最新西方经济学重点-中英文
西方经济学中英文对照表
词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效用Utility边际效用（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收入（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民生产总值Gross National Product国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府支出（G）Government expenditure出口Exports净出口（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save边际进口倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。
西方经济学 英文
西方经济学英文Introduction:Western Economics is among the most important branches of economics that have contributed to the growth and development of the global economy. It is the study of how societies use resources to produce goods and services for consumption. The primary focus of Western economics is on the behavior of individuals, businesses, governments, and other organizations and how they interact with each other to create and manage economic systems. In this document, we will explore the history and evolution of Western economics, its fundamental principles and theories, as well as its impact on modern society.History and evolution of western economics:The history of Western economics dates back to ancient Greece, where prominent philosophers like Aristotle studied economic principles related to trade, money, and political systems. However, it was not until the 18th century when Westerneconomics started to emerge as a distinct area of study with the publication of "Wealth of Nations," by Adam Smith. This seminal work focused on the concept of “invisible hand” which argued that, when individuals pursue their self-interest through trade, free markets could, in theory, be self-regulating and result in economic growth, increased productivity and wealth creation.Over time, Western economics continued to evolve, and significant contributions came from notable economists such as David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill. According to the labor theory of value developed by David Ricardo, prices of goods and services are determined by the amount of labor required to produce them. Malthus's theory of population argued that, while population growth will outstrip food production leading to hunger and poverty in the long run, Mill'sclassical theory of economics focused on the interplay of supply and demand.Modern Western economics and its principles and theories:In the late 19th century, Western economics started incorporating rigorous empirical methods of study and adopted mathematical tools for analyzing economic phenomena. Economists like Alfred Marshall took an interdisciplinary approach that incorporated psychology and other social sciences to better understand human behavior.Currently, Western economics covers a wide range of topics, including microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade and finance, public finance, economic development, and game theory, among others. Theories such as the theory of comparative advantage, the Keynesian economics, the monetarist theory of inflation, and the concept of the Phillips curve have been essential in shaping decisions on economic policies around the world. Also, game theory, which was developed by John Nash and others, has been instrumental in providing insights into how people interact, providing