托福阅读真题详解 2014-03-16 01 Costs and Benefits of Social Life
20141206托福考试阅读题回顾
新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心宋媛婧考试日期 2014.12.06（A卷）Passage 1Title: Bioluminescence of Marine Creature 海洋生物发光大致内容第一篇是说海水在晚上看起来是glowing的，是因为许多marine animals都可以发光。
它们的发光是一个化学反应，体内的某种cell 或者organ含有某种物质和oxygen在有酶的情况下会反应发出光。
然后发光有很多作用，比如可以警告predators, 或在它们靠近的时候突然吓它们一跳，然后就有时间逃跑了。
还有luring preys的作用，肚子发光使predators从上方看不见它进而隐蔽的作用等等。
发光也有identification的作用，就是用来识别是否为同一species, 是什么性别。
然后还讲到海中的透明捕食者因为吃的鱼会发光，所以它们的肚子都是红色或者黑色的，用来遮蔽发的光。
Passage 2Title:大陆漂移学说大致内容分别说了4个不同的scientist在大陆漂移学说方面做的学术研究。
首先是一个人发现了同样extinct的物种在不同大陆的fossil, 他认为是因为那个时候有continental bridge。
第二个人认为大陆是由更大的陆地板块分裂而来的，因为那个时候月球进入了地球的引力范围，所以就产生潮汐力使得大陆板块分裂。
他的evidence好像是一个海底的mountain chain。
第三个人写了一本monumental的著作，提出了本来是个supercontinent然后分裂的说法，然后他找到了三种evidence, 一个是那个时候的海岸线吻合，第二个是fossil 表示古生物吻合，最后一个忘了。
然后最后一个人，他很支持前一个人的理论，并且发现了一个很好的证据。
一种淡水生物，在South Africa和Brazil都有，然后他解释这种生物不可能在海水中游了这么远，去寻找另一个差不多环境的淡水（两个考题，一个推断，一个目的）。
托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总整理
托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总整理提升阅读速度，把握做题技巧，是拿到托福阅读高分必需要突破的两个方面，那么详细的托福备考的过程中，大家应当运用哪些资料来备考呢?学习啦为大家带来了托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总，供大家练习。
托福阅读真题1Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York andshared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses aneasy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States(C) Historical differences among three large United States cities(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities2. The word ingenuity in line 2. is closest in meaning to(A) wealth(B) resourcefulness(C) traditions(D) organization3. The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a citys soil type part of its(A) hinterland(B) situation(C) site(D) function4. According to the passage , a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to thecitys(A) long-term growth and prosperity(B) ability to protect its citizenry(C) possession of favorable weather conditions(D) need to import food supplies5. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT its(A) hinterland(B) nearness to a large lake(C) position in regard to transport routes(D) flat terrain6. The word characteristics in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) choices(B) attitudes(C) qualities(D) inhabitants7. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to(A) summarize past research and introduce a new study(B) describe a historical period(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another(D) define a term and illustrate it with an example8. According to the passage , Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in(A) size of population(B) age(C) site(D) availability of rail transportation9. The word functional in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) alternate(B) unknown(C) original(D) usable10. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) account(B) primacy(C) connection(D) hinterland11. The word significant in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) threatening(B) meaningful(C) obvious(D) availablePASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B托福阅读真题2The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920s, marked the twentieth centurys first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. Thus, though the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its impact on American art and culture continues to the present.The district in New York City known as Harlem was the capital of the movement. In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa forsubstance and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) African American paintings in the 1920s(B) An arts movement of the 1920s(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African American art(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music2. According to the passage , Tomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks were important because of(A) the philosophical contributions they made to the Harlem Renaissance(B) their development of a new style of African American art(C) they way in which they depicted African Americans in their paintings(D) their independence from European artistic traditions3. The word them in line 11 refers to(A) Americans of European descent(B) paintings(C) African American artists(D) attitudes4. According to the passage , African American artists of the 1920s differed from earlier AfricanAmerican artists in terms of their feelings about(A) themselves(B) other artists(C) their impact on American art(D) stereotypes5. The word urged in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) defined(C) permitted(D) encouraged6. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artisticmovement EXCEPT(A) pride in African art(B) cultural pluralism(C) collaboration with other artists(D) withdrawal from American culture7. In mentioning the pulse and beat (line 25) of Harlem during the 1920s, the author ischaracterizing the district as one that(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city(B) grew economically in a short period of time(C) was an exciting place to be(D) was in danger of losing population8. The word convergence in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) gathering(B) promotion(C) expression(D) influence9. According to the passage , all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920s EXCEPT:(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.(D) It was a unique cultural center.10. The phrase carried on in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) continued(B) praised(C) transformed(D) connectedPASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA托福阅读真题3ffeterd spanning in line 18d- The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today — summed up, not altogether accurately, as research and development. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of science was engineering science rather than basic science.Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness — if not understanding — of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage ?(A) To show how technology influenced basic science(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application2. The word altogether in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) completely(B) realistically(C) individually(D) understandably3. The word intensive in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced4. The list mentioned in line 13 refers to(A) types of scientific knowledge(B) changes brought by technology(C) industries that used scientific techniques(D) applications of engineering science5. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based onwhich of the following?(A) Engineering science is not very important.(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.6. The word it in line 16 refers to(A) understanding(B) public awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion7. The word assumption in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) regulation(B) belief(C) contract(D) confusion8. Why does the author mention consultants in line 25?