北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附绝对权威答案)
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试试题一参考答案及详解
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART 1 Listening Comprehension (20 points) (略)PART II Reading Comprehension(30 points)Directions:There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New Y ork Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B. It may create more problems than it might solve.C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that _.A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.25. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage 2Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.Chevrons, scientists say，not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses .A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new approach to training driversD. a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that .A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former .A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will have a longer effect on driversD. will look more attractive29. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to .A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are falling out of use in the United States.B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C. They are applicable only on broad roads.D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage 3There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results ( often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. Thisdetailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research 'article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting .and whether they are researchers or practitioners.31. The best title for this passage could beA. Types of Research ReportsB. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research ReportsD. Writing of Different Artic les32. The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in thatA. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research33. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly throughA. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes34. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.35. How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.Passage 4In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join andmany books and magazines to read about running.The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.36. In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies becauseA. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimesB. they have a strong desire to be more physically fitC. there are many running clubs to joinD. there are many books and magazines to read about running37. The passage implies that is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.A. jogging/runningB. joining running clubsC. reading books and magazines about runningD. going in for all kinds of sports38. Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacksA. are compulsive joggersB. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/runningC. are interested in taking more physical exerciseD. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes39. In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" meansA. involving physical workB. needing much sittingC. energy-consumingD. sleep-producing40. According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?A. Y es.B. No.C. Somebody can tell.D. It is hard to tell.PART III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter oil the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. had he arrivedC. did he arriveD. would he had arrived42. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one _ the proposal.A. they did not discussB. did they discussC. do they discussD. would they discuss43. The molecules of gases move more freely than __A. do liquids and solidsB. liquids and solids doC. do those of liquids and solidsD. those do of liquids and solids44. The taller the container, _________ at the bottom.A. the greater will the water pressure beB. the water pressure will be greaterC. the greater will be the water pressureD. greater the water pressure will be45. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A. Jumped down the burglarB. Down the burglar jumpedC. The burglar jumped downD. Down jumped the burglar46. To the north of the city __ a small island.A. lainB. liesC. was thereD. there lays47. she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that48. Was it __ the professor regarded with such contempt?A. them whoB. them whomC. he whoD. those49. __ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.A. It was not until the 12th century whenB. Hardly it was the 12th century thanC. No sooner it was the 12th century whenD. It was not until the 12th century that50. When I try to understand _ _ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is51. More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, __ the populace.A. who appeal toB. to whom appeal toC. whom appeals toD. who appeals to52. On the large board in the main hall of the airport .you can easily find the different Destinations __which airlines can take you.A. inB. ofC. toD. by53. Not until actually faced with water scarcity __ appreciate the value of water to a region.A. one canB. one can notC. can oneD. can not one54. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is __ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A. whatB. whyC. howD. who55. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt __ a farming country and become a desert.A. will cease to beB. would cease to beC. will cease beingD. would cease being56. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that what I said.A. it was something inB. there was something asC. it was something asD. there was something in57. There is little, __, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A. if soB. if suchC. if notD. if any58. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences that of their families.A. rather thanB. other thanC. except forD. but for59. The singer on the stage has a young __ face and a voice of an __A. boy...angelB. boy's…angelC. boy…ang el'sD. boy's…angel's60. A new material __, we have good reason to be optimistic.A. developedB. being developedC. was being developedD. was developed PART IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images 61a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that 62 but the whole corporate63 of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content 64 produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to 65 itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately 66 Logos are part of this image. They are 67 which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a 68 identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and 69 the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors 70 different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with 71 in another:some colors represent 72 in one culture but death in another. International companies have, 73 , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.Many companies have, over the years, 74 their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can 75 loyalty by 76 the instinct. Some logos 77 an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and 78 as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising 79 .Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image andto fix it in the minds of the 80 . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.61. A. attribute B. contribute C. devote D. attract62. A. concerns B. involves C. counts D. means63. A. features B. quality C. identity D. status64. A. instead B. and C. though D. as65. A. exist B. isolate C. hold D. distinguish66. A. observable B. differentiable C. recognizable D. accountable67. A. symbols B. signs C. signals D. indications68. A. visible B. visual C. brief D. explicit69. A. in B. throughout C. for D. between70. A. contain B. carry C. predominate D. convey71. A. mildness B. consolation C. affection D. warmth72. A. life B. love C. live D. alive73. A. otherwise B. still C. therefore D. additionally74. A. continued B. kept C. changed D. refreshed75. A. promote B. inspire C. prompt D. stir76. A. regarding B. impressing C. influencing D. effecting77. A. combine B. collaborate C. incorporate D. blend78. A. covers B. brochures C. contents D. volumes79. A. movement B. plan C. campaign D. function80. A. consumers B. employers C. reporters D. manufacturersPART V T ranslation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of" humanity". Otherwise，war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or ahnost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists' investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all:in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.PART VI Writing(15 points)Directions:A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.Outline:1. Interpret the graph.2. Suggest counter-measures.3. Give advice for jobseekers.参考答案及解析21．B 依据文章第二段第1行可以判断出两者性质相似只是体积不同，排除A项；文中并无两者数量上的比较，排除C项；也没有涉及D项的内容。
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Education is an absolute imperative in the emerging globalknowledge society,so new ways of providing access to education fora much higher percentage of the population are now being devised.The most dramatic examples of access to education are found inthe11distance-education mega-universities found around the world.In"distance education,"the student is separated in time or spacefrom the teacher or professor.The largest of these high enrollmentuniversities is in China,the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity,with more than3million students.The English-speakingworld has the British Open University,with215,000students,and theUniversity of South Africa,with120,000students.In addition to themega-universities,dozens of other national and regional systems areproviding education at all levels to students.The base delivery system for the distance-education Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mega-universities istelevision,supplemented by other technologies or even some onsiteinstruction in more-developed countries.Some distance-educationsystems use two-way interactive video connections to particularlocations where students gather;others supplement with the Internet,and still others deliver only by Internet.Withvideo-and-audio-streaming now available,the Internet appears to bethe technology of choice for systems where students have access to computers.Of course,these technologies merely add to the radio--delivered courses that have been offered for years in many countries around the world.The programs and courses offered vary from basic literacy courses to the highest graduate-level programming.Hundreds of university degrees are now available through distance education,where90%or more of the required credits are given at a distance,as are dozens of master's degrees and a small number of accredited doctoral degrees. One estimate suggests that50,000university-level courses are now available through distance-education delivery systems.There will be two main types of educational institutions:those that add value in coursework and those that are certifying agencies. The certifying colleges and universities are those that act as educational bankers for students.Students will earn credits from many places and have the credits or certifications of completion sent to the certifying university,then that certifying university will award the degree when enough credits of the right type have been accumulated.Regent's College of the University of the State of New York and Thomas Edison College of New Jersey are public certifying institutions that give accredited degrees.One vision for some of the remaining residential colleges in the United States,now serving mainly the18-to-23-year-old population, is that many will become certifying colleges.Students will come tothe colleges for their social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs.The basic commodity these colleges will sell is membership in the college community.Students will access their courses from colleges and universities around the world,transfer the credits to the college,then gain a degree.Faculty members will serve as tutors and advisers and may provide some courses live.(479words)51.What is the passage mainly about?[A]The emerging global knowledge society[B]Distance-education mega-universities[C]The largest of these high enrollment universities[D]Two main types of educational institutions52.It may be inferred that the Internet could be the technology of choice in_______.[A]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[B]the University of South Africa[C]the British Open University[D]the English-speaking world53.We learn from the passage that the distance-education programs may offer all the following EXCEPT______.[A]virtually all the basic literacy courses and the highest graduate-level programming[B]nearly90%of the required credits[C]courses for master's degrees and accredited doctoral degrees[D]50,000university-level courses54.The residential colleges in the United States______.[A]serve only the18-to-23-year-old population[B]provide students with social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs[C]provide courses from colleges and universities around the world[D]may provide a lot of faculty members to conduct courses lively55.Judging from the context we know that a mega-universityis_______.[A]the largest of these high enrollment universities[B]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[C]the British Open University[D]a university with very large number of studentsText1151. B.远程教育的百万人大学。
