研究生学术综合英语Unit4 Translation
学术综合英语英语填空题翻译Unit 4
Unit 4SECTION A. Task 2. B. V ocabulary1. Heavy smokers are twenty times more likely to be stricken by lung cancer than non-smokers.A attacked B. Gripped C. Ravaged D. StrickenTranslation:烟瘾很大的人患肺癌的概率是不吸烟者的20倍。
“是不吸烟者的20倍”修改成“相对不吸烟者高出20倍”烟瘾很大的人相对不吸烟者，患肺癌的概率要高出20倍。
2. Most States emphasized eradication of violence, particularly domestic violence, asa national priority area in national crime prevention strategies.A.prerequisiteB. requirementC. dominanceD. PriorityTranslation:许多州将消除暴力，尤其是消除家庭暴力作为国家制定国民犯罪防治策略的重中之重。
“许多”修改成“多数”，“消除暴力”修改成“杜绝暴力现象”，“国民犯罪防治策略”修改成“预防国民犯罪策略”(“是...作为...”不搭，“国家制定”原文没提)多数州强调杜绝暴力现象，尤其把杜绝家庭暴力作为预防国民犯罪策略的重中之重。
3.Some activists in the Women 's Movement call themselves feminists, while others who resist political activism choose not to label themselves "feminists" because they feel that the U.S. media often portrays feminists as people who are anti-men.A rank B. label C. Brand D. ClaimTranslation:某些女权运动中的积极分子称自己为“女权主义者”，然而那些反对政治激进主义的人却不愿这么做，因为他们认为“女权主义者”经常被美国的媒体用来称呼那些“‘女权主义者’经常被美国的媒体用来称呼那些”修改成“美国媒体常把“女权主义者”说成是“反人类”的人”(遵照原文改成了主动态)女权运动中的某些积极分子称自己为“女权主义者”，然而那些反对政治激进主义的人却不愿这么做，因为他们认为美国媒体常把“女权主义者”说成是“反人类”的人。
研究生学位英语课文及翻译-Unit Four
Textual Selection1、When, at the beginning of The Iliad/伊利亚特/-and Western literature-King Agamemnon steals Achilles' slave-girl/奴隶女人/, Briseis, the king tells the world's greatest warrior/战士勇士/ that he is doing so "to let you know that I am more powerful than you, and to teach others not to bandy words with me/跟我犟嘴/ openly defy/不服从，公然反抗/ their king"'. But literary scholar/文学家/ Jonathan Gottschall believes that the true focus of Homer's epic is not royal authority/皇家权威/, but royal genes/皇家基因，皇家遗传/.2、Gottschall is one of a group of researchers/研究团队/, calling themselves literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, devoted to studying literature/文学/ using the concepts/概念/ of evolutionary/演化，进化/ biology and the empirical/以实验为依据的/, quantitative/量化的/ methods of the sciences. "Women in Homer/荷马史诗/ are not a proxy/代理人/ for status/显赫的地位/ and honour; says Gottschall. "At bottom/事实上/, the men in the stories are motivated/驱使/ by reproductive concerns/繁衍后代/. Every Homeric raid involves/荷马式的袭击/ killing the men and abducting/抢夺/ the women:' The violent world of the epics史诗中的残暴世界/, he says, reflects a society where men fought for scarce mates/少数的配偶/ and chieftains/首领/ had access to as many women as slaves/奴隶/ and concubines/宫女/. And he thinks that everything written/文学撰述/ since Homer is open to similar analysis.3、Literary Darwinism is a mode of analysis; it's also a bit of/一些，少许/ a crusade/运动/, an attempt/试图/ to shake up/撼动/ literary criticism/文学评论/. "Literary theory requires a theory of human nature/人性本质/, because literature is shaped/形状/ by human motives/动机/ and cognitive biases/认知偏见/; says Joseph Carroll of the University of Missour/密苏里/, St Louis. The problem, say the literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, is