a basis for strategic decision-making.Impact of Western economics on modern society:Western economics has had a profound impact on modern society, shaping the way people think about and approach economic issues. It has facilitated economic growth and helped in reducing poverty as well as promoting international cooperation and integration through trade. It has been critical to the formation of economic policies, shaping tax structures, labor relations, and contributing to the growth of different industries.Moreover, Western economics has had broader implications, such as providing a framework for analyzing the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability. It has also contributed to the development of the welfare state, where governments intervene in the economy to provide social services such as healthcare, education, and welfare programs.Conclusion:Western economics has been integral in shaping our understanding of how markets work and how resources are allocated in society. Its contributions to economic thought have beensubstantial, and its influence continues to shape the modern world. By providing policymakers with critical insights on economic phenomena and offering practical solutions, Western economics remains an essential tool in shaping and driving economic development and progress.。
西方经济学专业名词
西方经济学专业名词英语翻译（微观部分）参考书籍：尹伯成主编《西方经济学简明教程》第六版格致出版社上海人民出版社PART I Microeconomics微观经济部分Chapter One Introduction导言1、Study Objects of Economics经济学的研究对象·Scarcity稀缺性·Free goods自由物品·Economic goods经济物品·Choose选择·What\How\For whom\When生产什么\如何生产\为谁生产\现在or将来·What it is\What ought to be现象是什么（实证经济学）\应该怎么做（规范经济学）·Opportunity cost机会成本·Production possibility frontier生产可能性边界2、Study Methods of Economics经济学的研究方法·Normative economics规范经济学·Positive economics实证经济学·Aggregate analysis总体分析·Individual analysis个体分析·Marginal adding analysis边际增量分析·Endogenous variables内生变量·Exogenous variables外生变量·Flow流量·Equilibrium均衡·Partial equilibrium局部均衡·General equilibrium一般均衡·Static analysis静态分析·Comparative static analysis比较静态分析·Dynamic analysis动态分析·Cobweb theorem蛛网定理·Hog-corn cycle生猪-玉米循环·Economic model经济模型·Rational man理性人·Economic man经济人Chapter Two Demand,Supply And Equilibrium Price需求、供给与均衡价格1、Demand and Changes in Demand需求与需求的变动·Demand需求·Demand schedule需求表·Demand curve需求曲线·Law of demand需求规律·Giffen goods吉芬商品·Substitute effect替代效应·Substitute goods互替商品·Income effect收入效应·Taste偏好·Income收入·Complementary goods互补商品·Expectation预期·Demand function需求函数2、Supply and Changes in Supply供给与供给变动·Supply供给·Supply schedule供给表·Supply curve供给曲线·Law of supply供给规律·Supply function供给函数3、Theory of Elasticity of Demand and Supply需求和供给的弹性理论·Elasticity弹性·Elasticity of demand需求弹性·Elasticity of supply供给弹性4、Equilibrium Price均衡价格·Equilibrium quantity均衡交易量（均衡数量）5、Cobweb Model蛛网模型Chapter Three Theory Of Consumer Behavior消费者行为理论1、Theory of Cardinal Utilities基数效用论·Utility效用·Average utility(AU)平均效用·Marginal utility(MU)边际效用2、Theory of Ordinal Utilities序数效用论·Indifference curve无差异曲线·Marginal rate of substitution边际替代率·Budget line预算线3、Intertemporal Choice跨时期选择4、Consumer Behavior under Uncertainty不确定情况下消费者行为Chapter Four Theory Of Firm And Production企业和生产理论1、The Firm and Its Object企业及其目标·Firm厂商·Corporate social responsibility(CSR)企业社会责任2、Production Function生产函数·Factor of production生产函数·Technological coefficient技术系数3、Short-run Production Function短期生产函数·Total product总产量·Average product平均产量·Marginal product边际产量·Law of diminishing marginal return边际收益递减规律4、Long-run Production Function长期生产函数·Isoquant curve等产量曲线·Marginal rate of technical substitution(MRTS)生产要素的边际替代率·Isocost curve等成本曲线·Expansion path扩展线5、Return to Scale规模报酬·Increasing return to scale规模报酬递增·Constant return to scale规模报酬不变·Diminishing return to scale规模报酬递减·Economics of scale规模经济·Economics of scope范围经济Chapter Five Cost Theory成本理论1、Cost and Cost Function成本与成本函数·Opportunity cost机会成本·Explicit cost显性成本·Implicit cost隐性成本2、Short-run Cost短期成本·Fixed cost固定成本·Variable cost(VC)可变成本·Total cost(TC)总成本·Average fixed cost(AFC)平均固定成本·Average variable cost(AVC)平均可变成本·Marginal cost(MC)边际成本3、Long-run Cost长期成本·Long-run total coat长期总成本·Short-run total cost短期总成本·Envelop curve包络线·Long-run average cost长期平均成本Chapter Six Price and Quantity Determination in Perfect Competition and Monopoly 完全竞争和完全垄断市场中的价格和产量的决定1、Some Concepts Concerning Behavior of the Firms有关厂商行为的几个概念·Market市场·Industry产业·Total revenue(TR)总收益·Average revenue(AR)平均收益·Marginal revenue(MR)边际收益2、Price and Quantity Determination in Perfect Competition完全竞争市场中价格和产量的决定·Increasing-cost industry成本递增行业·Decreasing-cost industry成本递减行业·Constant-cost industry成本不变行业3、Price and Quantity Determination in Monopoly完全垄断市场中价格和产量的决定·Monopoly垄断·Price discrimination价格歧视·Monopoly power垄断势力·Market segmentation市场分割·Multi-part pricing多重价格·Perfect discrimination price完全差别定价·Third-degree price discrimination三级价格歧视·Second-degree price discrimination二级价格歧视Chapter Seven Price And Quantity Determination in Mono-Polistic Competition and Oligopoly垄断竞争市场与寡头垄断市场中价格和产量的决定1、Price and Quantity Determination in Monopolistic Competition垄断竞争市场中价格和产量的决定·Monopolistic competition垄断竞争·Product differentiation产品差别·Selling costs销售成本2、Price and Quantity Determination in Oligopoly寡头垄断市场中价格和产量的决定·Oligopoly寡头垄断·Reaction function反应函数·Kinded demand curve拐折需求曲线·Price leadship价格领导·Barometric firm晴雨表型厂商·Cost-plus pricing成本加成定价Chapter Eight Game Theory And Economics Of Information博弈论和信息经济学1、Game theory博弈论·Player局中人·Strategy策略·Strategyset策略集合·Payoff收益2、Economics of Information信息经济学Chapter Nine The Price of Factor And Income Distribution要素价格与收入分配1、Demand for Production Factors生产要素的需求·Derived demand派生需求·Joint demand联合需求·Marginal productivity边际生产力·Marginal physicl product(MPP)边际物质产品·Marginal revenue product(MRP)边际收益产品·Marginal factor cost(MFC)边际要素成本·Value of the marginal product(VMP)边际产品价值2、Supply of Factors and the Price Determination生产要素的供给和价格决定3、Differences between Poor and Rich贫富差别·Lorenz curve洛伦茨曲线·Gini coefficient基尼系数Chapter Ten General Equilibrium And Welfare Economics一般均衡与福利经济学1、General Equilibrium一般均衡2、Pareto Optimum帕累托最优·Edgeworth-box diagram艾奇沃斯盒形图·Exchange contract curve交换契约线·Production contract curve生产契约线·Production possibility frontier生产可能性曲线·Marginal rate of product transformation(MRPT)边际转换率3、Welfare Economics福利经济学Chapter Eleven Policies in Microeconomy微观经济政策·Market failure市场失灵1、Monopoly and Anti-monopoly Policy垄断和反垄断政策·《Sherman Antitrust Act（1890）》谢尔曼反托拉斯法·《Clayton Antitrust Act（1914）》克莱顿反托拉斯法·《Celler-Kafauver Act（1950）》塞勒-凯佛维尔法2、Externality外部影响·Positive externality积极的外部影响·Negative externality消极的外部影响·Private cost私人成本·Social cost社会成本·Coase's Theorem科斯定理3、Public Goods公共物品·Private goods私人物品·Free rider4、Public Choice公共选择以上涉及到的部分经济学家：·Abraham Maslow[英]马歇尔·Adam Smith[英]亚当·斯密·Leon Walras[法]瓦尔拉斯·Augustin Cournot[法]古诺·Stackelberg,Heinrich Von[德]斯塔克伯·Josh Nash[美]纳什·V.pareto[意]帕累托西方经济学专业名词英语翻译（宏观部分）参考教材：尹伯成主编《西方经济学简明教程》第六版格致出版社上海人民出版社PART II Macroeconomics宏观观经济部分Chapter twelve National Income Accounting国民收入核算1、Concept of Gross Domestic Products国内生产总值的概念·Gross domestic product(GDP)国内生产总值·Nominal GDP名义国内生产总值·Real GDP实际国内生产总值·Final goods最终产品·Service服务·Intermediate products中间产品·value added新增价值·Input-output transaction table投入-产出转换表·Gross national product(GNP)国民生产总值2、Principles of National Income Measurement有关核算国民收入的基本原理·Leakage漏出·Injection注入3、Two Ways of National Income Measurement核算国民收入的两种基本方法·Fixed investment固定资产投资·Inventory investment存货投资·Transfer payment转移支付·Export(X)出口·Import(M)进口·Net export净出口·Net domestic product(NDP)国内生产净值·Net national product(NNP)国民生产净值·National income(NI)国民收入·Personal income(PI)个人收入·Disposable personal income(DPI)个人可支配收入·Net factor income from abroad国外要素所得净额4、Identities in National Income Accounting国民收入核算中的恒等关系Chapter Thirteen National Income Determination:Income Expenditure Model国民收入的决定：收入-支出模型1、Concepts of Macro-equilibrium宏观均衡的概念2、Consumption Function消费函数3、Deciding of National Income of Two-sector Economy两部门经济国民收入的决定4、National Income Determinations in Three-sector and Four-sector Economies三部门和四部门经济国民收入的决定5、Potential National Income and Its Gap潜在国民收入与缺口·GDP gap国内生产总值缺口Chapter Fourteen Money,Interest Rate and National Income货币、利息和国民收入1、Money and Money Supply货币和货币供给·Automatic Transfer Service(ATS)自动转账账户·Negotiable Orders of Withdrawal(NOW)可转让的提款单·Legal reserve ratio法定准备率2、Money Demand货币的需求·The transaction motive交易动机·The precautionary motive预防动机·The speculative motive投机动机3、Interest Rate,Investment and National Income利率、投资和国民收入·Marginal efficiency of investment(MEI)投资的边际效率4、Financial Market金融市场Chapter Fifteen National Income Determination IS-LM Model国民收入的决定：IS-LM 模型1、Equilibrium in Goods Market and the IS Curve产品市场的均衡与IS曲线2、Equilibrium in Money Market and the LM Curve货币市场的均衡与LM曲线3、Equilibrium both in Goods and Money Markets and IS-LM Model产品市场和货币市场的同时均衡与IS-LM模型Chapter Sixteen Fiscal Policy And Monetary Policy财政政策和货币政策1、Fiscal Policy and Its Effects财政政策及其效果·Automatic stabilizers自动稳定期·Expansionary fical policy扩张性财政政策·Discretionary fiscal policy紧缩性财政政策·Discretionary fiscal policy相机抉择的财政政策·Effectiveness of crowding out挤出效应·National debt公债2、Monetary Policy and Its Effects货币政策及其效果3、Mixture of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy财政政策和货币政策的混合Chapter Seventeen The Deciding of National Income:AD-AS Model国民收入的决定：总需求-总供给模型1、Aggregate Demand Function总需求函数·Aggregate demand curve总需求曲线·Aggregate expenditure总支出曲线·Interest-rate-effect利率效应·Real-balance-effect实际余额效应2、Aggregate Supply Function总供给函数·Aggregate supply curve总供给曲线·Stagflation滞涨3、AD-AS Model总供给-总需求模型Chapter Eighteen Inflation And Unemployment通货膨胀与失业1、Inflation通货膨胀·Consumer price index(CPI)消费价格指数·Producer price index(PPI)生产者价格指数·Demand-pull inflation需求拉上的通货膨胀·Cost-push inflation成本推进的通货膨胀·Redistribution effects of inflation通货膨胀的再分配效应·Output effects of inflation通货膨胀的产出效应·Hyperinflation极度膨胀2、Unemployment失业·Frictional unemployment摩擦性失业·Seasonal unemployment季节性失业·Cyclical