英语词汇学lexic5 Minor Processes of Word-formation ppt
英语词汇学 lexic4 Major Process of Word Formation补充Conversion
Conversion
• • • • • • Definition Noun to Verb conversion Verb to Noun conversion Adjective to Verb conversion Adjective to Noun conversion Other types
Types of conversion (1): Noun to Verb conversion
• Conversion
e.g. radio n.--to radio a message Xerox n.-- to Xerox a book tape n. --to tape a lecture x-ray n.--to x-ray sb's chest videotape n. ---- to videotape the conference Other sources of verb:
d. To ...with N:
e.g. John braked the car. cf. John stopped the car with a brake. She fingered the soft silk. cf. She felt the soft silk with her fingers. screw, glue, nail, elbow, knife x-ray, head. be e. To N with respect to ...: act as 1) verbs from human nouns: e.g. She mothered the orphan. cf. She looked after the orphan like an mother. nurse, pilot, referee, usher.
(词汇学)Word Formation
6. “locative”prefixes (sub-, inter-, trans-, )
eg: subway (n) 地铁， subtitle (n) 副标题， subsurface (adj) 表面下的 international (adj), intercity (adj) 市间的， interact (v) 相互作用，相互影响 transport (v) 运输， transfer (v) 转移，调动 transmit (v) 转播 trans-Atlantic (adj) 穿越大西洋的，
3. prefix﹢free root﹢suffix: inaction (n)无行动，懒散， improfitable (adj)无利润的， unfriendly (adj), removal (n),
4. prefix﹢bound root:
predict (v)预言，预示， descend (v)下降， contradict (v)反驳，同…矛盾，
2. Verb suffixes: simplify（简化）， modernize（使现代化）， quicken（加快），
3. Adjective suffixes: useful（有用的）， useless（无用的）， windy（多风的）， foolish（愚蠢的）， manly（有男子气概的）， washable（可水洗的）， pointed（尖的）， cultural（文化的）， poisonous（有毒的），
2. free root﹢suffix:
darkness (n)，friendship (n)，movement (n)， hopeful (a), hopeless (a), mouse-like (a)像鼠一样的， darken (v), badly (adv), clockwise (adv),
英语词汇学各个章节的内容
Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ‟不一致。
语言学Unit_3 The Minor Process of Word-Formation
photo
exam taxi
fan
disco gent
lit
memo
1.1.2. Front clippings (p72)
plane
aeroplane
bus
omnibus
telephone phone parachute
copter
helicopter
chute
quake
earthquake
1.1.3. Front and back clippings(p72)
Characteristics of initialisms and acronyms
(5) Some acronyms have come to share the grammar of standard words, taking on plurals, and producing derivatives. For example, UFO (unidentified Flying Object) may take a plural ending –s as UFOs; and ufology, ufological, derivatives from it.
Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. An intialism is pronounced letter by letter. e.g. BBC
1.3. Acronym （首字母拼音词）
Acronyms are the words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. What’s the difference between acronym and initialism? Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than sequences of letters.
英语词汇学4
Chapter Four
Minor Processes of Wordformaing or abbreviation（缩略法）
Three types of initialisms:
1) The letters represent full words. This is the main type e.g. CIA= the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S., IOC = International Olympic Committee, ISBN = International Standard Book Number UN = United Nations IDL = International Date Line CPU = Central processing unit FAS f.a.s. = free alongside ship 船边交货 (价格) FOB f.o.b. = free on board(货物) 离岸价格 CIF = Cost insurance and freight 到岸价格 GT = gross tonnage CAD= computer assisted design
3. Front and back clipping (not a common type of clipping)
The deletion occurs at both ends of a word: e.g. flu = influenza, fridge = refrigerator tec = detective
英语词汇学PPT全
1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE
1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabulary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语
1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish.
sounds capable of a given grammatical use.
