安全度联合委员会（JCSS）的 初步设想是：利用国际结构安全度联合委员会（JCSS）的 结构规范草案，在增添其它内容的基础上，形成欧洲规范 的基本技术框架。 基本技术框架。 1975年，开始编制欧洲结构规范 1975年，开始编制欧洲结构规范 1990年，经成员国内部协商，决定将欧洲规范的后续工作 1990年，经成员国内部协商，决定将欧洲规范的后续工作 （进一步发展，修订完善和翻译出版等）转交给欧洲标准 委员会（Comité 委员会（Comité Européen de Normalisation，CEN）。 Normalisation，CEN）
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主要参考文献（ 主要参考文献（续）
Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007, Development of skills facilitating implementation of eurocodes, handbook1-Basis of structural design, UK 2004 Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007, Development of skills facilitating implementation of eurocodes, handbook2-Reliability backgrounds, Prague 2005 ADEPT, Guidance document on the implementation of structural eurocodes, UK 2010 钱冬生, 强士中, 李亚东.“广搜信息，摸准当代水平，形成新观点 ，取得共识，这是搞好铁路桥涵设计规范修订工作的前提（1996 ）”, 钱冬生桥梁与教育文选, 中国铁道出版社, 2011 李亚东. 欧洲规范及其近期进展,《桥梁建设》1999年3期