北京航天航空大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
北京航天航空大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionThere are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists. “And these “generalists”are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained” man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist —and especially the administrator —deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you —but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.1．There is an increasing demand for______.A．all round people in their own fieldsB．people whose job is to organize other people’s workC．generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional D．specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others正确答案：B解析：第一段第三、四句指出，对“一眼即能看到很大范围，可能对任一领域都知之不多；能够看到森林而不是树木，能够做出总体判断”的人的需求在日益增加。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionBird wings have a much more complex job to do than the wings of an airplane, for in addition to supporting the bird they must act as its engine, rowing it through the air. Even so the wing outline or a bird conforms to the same aerodynamic principles as those eventually discovered by people when designing airplanes, and if you know how different kinds of aircraft perform, you can predict the flight capabilities of similarly shaped birds. Short, stubby wings enable a tanager and other forest-living to swerve and dodge at speed through the undergrowth, just as they helped the fighter planes of the Second World War to make tight turns and acrobatic maneuvers in a dog-fight. More modern fighters achieve greater speeds by sweeping back their wings while in flight, just as peregrines do when they go into a 130kph dive, swooping to a kill. Championship gliders have long, thin wings so that, having gained height in a thermal up-current they can soar gently down for hours and an albatross, the largest of flying birds, with a similar wing shape and a span of 3 meters, can patrol the ocean for hours in the same way without a single wing beat. Vultures and hawks circle at very slow speeds supported by a thermal and they have the broad rectangular wings that very slow-flying aircraft have. People have not been able to adapt wings to provide hovering flight. That has only been achieved with the whirling, horizontal blades of a helicopter or the downward-pointing engines of a vertical landing jet. Hummingbirds have paralleled even this. They tilt their bodies so that they are almost upright and then beat their wings as fast as 80 times a second producing a similar downdraft of air. So the hummingbird can hover and even fly backwards.1．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Bird wings have to support the bird.B．Bird wings must act as the bird’s engine.C．Airplane’s wings must act as the airplane’s engine.D．Similar wing shapes in aircraft and birds produce similar flight capabilities.正确答案：C解析：题目问：根据文章内容，哪项不是真实的?第一段“Bird wings have a much more complex job to do than the wings of an airplane，for in addition to supporting the bird they must act as its engine，rowing it through the air．”通过这句话可知，与飞机的机翼相比，鸟的翅膀的功能更复杂，它能支持鸟体，还是鸟飞翔的引擎。
研究生学位英语2007年1月真题(附答案)
2007-1PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)1. A. He fixed the tape recorder.B. Although old, he is still working.C. His love for music surprised the two speakers.D. He picked up the tape recorder from the garbage can.2. A. He can't imagine what his friends have got for him.B. He always knows what Mary will say.C. He is anxious to see Mary's reaction to the gift.D. He is too busy to wait.3. A. His car broke down.B. He is usually late.C. He never leaves his house before 9:00.D. He might be late because of the bad traffic.4. A. No, because the man will have guests.B. No, because the man has seen the movie.C. No, because the man will go out.D. No, because the man wants to see the movie alone.5. A. She will continue with her diet.B. She can't afford expensive food.C. She might die any day.D. She is overweight.6. A. He should be thinking about something more important.B. He has enough money for a car.C. He spends money like water.D. He can't afford a car.7. A. People have different tastes.B. Each of them owns a restaurant.C. The woman should tell him her own opinion.D. Many customers like the restaurant.8. A. She has already seen it.B. She enjoys the movie.C. She regrets missing the movie.D. She doesn't care for the movie.9. A. Setting the table.B. Polishing silver.C. Sewing napkins.D. Putting the food away.Section B ( 1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A. A residential college.B. A family house,C. A university,D. An office block.11. A. It is the same as the old Smith House.B. It has become smaller.C. It has become larger.D. It is the same as it was in the 1840s.12. A. Wing 2-3rd Floor - Room 4.B. West - 2nd Floor - Room 34.C. West Wing 2 - 3rd Floor - Room 4.D. West Wing - 2nd Floor - Room 34.Mini-talk Two13. A. Smoking rooms.B. A gymnasium.C. Assembly roomsD. Dining rooms.14. A. April 10, 1912.B. April 11. 1912.C. April 13, 1912.D. April 14, 1912.15. A. There were not enough lifeboats.B. The water was cold.C. There was too much panic.D. People were disorganized.Section C ( 1 point each)The Film-making Process: Six steps16. Step 1: ____________________________17. Step 2:____________________________18. Step 3:____________________________19. Step 4:____________________________20. Step 5:____________________________Step 6: Composing the musicPART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.A. investmentB. resourceC. inspirationD. stimulus22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.A. bewilderingB. exasperatingC. dismayingD. upsetting23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.A. all at onceB. by and byC. to some extentD. on the whole24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.A. optimisticB. anxiousC. uncertainD. scared25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.A. enhancedB. revisedC. alternatedD. modified26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.A. arisen fromB. contributed toC. patched upD. participated in27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.A. resignedB. compromisedC. persistedD. dominated28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.A. inclinedB. struggledC. arguedD. competed29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.A. on occasionB. at presentC. by nowD. for sure30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families.A. brieflyB. quicklyC. accuratelyD. earnestlySection B (0.5 point each)31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.A. composeB. imposeC. exposeD. pose33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.A. energeticB. vigorousC. rigorousD. grave34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.A. presentationB. instructionC. convictionD. obligation35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible36. As __________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn up38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.A. stood up toB. walked up toC. lived up toD. added up to39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.A. assumeB. anticipateC. assureD. wonder40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grant approvals.A. manipulateB. adjustC. regulateD. managePART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. "Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with a few42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job43 ," Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall person enjoys," Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such as sales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving them an edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary 49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.41. A. makes out B. works in C. takes on D. matters for42. A. cases B. exceptions C. examples D. problems43. A. performance B. operation C. condition D. environment44. A. on B. with C. over D. to45. A. deficiency B. advantage C. loss D. necessity46. A. imagination B. decision C. judge D. evaluation47. A. relative B. absolute C. objective D. initiative48. A. state B. status C. situation D. statue49. A. origins B. sources C. courses D. organizations50. A. a time in B. a hold on C. a work at D. a sign ofPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAt the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as much time studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper."It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writings off the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they're going to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the next step," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn't do."Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail deviceB. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmatesC. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision systemD. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.A. should be severely punished for their dishonestyB. didn't have much time to study before the examC. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enoughD. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.A. use many high-tech devicesB. cut off Internet access on campusC. turn to the oral exanimation formsD. cut off the use of high-tech devices54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheatingB. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writingC. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinationsD. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.A. Cheating Has Gone High-techB. Game of Cat and MouseC. A New Examination-supervision SystemD. Measures to Fight Against DishonestyPassage TwoTop marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold. "Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain's Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sports development department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. "In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital."Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for "performance genes."57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' successB. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' successC. genes are more important for sportspersons' successD. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.A. environment can help determine people's body shapeB. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shapeC. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sportsD. identical twins may have different genes for different sports59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?A. The physical strength.B. The right training conditions.C. The talent for the sports.D. The endurance for pains.60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.A. she had the talent for rowingB. her body shape was right for a rowerC. she had the performance genesD. she was a skillful rower61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .A. the most wealthyB. the most skilledC. the most industriousD. the most intelligent62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.A. the best body shapes and an iron purposeB. the extremes of the right physique and strong willsC. the right psychological conditions and sports talentsD. the right physique and genes for sportsPassage ThreeFor years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitable corporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's its strategy?The website , using data found in the company's official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled "junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change'?A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?A. Reasonable.B. Fake.C. Limitless.D. Inconsistent.65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.A. how closely these organizations work with scientistsB. how these organizations select scientific findings for their own purposeC. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveriesD. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.A. have lived up to their promisesB. have almost caused worldwide chaosC. have failed to achieve their original goalD. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandalsB. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate changeC. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warmingD. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?A. Factual.B. Praiseful.C. Biased.D. Encouraging.Passage FourWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn't prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. "From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviour switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at the moment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car."69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.A. is possible to live a longer healthy and lifeB. humans can live as long as scientists predictC. living longer is still considered a good ideaD. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.A. gave an optimistic predictionB. showed an unclear futureC. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedB. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animalC. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior72. Richardson believes that_________.A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageingB. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageingC. stopping ageing is a dream that may come trueD. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.A. quality life is out of reach for most peopleB. quality life can slow down the process of agingC. how long one can live depends on the genes one carriesD. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.74. The most suitable title for the passage is “___________”.A. Problems of An Ageing SocietyB. Health Care for the ElderlyC. Eating Healthier, Living LongerD.The Future of Old AgePassage FiveIn dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling is falling!") to divert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?A. To please the students.B. To surprise the students.C. To get the students' attention.D. To distract the students' attention.76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?A. Respond calmly but finny.B. Tell the student's parents immediately.C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.D. Have the student go to see the principal.77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?A. Use physical restraint.B. Give the student a time out.C. Point at the student or make threats.D. Talk with the student privately.78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?A. Surprisingly.B. Depressingly.C. Involving persuasion.D. Involving punishment.79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.D. Persuade the student to open up to you.80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Problems in Classrooms.B. Dealing with Student Aggression.C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.D. Settling a Student Fight.PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Listening Comprehension(略)Part Two Structure and Written Expression21．D【解析】语法题，考查虚拟语气。
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，进行倒装。
此句是混合虚拟，从句中有the day after tomorrow表将来的状语，因此应用were to形式，所以答案是D选项。
22．B【解析】语法题。
句子中有last year，所以动词应该用过去式，这里的left school指毕业，school不用加冠词，所以正确答案是B选项。
23．A【解析】语法题。
句意是“一些人谨慎地看待这些发现，他们注意到被动吸烟和癌症之间的因果关系有待揭示”。
remain to be done为惯用法，表示“有待于(被做)”。
所以正确答案是A选项。
24．C【解析】此句子是一个强调句，强调了被动句的主语what the committee has decided，句意是“委员会的决定应该优先执行”。
25．D【解析】owe to的意思是“归功于，得益于”。
比如We owe much to Greek culture (我们得益于希腊文化之处甚多)。
句意是“最新颖的新车与其说是得益于当地的自由精神，还不如说是得益于一种简单的智慧，即雇用几个能人，并让他们为之工作”。
26．A【解析】treat．．．with．．．意为“用……招待……”。
这句话的意思是“过去几年，Jimmy Connors曾向观众展现了他的网球球技及其个性特点，在上周的美国公开赛上他再次展现了这两点”。
也就是说“他以精彩的网球表演，博得观众认可”。
所以正确答案是A选项。
27．C【解析】首先hardly否定词应该放as…as…之前，所以先可排除A、B。
北京航空航天大学入学测试机考《英语(高起点)》模拟题及答案
北京航空航天大学入学测试机考《英语(高起点)》模拟题及答案1、Would you like a cup of coffee, _____________ shall we get to business right away?（2）（）A．andB．thenC．orD．otherwise标准答案：C2、His offer was ____________ again（2）（）A．taken downB．turned offC．taken offD．turned down标准答案：D3、The room needs ____________ before we move in.（2）（）A．cleanedB．cleaningC．being cleanedD．to clean标准答案：B4、He shouted to them ___________ the top of his voice but wasn’t heard.（2）（）A．onB．ofC．atD．from标准答案：C5、You can take ____________ of these two magazines as you please.（2）（）A．any oneB．anyC．eitherD．all标准答案：C6、You seldom eat a fruit like this, ___________ you?（2）（）A．doB．don’tC．areD．aren’t标准答案：A7、Equal pay for equal work is what women have been ___________ for centuries.（2）（）A．referring toB．looking afterC．making upD．longing for标准答案：D8、______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.11. ______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.（2）（）A．ThereB．ThisC．ThatD．It标准答案：D9、It was not _______ she took off her sunglasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.（2）（）A．when,thatB．until,thatC．until,whenD．when,then标准答案：B10、Today there are about seven ______ Americans in colleges and universities（2）（）A．millionsB．millionC．millions ofD．million of标准答案：B11、I arri ved ____ Shanghai _____ February 10 ____ 9:00 o’clock.（2）（）A．at,at,inB．at,on,atC．in,on,atD．in,in,on标准答案：B12、He was only in _______ at that time.（2）（）A．his 30’sB．the 30’sC．his thirtiesD．the thirties标准答案：C13、He took the machine to pieces to find out how it ________.（2）（）A．progressedB．operatedC．equippedD．managed标准答案：B14、Class is to begin in a minute, but the teacher still hasn’t _________.（2）（）A．come onB．turned outC．come alongD．turned up标准答案：D15、I always regret not ______ harder when I was young.（2）（）A．studyingB．having studiedC．to studyD．to have studied标准答案：B16、You don’t have to pay for your flight; they’re _______ in the price of your holiday.（2）（）A．concludedB．heldC．settledD．included标准答案：D17、She pretended ________ me when I passed by.（2）（）A．not to seeB．not to be seeingC．to not seeD．having not seen标准答案：A18、Last summer I took a course on _________.（2）（）A．how dresses to be madeB．how dresses be madeC．how to make dressesD．how to be made dresses标准答案：C19、You will never pass the examination _______ you _______ harder（2）（）A．unless,don’t studyB．unless,studyC．if,studyD．if,not study标准答案：B20、Though ______ he said was of little help to me, I thanked him all the same（2）（）A．whatB．whichC．thatD．who标准答案：A21、You’d better speak slowly _______ she may understand you better（2）（）A．becauseB．forC．so thatD．if标准答案：C22、She will have her father ______ her watch.（2）（）A．repairB．to repairC．repairedD．to be repaired标准答案：A23、So difficult _______ that I can not complete it in such a short time.（2）（）A．the work isB．the work areC．is the workD．are the work24、Hello, may I speak to Dr. Bush?___________.（2）（）A．Yes, I’m BushB．Yes, it’s me.C．Here is BushD．Speaking.标准答案：D25、Of the two new teachers, who do you like _______?（2）（）A．muchB．betterC．wellD．the most标准答案：B26、They started off at about 5 o’clock in the morning. They should _______ there by now（2）（）A．arriveB．have arrivedC．be arrivingD．have been arriving.标准答案：B27、When did you _________ my letter?（2）（）A．receiveB．acceptC．gotD．gain标准答案：A28、It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack ______ be here at any moment（2）（）A．mustB．needC．shouldD．can标准答案：A29、The speaker raised his _______ in order to be heard by the people at the back（2）（）A．voiceB．cryC．soundD．noise30、Write down these words.Yes, but I have no _____ to write on.（2）（）A．penB．papersC．paperD．time标准答案：C31、Here’s my card. Let’s keep in _____.（2）（）A．touchB．relationC．connectionD．friendship标准答案：A32、______ the teacher’s suggestion, Tom finally found a way to settle the problem（2）（）A．FollowingB．To followC．FollowD．He followed标准答案：A33、Her dog ran out of the yard ______ the old lady opened the gate.（2）（）A．momentB．a momentC．the momentD．that moment标准答案：C34、Have you even been to the square ______ was built last year?（2）（）A．whichB．whereC．whenD．what标准答案：A35、In this park, birds often fly down from trees to eat from visitor’s hands. They are used to ______ in this way.（2）（）A．be fedB．feedC．having fedD．being fed标准答案：D36、It’s such a big room. If you don’t speak loud, you’ll never make yourself ________.（2）（）A．hearB．hearingC．to hearD．heard标准答案：D37、Mr. Wang will _______ you at the airport tomorrow morning. Please tell me your flight number.（2）（）A．meetB．lookC．seeD．welcome标准答案：A38、When the meeting was held, many reporters were sent to _______ it.（2）（）A．discussB．coverC．talkD．say标准答案：B39、–How long did it ________ you to write this novel?-- About two years.（2）（）A．