lexicon (词汇):
the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge,
eg. the size of the English lexicon
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation
英语词汇学总结
第一章1. the definition of lexicology❖Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.❖It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.❖In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.2. Two approaches to the study of English lexicologyThe term synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one point of time.The term diachronic means concerned with historical development of a language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time, whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.3. the sources of the English vocabulary❖At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.4. Evolutional periods of the English LanguageA. The period from 450 to 1150 is known as old English. It is sometimes described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjectives, and the verbs are preserved more or less unimpaired.B.From 1150 to 1500, the language is known as Middle English. During the period, the inflections, which had begun to break down toward the end of the Old English period, become greatly reduced, and it is consequently known as the period of leveled inflections.C. The language since 1500 is called Modern English. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared entirely and we therefore speak of it as the period of lost inflections. The progressive decay of inflections is only one of the developments that mark the evolution of English in its various stages.第二章1. The English vocabulary may be classified into two great groups according to its origin: native words and borrowed words.Native words are the foundation and the core of the English vocabulary. In structure they are mostly monosyllabic words. In meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things.The features of the native words:1) The polysemic feature2) The collocability of native words3) Word-forming ability of native wordsBorrowed words or loan-words refer to the words that are taken from foreign languages..Foreign borrowing may be divided into four groups according to their character.(1) Aliens (2) Denizens (3) translation-loans (4) semantic borrowingsAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling.Denizens are words taken from a foreign language with a transformation of the foreign sound and spelling into native forms. They are not foreign words, but have been naturalized into native sound and spelling.Translation-loans are words borrowed from foreign languages by means of translation. Semantic borrowings: words which have acquired a new meaning under the influence of other language are called semantic borrowings.2. What is a word?The definition of word:A particular string of sounds must be united with a meaning3. Morphemes:The minimal units of Meaning.What is a morpheme? A morpheme, the minimal linguistic unit, is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed. Therefore, every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.4. Classification of morphemes⏹We can make a broad distinction between two types of morphemes. Free morphemes andBound morphemes.⏹Free morphemes refer to the morphemes which can stand by themselves as single words,e.g. open and door.⏹Bound morphemes refer to those which cannot normally stand alone, but which aretypically attached to another form, e.g. re-, -ist, ist, -s.What we have described as free morphemes fall into two categories. The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the content of messages we convey, these free morphemes are called lexical morphemes, e.g. boy, man, house, tiger, long, yellow, sincere, open.The other group of free morphemes are called functional morphemes, like and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, etc. This set consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.The set of affixes which fall into the bound category can also be divided into two types. One is derivational morphemes. These are used to make new words in the language. A list of derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as the ish in foolish, the –ly in badly and the –ment in payment. It will also include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, dis-, un- and so forth.The second set of bound morphemes contains what are called inflectional morphemes. These arenot used to produce new words in the English language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form. Examples are jumped, boys, sitting, she is smaller, the smallest, Jerry’s friend. To put is simply, they are –ing, -s, -er,-est, -ed, -‘s. At the present stage of English history, there are a total of eight bound inflectional affixes. It should be noted that in English, all the inflectional morphemes are suffixes.lexicalfree {functionalMorphemes {derivationalBound {Inflectional第三章1. English word formationWord formation refers to the formation of longer, more complex words from shorter, simpler words.It is worth mentioning that there are some main common processes of word formation in English, like affixation, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms.Affixation: Affixation includes prefixation and suffixation. Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical information is added to the base.Compounding: is a word made up of two or more other words.(In some examples we have just considered, there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. )Blending: is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends.(The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending.)Back-formation:is a process of word formation by which a word is formed by deleting the supposed affixes.a very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type ( usually a noun ) is reduced to form another word of a different type (Usually a verb). It is assumed that a new word may enter the language because of an incorrect morphological analysis, such a word is called back formation.Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class, made do not change in morphological structure but infunction.