that for the past few decades/过去几十年/ the humanities/人类，人性/ have, in the case of/如果发生/ critics/评论，批评/ deconstructing texts/解构文本时/, denied/否定了/ the need for a theory of human nature, asserting/坚持/ that the study of texts can be concerned/不安的/ with nothing outside those texts. Or else/要不/ they have been stuck on theories of human nature that are rooted in/使根深蒂固/ the subjective/主观的/ and the social.4、Those influenced by Freudianism/洛伊德主义/, for example, might read a novel looking for hints/暗示提示/ of a child's sexual desire/性欲/ for its parent. A Marxist/马克思主义者/ would seek out economic and class/阶级/ conflicts/冲突/. Carroll has no truck with/不理/ this: "The theories up to/胜任/ this point have all had a little bit of the truth, but have also all been fundamentally/基本/ flawed/瑕疵/; he says. "None comes to terms with/对某事妥协/ the fundamental facts/基本事实/ of human evolution."5、Literary darwinists believe that literature/文学/ reflects a universal/普遍一般/ human nature shaped by natural selection, and as a result/作为结果/, read texts in terms of /依据/animal concerns/关系/ such as mate choice/配偶选择/, relations between kin/亲属关系/, and social hierarchies/社会阶级/. Such a scientistic approach/方法，途径/ can meet with hostility/敌对/. "At one meeting of the Modern Languages Association/协会/, someone stood up and called me a proto-fascist/原始的法西斯/; says Nancy Easterlin, an expert in Romantic literature/罗马语系专家/ at the University of New Orleans/新奥尔良/, Louisiana.///伊丝特琳利用认知学的一些观点来分析华尔华滋（William Wordsworth ）《前奏》（the Prelude ）的母子关系。
熊海虹主编《高等学校研究生英语综合教程_上》课后段落翻译参考译文1-6
Unit 6 Translation for Reference:
我提到这些，仅仅为了表明纽约城是一座建构奇特 的城市，这里发生的事件包罗万象（城东1,000英 尺长的班轮也好，城西二万人的集会也罢），但种 种事件却又未被强加到每个居民身上。因此，从某 种意义上说，每个事件都有可供选择的余地，居民 们大可随心所欲地选择心仪的场景来体味，保护其 灵魂免受侵害。
Unit 5 Translation for Reference: 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到 两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一 系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同， 一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和 心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到 最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和 难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练 习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人 感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要 日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。
Unit 3 Translation for Reference:
《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉· 林登· 特拉弗斯概括 得精辟之极。她写到，‚你不能把你想象的东西 砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白 地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什 么时候结束的而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它 们互相连接、浑然一体。‛在罗琳的书中，从语 言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东 西。也许她的文风朴实，但是她给人和物命名的 方式显示了独特的原创才能。
Unit 3 Translation for Reference:
不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主 要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑 的主题。在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几 分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的有闲人士才会表现出 来的冷嘲热讽的态度。但是，它可能还是会流行起 来的。时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔・凯勒曾 鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或 去欣赏艺术。
