统计学CH01

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Textbook
Book:
Essentials Statistics for Business and Economics Author: David R. Anderson Dennis J. Sweeney Thomas A. Williams Press: China Machine Press
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Data and Data Set


Data are the facts and figures that are collected, summarized, analyzed, and interpreted. The data collected in a particular study are referred to as the data set.（数据集）
Statistical Inference
（统计推断）
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Applications in Business and Economics
The most successful managers and decision makers are the ones who can understand the information and use it effectively. Accounting Public accounting firms use statistical sampling procedures when conducting audits for their clients.
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Scales of Measurement


The scale determines the amount of information contained in the data. The scale indicates the data summarization and statistical analyses that are most appropriate.
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Scales of Measurement

Ordinal （序数指标） • The data have the properties of nominal data and the order or rank of the data is meaningful. • A nonnumeric label or a numeric code may be used.
Annual Earn/ Sales($M) Sh.($) 73.10 74.00 365.70 111.40 17.60 0.86 1.67 0.86 0.33 0.13
Datum
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Data Set
Scales of Measurement

Scales of measurement include: (度量指标） • Nominal • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio
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Data, Data Set, Elements, Variables, and Observations

An observation is the set of measurements obtained for each element in a data set. Hence, the number of observations is always the same as the number of elements. The number of the measurements obtained on each elements is equal to the number of variables. Hence, the total number of data set is the number of observations multiplied by the number of variables.
Statistics for Business and th edition) Economics(8
Prepared By QuWenbin
Slide 1
Textbook
Book:
Statistics for Business and Economics(8th edition) Author: David R. Anderson Dennis J. Sweeney Thomas A. Williams Press: China Machine Press
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教材
统计学 袁卫 庞皓 曾五一主编 高 教出版社 其他统计学或社会经济统计学教材均可

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Notice
It contains a large number of formulas and data. I hope you take more patience. For some data, I will use a simple method to read. eg. 100. (one zero zero) Some important nums and keywords, I will give them Chinese interpretation.

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Applications in Business and Economics


Finance Financial advisors use a variety of statistical information, including price-earnings ratios and dividend yields, to guide their investment recommendations Marketing Electronic point-of-sale scanners at retail checkout counters are being used to collect data for a variety of marketing research applications

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Chapter 1 Data and Statistics

Applications in Business and Economics
（ 商务与经济中的应用）
Data
（数据）
Data Sources
（数据来源）
Descriptive Statistics
（描述统计）
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Scales of Measurement

Nominal （名词性指标） • Data are labels or names used to identify an attribute of the element. • A nonnumeric label or a numeric code may be used.
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Data



Data and Data Set Elements, Variables, and Observations Scales of Measurement Qualitative and Quantitative Data Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data
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Scales of Measurement

Example Melissa has an SAT （ Scholastic Aptitude Test) score of 1205, while Kevin has an SAT score of 1090. Melissa scored 115 points more than Kevin.
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Scales of Measurement
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Elements, Variables, and Observations


The elements are the entities on which data are collected. （个体；元素） A variable is a characteristic of interest for the elements. （变量） The set of measurements collected for a particular element is called an observation. （观测；事项） The total number of data values in a data set is the number of elements multiplied by the number of variables.
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Scales of Measurement

Example Students of a university are classified by their class standing using a nonnumeric label such as Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, or Senior. Alternatively, a numeric code could be used for the class standing variable (e.g. 1 denotes Freshman, 2 denotes Sophomore, and so on).
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Data, Data Set, Elements, Variables, and Observations
Variables
Company Webco, Inc. Energy South Keystone Land Care Psychemedics