makeB．spendC．costD．take标准答案：D40、I’ve cut it into two pieces. You can take _______ half. They’re exactly the same.（2）（）A．thisB．anyC．everyD．either标准答案：D41、When you phoned me yesterday evening, I _______ the housework and was starting to takea bath.（2）（）A．had just finishedB．was finishingC．have already finishedD．was going to finish标准答案：A42、When his parents died, he ______ by his aunt.（2）（）A．brought upB．was brought upC．picked upD．was picked up标准答案：B43、China is _______ the Great Wall.（2）（）A．famous asB．known toC．known asD．famous for标准答案：D44、The sum of money I have already had is not ________ enough at all for the price of the machine that I want to buy.（2）（）A．almostB．mostlyC．nearlyD．near标准答案：C45、I doubt whether I will come to his speech next time. It couldn’t have been ________ in fact.（2）（）A．any moreB．so badC．any betterD．the best标准答案：A46、Was it ________ the conference of APEC that made Shanghai the focus of the would then?（2）（）A．holdingB．to holdC．heldD．having held标准答案：A47、The novel is worthy of _________.（2）（）A．readingB．readC．having readD．being read标准答案：D48、It is very kind ______ see me.（2）（）A．from you toB．by you toC．of you toD．you标准答案：C49、It looks ___________it’s going to rain.（2）（）A．thatB．asC．as ifD．like标准答案：C50、The stone was so heavy that it was difficult for the old man to____ it.（2）（）A．liftB．reachC．riseD．touch标准答案：A51、They lives ______ the other side of the road. .（2）（）A．inB．onC．forD．by标准答案：B52、She can speak Japanese better than _________ else .（2）（）A．the oneB．no oneC．anyoneD．another标准答案：C53、This lesson is _______ than the last one.（2）（）A．more easierB．more easyC．very easierD．much easier标准答案：D54、Today’sweather isn’t as cold as it was yesterday ,_________?（2）（）A．wasn’t itB．is itC．was itD．isn’t it标准答案：B55、This book is for students ________ native language is not English .（2）（）A．of whomB．thatC．whichD．whose标准答案：D56、You may not go out _________your work is done .（2）（）A．beforeB．untilC．whereD．as标准答案：B57、Look what my father ________ me when he came from work .（2）（）A．broughtB．tookC．carriedD．fetched标准答案：A58、Nobody knew ___________ there .（2）（）A．how long time l had beenB．how long had l beenC．how long time had l beenD．how long l had been标准答案：D59、The harder he studies , ___________.（2）（）A．he’ll make great progressB．the greater progress he”ll makeC．he’ll make greater progressD．the greater he’ll make progress标准答案：B60、___________ , l would have gone to see him.（2）（）A．Have l had timeB．Had l timeC．Had l had timeD．Would l have time标准答案：C61、He didn’t go to France , the doctor suggested that he ______ there .（2）（）A．won’tB．not goC．not to goD．didn’t go标准答案：B62、She whispered to her husband, ________ she wouldn’t wake up the sleeping baby.（2）（）A．forB．abutC．so thatD．although标准答案：C63、Today, most of the families use gas to cook _______ coal, even in the countryside.（2）（）A．insteadB．instead ofC．take the place ofD．in the place of标准答案：B64、–What would you like to order, maybe _______ tea?-- No, thank you! What is _______ special today?（2）（）A．a,theB．the,aC．the,theD．/, /标准答案：A65、I have _______ ink, so I have to go to the office to get some.（2）（）A．littleB．fewC．a littleD．a few标准答案：A66、The fact that all the stars are moving around the sun was first put forward around 500 years age, _______?（2）（）A．did theyB．didn’t theyC．aren’t itD．wasn’t it标准答案：D67、Her father _______ ill yesterday and is now in hospital.（2）（）A．tookB．setC．caughtD．fell标准答案：C68、–Mary doesn’t like skating, does she?-- _______, but she used to.（2）（）A．Yes, she doesB．Yes, she doesn’tC．No, she doesD．No, she doesn’t标准答案：D69、Ten dollars _______ a lot of money to me at that time.（2）（）A．wereB．wasC．isD．are标准答案：B70、With the development of Internet, _______ communication is done by regular mail.（2）（）A．littleB．muchC．moreD．less标准答案：A71、The last time I her, she at a medical college.（2）（）A．was visiting,studiedB．visited,studiesC．visited,was studyingD．was visiting,was studying标准答案：C72、______ on the project for 10 years, he still felt it hard to make any achievements.（2）（）A．He worksB．Having workedC．He having workedD．Working标准答案：B73、–You look very beautiful in that red dress.-- ______.（2）（）A．No, not that beautifulB．Thank you. I’m glad you think soC．That’s not trueD．Sorry, you’re wrong标准答案：B74、How strange it is ________ the children are so quiet!（2）（）A．whetherB．howC．thatD．why标准答案：C75、–I’m sorry that I’ve broken your radio.-- ______. I have got another one in my office.（2）（）A．I don’t careB．It doesn’t matterC．It’s nothingD．I’m unlucky today标准答案：B76、Come on, I want to tell you a secret now. But you must _______ it from other people.（2）（）A．remainB．see toD．prevent标准答案：B77、–Have you known each other for long?--Not very long, _______ we started to work in the company.（2）（）A．afterB．beforeC．whenD．since标准答案：D78、You didn’t understand what I said, for you _______ to me just now.（2）（）A．wouldn’t listenB．weren’t listeningC．hadn’t listenD．haven’t listened标准答案：B79、Health experts in many countries still _______ their ideas about the relationships between our food and our health.（2）（）A．have testedB．testedC．are testingD．test标准答案：C80、–Jane wasn’t in when Jack came, was she?--_______, but she returned a few minutes later.（2）（）A．No, she wasB．No, she wasn’tC．yes. She wasD．Yes, she wasn’t标准答案：B81、Readers can _______ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.（2）（）A．get overB．get inC．get alongD．get through82、Hardly _______ the door when he rushed into the office out of breath.（2）（）A．I openedB．did I openC．I had openedD．had I opened标准答案：D83、When we saw his face , we knew _________ was bad .（2）（）A．the newsB．some newsC．a newsD．news标准答案：A84、The number of students in our school _________.（2）（）A．increasedB．is increasedC．has increasedD．are increased标准答案：C85、____________your step , or you might fall into the water .（2）（）A．SeeB．WatchC．MissD．Look at标准答案：B86、The meeting _________________ .（2）（）A．is to put offB．is going to put offC．is to be put offD．will put标准答案：C87、–The sea is very rough today.–C57 Yes, I’ve never seen __________ before. .（2）（）A．such rough seaB．such a rough seaC．so rough seaD．that rough sea88、–She’s bro ken her arm again .–Again ? I _____ she ________ever broken it before .（2）（）A．don’t know,hasB．didn’t know,hadC．rdidn’t know,hasD．hadn’t known,would标准答案：B89、–Has the wallet been returned yet ?–No , but we expect _________ any day now .（2）（）A．to return itB．it to returnC．it to be returnedD．it returned标准答案：C90、–I’ve been told to pay the rent .–But it has already been paid . It __________ by some else .（2）（）A．must beB．may beC．must be paidD．must have been paid标准答案：D91、Montreal is larger than ______________in Canada .（2）（）A．any cityB．any citiesC．any other citiesD．any other city标准答案：D92、Human’s brains are larger in proportion to their bodies than ________ .（2）（）A．whalesB．a whaleC．that of whalesD．those of whales标准答案：D93、Before writing your article , _________ , collect your material , and prepare an outline .（2）（）A．a topic should be selectedB．a topic to be selectedC．your topic should be selectedD．you should select a topic标准答案：D94、–I usually travel by train .–Why not _________ by plane for a change ?（2）（）A．to try goingB．trying to goC．to try and goD．try going标准答案：D95、The boy lay in the street , his eyes ________ and his hands _______ .（2）（）A．closing,tremblingB．closed,trembledC．closing,trembledD．closed,trembling标准答案：D96、He _________ here for 20 years by the end of next month .（2）（）A．had workedB．has workedC．will have workedD．will work标准答案：C97、I’ll do _________the doctor advised .（2）（）A．asB．likeC．thatD．all what标准答案：A98、–Did we have to wait for Tom ?–Well , _________very angry if we hadn’t wait ed for him .（2）（）A．he’d have beenB．he wereC．he had beenD．he must be标准答案：A99、Why do you insist on _________ .（2）（）A．this to be doneB．this doneC．this being doneD．this is done标准答案：C100、We looked everywhere for the ____________ .（2）（）A．missing watchB．missed watchC．watch being missedD．watch that lost标准答案：A。