unemployment周期性失业·Demand-deficient unemployment需求不足型失业·Technical unemployment技术性失业·Structural unemployment结构性失业·Voluntary unemployment自愿失业·Involuntary unemployment非自愿失业·Natural rate of unemployment自然失业率·Full-time job全日制工作·Part-time job打短工·Underemployment不充分就业（未充分利用技能）3、Trade-offs Between Inflation and Unemployment通货膨胀和失业的联系·incomes policy收入政策Chapter Nineteen Economic Growth,Economic Development And Economic Cycle经济增长、经济发展与经济周期1、Economic Growth经济增长2、Economic Development经济发展3、Economic Cycle经济周期·Business cycle经济周期、经济波动·Turning point转折点·Trough谷底·Expansion扩张·Peak峰顶·Recession衰退·Juglar Cycles中周期（9、10年）、朱拉格周期·Kitchen Cycles短周期（4、5年）、基钦周期·Kondratief Cycles长周期（50年）、康德拉季耶夫周期·Kuznets Cycles长周期（20年）、库兹涅茨周期Chapter Twenty Basics of International Economics国际经济学初步1、International Trade国际贸易·Comparative advantage2、Exchange Rate and Exchange Rate System汇率与汇率制度·Exchange rate汇率·Fixed rate system固定汇率制度·Floating rate system浮动汇率制度/Dirty rate system不洁净汇率制度3、International Payments and Adjustment国际收支及其调整·Balance of payments国际收支平衡表·Current account经常项目·Visible account有形项目·Traded service account贸易劳务项目·Capital servicing account资本服务项目4、Policy Effects in Open Economy开放经济中的政策效果以上涉及到的部分经济学家：·Abraham Maslow[英]马歇尔·Adam Smith[英]亚当·斯密·Leon Walras[法]瓦尔拉斯·Augustin Cournot[法]古诺·Stackelberg,Heinrich Von[德]斯塔克伯·Josh Nash[美]纳什·V.pareto[意]帕累托·J.S Duesenberry[美]杜森贝利·Milton Friedman[美]米尔顿·弗里德曼·F.Modigliani[美]弗朗科·莫迪利安尼·D.Cagan[美]卡根·A.W.Philips[新西兰]菲利普斯·Lipsey[英]利浦赛·E.F.Dennison[美]丹尼森·E.J.Mishan[英]米香·D.H.Meadows[美]麦多斯·D.Ricardo[英]大卫·李嘉图·E.Heckcher[瑞典]赫克歇林·B.Ohlin[瑞典]奥林·R.Prebisch[阿根廷]普雷维什。
西方经济学重点整理
1.GDP与GNP 比较GDP即国民总产值，是指一国在一定时间内（通常为一年）生产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值。
GNP即国内生产总值，是指一国在一定时期内（通常为1年）生产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值总和。
GNP和GDP是相同的概念，只是二者考察的标准不同。
GNP是以本国国民为标准，而不管国民创造的最终产品价值是否来自国内或国外。
而GDP是以本国国境为标准，而不管创造者是本国居民还是居民，只要是在本国境内实现的最终产品和劳务价值，都属于GDP.在一定时期内，一国的国民生产总值GNP与国内生产总值GDP可能不相等。
一国的国民生产总值小于国内生产总值，说明该国公民从外国取得的收入小于外国公民从该国取得的收入。
2.GNP与NI的比较NI是指一国在一定时期内（通常为一年）为生产最终产品和劳务而投入的全部生产要素所获得的收入总和。
根据微观经济学所讲的产品价值耗尽原理，任何产品的总价值，最终会全部转化为各种投入要素的收入，使所有生产要素的报酬加总后等于产品的总价值。
因此，当年投入的全部生产要素所获得的收入总和就必然等于当年最终产品的价值总额，既GNP=NI.3.经济增长与经济发展经济增长是指国民收入或国民生产总值的总量或人均量的上升。
经济增长和失业常常是相互关联的。
如何维持较高的经济增长率来实现充分就业，是西方国家宏观经济政策追求的目标之一。
经济增长应该与经济发展（economic development）相互区别开来。
经济发展除了经济增长的含义外，还有其他较多的含义。
经济发展除意味着人均收入上升外，还意味着经济结构的根本变化，结构变化中有两种变化最为重要：一是国民生产中农业的份额缩小和工业的份额扩大二是农村人口百分比的减少和城市人口百分比的增加同时还包括文盲率的下降，寿命的延长，消费模式的变化。
经济发展的一个关键是大多数人民能否参与发展的过程，他们不仅参与利益的生产，还参与利益的享受。
（补充：经济增长是一个“量”的概念，经济发展是一个“质”的概念。
西方经济学复习重点
西方经济学复习重点第一讲导言★稀缺、机会成本、什么是西方经济学？什么是经济学？经济学要研究的基本问题是什么？什么是经纪人？★稀缺：在一定的时间和空间内，相对于人类需要的无限性和多样性而言，满足这些需要的资源和手段总是有限的。
稀缺不仅包括物质资源的有限性，也包括劳务和时间的有限性。
★机会成本：就是人们在作出一种选择时必须放弃的另外一种选择的收益，即选择的代价。
了解方法：实证方法、规范方法（实证方法就是举例子是错误的，举例子是例证方法。
）实证方法：是一种避开了价值判断，只着眼于证明事实真实性的研究方法，它回答“是什么”的问题。
（明确问题，明确问题的因果关系）规范方法：是从一定价值判断出发对问题进行分析和提出认识观点的研究方法，它回答“应该是什么”的问题。
（我国是否允许通货膨胀，如果通货膨胀存在是否要控制，或者通货膨胀3%合理，8%就不合理等等）什么是西方经济学？狭义的西方经济学，是从理论经济学的角度，指西方国家经济学界有关资本主义市场经济的实证的和规范的经济理论。
什么是经济学？西方经济学家把经济学定义为，一门研究人们如何配置和使用相对稀缺的资源来满足最大化需求的社会科学。
经济学要研究的基本问题是什么？第一，生产什么和生产多少？第二，怎样生产？第三，为谁生产？第四，谁作出经济决策，以什么程序作出决策？什么是经济人？关于经济人的假设是微观经济学的基本前提。
所谓经济人就是追求自己目标利益最大化的理性的人。
经济人假设包含三个方面的内容：经济人具有最大化动机的人；经济人是理性的人；经济人拥有完全信息。
