语言学术语解释和举例

1. Sequential Rules [sɪ'kwenʃ(ə)l] 序列规则Sequential Rules are rules thatgovern the combination of sounds in particular language.e.g. If a word begins with a /l/ or /r/, then the next sound must be a vowel（元音）.2. Prototype ['prəʊtətaɪp]原型What members of a particular community think of as the typical instance of a lexical category.e.g. F or some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than say carrot) might be theprototypical vegetable.3. Presuppositional Trigger 预设触发语A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of apresupposition in an utterance.e.g.” Jane had another date with John.” It presupposes the fact that Jane has had onedate with John before. Apparently, the use of “another” called a presupposition trigger.4. Possessor [pə'zesə] 所有人Refers to one who has somethinge.g. Jane’s doll. The first noun is the possessor.5. Positive Face 积极面子The positive consistent self-image or “personality”(including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants.e.g.: You are excellent.6. Phoneme ['fəʊniːm] 音位The smallest unit in the sound systemof a languagee.g. the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound /p/ is pronounceddifferently7. Performative Utterance 言有所为It is a sentence which is not true or false but instead 'happy' or 'unhappy', and which is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary (语内表现行为的) act rather than used to state something.e.g. "I swear to do that", "I promise to be there"8. Negative Face 消极面子The basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction. i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition.e.g.: You’d better not smoke here.9. Morpheme ['mɔ:fi:m] 词素The smallest meaningful unit of language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.e.g. the English word unkindness consists of three morphemes: the S TEM1 kind, thenegative prefix un-, and the noun-forming suffix -ness.10. Metonymic Reasoning [,metə'nimik] 转喻推理Metonymic Reasoning is a figure of speech used in rhetoric(修辞) in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately(密切地) associated with that thing or concept.For instance, "London", as the capital of the United Kingdom, can be used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for the British governmente.g:silk suits you.”silk stands for the cloth made of silk.11. Truth-conditional Semantics 语义真值条件Truth-conditional Semantics is an approach to semantics(语义学) of natural language that sees the meaning of assertions as being the same as, or reducible to, the truth conditions of that sentence..For example, 'snow is white'.12. Theme [θiːm] 主题Refers to one or thing that undergoes an actione.g.sam found the dog.13. Synonymy [sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ] 近义词/同义词Synonyms are words which have different forms but similar meanings.e.g. Start, begin, commenc e14. Syllable ['sɪləb(ə)l] 音节Syllable is phonological unit which is composed of one or more phonemes.. Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.For example, /let/ consists of one syllable, whereas /ri’ga:d/ consists of two syllables. 15. Source 来源Refers to the place from which an action originates.For example, Sam left Beijing for Nanjing.16. Metaphoric Reasoning 隐喻性思维A word or phrase which is used for special effect, and which does not have its usual or literal meaninge.g. My hands are as cold as ice.17. Location 位置Refers to the place where an action happens,e.g. Jane put the magazines on the table. The table is location.18. Instrument 工具Refers to the means by which an action is performed.For example, the key opened the door.19. Indirect Speech Act 间接言语行为A speech act in which the communicative intention is not reflected in the linguistic form of the utteranceFor example, “It is very hot in here” may be used to e xpress a request to turn on the air conditioner.20. Impersonalization [im,pə:sənəlai'zeiʃən] 非人格化A device used either to avoid mentioning oneself or the interlocutor(对话者), or to appeal to public rule or institutional regulation, which helps to gain successful interpersonal communication.e.g. (1)I don’t think you can smoke in the waiting room, sir. (2)Smoking is not allowed in the waiting room, sir. Obviously, (2) is more polite than (1).21. Hyponymy [haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ] 下义词A relationship between two words, in which the meaning of one word includes the meaning of the other words.e.g. tiger, lion, elephant and dog are hyponyms of the word animal.22. Goal 目标Refers to the place to which an action is directed.For example, Sam left Beijing for Nanjing.23. Functional Shift 词性转换Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.e.g. noun to verb, to knee, to tape, to break.24. Family Resemblance 家族类似性That a lexical category(词汇范畴) resembles another one can be called family resemblance.e.g. the notion概念of game. One game may resemble类似at least one game, although not all of them have to be alike at the same time.25. Experiencer 感受者One who perceives something. Example: Sam was sad．26. Exophoric Reference [,eksəu'fɔrik] 外指Refers to the relation between an entity in the situational context and a linguistic item in the texte.g. he is the man you want to see, said when the mentioned person comes up to the speaker.27. Entailment 限定关系The relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second is inferred from the truth of the firste.g. john has a boy”entailing”john has a child”.28. Endophoric Reference 内指照应Refers to a relation between two linguistic items in the same texte.g. John loves Jane, he takes great care of her. This is known to all.29. Deictic Exprseeion ['daiktik] 指代表达（指示语）Deictic Exprseeion are linguistic items used to anchor these specific points in the communication event.e.g. here and there, which refer to a place in relation to the speaker: The letter is here. (near the speaker). The letter is over there. (further away from the speaker)30. Coordinate Sentence 并列句contains two or more clauses(从句) are conjoined by a linking word, such as “and”, “or”, “so”, or “but”.e.g. here a star, and there a star31. Constative Utterance [kən'steitiv] ['ʌtərəns] 表述句It’s the descriptions of facts or states of affairs. For example, The earth is round.”32. Componential Analysis 语义成分分析The process that breaks down the meaning of a word into its minimal distinctive features or properties using feature symbols is called componential analysis.For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult]33. Complex Sentence 复合句A sentence which contains one or more clauses are embedded(嵌) into a main clause to communicate purpose, reason, time, place, manner, or concession.e.g.this is the place where my father worked 10 years ago.34. Clause 从句A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predicate structure..A clause may be finite or non-finite.e.g. I hurried home. / Because I was late, they went without me.35. Causative ['kɔ:zətiv] 成为..的原因/使动词A natural force that causes a changeFor example, The flood killed 25.36. Cataphoric Reference [,kætə'fɔ:rik] 后指照应Donates a relation between the current pronominal item and the later occurring expressione.g. This is what John does for Jane, he sends a bunch of roses to her every day.37. Blending ['blendiŋ]混成法Blending s a word formed by combining parts of other wordse.g. smog (formed from smoke and fog)38. Back-formation 逆构（逆成法）New words may be created from already existing words by subtracting a real or supposed affix.e.g. the word “edit” from the pre-existing word “editor” by deleting the assumed suffix “-or”39. Antonymy [æn'tɔnimi] 反义Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.e.g. Dead and alive; male and female40. Anaphoric Reference [,ænə'fɔrik] 前指Involves a relation between a preceding referential expression and the current pronominal iteme.g. John loves Jane, he takes great care of her. This is known to all.41. Analogy [ə'nælədʒi] 类比The process by which words are reformed or created on the model of existing grammatical termsFor example, zipper-gate, football-gate, Watergate42. Allophone ['æləufəun] 音位变体Allophone is the phonetic variants of a phoneme in a particular language.e.g. the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark/l/, clear /l/.43. Agent 人物，主格Refers to the one who performs an actionFor example, Sam opened the door.44. Affixation [,æfik'seiʃən] 词缀A bound morpheme that is joined before, after, or within a root or stemIt mainly includes prefixes, suffixes, infixese.g. prefix un-, suffix –ness；infix –foot45. Adjacency Pair [ə'dʒeisənsi] 相邻语对An initiation, say a question or a request, by the first speaker and the response by the second speaker, like an answer to the question or compliance with the request, form an adjacency pair.For example, “what’s your name?”“My name is Tom.”。