大学生物专业英语lesson three

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生物专业英语翻译蒋悟生

生物专业英语翻译蒋悟生

Lesson One(4学时)Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的:使学生掌握细胞的组成结构(各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置),以及结构与功能之间的关系。

各细胞器及功能相关英语词汇以及主要用法。

教学重点:各细胞器的概念和功能,及相关英语词汇的掌握教学难点:专业英语词汇的记忆讲授方法:以学生翻译为主,老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解授课时间:3月22日;3月29日教学内容:Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

lesson 3-——大学英语课件

lesson 3-——大学英语课件

vocabulary
gross
At first only gross changes and later microscopic findings were demonstrated.
开始仅显示出肉眼看得到的变化,后来则显示出显微镜 下看到的变化。
In such instances, gross autopsy findings usually consist only of pulmonary edema and visceral congestion.
The WHO has defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
Prefix and suffix
Chromo-(color) chromosome (染色体) chromogenesis (色素形成) chromoscope (色觉检查器) chromocyte (色素细胞) chromogene (染色体基因) Chrono-(time) chronic (慢性的) chronological (按年代顺序的) synchronize (同步化) chronobiology (时间生物学) chronometer (记时计)
vocabulary
manifestation
Clinical manifestations include chest pain, hypotension, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
临床表现为胸痛、低血压和心律失常。
Digitalis toxicity has several manifestations.

生物科学 专业英语教学大纲.doc

生物科学 专业英语教学大纲.doc

《生物专业英语》教学大纲课程编号B08000081 学时36学时学分2学分一、课程的性质和任务生物专业英语是面向生物科学、技术高年级本科生开设的限选课程,本课程教学内容主要涉及普通生物、微生物学、遗传学、分子生物学、生态学等领域的专业基础知识。

通过本课程,扩大专业英语的词汇量,掌握专业英语书刊的阅读技巧、了解文献检索及写作知识。

木课程是帮助已有一定英语基础的学牛提高其阅读、翻译专业英语的能力。

旨在拓宽学生的专业词汇量和阅读量,力求将英语与专业紧密结合,了解科技论文的文体特点和写作方法,为将来的学术论文的阅读写作和交流打下坚实的基础。

二、相关课程的衔接本课程的先修课为大学英语,科技论文写作可作为后续课程。

三、教学的基本要求大学英语的学习使学生掌握了一•定的英语词汇和语法,专业英语则是重点提高专业英语的词汇量,掌握专业英语文献的阅读技巧、了解文献检索及写作知识;是今后学术论文撰写的必需前提。

四、教学方法与重点、难点本课程采用自学与讲授相结合,理论与实践相结合的教学方法。

教学屮突出以学生作为主体,运用多媒体等教学手段对其进行专业英语的学习指导。

同时为了提高学生英语听说读写的基础能力,可采取小组讨论式等灵活多样的教学形式,调动其学习积极性。

本课程重点在于向学生介绍学科专业术语和概念,进一步提高阅读、理解英语专业文献的能力;重点讲解英译汉的技巧,培养对科技文献的理解能力,使同学熟练和逐步适应书而语体的特点和表达形式,能够准确、流畅的阅读、翻译生物技术英语文献,并能熟练的掌握英语工具,获取专业所需的信息,初步具备撰写科研论文的能力。

五、建议学时分配讲授内容学时Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts 2 Photosynthesis 2Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis 2 Foundations of Genetics 2 Discovering the Chemical Nature of the Gene 2The Origin and Diversity of Life 2Fungi: The Great Decomposers 2Animal Development 2The Origin of Species 2The ecology of population 2 Abstracts in Biological Abstracts 2The ISI web of knowledge platform 2The Handing of Plant Chromosomes 2Plant Tissue Culture Techniques 2 Introduction of biology 2专业英语电影和多媒体 2复习考试 2六、课程考核总成绩满分一百分,包括平时成绩占20% +期末考试成绩80% o七、教材及主要参考书指定教材蒋悟生主编,生物专业英语(第二版),高等教育出版社,2000年。