第二讲微观经济学（一）★需求需求函数需求曲线、★供给、供给函数、供给曲线、★均衡价格需求量变化与需求变化是一回事吗？均衡价格是如何形成的？市场机制是如何产生调节作用的？（★市场机制是怎么形成的，是怎么发挥作用的）(★供求关系：政府制定宏观政策，是积极的财政政策，稳健的货币政策，为什么这样做，怎么去理解认识？这就涉及对市场供求关系的分析，对消费者的分析、生产者分析)★需求：是指消费者在一定时间内某一价格水平下对一种商品愿意并且有能力购买的数量。
西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)
1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会，商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。
西方经济学中英文对照表
西⽅经济学中英⽂对照表词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效⽤Utility边际效⽤（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收⼊（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民⽣产总值Gross National Product 国内⽣产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府⽀出（G）Government expenditure出⼝Exports净出⼝（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save 边际进⼝倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。
西方经济学中英文词汇对照表
西方经济学词汇表AAbility-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。
纳税人支付能力依据其收入或财富来衡量。
这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。
Absolute advantage(in international trade) (国际贸易中的)绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地(即单位投入的产出水平比较高等)生产某种商品的能力。
这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。
因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益(comparative advantage)。
Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。
Actual，cyclical，and structural budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。
实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。
结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税人、支出和赤字等指标。
周期预算基于所预测的商业周期(及其经济波动)对预算的影响。
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期(expectations)。
Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种(固定)汇率制度。
在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。
当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于调整。
在1944—1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系”。
Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格特指某类价格的术语。
按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。
(见价格浮动，price flexibility)Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Represents描述Define定义Demonstrate论证Topic 1AOpportunity cost机会成本The highest-valued alternative that we give up to get something ⇒the opportunity cost of the activity chosen.我們为了得到一些東西而放弃的E xplicit cost显性成本 is a cost that involves actually laying out money.花钱I mplicit cost隐性成本 does not require an outlay of money; it is measured by the value, in dollar terms, of the benefits that are forgone. 非实质性Marginal Benefit边际收益指如果再多销售一单位的产品将会得到的收益，或目前最后卖出的一单位的产品所得到的收益。
边际收益在实现利润最大化中是一个非常重要的经济量，一般认为当边际收益等于边际成本时企业达到利润最大化Marginal Cost边际成本is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced has an increment by unit.指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来的总成本的增量MC > MR ⇒an incentive to do less of that activity少刺激消费活动MB> MC ⇒an incentive to do more of that activity多刺激消费活动Production Possibilities Frontier PPF生产可能性边界is a graph representing production tradeoffs of an economy given fixed resources(假设、概念、图、移动）用来表示经济社会在既定资源和技术条件下所能生产的各种商品最大数量的组合，反映了资源稀缺性与选择性的经济学特征Topic 2ALaw of demand需求法则Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good/service, the smaller is the quantity demanded.假设其他因素不变，当一物品价格增加，其需求量会下降Law of supply 供给法则Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good/service, the greater is the quantity supplied.假设其他因素不变，当一件物品的相对价格上升时，其供给量会上升Equilibrium 平衡It means no shortage or surplus in the market.市场中没有短缺或过剩平衡点Factors that bring changes in demand.使需求变化的因素Income，Climate[水土,气候]，Age of the people，T echnology，Price of substitutes[替代品]，Advertising，Prices of related goods ，Expected future prices，Expected future income，Preferences[偏好]，PopulationFactors that bring changes in supply.使供给变化的因素。