(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science9. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA托福阅读真题4Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation — a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals — finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flowsdownhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice.1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effect of glaciers on climate(B) Damage from glaciers(C) Glacier formation(D) The location of glaciers2. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?(A) Increased water and air content(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations(D) Movement of the glacier3. The word bound in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) covered(B) chosen(D) held4. Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?(A) Air(B) Pressure(C) Weight(D) Rocks5. According to the passage , which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary forglacial ice to form?(A) several months(B) several years(C) at least fifty years(D) a century6. The word converted in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) changed(C) promoted(D) dissolved7. What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three?(A) To define two types of glaciers(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice(C) To present theories of glacier formation(D) To discuss the similarities between glacial types8. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?(A) Only near the surface(B) In pools of various depths(C) In a thin layer below the firm(D) In tunnels9. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) formation(B) ice(C) thickness(D) weight10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier(A) can revert to a fluffy mass(B) maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process(C) is too cold to be thoroughly studied(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceansPASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
2014.托福写作真题
2014.托福写作真题Grandparents have no use for their grandchildren because the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.2014.1.1.17 北美Do you think classmates or colleagues should work on project in person or by e-mails. Why?2014.1.18In times of economic crisis, local governments often reduce the money they spend in some areas. In your opinion, if a local government is facing economic problems, which of the following areas should it spend less money on? Libraries, public transportation, police.2014. 2.22People who develop many different skills are more successful than people who focus on one skill only.2014.3.1It is often not a good idea to move to a new city or a new country because you will lose old friends.2014.3.2Society has created too many rules for young people.2014.3.15Which do you think is the best way for a student to make friends: joining a sports team, participating in community activities or traveling?2014.3.16It is easier for people to get educated nowadays than in the past.2014.3.22 两套题Younger school children (aged from 5 to 10) should berequired to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.Young people are less dependent on their parents than in the past.2014.3.23Students should take at least one year to work or travel before they go to universities? 2014.4.5 北美People in the past are more interested in improving their neighborhood (the area where they live ) than now.2014.4.12 两套题It is more important to have more facilities rather than hire more teachers.The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to the younger people than they are to the older people.2014.4.19For many businesses to be successful, it must spend a lot of money on advertising. 2014.4.27Your job has more effects on your happiness than your social life does.2014.5.11Spending a lot of time watching sports on TV and following their favorite team will have negative impact o n one’s life.It is better to relax by a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercise. 2014.5.24It is important for government to provide money for things that are beautiful not just for things that are practical.2014.5.25Parents must have strict rules to help their children to be successful.2014.5.31 北美Children are benefited in important ways by taking care of pets.2014.6.14 北美Should government cover the internet fee or should individual pay the internet fee? 2014.6.15Some people prefer to buy new technological devices immediately when they become available. Others prefer to wait until many people have adopted them. Which way do you prefer?2014.6.29To remain happy and optimistic when you fail is more important than achieving access.2014.7.6People should take time to relax with hobbies or physical activities that are different from what they do at work.2014.7.12People should take several different kinds of job before they take a career in a long term.2014.8.16The most important investment for a big company is to improve the efficiency and proficiency of its employees.2014.8.23Young people today are more likely to invest their time and effort on improving the world than young people in the past.2014.8.30The ability to maintain a small number of friends for a long time is more important to happiness than the ability to make new friends easily.2014.9.14Younger school children should be required to study art andmusic in addition to study math, language, science, and history 2014.9.21It is often not a good idea to move to a new city or a new country because of the loss of old friends.2014. 9.27 两套题Visiting museum is the best way to learn about the country.Universities should require all students to learn about foreign cultures as well as their own culture.2014. 10.11Modern agriculture damage the environment, but providing food for the growing population around the world is more important than protecting the environment. (2013.3.22 NA) 2014.10.18It is important to know the events happened around the world even if it is not likely to have an effect on your daily life. (2012.4.28 ML)2014.10.26Because the world is too complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.2014.11.2People often buy products not because they really need them but because other people have them. (2013.5.11) 2014.11.8 两套题It is important that families regularly eat meals together.Getting advice from friends who are older than you is more valuable than getting advice from friends of your own age. (2009.11.1 CN)2014.11.9Which one influences you most when you make a major purchase? 1. Recommendations from your friends or colleagues.2. Information from media (TV, newspaper, magazine).3. Salesman in the market.4. Decide all by your self without other information.2014.11.15Rather than help their children with schoolwork, parents should encourage children to work independently.2014.11.23Your job has more effect on your happiness than social life does.2014.11.29Some people like to record their experiences by uploading pictures and other information on social-networking websites. Others do not like to create such records. Which way do you prefer? (2013.8.10 NA)2014.12.6The best way for a teacher to help students interested in a subject is to explain that subject will help them outside school.2014.12.13Students nowadays are more interested in politics than in the past.2014.12.14The way a person is dressed in is a good indication of his/her personality.2014.12.21When vote for the leader of student organization or club, honesty is the most important consider. (2013.10.25 NA) 2014.12.27Young people today are more likely to help others than young people in the past. (2013.1.26 CN)2014.12.28It is important for government to provide money for things that are beautiful not just for things that are practical. (2014.5.24 CN)。