(完整word版)生物专业英语中英文对照(蒋悟生版)压缩整理版

(完整word版)生物专业英语中英文对照(蒋悟生版)压缩整理版

Lesson One(4学时)生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。

细胞核含有一或二个核仁,核仁促进细胞分裂。

核膜贯穿许多小孔,小分子可以自由通过核膜,而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。

所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,每个细胞器都有其特定功能。

本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基体系,液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。

核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。

完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。

核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码,翻译成蛋白质。

一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体,称多聚核糖体。

大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。

输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。

内质网,带有花边的生物囊,有管状,泡状之分,以及光滑和粗糙面区别。

两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。

粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体,也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。

光滑内质网上无核糖体,主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。

两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。

运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。

在高尔基复合体中修饰,包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。

细胞中的液泡好象是中空的,但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。

最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中,储备水,糖以及其它分子。

动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。

溶酶体是液泡亚单位,含有消化酶,降解大部分生物大分子。

消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。

线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。

另外,植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物,线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶。

生物专业英语中英文对照

生物专业英语中英文对照

All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,每个细胞器都有其特定功能。

本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基体系,液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。

The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。

生物科学生物专业英语课文翻译

生物科学生物专业英语课文翻译

Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。

(整理)生物专业英语单词浓缩

(整理)生物专业英语单词浓缩

精品文档精品文档Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin :肌动蛋白 basal body:基体 centriole :中心粒 chemotaxis :趋化性 chloroplast :叶绿体 chromosome :染色体 cilia :纤毛 cytoplasm :胞质cytoskeleton :细胞骨架 dynein :动力蛋白endoplasmic reticulum :内质网flagella :鞭毛Golgi complex :高尔基复合体 lysosome :溶酶体 microfilament :微丝 microtubule :微管 mitochondrion :线粒体 myosin :肌球蛋白nuclear envelope :核膜 nucleoid :拟核 nucleoli :核仁 nucleus :细胞核phagocytosis :吞噬作用 pinocytosis :胞饮作用 plastid :质体polysome :多核糖体 ribosome :核糖体 stroma :基质tubulin :微管蛋白 vacuole :液泡Lesson Two 光合作用 absorption :吸收光谱 Calvin-Benson cycle :卡尔文-本森循环carotenoid :类胡萝卜素 chlorophyll :叶绿素 cyclic photophosphorylation :环形光合磷酸化(作用),又称循环式光和磷酸化 C3 plant :三碳植物 C4 plant :四碳植物light-dependent reactions :光反应light-independent reactions :暗反应 noncyclicphotophosphorylation :非环形光合磷酸化(作用) photon :光子photophosphrylation :光合磷酸化(作用)photorespiration :光呼吸 photosynthesis :光合作用 photosystem :光合系统 ribulose biphosphate :核酮糖二磷酸thylakoid :类囊体Lesson Three 有丝分裂和减数分裂 anaphase :(分裂)后期 cell plate :细胞板 centromere :着丝粒 chalone :抑素, chromatid :染色单体 chromatin :染色质 cytokinesis :胞质分裂 diploid :二倍体 haploid :单倍体 histone :组蛋白homologous pair :同源染色体对interphase (cycle ):分裂间期(周期)karyotype :核型 meiosis :减数分裂 mitosis :有丝分裂 metaphase :(分裂)中期 metaphase plate :赤道板 nucleosome :核小体 prophase :(分裂)前期 spindle :纺锤体 telophase :(分裂)末期Lesson Four 遗传学基本原理 allele :等位基因 dominant :显性 recessive :隐性的 dihybrid cross :双因子杂合子杂交gene :基因genotype :基因型 phenotype :表现型germ plasm theory :种质学说 heterozygous :杂合的 homozygous :纯合的 incomplete dominance :不完全显性 law of independent assortment :独立分配定律 law of segregation :分离定律 nondisjunction :不分离 pangenesis :泛生论Punnett square :庞纳特方格 test cross :测交Lesson Five 基因的化学性质 purine :嘌呤 pyrimidine :嘧啶 adenine :腺嘌呤 guanine :鸟嘌呤 cytosine :胞嘧啶 thymine :胸腺嘧啶DNA polymerase :DNA 聚合酶 double helix :双螺旋 nucleoside :核苷Okazaki fragment :冈崎片段 one-gene-one-enzymehypothesis :一基因一酶假说 one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis :一基因一多肽假说 replication fork :复制叉 semiconservativereplication :半保留复制 X-ray diffraction :X 射线衍射 Lesson Six 生命的起源和多样性Big Bang :大爆炸 binomial system of nomenclature :双名法 clade :进化枝 taxon :分类群 taxonomy :分类学 coacervate :团聚体continental drift :大陆漂移 core :核心 mantle :地幔 crust :地壳ozone layer :臭氧层 kingdom :界 division :门 class :纲 order :目 family :科 genus :属 species :种liposome :脂质体proteinoid :类蛋白(质) Lesson Seven 最大的分解者—真菌ascus :子囊ascomycetes :子囊菌conidium :分生孢子子实体 basidium :担子basidiocarp :担子果basidiomycetes :担子果菌纲 FungiImperfecti(Decteromycetes):半知菌门sporangium :孢子囊 gametangium :配子囊 haustorium :吸器 heterokaryon :异核体 hyphae :菌丝 lichen :地衣 mycelium :菌丝体 rhizoid :假根 saprobe :腐生菌 septate :有隔膜的Lesson Eight 动物发育acrosome reaction :顶体反应 fertilization :受精 cleavage :卵裂 blastomere :(卵)裂球 blastula :囊胚 gastrula :原肠胚primitive streak :原条 gastrulation :原肠胚形成 ectoderm :外胚层 endoderm :内胚层 mesoderm :中胚层 compensatory hypertrophy :代偿性肥大dedifferentiation :脱分化 differentiation :分化 gene amplification :基因扩增 metamorphosis :变态 morphogenesis :形态发生 neurulation :神经胚形成 oogenesis :卵(子)发生 organogenesis :器官发生 ovaries :卵巢 oviduct :输卵管 ovum :卵 yolk :卵黄 sperm :精子spermatogenesis :精子发生zygote :受精卵parthenogenesis :孤雌生殖 regeneration :再生Lesson Nine 物种的起源 allopatric speciation :异域物种形成 sympatric speciation :同域物种形成analogy :同功cline :梯度变异 convergent evolution :趋同进化divergent evolution :趋异进化extinction :灭绝 homology :同源性 hybrid sterility :杂种不育性 macroevolution :宏观进化microevolution :微进化parallel evolution :平行进化phylogeny :种系发生 punctuated equilibrium :间断平衡,Lesson Ten 种群生态学age structure :年龄结构allelopathy :异种相克相成现象carrying capacity :容纳量character displacement :特征替换density-dependent factors :密度制约因子density-independent factors :非密度制约因子exponential growth curve :指数生长曲线logistic growth curve :逻辑生长曲线interspecific competition :种间竞争intraspecific competition :种内竞争mortality :死亡率 natality :出生率 population density :种群密度 survivorship curve :存活曲线。