研究生英语综合教程 崔校平 翻译及课后答案 Unit4
Unit 4 Lierature and ArtsText A 参考译文诗，如同这世界，可以说是有四个时代的，不过程度不同罢了；诗的第一个时代是铁器时代、第二个是黄金时代；第三个是白银时代；第四个是黄铜时代。
在诗的第一个时代，铁器时代，粗野的歌人，用震耳的旋律，歌颂更粗野的魁酋们的丰功伟业，当时，人人都是战士，各式社会的最高实践箴言是：“保持我们所有的东西，夺取我们所能夺取。
”，这箴言尚未以正义的名义和法律的形式装扮起来，而是刀光剑影的一句露骨格言，白刃相向就是meum et meum(而我之间)一切问题的裁判和公断。
在那些日子，只有三种职业兴隆（除了时时都兴隆的祭司职业以外），那就是王者、盗贼、乞丐的职业：乞丐多半是穷途落魄的王者，盗贼则多半是前途似锦的王者。
向一个陌生者询问的第一个问题是：“你是乞丐还是盗贼?”陌生人回答，往往先冒充乞丐，等到方便时机，便证明他堪称为盗贼。
每个人的自然欲望，是把他所能获得的权势和财产，尽量独占为己有，不择手段，强权就是公理；加上一个同样自然的欲望，那就是让尽可能多的人知道，他在这个普遍追求中夺得多少东西。
成功的武士变成魁酋，成功的魁酋转成王者：他接着便需要一个工具来宣扬他的功业的名声和财富的多寡。
这个工具他在歌人身上找到了，歌人事前在他的美力充分感发之下，是随时准备歌颂他的武力的。
这就是诗的起源：诗，正如其他职业那样，是因有这种商品的需求而兴起，按照市场范围的扩大而繁荣的。
所以，诗在起源时是歌功颂德的。
各民族最早的粗野诗歌，好像是一种简要的历史介绍，用臃肿浮夸的调子，颂扬一些杰出人物的功绩和财产。
诗的黄金时代取材于铁器时代。
这个时代开始之时，诗便开始回顾往事，一种类似扩大的国家行政体系的制度已经建立起来，个人的力量和勇敢已经不足以扩张武人勇士的势力，不足以使帝王废立和国家兴亡了，有组织的人群，社会的制度，世袭的继承等等，将予以抑制。
人们也更多生活在真理光辉之中，交换着观察成果，从而看出了鬼神的作用不是那么经常在他们之间发生，从古代诗歌和传说看来好像经常在他们祖先之间发生似的。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT4课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
研究生英语综合下册第四单元课文翻译
第一组：Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols intercourse. These signs are the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.人们远离了熟悉的符号和社会交往的信号之后感到焦虑，由此产生了文化休克。
这些符号在日常生活中有许多自我定位的表现形式：当我们见到人们时，何时握手并且说什么；何时并且如何给小费，怎样给雇员下达命令，怎样买东西，何时接受和拒绝邀请，何时认真或者不认真对待声明。
这些符号形式多样，指导着我们应对日常生活中的各种情况：与人见面忽略These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are aquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which are unconsciously learned. 规则我们在成长过程中所了解的这些符号，比如言语、手势、面部表情和习俗，是我们成长过程中获得的，都是文化中的一部分如我们所讲的语言和所接受的信仰一样。
研究生综合英语 第二版 曾建彬主编 课文翻译Unit4
Unit4爱是一门艺术吗？艾里克·弗洛姆爱是一门艺术吗?那就需要知识并付出努力。
或者爱是一种令人愉悦的情感，只有幸运儿才能“坠入”爱河呢?这本小书是以第一种假设为前提的，而大多数人无疑都相信第二种假设。
人们并非认为爱无关紧要。
人们对于爱总是如饥似渴，悲欢离合的爱情电影他们百看不厌，百般无聊的爱情歌曲他们百听不烦。
但很少有人认为爱需要学习。
对爱的这种奇怪观点基于几个错误前提，这些前提或单独或一起支撑着这一观点。
多数人认为爱就是“被人爱”，而非“爱别人”，或主动去爱的能力。
因此，对他们而言，关键问题就在于如何被爱，如何粉可爱。
他们采取各种途径以期达到此目的。
一种方法就是成为成功人士，在自己的社会地位所许可的范围内获取最大量的权力和财产。
这种方法的效法者多为男性。
另一种方法则是通过保持身材和注重打扮使自己富有魅力。
女性尤为青睐该方法。
其他一些让自己魅力四射的方法有：举止得体，谈吐风趣，乐于助人、低调内敛等。
这些方式男女均有采用。
很多使自己可爱的方式和使自己成功的途径并无区别，那就是“赢得朋友和影响他人”。
事实上，社会上大多数人所理解的“可爱”无非是受大众欢迎和对异性有吸引力这两点的综合而已。
导致“爱不需要学习”这种看法的第二个前提是：人们想当然地认为爱的问题是“对象”问题，而不是“能力”问题。
人们认为爱是件很简单的事，困难在于要找到爱或被爱的对象。
造成这种态度的几大根源基于现代社会的发展。
原因之一是：在20世纪，人们对“恋爱对象”的选择出现了巨大变化。
在维多利亚时代，同许多传统文化一样，人们一般认为爱情并非是那种最终走向婚姻的自然产生的个人情感。
恰恰相反，人们认为婚姻是按照传统习俗约定的：或为父母之命，或为媒妁之言，也可能无须这些中介撮合；婚姻是按社会习俗的考虑决定的，婚姆既成，爱情随之自然而然地产生。
过去几十年以来，西方世界普遍认可自由恋爱。
在美国，尽管传统爱情观念并没有完全消失，但人们普遍在寻我“浪没爱情”寻找那种最终会走向的自由。
研究生英语综合教程(上)unit-4
Reading More—Global Understanding
Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development. Social scientists describe self-love as important for self-esteem. People who don’t like themselves may not be able to return love but may constantly seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images.