Climate[水土,气候]，Technology，Expectations of producers[生产者期望]，Expected future prices，The number of suppliers，Prices of the factors of productionShifts in demand curve and shifts in supply cu rve需求曲线的变动和供给曲线的变动Substitutes and Complements替代品和互补品Diminishing Marginal Returns边际效用递减规律is the decrease in the marginal (incremental) output ofa production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased, while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant.指在投入生产要素后，每单位生产要素所能提供的产量增加发生递减的现象。
消费者剩余（Consumer Surplus）是指购买者的支付意愿减去购买者的实际支付量。
Topic 2BPrice Elasticity of Demand需求价格弹性measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price.衡量需求的数量随商品的价格的变动而变动的情况。
Price Elasticity of supply供给价格弹性measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to a change in price.指供给量相对价格变化作出的反应程度。
Elastic, Unit elastic, Inelastic, Perfectly elastic, Perfectly inelastic （根据弹性系数、图形判断）弹性、单位弹性、非弹性，完全具有弹性，完全无弹性（根据弹性系数、图形判断）需求价格弹性系数= 需求量变动的百分比/ 价格变动的百分比。
设：Q 表示一种商品的需求量；P 表示该商品的价格；DQ表示需求量变动值；DP表示价格变动的数值；Ed表示价格弹性系数，则：Ed=(△Q/Q)/(△P/P）弹性与价格、收益的关系※一般降价促销的商品都是需求弹性大于1的,如手机,服装,奢侈品;生活必备品一般是弹性小于1的,如食盐。
生活必需品的需求的价格弹性较小，非必需品的需求的价格弹性较大恩格尔定律(Engel's law) is an observation in economics stating that as income rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if actual expenditure on food rise.一个家庭收入越少，家庭收入中（或总支出中）用来购买食物的支出所占的比例就越大。
Topic 3Characteristics of each market structures每个市场结构特征Perfect competition（完全竞争）: demand curve需求曲线、Short-run Decision短期决策是指企业为有效地组织现在的生产经营活动，合理利润经济资源，以期在不远的将来取得最佳的经济效益而进行的决策Long-run Decision长期决策Perfect competitive market 完全自由竞争市场①买卖众多Many buyers and sellers.②产品同质All firm selling identical products.③进出自由No barriers to new firmsentering the market. ④Sellers and buyers are well informed about prices Perfect information信息完全②Monopoly 垄断①One supplier ②Produces a good or service for which there are no close substitutes③High barriers to entry ④Firm is a price makerMonopolistic Competition 垄断竞争①Features of both competition and monopoly ②A large number of firms.③Each firm produces a differentiated product.④Product Differentiation: Firms compete on product quality, price, marketing and branding. Monopolistic competitive firms seek to differentiate their products in any one, or a combinationOligopoly 寡头①High barriers to entry ②A small number of firms ③Firms are price makers④Interdependency ⑤Temptation to cooperate/collude, to increase joint profit.opportunity cost：机会成本，需考虑sunk cost：沉没成本，不受决策影响的成本，表现为过去已经支付费用或根据过去的决策将来必须支付的费用。
Fixed cost：固定成本，不随产量变化而变化Variable cost：可变成本，随产量增加而增加※长期中，没有固定成本与可变成本之分Shut-down point停止营业点ØThe firm is indifferent between producing and shutting down temporarily.ØThe output and price at which the firm just covers its TVC.ØP=A VC is at its minimum.ØMC curve cuts A VC curve.ØIt incurs a loss equal to TFC.Monopoly(垄断):三级价格歧视Price Discrimination价格歧视一级价格歧视：为每单位产品制定不同的销售价格二级价格歧视：垄断厂商根据不同的购买数量确立的价格三级价格歧视：厂商对同一产品在不同的市场上对不同的消费群体收取弹性价格。