20140914托福考试阅读题回顾
新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心张晓予考试日期2014.09.14Passage 1Title: Children’s play 儿童的玩耍大致内容讲play对孩子的作用，分阶段讲。
早期的孩子开始玩什么玩具，后来就能pretend, 他们自己pretend他们在吃饭之类的一些简单的familiar的事（有题，选关于familiar的事）；后来就更复杂了，小孩子可以理解大人pretend的一些事并参与进来。
后来他们就可以扮演一些社会角色，比如爸爸、妈妈、护士之类的。
他们还知道该停止的时候就得停止（有题，排除题，选他们不知道停止）。
说这些对将来孩子的学习之类的很重要。
补充阅读：Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty percent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three percent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen percent. ‘Even two or three percent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he adds. There must be a reason.But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs-tail-wagging in dogs, for example—to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behavior is not really in earnest. A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialize as adults. Anotherhas been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult lifeby improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas havebeen questioned in recent years.Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as akind of endurance training, then you would expect to seepermanent benefits. But Byers points out that the benefits ofincreased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so anyimprovement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would belost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on whenit was most advantageous for the young of a particular species todo so. But it doesn’t work like that.’ Across species, play tends topeak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playinganimals do appear to be practicing the complex manoeuvres theywill need in adulthood. But a closer inspection reveals thisinterpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioral ecologistTim Caro, from the University of California, looked at thepredatory play of kittens and their predatory behavior when theyreached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had nosignificant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.Passage 2Title: Earth’s Geology 地球的构造大致内容讲地球内部的构造。
英语托福考试阅读试题汇编
英语托福考试阅读试题Question 1－8Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War，with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation，manufacturing，and trade and distribution。
The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed，volume，and regularity of shipments and communications，making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods。
In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation‘s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them。
托福阅读TPO14（试题+答案+译文）第1篇：儿童与广告
托福阅读TPO14(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:儿童与广告推荐文章老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE30 热度：老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案热度：老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2 热度：老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE27 热度：老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE30 热度：为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO14(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:儿童与广告，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读原文【1】Young children are trustingof commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes beenaccused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The IndependentTelevision Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom,has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrongimpression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to controladvertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge thetrue size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.【2】General concern aboutmisleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use ofexaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children arelargely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggerationis used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "thebest" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; evenadults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser'sopinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence,are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance anexaggeratedclaim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim.For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may beaccompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balancedbreakfast." However, research has shown that children often havedifficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase"when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that thecereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The authorGeorge Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the agesof six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toyadvertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended whenpresented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers aremainly presented in audio format only.【3】Fantasy is one of the morecommon techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy thanadvertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for charactertoys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use offantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough torealize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settingsare frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in foodadvertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, beenfound to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten includingsuch content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young childrencan distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rationalappeals in advertising aimed at children arelimited, as most advertisementsuse emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.【4】The use of celebrities suchas singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for thepositively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertisedproduct and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind.In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animatedfigures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities inadvertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of hostselling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programmingin a way that makes it difficult todistinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when achildren's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lionpromotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that thepractice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish betweenadvertising and program material. It was also found that older childrenresponded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.【5】Regarding the appearance ofcelebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence ismixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the charactersused to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, andchildren accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information.This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition,children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorsesthat product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that thepresence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect thechildren's perceptionsof a product if the children did not like the celebrityin question.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?A.How big the toys are?B.How much the toys cost?C.What the toys can do?D.How the toys are made?2.The word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.establish the truth of.B.approve of.C.understand.D.criticize.3.In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?A.They represent the opinions of adults, which are often different from those of children.B.They generally involve comparisons among only a small group of products.C.They reflect the attitudes of consumer protection groups rather than those of actual consumers.D.They reflect the advertiser's viewpoint about the product.4.Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest thatA.the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast.B.the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients.C.cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are.D.the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal.5.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of disclaimers made in advertisements EXCEPTA.They are qualifications or conditions put on a claim.B.They may be used to balance exaggerations.C.They are usually presented in both audio and visual formats.D.They are often difficult for children to understand.6.The word “adept”(Paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.responsible.B.skillful.C.patient.D.curious.7.Paragraph 3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?A.Whether children can tell if what they are seeing in an advertisement is real or fantasy.B.Whether children can differentiate fantasy techniques from other techniques used in advertising.C.Whether children realize how commonly fantasy techniques are used in advertising aimed at them.D.Whether children are attracted to advertisements that lack fantasy .8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Rational appeals in advertising are certainly limited bychildren's emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their associations.B.Indirect appeals to children's psychological states or associations can limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in advertising.C.Rational appeals play a much smaller role in advertisements for children than emotional appeals and psychological associations do.D.Rational appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically ready.9.The word "attributes" (Paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.evaluations.B.attitudes.C.actions.D.characteristics.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?A.To help explain what is meant by the term "host selling” and why it can be misleading to children.B.To explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children has often been confused with host selling.C.To compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with the effectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at children.D.To indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects of host selling on children.11.The word "credible"(Paragraph 5)in the passage is closestin meaning toA.helpful.B. believable.C.valuable.D.familiar.12.According to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?A. It is most effective with children who watch a lot of television.B. It has little effect if the celebrities are not familiar to most children.C. It is more effective in marketing cereals and food products than in marketing other kinds of products.D. It can have a negative effect if the celebrities are not popular with children.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy.■【A】Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. ■【B】Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. ■【C】In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. ■【D】Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attractchildren's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Advertisers sometimes use strategies that can mislead children.A.Advertisements can be misleading to children when the advertisements use audio and visual formats that are especially appealing to children.B.Children may not be able to interpret exaggerated claims made by advertisers or understand the disclaimers used to offset claims.C.Although the use of celebrities is not necessarily effective in advertisements aimed at children, there is evidence that host selling can positively affect their views of a product.D.Studies show that misleading tactics are used most often in commercials for breakfast cereals, with toy commercials using such tactics only slightly less frequently.E.The use of fantasy is especially common in advertisements for children, but children may not be able to distinguish fantasy from reality.F.Very young children are particularly influenced by host selling, while slightly older children are more readily misled by seemingly rational claims such as “the best.”托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，所有答案都集中在最后一句，A的big对应size，正确，不选;B的cost没有对应，错，选;C的do对应performance，正确，不选;D的made对应construction，正确，不选。
托福阅读TPO14答案解析
托福阅读答案1.prestige威望，声望，所以B的status正确。
原句说在很多地方马已经成为了什么的象征，后面一个让步说尽管牛羊也很重要，应该是说马更重要才对，所以兴趣的动物，利益的动物和要求的动物都不对。
2.以most mobile and most militarilistic做关键词定位至倒数第三句，说以马匹做运输工具和福利使得Inner Eurasia pastoralism最mobile，答案是B，C虽然提到了welfare，但不是 borrow的，所以不选。
3.profound深远的，所以答案far-reaching正确，选D。
原句说pastoralism的出现和发展对欧亚大陆内部有什么样的影响，后面又加了这个区域之外的欧洲和亚洲，所以应该是影响范围广大，所以答案是D。
C说反，后面都说了indirect；A奇特的B正面的没说。
4.首先找到对比，本段前两句分别说了游牧民族和定居民族的特点，一是依靠动物及其食物，一是驯养动物。
紧接着说了这种对比的结果，也就是作者做这个对比的目的。
游牧民族就像食肉动物一样，在食物链中占据了较高的等级，所以需要更多地盘。
所以对比的目的就是解释为什么游牧民族需要占领更多地方，答案是A。
此题特殊，修辞目的在修辞点所在句子后面，需要多加注意。
5.问题当中关键词难找，但可以从上题pastoralist和agriculturalist的对比，也就是本段的第一二两句中得出答案D，说游牧民族经常四处游走。
A和C原文都没说，B项与原文说反，原文第四句说游牧民族必须四处走以保证同样量的food and clothing，所以B错。
6.首先以Eastern Europe和Mongolia做关键词定位至第四句，原句单纯讲述了一个例子，所以往前看，前句说由于游牧民族的存在，出现了很大一块地域范围内共享相似的生态上的，文化上的甚至语言上的特点。
紧接着就说了语言上的一个例子，所以语言的这个例子是为了证明前文的，答案是D。
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308 托福试题阅读（ 55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, itputrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming withbacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether,the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined ona microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solidstructures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)s tructures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flaskwas affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck preventedmicroorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized insuch a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’ s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’ s argumentnstagaithe theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “ teeming with ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word“ resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “ guncotton ” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to (a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “ 1.0mm” in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “ postulated ” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experimentwere remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefyingmaterials (c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word“ it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important forthe process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in futureexperiments (b)prevent heat from building up in asolution (c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society ’heros. In the minds of agrarian thinkers andwriters ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,whichended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarianphilosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .Andvirtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15)launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunningrapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directlyrelated to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “ depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to thecreation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasison economic development15.The phrase“ subscribed to” incloslinest8 inis meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’ s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governmentsdid all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers ’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT (a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word“ stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive--WORD格式---可编辑---(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm ’ s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “ humid America ”and “ arid America. ”Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America ’soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many ofthese dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’ s,certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The wide variety of climates(B)Soil types and vegetation patterns(C)Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D)The change in precipitation patterns22 The word“ spawn” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A)distinguish(B)eliminate(C)protect(D)create23 The word“ partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)division(B)modification(C)opening(D)circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B)an increase in farming(C)large amounts of rain(D)glacial meltwater25 The word“ enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A)implied(B)increased(C)indicated(D)informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A)It redistributed the soil types(B)It added salt to the soil(C)It made the soil more neutral in content(D)It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase“regionalizationthis scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A)movements of glacial deposits(B)patterns of natural vegetation(C)human modification of the North American environment(D)distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word“ transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A)elevation(B)change(C)advantage(D)condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A)Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B)Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C)The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D)Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second),the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, alight-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass--- will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10)that “ this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses. ”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of beingignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’arliest.Inthetype, the metal (15)was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. Theflash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, theycontribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The history of the photoflash(B)Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C)The technology of modern photography(D)The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A)recording of an image on film(B)generation of artificial light(C)creation of a photographic emulsion(D)human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A)can produce repeated bursts of light(B)intensities colors in photographs(C)is short enough not to bother human eyes(D)supplements existing lighting33 The word“ ignited” in line 9 is closestni n gmeato(A)set on fire(B)cut into(C)opened(D)shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A) ” appreciable period” (line 1)(B) ” photographic emulsion” (line 3)(C)” high-speed movement” (line 5)(D)” odd poses” (line 11)35 The word“ evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)publicity(B)adoption(C)development(D)manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A)produce the spark that initiated the flash(B)magnify the light produced by the flash(C)protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D)keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word“ it” in line 18 refers to(A)oxygen(B)battery(C)wire(D)current38 The word“ momentarily” in line 20 is closest iningmeanto(A)effortlessly(B)briefly(C)electronically(D)gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smokeparticles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A)rapid cooling(B)bright illumination(C)electrical conductivity(D)intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A)thicker wire(B)more oxygen(C)thinner glass(D)continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’ sThe. Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. Theyconcentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and thenmoving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists painting’ methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the openair was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finishtheir paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “ Impressionism ” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organizedan exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintingsexhibited was one called(20)Impression:Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet ’ spainting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet s title, art critics’extended the term “ Impressionism to”the entire exhibit. Inresponse, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a“ church” , as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B)The differences between two major styles of art(C)A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word“ depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)reorganize(B)deform(C)represent(D)justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one ofthe distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A)The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B)The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C)The focus on small solid objects(D)The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A)They began by making sketches of their subjects(B)They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C)They preferred to paint from memory(D)They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word“ advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)achievement(B)acceptance(C)arrival(D)advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in allof the following EXCEPT(A)attracting attention from the public(B)a negative reaction from the press(C)an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D)creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word“ affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A)insult(B)encouragement(C)return(D)credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A)The small number of paintings on display(B)Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C)The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D)Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example ofan artist who(A)became as famous as Monet(B)was consistently praised by art critics(C)described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D)was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word“ others” in line 27 refers to(A)art critics(B)fellow artists(C)individual differences(D)new styles0308 答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
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animals can. Solitary animals can hide from predators more easily than groups of animals can. Solitary animals do not need to spend time and energy competing for social status. Solitary animals do not need large quantities of food to survive. 细节题：
4. According to paragraph 3 which of the following is likely to increase when animals live with other members of their species rather than alone reproductive success unpredictable behavior among males resistance to disease competition for food 细节题： 回到文中可以看到主要内容是：sociality has two other potential disadvantages. The first is heightened competition for food；The second is increased vulnerability to parasites and disease, which plague social species of all sorts. 回到选项只有 D 是对的
5. In paragraph 3 why does author discuss "honeybees warming their hives in response to an infestation by a fungal pathogen"? To give an example of how living in groups benefits animals To illustrate how social species combat parasites and disease To indicate that worker bees are the most active in fighting parasites and disease To demonstrate that avoiding a disadvantage of social living can carry its own costs 修辞目的题：
3. Which of the following is associated in paragraph 3 with reproductive interference in social animals Females being pushed away from their food by hungry males Breeding males losing their mates to more attractive males Parasites and disease infecting the eggs of breeding females Females warming their habitats to care a fungal pathogen 细节题： 定位到第一句，然后看下一句：Breeding males that live in close association with more attractive rivals may lose their mates to these individuals. 这句话的主干是 breeding males lose their mates. 直接与 B 是对应的。
找到定位局，其下一句是：Among most social species, animals have to expend time and energy competing for social status. 和 C 是同义替换。
Paragraph 3 Social groups also offer opportunities for reproductive interference. Breeding males that live in close association with more attractive rivals may lose their mates to these individuals. In addition, sociality has two other potential disadvantages. The first is heightened competition for food, which occurs in animals as different as colonial fieldfares (a kind of songbird) and groups of lions, whose females are often pushed from their food by hungry males. The second is increased vulnerability to parasites and disease, which plague social species of all sorts. While it is true that some social animals have evolved special responses designed to combat parasites and disease, those responses can only reduce, but cannot totally eliminate, the damage caused by those threats, and the responses may even carry their own costs. Thus, honeybees wafollowing can be inferred from paragraph 2 as a reason for saying that under
some conditions a solitary life is superior to a more social life? Solitary animals can compete more successfully against animals of other species than social
2014-03-16 01
Costs and Benefits of Social Life
Many think that the reason so many animals live with others of their species is that social creatures are higher up the evolutionary scale and so are better adapted and leave more offspring than do animals that live solitary lives. However, in each and every species, generation after generation, relatively social and relatively solitary types compete unconsciously with one another in ways that determine who leaves more offspring on average. In some species, the more social individuals have won out, but in a large majority, it is the solitary types that have consistently left more surviving descendants on average.
hives in response to an infestation by a fungal pathogen, which apparently helps kill the heat-sensitive fungus, but at the price of time and energy expended by the heat-producing workers. 2. The word "potential" in the passage is closest in meaning to possible serious common related 单词题： 潜在地 选 A