AWS-Learning
Amazon Web Services (AWS)安全性白皮书说明书
WHITE PAPERExecutive SummaryOrganizations are turning to Amazon Web Services (AWS) in vast numbers to extend internal data centers and take advantage of the elasticity of the cloud. While AWS secures the infrastructure, AWS end-users are responsible for protecting everything residing within it—as described in the AWS Shared Responsibility Model. Faced with a fluid, fast-growing attack surface, however, organizations continue to rely on a multiplicity of disparate security technologies, platforms, and management tools to protect their AWS environments.This fragmented, complex approach to managing security across every AWS instance means that organizations lack transparent security visibility and control. They also find themselves in a reactive security mode instead of taking a proactive approach in responding to threats. Moreover, one of the reasons end-users opt for AWS is its elasticity—the ability to quickly scale up and down cloud services based on business requirements and user demands. This elasticity means it is difficult to extend and scale security components to meet this rapid change.What Keeps AWS On Top?AWS is shaking up the cloud computing market in the same way parent company Amazon has changed the retail landscape. Indeed, the popularity of AWS—from servers, storage, and networking to remote computing, email, and security—is such that the organization now comprises 10% of Amazon’s total revenues and more than 50% of the parent company’s profits1.AWS is also the market leader in Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), with 33% market share.2 And its other offerings such as Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) continue to gain momentum. It thus should be no surprise that AWS boasts a global customer base that spans the newest startup companies to Fortune 500 companies.What makes AWS so successful? Four criteria dominate. First, AWS is innovating at lightning speed, keeping pace with industry trends and rapidly adding new services like data analytics and machine learning. Second, the organization has a vast, global customer and partner ecosystem. Third, AWS has market experience, having been among the first to market for public cloud services more than 10 years ago. Finally, there’s the fiscal argument. Developing, deploying, and managing critical applications in AWS delivers a 64% savings when compared with deploying the same resources in onpremises or hosted environments.3Addressing Security Challenges For Workloads With AWSIT and business leaders welcome the adoption of AWS’ on-demand infrastructure and services and are capitalizing on the promise of increased agility, lower costs, and improved flexibility. However, as often is the case with new opportunities, challenges also occur when moving workloads onto AWS. While the AWS infrastructure has embedded security tools and controls, the individual AWS environments—public, private, and hybrid—lack a consolidated security architecture. This results in various security challenges that CISOs must tackle.1. Cloud Proliferation Creates Security SilosThe surge in demand for AWS results in a proliferation of AWS cloud environments. A survey by RightScale found that enterprisesare running applications in an average of 4.8 clouds (3.1 clouds in production and experimenting with 1.7).4 Another discovered that companies use an average of 16 cloud-based Software-as-aService (SaaS) applications to help run their business.5 While these organizations may have other cloud providers outside of AWS, the likelihood is that they have multiple AWS instances.When it comes to security, the result is a multi-cloud environment that leverages security within silos. When Shadow IT is added to the mix, where individual departments or teams use cloud services and applications outside of the corporate IT procurement process, the complexity of managing these multiple cloud instances, including AWS, increases.AWS security is based on a Shared Responsibility Model. AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, including the compute, storage, and database resources. End-users, meanwhile, are responsible for security in the cloud, such as data, applications, operating systems, and firewalls. But when security tools and processes reside within each AWS deployment, this incurs inefficiencies, diminishes the security posture, and increases complexity.2WHITE PAPER |Solores Tiassiti Alit Esti Autent Ut Repta Doluptati2. Lack of Security Visibility and ControlsWith AWS cloud environments residing within their own silos, this prevents end-users from seeing across and between each AWS instance, not to mention having a consolidated view of the entire attack surface and security components that includes each AWS instance.This creates manual processes for cybersecurity teams that are already overburdened, as they must build and consolidate security logs for each AWS account and deploy and manage security policies accordingly. Since there are currently 1 million unfilled cybersecurity positions today, a number that is expected to grow to 3.5 million in a few years, security leaders—even if they have budget to add more security headcount—cannot find the subject-matter security professionals needed to fulfill these additional security tasks.63. Growing, Evolving Attack SurfaceMigration of on-premises infrastructure to AWS and the adoption of new digital transformation (DX) initiatives on AWS expand the attack surface. Moreover, cloud deployments aren’t static, experiencing fluctuations and changes based on traffic and data volumes and business demands. As a result, it is more difficult to seamlessly extend security tools to accommodate these variables, with already overtaxed security teams typically turning to manual processes to overcome the problem.4. Cloud Agility and Scalability Complicates Security ProtectionsDynamic cloud workloads have peak and off-peak hours. Indeed, it is this scalability that makes AWS such an appealing proposition for organizations. However, the effective application of AWS cloud security requires an ability to scale up and down in concert with the workload. But traditional security architectures don’t meet this requirement. Connections between security elements and cloud silos break and must be manually reconnected. And as workloads scale horizontally, security protections can be compromised. One option to address the latter issue is to deploy more network security firewalls, but this can be prohibitively expensive, with firewalls frequently sitting idle during nonpeak sessions.5. Threat Prevention and DetectionMany attacks are multivector and polymorphic. With separate AWS instances, organizations lack the ability to share real-time threat intelligence across their AWS environment as well as with other potential access points in their IT