Click the picture
Starting out—Task 2
• Son’s feeling for his father
–Worried, care, love,
• Father’s feeling for his son
–Love, affection
• Father’s feeling for his late wife
Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. Criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom. Lust and desire are different from love—especially romantic love.
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• We are taking steps to prevent stream and air pollution.
• 我们正采取措施防止河流和空气污染。
逆序法
• 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时 必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往 位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后， 因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
• 例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
• 报告建议政府严肃对待教育经费减少的问题。
顺序法
• 当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文表 达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。 例如：
• But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their "expectation of life", the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
• 如果学生能充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，这里就必须 为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指 导。因此这个问题显得越来越重要了。
• Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.
• 例2. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
• 骑自行车在剑桥大学周围的宽广、美丽而又平坦的乡村旅行，是不会 对环境造成危害的理想旅游方式。
• 例2: We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent（污水）.
• 参考译文: 我们不应当再把海洋当成人类生活污水和工业污水的垃圾 场了。
• 流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
• 2.英语被动翻成汉语主动。 • 例1：This city was built many years ago and it is now inhabited by none. • 这座城市是许多年前建成的，而现在无人居住。 • 3.借助译成‘是...的'，‘由...的'等汉语表语结构。如： • 例1：The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated
• 可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的， 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质"可望存在 多少年"，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已 知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
• Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired.
• 从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。
分句法
• 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可 以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语转换成句子，分开 来叙述。为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语，也就是采取化整 为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变， 前后保持连贯。
• It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
• 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他 们的性格及其未来的人品。
• It is asserted that …有人主张…… • It is believed that …有人认为…… • It is generally considered that …大家(一般人)认为 • It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知)…… • It will be said …有人会说…… • It was told that …有人曾经说……
• 换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才 能获得的物质。
• 例3. Nuclear power\'s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
• Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.
• 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。
合译
• He was very clean. His mind was open. • 他为人单纯而坦率。
• There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.
• 例2：There is no rule that has no exception. • 只要有规则，就有例外。
• 例3：Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats. • 冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。
• 肯定译成否定
• 例1: Bicycles offer the perfect eco_friendly method of traveling around the vast and beautiful and flat countryside that surrounds Cambridge.
Translation
反译法
• 有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语需要从反面来表达才更符合我们的习惯。
• 否定译成肯定
• 英语中双重否定如果译成汉语双重否定就会不通顺，在这种情况下，我们需 要将它译成肯定句。
• 例1：He never visited us but he brought us some gifts. • 他每次来拜访我们都会带礼物。
• 人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最 新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又 有娱乐性的新节目。
• The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race.
• 核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词 - 辐射来概 括。
• 5.将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语 (人们,大家等)作主语。例如:
• It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
• 每一种生物都有控制自己行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。
• The moon is completely empty of water because the force of gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth.
• 月球的引力比地球的引力小得多，所以月球上根本没有水。
被动语态
• 1.被动仍翻成被动：常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使 ”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如:
• 例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. • 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
• 计算机能解决很多问题，做出成千上万个符合逻辑的决定，而不感到疲倦。