专英三课文译文

专英三课文译文

How Biologists Define a SpeciesModern biology generally define a species as group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from the such groups. Members of a species can interbreed with each other, but they cannot breed with organisms belonging to another species. One advantage of the standard of reproductive isolation is that it is very precise. Notice, however, that it can only be applied to organisms that reproduce sexually. Asexual reproducers, including most prokaryotes, many plants, and some animals, must be classified into species on the basis of physical (biochemical or morphological) traits.现代生物学大体将物种定义为实际上的一群或潜在的杂交群体,即从这个群体隔离繁殖的后代。

种族中个体可以互相交配,但种间不能。

这种繁殖隔离的一个优势是很精确。

但仅适用于性繁殖的生物。

非性繁殖,包括大多数原核生物,许多植物,某些动物,需要通过自然特征进行归类。

Preventing Gene ExchangeTwo general types of mechanisms operate to block the exchange of genes between individuals of related groups. The first general type is made up of prezygotic isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation of zygotes. Prezygotic isolation falls into two categories: ecological and behavioral. In the first case, two related group may become adapted to slightly different environments-perhaps varying soil types or food sources. Over time, these genetic differences become so great that successful cross-fertilization can no longer take place. In behavioral isolation, related groups evolve differing behaviors such as specific mating rituals-that restrict the exchange of genes to members of the same group.两种基因型机制阻碍了相关群体中个体的基因交换。

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Lesson three
Cellular reproduction: mitosis and meiosis
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repository n.osome n.[生物]染色体 histone n.[生化]组蛋白 nucleosome n.[生化]核小体 chromatin n.核染质, 染色质 pictorial adj.图示的 n.画报 karyotype n.[生物] 染色体组型 homologous pair 同源染色体对 autosome n.正染色体, 常染色体
多细胞生物中的许多细胞,包括动物肌肉和神经细胞, 要么减慢周期速度,要么一起脱离细胞周期。
The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. 正常细胞周期由4个时期组成。
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The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. 前三个时期包括 G1, 正常新陈代谢时期; S 期 , 生物分 子的合成继续,同时,DNA复制,组蛋白合成; G2 期 ,新陈代谢和进一步生长的短暂时期。 Together the G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase. G1, S, 和G2一起称为分裂间期。 2019/2/14
As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chromatids move in the right directions at the proper times. 在有丝分裂过程中,纺锤体微管在确保染色单体配对和 在适当时间以正确方向进行分离中发挥了关键性的作用 。 Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate. 微管从正在分裂的细胞两极向赤道板延伸,就形成了纺 锤体的一半。
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Telophase n.[生](细胞有丝分裂的)末期 kinetochore n.[生]动粒, 着丝粒, 着丝点
cytokinesis n.细胞浆移动, 原浆移动
pinching v.收聚 cell plate 细胞板 mitosis n.有丝分裂 meiosis n.减数分裂, 成熟分裂
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Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes. 非性染色体称常染色体。
Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containing a single set of parental chromosomes are called haploid.
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diploid adj.双重的, n.二倍体 haploid n.[生物]单倍体 adj.单一的 immortal adj.不朽的 Chalone n.[生化]抑素 prophase n. (细胞分裂)前期 chromatid n.[生物]染色单体 centromere n.[生]着丝点, 着丝粒 metaphase n.中期 anaphase n.[生](细胞分裂的)后期
据称是细胞质中的物质与外 来的激活因子和抑制因子如 抑素等一起控制了细胞周期 。 2019/2/14
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3. Mitosis: partitioning the hereditary material 有丝分裂: 遗传物质的分离
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Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. 生物学家将有丝分裂划分为4个阶段。
细胞核里的是染色体--紧密盘绕成螺旋的DNA链和相关
的成簇蛋白质。
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Long stretches of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or histones, forming beadlike complexes known as nucleosomes. 长链 DNA 分子缠绕着成簇的蛋白质,或组蛋白, 形成珠链状的核小体。

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A pictorial display of an organism's chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. 生物体中的致密的超螺旋状态的染色体的表型称为核型 Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. 表型显示:在大多数细胞里,除了性染色体外,其它的 染色体都是成对出现的,称之为同源染色体对。
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More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure.
进一步的螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结构。
Each long strand of DNA combine with histones and nonhistone chromatin. 每个长链DNA与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质 proteins to make up the substance
细胞里含有两套亲本染色体的生物体称二倍体;细胞里 含有单套染色体的生物体称单倍体。
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2. The cell cycle 细胞周期
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The cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle.
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During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric fiber, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores. 在分裂前期,其它微管,着丝粒纤维从纺锤体的两极延 伸到染色体的动粒区域。 During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart. 在分裂后期,纤维开始变短,染色单体分离。
细胞周期遵循特定的程序:细胞生长,分裂准备,分裂 成2个子细胞,每个子细胞再循环。
Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. 此循环可以有效的使得单细胞生物永生。
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Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether.
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As prophase ends and metaphase begins, the condensed chromosomes become associated with the spindle. 分裂前期结束,紧接着是分裂中期,浓缩的染色体与纺锤 体相连。(在分裂前期后期和分裂中期前期,浓缩的染色体与纺锤 体相连) Eventually the chromosomes become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fiber. 最后染色体在纺锤丝的牵引下以正确的角度排列在赤道板 2019/2/14 上。 21
色体浓缩,移动并细胞分裂。
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It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as chalones.
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1. The nucleus and chromosomes
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The cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information. 细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所。 Within the nucleus are the chromosomes—tightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins.
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