infrastructure—endpoints, email, data center, and so forth. Disaggregated security also prevents security organizations from automating processes such as compliance tracking and reporting and real-time threat-intelligence sharing. Additionally, it is impossible for security teams to segment users, applications, and devices and to centrally manage security policies and controls across them. All of these issues create security gaps that hacktivists can exploit.ConclusionAs more and more organizations migrate workloads, data, and applications to AWS, their cloud environments quickly evolve. These AWS instances present significant security challenges, as complexity escalates, visibility gets obscured, manual processes burgeon, and overall risk postures increase. Traditional security approaches cannot scale to protect this expanding attack surface, and the lack of integration thwarts automation of processes and protections. They also cannot accommodate the rapid and evolving changes taking place in the threat landscape, where attacks target multiple entry points concurrently and zero-day threats are increasingly accessible to all types of bad actors. Security leaders are unable to extract themselves and their teams from a reactive security approach and develop a proactive security model that reduces risks.1 Jordan Novet, “Amazon cloud revenue jumps 45 percent in fourth quarter,” CNBC, February 1, 2018.2 Mike Robuck, “Report: Amazon Web Services still rules the cloud roost for market share,” FierceTelecom, April 27, 2018.3 Larry Carvalho and Matthew Marden, “Quantifying the Business Value of Amazon Web Services,” IDC, May 2015.。
亚马逊AWS云计算平台的介绍
亚马逊AWS云计算平台的介绍云计算是一种新的计算模式，其核心思想是将计算设备、数据和应用程序都存储在互联网上，使得用户可以在任何时间、任何地点通过网络访问这些服务。
目前，亚马逊AWS云计算平台已经成为了全球领先的云计算服务提供商之一。
本文就对亚马逊AWS 云计算平台做一个简单的介绍。
一、亚马逊AWS云计算平台的历史和发展亚马逊AWS云计算平台是由亚马逊公司于2006年推出的，它最初是为了满足亚马逊自身的业务需求而开发的。
1998年，亚马逊公司的规模开始急剧扩张，当时传统的客户端服务器架构已经无法满足公司的业务需求。
于是，亚马逊公司开始探索新的计算模式，最终决定采用云计算模式，即将计算设备、数据和应用程序都存储在互联网上，以便随时随地访问。
随着亚马逊AWS云计算平台的不断发展和壮大，越来越多的企业和机构开始意识到云计算的重要性，并开始采用亚马逊AWS 云计算平台来提供各种IT服务。
目前，亚马逊AWS云计算平台已经成为全球领先的云计算服务提供商之一，其用户包括了众多知名企业和机构，如NASA、Netflix、Airbnb、Dropbox、Spotify 等。
二、亚马逊AWS云计算平台的服务和应用亚马逊AWS云计算平台提供了包括计算、存储、数据库、安全、开发工具、人工智能、物联网等在内的各种服务和应用程序。
以下是亚马逊AWS云计算平台的一些主要服务和应用的介绍：1.计算服务计算服务是亚马逊AWS云计算平台的核心服务之一。
它包括了EC2、Lambda、Batch等多个服务。
其中，EC2是一种弹性计算服务，它可以让用户在亚马逊的基础设施上租用虚拟计算机实例，并以每小时收费的方式，按需使用计算资源。
Lambda是一种无服务器计算服务，它可以让用户编写和运行代码，而无需担心基础设施的管理和维护。
Batch是一种批处理服务，它可以让用户轻松地在亚马逊的基础设施上运行批处理作业。
2.存储服务存储服务是亚马逊AWS云计算平台中另一个核心服务。
AWS大数据架构模式和最佳实践
– MapReduce, Hive, Pig, Spark
• 流处理
– 微-批量: Spark Streaming, KCL, Hive, Pig – 实时: Storm, AWS Lambda, KCL
流处理
批量分析
交互式分析 机器学习
分析
Amazon Machine Learning
Amazon Redshift
Impala
Pig
Streaming
Amazon Kinesis AWS Lambda
Amazon Elastic MapReduce
我应该使用什么流处理技术?
Spark Streaming Apache Storm Amazon Kinesis Client Library
44332211
Shard 1 / Partition 1
44332211
Shard 2 / Partition 2
消费者1
Count of Red = 4
Count of Violet = 4
消费者2
Count of Blue = 4
Count of Green = 4
我应该使用哪个流存储?
Amazon Kinesis
Amazon Kinesis
Amazon DynamoDB
流存储选项
• AWS 托管服务
• Amazon Kinesis → 流 • DynamoDB Streams → 表+流 • Amazon SQS → 队列 • Amazon SNS → 发布/订阅
• 非托管的
• Apache Kafka → 流
Amazon Kinesis
Amazon DynamoDB
AWS 云采用框架(CAF) 概述
创新与转型
通过以下方式提高云的价值：采用不断改进的开发运行方式；审查应用程序并制定战略来实现应用程序产品 组合的创新和转型；制定敏捷应用程序开发的云优先战略、实现速错并提高应用程序为企业带来的价值
版权归 © 2016 Amazon Web Services, Inc. 及其附属公司所有。保留所有权利。
版权归 © 2016 Amazon Web Services, Inc. 及其附属公司所有。保留所有权利。