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北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Scientists now tend to agree that the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70decibels. Some of them are very concerned because normal daily life often exposes people to noise levels of about 70 decibels even inside their homes. Cities have always been noisy, but noise is now spreading to areas that were quiet just a few years ago.Clearly, something must be done or noise will seriously and permanently maim the population. Fortunately, the knowledge and methods to control noise already exist. As a matter of fact, this is one instance where the knowledge of control methods exceeds the knowledge about the effects on human life and on the environment.There are two common means for control. The first is reducing noise at its source, and the second is changing the sound path by distance or by shielding.The second approach is being used more often today as people become more aware of the danger of noise. New building codes require better sound insulation in homes and apartments. More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas. Sound-absorbent materials and construction designed to block sound paths are slowly coming into use in offices and homes. New highways are being built to redirect traffic noise up and away from nearby areas. Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports.There are many examples of available noise control methods that are not being used. More flexible building codes would permit the use of quieter kinds of plumbing pipes. Sound-absorbing materials can reduce the noise of motors and engines. Power generators can be quieted with baffles, exhaust silencers, and sound absorbers. Truck tires can be made with quieter treads. In many cases, the cost of building quieter machines is the same or only slightly higher than that of the current noisy ones. Even though the new equipment may cost more initially, it can prove more profitable in the long run. The new jumbo jets, for example, are quieter than the older ones, yet they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers.All of these methods are only partial measures as noisy levels continue to rise. Most specialists in the field agree that much of the solution must come from eliminating some of the noise at its source, therefore saving through prevention the large costs of hearing loss.21．The noise level for possible hearing loss begins at about ______.A．30 decibels B．75 decibels C．100 decibels D．none of the above 22．Jet pilots are being advised to land ______.A．on longer runways B．from nearby areas C．after dark D．with reduced power 23．How many practical means for controlling noise does the author present?A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.24．The reader can assume that airport of the future will ______.A．have runways in a north-south patternB．be located in unpopulated areasC．be required to warn passengers of high noise levelsD．in nearby areas25．Jumbo jets are mentioned as examples of ______.A．efficient transportation with low levels of noiseB．vehicles that cause serious air pollutionC．scientific advances that do more harm than goodD．quieter and older vehiclePassage 2Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future.Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet.Most people believe that they are well fed—that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C．These include dark green leafy vegetables; deep yellow vegetables; and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers.Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her.There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individual to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.26．Food preference in America is ______.A．culturally oriented B．inherited C．individualistic D．according to ages 27．Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in ______.A．celery B．banana C．milk D．cabbage28．According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with ______.A．improving the vitamin content of processed foodsB．restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foodsC．informing the public about wholesome foodsD．helping people enjoying uninformed about nutrition29．Some people judge their nutrition by the ______.A．status of their health B．grocery stores where they shop C．amount of protein in their diets D．food they took30．The author advocatesA．requiring high school students to take courses on nutritionB．making information on nutrition available to the publicC．forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packagesD．people has the right to choose foodPassage 3Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses Ⅱused the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C.William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians' use of the census. They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government project' namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to England's enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census.Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate.Counting costs have risen since 1790．The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs $ 250 million—more than a dollar per person. That's a long way since 3800 B．C．.31．The first known census report took place in Babylonia in ______.A．1085 B．1200 B. C．3800 B.C. D．179032．The first census was created for the sole purpose of ______.A．counting available troops B．dividing farmlandC．providing manpower D．taxing the populace33．The American census today costs the government approximately ______.A．$0.01/person B．$0.10/person C．$1.00/person D．$10.00/person 34．Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it ______.A．might give valuable news to EnglandB．would give England's enemies cause for rebellionC．would be too expensiveD．might disclose information to England's enemies35．The author implies the American census is ______.A．relatively inexpensive to conductB．important to various government branchesC．an exact count of the citizenryD．fairly expensive before 1790Passage 4It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows.Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.36．The author attributes today's air pollution to ______.A．the growth of civilization B．man's carelessnessC．environmental imbalance D．some mysterious cause37．The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to ______.A．protective foliage B．thick bark C．genetic makeup D．tainted air38．Air pollution causes the most damage to ______.A．hardwoods B．conifers C．fruit trees D．fluorides39．The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is ______.A．heavy industry B．chemical processing plantsC．urban expansion D．salt spray40．We can conclude that ______.A．air pollution is easier to control than water pollutionB．the problem of polluted air is a problem overnightC．the impact of air pollution has been known for centuriesD．research on the efforts of air pollution is incompletePart ⅢVocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41．Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.A．careful B．clever C．ignorant D．economical 42．Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven.A．molten B．serene C．isolated D．snobbish 43．Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities.A．criminal B．pump C．psychology D．lodgings44．History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and outright mistakes.A．attempts B．insults C．mistakes D．arguments45．The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.A．ridiculed B．entertained C．ignored D．drew46．The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.A．encounter B．stick to C．prepare D．anticipate 47．Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906～1909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.A．convoluted B．belied C．encumbered D．stoked 48．Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body. A．provision B．cylinder C．contradiction D．exhaustion49．The attack was meticulously planned and executed.A．negligently B．slovenly C．fussily D．discreetly50．At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.A．damaging B．magnificent C．useful D．relevant51．The batteries can be recharged when they run ______.A．over B．down C．out D．along52．The rioters headed downtown, ______ they attacked city hall.A．since B．as C．whereupon D．yet53．Monday's earthquake ______ windows and woke residents.A．slammed B．prosecuted C．rattled D．pierced 54．Environmentalists ______ that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.A．deliver B．deserve C．contrast D．concede 55．Lately, the restaurant chain, which______ mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.A．caters B．fabricates C．facilitates D．flees56．The nation ______ the death of its great war leader.A．protruded B．lamented C．rebuked D．racked57．The report ______ poor safety standards for the accident.A．blames B．charges C．complains D．accuses58．The new school building is ______ completion.A．nearly to B．close to C．almost at D．just about at 59．Walking is excellent for working ______ tension.A．out B．away C．down D．off60．Any negative statements and accusations made should be ______ and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.A．promptly B．thoroughly C．punctually D．exactlyPart ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.It is not long since conditions in the mines were worse than they are now. There are still 61 a few very old women who in their youth have worked 62, with harness round their waists, and a chain 63 passed between their legs, crawling on all 64 and dragging tugs of coal. They used to go on 65 this even when they were pregnant.And 66 now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it 67 and fro, I fancy we should let them do it 68 than deprive ourselves of coal. But most of the time, of course, we should 69 to forget that they were doing it. It is the 70 with all types of manual work; it keeps us alive, and we are oblivious of its existence. More than anything 71 perhaps, the miner can stand as the type of manual worker, not only because it is so vitally necessary and 72 so 73 , that we are capable 74 forgetting it as we forget the blood in our veins. In 75 way it is even humiliating to watch coal-miners working. It raises in you a momentary doubt 76 your own status as an “intellectual” and a superior person generally. For it is brought 77 to you, at least while you are watching, that it is only 78 miners sweat their guts out 79 superior persons can 80 superior.61．A．alive B．living C．walking D．breathing 62．A．underground B．above C．below D．late63．A．it B．this C．who D．that64．A．limbs B．fours C．legs D．bodies 65．A．making B．working C．do D．doing66．A．just B．even C．right D．well67．A．from B．for C．to D．at68．A．rather B．more C．would D．less69．A．ask B．prefer C．make D．willing70．A．same B．what C．so D．that71．A．more B．beside C．too D．else72．A．but B．yet C．however D．also 73．A．efficient B．silent C．black D．required74．A．to B．for C．of D．at75．A．the B．its C．a D．that76．A．about B．with C．for D．of77．A．point B．home C．much D．it78．A．for B．why C．because D．how79．A．so B．that C．why D．therefore 80．A．retain B．do C．remain D．makePart ⅤTranslation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Two teams of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have overturned several decades of conjecture and theory by ruling out the possibility that small, dim stars make up most of the mass in the universe.Until now, small stars known as faint red dwarfs were considered ideal candidates for the so-called “dark matter” that is believed to account for more than 90 percent of the mass of the universe.All visible celestial objects, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are believed to account for only 10 percent of the mass of the universe. The rest of the “missing mass” is presumably invisible because it does not emit or reflect light, or the light is too feeble to be detected. But dark matter can be indirectly detected due to its gravitational influence on other visible objects.According to Bacall, professor of natural science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and leader of one of the teams, the nature of dark matter, and its abundance, are among the most important questions in modern cosmology today.The ultimate fate of the universe will be determined by the amount of dark matter present. If there is not enough dark matter to bind the universe together gravitationally, it could continue expanding forever. If there is enough mass to hold the universe together gravitationally, the universe may slow down its expansion, come to a halt and begin to contract and eventually collapse.Part ⅥWriting (15 points)Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic on the Answer Sheet(2): Opportunity and Success.。