(Conversion: a change in the function of a word. For instance, when a noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction is generally known as conversion, functional shift.)第四章1.Motivation is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning, or the relationship between words and expressions and the things they can be used to refer to.phonetic motivation / onomatopoeia motivation.grammatical motivationsemantic motivation(metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, analogy)第五章1. Main types of word meaning1) Conceptual meaning: is clear that conceptual meaning is an inextricable and essential part of what language is.2) Connotative meaning: is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.3) Stylistic and Affective meaning: is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.4) Affective meaning: is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we rely upon the mediation of categories of meaning5) Reflected meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.6) Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to occur in its environment.第六章1. Semantic classification of words: hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy and homonymy2. HyponymyThe upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate and the lower terms, the members are hyponyms. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.These members of the same class are co-hyponyms.3. AntonymyWords that are opposite in meaning are often called antonyms1) gradable antonymy2) complementary antonymy3) relational antonymy4. SynonymySynonymy is used to mean “ sameness of meaning”A) dialectal synonymsB) words differing in styles or registersC) words differing in emotive or evaluative meaningD) collocational synonyms5. Polysemy: is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. That is to say, the same word may have a set of different meanings.There is a main process when a word has got plenteous meanings. That is radiation. Radiation is a term used to refer to a process of sense-shift in which the original meaning of a word is to beconsidered as the central meaning and the other meanings are derived from it.6. Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form or sounds but differ in meanings.Homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.The classification of homonymsA. Perfect homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling or both in sound-form and parts of speech, but different in meanings.⏹1) words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning⏹2) words identical in both sound-form and parts of speechB. Partial homonyms are words different in meaning but identical in spelling or sound⏹1) homographs—words identical in spelling but different in sound and meanings⏹2) homophones—words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning第七章1. Changes in word meaning1) Semantic broadening: here words takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously.2) Semantic narrowing, with the word taking on a more restricted meaning than before3) Amelioration, the development of more favorable meanings for words.4) Pejoration, which involves the development of a less favorable meaning or connotation for a particular word.2. Why does word meaning change?1) Historical causes2) Social causes3) Psychological causes4) Linguistic causesOthers firmly believe the following factors may contribute to the changes of word meaning:`Firstly it is known that most words are polysemic, they have a range of meanings, and over time marginal meanings may take over from central meanings.`Secondly, children do not receive a fully formed grammar and lexicon from their parents. The children may therefore acquire a slightly different meaning for a word from that understood by their parents.`The last striking cause worth mentioning here is that the relationship between concepts and the words is arbitrary and so either can vary or change fairly freely through time and across space.第八章1. Syntagmatic relationsTo sum up, as for the horizontal perspective, words are used in discourse, strung together one after another, enter into relations based on the linear character of languages. They must be arranged consecutively in spoken sequence. Combination based on sequentiality may be called syntagmaticrelations. For instance, re-read, in its place in a syntagmatic relation, any unit acquires its value simply in opposition to what precedes or to what follows, or to both2. Paradigmatic relationsOn the other hand, as for the vertical or longitudinal perspective, outside the context of discourse, words having something in common are associated together in the memory. From changement, you may associate change, vary, etc with it. This kind of connection between words is of quite a different order. It is not based on linear sequence. It is a connection in the brain, such connections are called paradigmatic relations.第九章1. Characteristics of idioms(1). Semantic unity (语义的整体性)(2). Structural stability结构的固定性2. Lexical diversity is loosely defined as one aspect of the quality of a product—as ‘something to do with the range of vocabulary displayed’in written and spoken discourses第十章1. Context---- a basic concept in the study of pragmatics. It is generally considered as common knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation (time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and other relevant objects…2. Classify context1）Lexical contextWords that co-occur or co-ordinate withThe meaning or interpretation of individual lexical items is constrained by co-text/lexical context. 2）Situational contextExtra-linguistic context:TimePlaceSpaceRelationship between speaker and hearOther relevant things3. The role of contextⅠ. Elimination of AmbiguityⅡ. Indication of ReferentsⅢ. Provision of clues for inference of word meaning。
英语词汇学 Unit 02 Word fromation 1
bilabial nasal
bilabial stop
alveolar stop
alveolar stop
velar nasal
velar stop
Classification of Morphemes
Morphemes can be classified in various ways. free root inflectional or or or bound affix derivational
A morph is a physical form representing a certain morpheme in a language. Sometimes different morphs may represent the same morpheme; i.e., a morpheme may take different forms. If so, they are called allomorphs of that morpheme.