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应用程序发现与产品组合评估
版权归 © 2016 Amazon Web Services, Inc. 及其附属公司所有。保留所有权利。
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概览
确定来源战略与模式
用于决定如何确定每个工作负载业务和技术运营来源的决策流程 决策流程、应迁移到 AWS 的工作负载的细分和优先级划分
?业务的所有人必须定义rto和rpo?将关键数据与可抛弃数据隔离开来?rto关注您的整个业务和所涉及的系统而rpo仅关注数据及企业对数据丢失的整体恢复能力?基于rpo设计您的业务连续性bcdr解决方案构建能实现目标rpo的解决方案并对其进行评估?在rto和rpo之间实现适当的平衡?两个目标都与成本成反比65我是否需要多区域部署较为适合多区域部署的使用案例?动态内容延迟存在cdn限制问题?灾难恢复dr大型企业通常需要将数据存储在另一个区域用于dr或实现业务连续性数据丢失不可能完全避免?降低发生数据丢失的几率?注重小型事务采用分布式数据存储可以降低数据大规模丢失的可能性?反面模式一个真正的数据库会造成致命后果?多个数据库服务器可降低灾难性数据丢失发生的可能性在地域分离的情况下可更好地实现最终一致性需要设计应用程序来处理该问题66模式在您的主区域实施高可用性架构将您的数据复制到第二区域或写入两个区域以进行灾难恢复需要为rto确定适用的dr模式67灾难恢复如果主区域服务出现故障可写入基于事件的服务以使用第二区域?sqssnsswfcloudwatchkinesisstreams等?可使用故障模式上的镜像或重定向具体取决于应用程序性能降低要好于完全故障68示例架构精选顶级示例69议程将展示4个架构?账单?付款处理?大型企业资源规划?商业智能寻找模式最后我们将设计一个架构70账单系统账单系统包括事务性数据存储常用业务规则应用程序和关系数据库71账单架构示例amazon区域1amazon区域2vpcvpc应用程序应用程序amazonamazonsesseselasticloadelasticloadbalancingbalancing多可用区rdsrdsrds多可用区rdssnapshotsnapshot取决于bcp计划72付款处理付款处理系统是有状态的工作流系统具有信用卡处理程序接口73付款处理架构示例amazon区域1amazon区域2vpcvpc工作流应amazon用程序amazonswf工作流应swf用程序多可用区rdsrdsrds多可用区rdssnapshotsnapshot取决于bcp计划74大型企业资源规划大型企业资源规划erp系统是连接一系列数据库供应链管理产品管理规划排程销售等的多个接口通常有多个架构或数据库也包括工作流表面看来与crm相似实际上也可以涵盖crm供应商架构可能会有明显区别75erp架构示例am
云计算第三版Amazon云计算AWS
3.1 基础存储架构Dynamo
《云计算》第三版配套PPT课件
成员资格及错误检测
为了避免新加入的节点之间不能及时发现其他节点的存在，Dynamo中设置了一些 种子节点（Seed Node）。种子节点和所有的节点都有联系。当新节点加入时， 它扮演一个中介的角色，使新加入节点之间互相感知。
新节点 1
新节点 2
直到N个节点全部传遍
结论：
Dynamo中的节点数不能太多 Amazon采用了分层Dynamo结构 来解决该问题
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容错机制 《云计算》第三版配套PPT课件
由于成本方面的原因，Dynamo中很多服务器采用的是普通 PC主机； 其硬盘性能和专业服务器硬盘相差很远，出错很难避免； Dynamo中容错机制非常重要
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《云计算》第三版配套PPT课件
数据均衡《云分计算布》第的三版问配套P题PT课件
➢一致性哈希算法
平衡性 单调性 分散性 负载
两步进行：
求出设备节点的哈希值，并
配置到环上的一个点；接着
计算数据的哈希值，按顺时
针方向将其存放到环上第一
个大于或等于数据哈希值的
节点上； 添加新节点时，按
照上述规则，调整相关数据
问题 数据均衡分布
数据备份 数据冲突处理 成员资格及错误检测 临时故障处理 永久故障处理
采取的相关技术 改进的一致性哈希算法 参数可调的弱quorum机制 向量时钟（Vector Clock） 基于Gossip协议的成员资格和错误检测 Hinted handoff（数据回传机制），
Merkle哈希树
种子节点
A B
C
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3.1 基础存储架构Dynamo
学术英语课后答案 unit1
学术英语理工教师手册Unit 1 Choosing a TopicI Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit , you will learn how to:1.choose a particular topic for your research2.formulate a research question3.write a working title for your research essay4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1.Deciding on a topicTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay.2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer.3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like:Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men?A New Way to Find Breast TumorsSome Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily LifeBreast Cancer and Its Direct Biological ImpactBreast Cancer—the Symptoms & DiagnosisBreastfeeding and Breast CancerTask 31 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face.2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.3 Text 1 analyzes the ways of computer hackers, while Text 2 describes security problems of a computer.4 Text 1: The way hackers “get inside” a computerText 2: Electronic threats a computer facesYes, I think they are interesting, important, manageable and adequate.Task 41Lecture1:Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsLecture 2:How to Deal with Computer HackersLecture 3:How I Begin to Develop Computer Applications2Answersmay vary.Task 5Answers may vary.2 Formulating a research questionTask 1Text 3Research question 1: How many types of cloud services are there and what are they? Research question 2: What is green computing?Research question 3: What are advantages of the cloud computing?Text 4Research question 1: What is the Web 3.0?Research question 2: What are advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing? Research question 3: What security benefits can the cloud computing provide?Task 22 Topic2: Threats of Artificial IntelligenceResearch questions:1) What are the threats of artificial intelligence?2) How can human beings control those threats?3) What are the difficulties to control those threats?3 Topic3: The Potentials of NanotechnologyResearch questions:1) What are its potentials in medicine?2) What are its potentials in space exploration?3) What are its potentials in communications?4 Topic4: Global Warming and Its EffectsResearch questions:1) How does it affect the pattern of climates?2) How does it affect economic activities?3) How does it affect human behavior?Task 3Answers may vary.3 Writing a working titleTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 Lecture 4 is about the security problems of cloud computing, while Lecture 5 is about the definition and nature of cloud computing, hence it is more elementary than Lecture 4.2 The four all focus on cloud computing. Although Lecture 4 and Text 4 address the same topic, the former is less optimistic while the latter has more confidence in the security of cloud computing. Text3 illustrates the various advantages of cloud computing.3 Lecture 4: Cloud Computing SecurityLecture 5: What Is Cloud Computing?Task 3Answers may vary.4 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
【课件】Unit+5Reading+for+writing+课件高中英语人教版(2019)必修第二册
Para 4 ... when we feel sad or alone.
Summary
Para.1: Introduction and topic Para.2: Problem: disease
Solution: listen to music Para.3: Feelings: ... Para.4: Hope
Give a brief summary about your experience: what you have learnt/ how it made you feel.
✓ However，music is like an old friend. Music is like sunshine. Music is like a special language that everyone can understand.
MUSIC
Learn useful expression.
强调音乐的作用，重申主题
sad or alone. During those times, music canRheelpaydoiuningthef osamr e wwaryi tthiant igt
呼吁
helped me. I hope all of you will somehow/ˈSsʌmo hnaʊ/g begin to treasure music
MUSIC
Learn for good expressions.
✓ The song made me feel so much better that from then on I began to listen to music all the time.
✓ When I knew the news, I cried with tears pouring down my cheeks like spring.
model-based与learning-based -回复
model-based与learning-based -回复Model-Based与Learning-Based的区别和应用场景。
什么是Model-Based？Model-Based，即基于模型的方法。
在机器学习领域中，Model-Based 是一种使用已经定义好的模型进行推理和预测的方法。
这种方法通常包括一个已经定义好的模型，并使用数据驱动的方法对模型进行训练和调整，以使模型能够捕捉到数据中的模式和规律。
Model-Based方法通常会使用统计学、概率论和数学规划等相关的理论和方法来定义和解决问题。
Model-Based的特点是，它需要事先定义好模型，并且需要对模型进行训练和调整。
模型可以是一个数学公式、一个统计模型、一个决策树等等。
模型定义了输入和输出之间的关系，通过输入数据将其转换为预测的输出结果。
通常情况下，模型需要根据训练数据进行学习和调整，以求得最好的性能。
Model-Based的应用范围非常广泛，包括但不限于以下几个方面：1.预测和预测分析：Model-Based方法可以用于预测未来的趋势和结果。
例如，在金融领域中，可以使用Model-Based模型来预测股票价格的走势。
在医疗领域中，可以使用模型来预测疾病的发展和治疗效果。
2.优化和决策支持：Model-Based方法可以用于优化问题和决策支持。
例如，在物流领域中，可以使用模型来优化运输和存储的成本。
在供应链管理中，可以使用模型来帮助企业进行决策和规划。
3.模式识别和分类：Model-Based方法可以用于模式识别和分类任务。
例如，在图像识别中，可以使用模型来识别图像中的对象和特征。
在自然语言处理中，可以使用模型来识别和分类文本中的语义和关键词。
Model-Based方法的优点是，它提供了一个明确的模型来解决问题，并且可以通过对模型进行训练和调整来提高模型的性能。
此外，Model-Based方法还可以提供一些解释性，使得用户可以理解模型的内部运作。