Free and Bound Morphemes
We can divide reader into read and –er. However, we cannot split read into smaller morphemes. This means that the word read is itself a single morpheme. A morpheme which can stand alone as a word is called a free morpheme. By contrast, -er has to combine with other morphemes. So it is a bound morpheme.
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avionics
2. The first part of the first word + the first part
of the second word
communication+satellite = comsat. formula+translation = fortran n. 语言, 公式翻译程序 Situation+comedy = sitcom 语言 science+fiction = sci-fi n. modulator + demodulator = modem n.[计]调制解调器
5.4 Clipping
the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.
e.g. plane , phone , gym, taxi
3. The whole form of the first word + the
last part of the second word
talk+marathon = talkathon n.
4. First part of the first word +whole form of the second word
5.3.1 Initialisms
a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; initialism is pronounced letter by letter. e.g. BBC--British Broadcasting Corporation APC-- aspirin, phenacetin乙酰对氨苯乙醚, 非 那西汀(解热镇痛剂的一种), caffeine咖啡因, usually a white tablet used for reducing fever, relieving headache, etc. /ei pi:'si:/ VIP--a very important person /vi:ai'pi:/
5.3.2 Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialism in that they are pronounced as words rather as sequences of letters; NATO --the -BASIC /'beisik/ North Atlantic Treaty Organization Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code OPEC /'oupek/-TEFL /‘tef l/ -- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries teaching UNESCO/ju:5neskEJ/-- English as a foreign language the United Nations Educational, Scientific and ROM = Cultural Organization. rad-only memory SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome
Read the following passage and identify the word formation processes involved
• Little GM food makes it onto European plates, says EU • GM fears pull rice from shelves • The UK‘s official food watchdog (监察者) has changed its advice to retailers about genetically modified rice. Stores must remove any rice known to contain GM strains (同类有机体) from their shelves, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) said. It follows ongoing concerns over the presence of GM strains in batches of long grain rice from the US.
Structurally blends may be divided into four types: 1. The first part of the first word + the last part of
the second one.
aviation+electronics = beauty+utility = beautility binary+digit = bit n. 位 boat+hotel = botel n. 汽艇游客旅馆 light+radar = lidar n. 激光雷达 mean+stingy = mingy a. 吝啬的 smoke+fog = smog stagnation+inflation = stagflation 不景气状况下之物价上涨
• LA billionaires sued over Calif. water sales (AP) • WEEKLY MAG FOR STAMP LOVERS TO BE LAUNCHED • QUAKE DEATH TOLL MAY TOP 2000 • NEW GROUPS BOOST HI—TECH RESEARCH
5.1 Blending
a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two or more words or a word plus a part of another word. The result of such a process is called a blend, or a portmanteau word n.[语]紧缩词, 混合词 or a telescopic word.
Four types of Clipping
1. Back clippings The deletion may occur at the end of the word.
e.g.
ad. = auto = homo = vet =
2. Front clippings The deletion occurs at the beginning of the word:
e.g. diagnosis -- to diagnose television -- to televise enthusiasm -- to enthuse automation -- to automate concordance -- to concord
3) Verbs created from adjectives:
e.g. book-keeper -- to book-keep match-maker -- to match-make merry-making-- to merry-make dress-maker -- to dress-make
5.3 Acronymy -- Initialisms and Acronyms
Minor Processes of Word-formation
Minor processes of word formation
• • • • • • • • • Blending back formation Acronyms and initialism Clipping Aphesis (字首音省略) Analogy Reduplication Words from proper nouns Neologism
e.g. bus = omnibus, chute = parachute, copter = plane = helicopter, phone = aeroplane/airplane, quake = telephone, scope = earthquake
telescope; microscope; radarscope etc.
Look at the following examples identify the ways of word-formation
• Zigzag • Chairman-Chairperson-, 网吧、
• • • • • •
聊吧、„ 杯具，洗具，餐具 Bike ABC SARS Peddle (from pedlar) Obamanomics
Back-formation is also known as a reverse derivation because a derived form has preceded the word from which it is derived.
1) Verbs created from nouns ending in -er, -or, -ar, e.g.
3. Front and back clipping
The deletion occurs at both ends of a word: