国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案1 8章
国际经济学第六版中文版克鲁格曼课后习题答案
指导手册伴随克鲁格曼& Obstfeld国际经济学:理论和政策第六版第一章介绍组织章国际经济是什么呢?贸易收益的贸易的模式保护主义国际收支汇率的决心国际政策协调国际资本市场国际经济学:贸易和资金章概述本章的目的是提供概述,国际经济的主题,并提供一种指导组织的文本。
它是相对容易的讲师激励研究国际贸易和金融。
报纸的头版,杂志的封面,导致电视新闻广播的报道预示着美国经济的相互依存与世界其他国家的。
这种相互依存关系可能也会被学生通过他们购买进口的各种各样的商品,他们的个人观测的影响由于国际竞争的混乱,和他们的经验通过出国旅行。
理论的学习国际经济学生成一个理解许多关键事件,塑造我们的国内和国际环境。
在最近的历史,这些事件包括成因及后果的巨额经常账户赤字的美国;显著升值的美元在1980年代的前半期后跟其快速折旧在第二个一半的1980年代,拉丁美洲债务危机的1980年代和墨西哥危机在1994年末;和不断上升的压力,保护不受外国竞争的行业广泛表达了在1980年代后期和更为强烈拥护在1990年代的前半期。
最近,金融危机始于东亚在1997年和年蔓延到世界各地的许多国家,经济和货币联盟在欧洲已经强调了w第二章劳动生产率和比较优势:李嘉图模型组织章比较优势的概念一个单因素经济生产可能性相对价格和供应贸易在单因素的世界箱:比较优势在实践:贝比鲁斯的情况确定相对价格在贸易贸易收益的一个数值例子箱:非贸易的损失相对工资误解的比较优势生产力和竞争力穷人劳动力参数剥削箱:工资反映生产力?比较优势与许多商品设置模型相对工资和专业化确定相对工资与Multigood模型增加运输成本和非贸易商品经验证据在李嘉图模型摘要章概述李嘉图模型的介绍了国际贸易理论。
这个最基本的模型的贸易涉及两个国家,两种商品,和一个生产要素、劳动。
在相对劳动生产率差异各国引起国际贸易。
这李嘉图模型,简单,产生重要的见解关于比较优势和从交易中获利。
这些观点有必要的基础提出了更复杂的模型在后面的章节。
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？6．答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
7．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
8．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
国际经济学(克鲁格曼)教材答案
Chapter 31．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ．Graph out the production possibilities frontier:b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?5.1=LbLa a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be?In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions aredetermined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a =2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with alabor force of 800. Foreign ’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.a ．Graph Foreign ’s production possibilities frontier:b ．Construct the world relative supply curve.Home's PPF 0200400600800200400600800Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF0200400600800100080160240320400Q*apple Q*banana3．Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demandfor bananas = price of bananas/price of apples.a ．Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve:a b b a /P P /D D =∵When the market achieves its equilibrium, we have 1b a )(D D -**=++=ba b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD is a hyperbola xy 1=b ．What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RScurves.RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0)5.0,0[=∈=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴25.0==y x∴2/=b P a P e ec ．Describe the pattern of trade.∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export apples and import bananas. Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples.d ．Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade.International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the coloredlines, which lie outside the countries ’ production possibility frontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct production. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.4．Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case?RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],1(1)1,0[=∈=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴5.132==y x ∴5.1/=b P a P e eIn this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade.5．Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so the ＂effective labor＂remains the same. So the answer is similar to that in 3. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4.6．”Korean workers earn only $ an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $ wage that goes with it.” Discuss.In fact, relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. Korea’s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries. Actually, trade with a less productive, low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity, such as United States. Sothis pauper labor argument is wrong.7．Japanese labor productivity is roughly the same as that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States, is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are non-traded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries. So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion: both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U.S., not just the two service sectors. So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic. 8．Anyone who has visited Japan knows it is an incredibly expensive place; although Japanese workers earn about the same as their . counterparts, the purchasing power of their incomes is about one-third less. Extend your discussing from question 7 to explain this observation. (Hint: Think about wages and the implied prices of non-trade goods.) The relative higher purchasing power of U.S. is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services. Because most of those services are non-traded, Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs. And U.S. does not have to face a lower international price of services. So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one-third of their U.S. counterparts.9．How does the fact that many goods are non-traded affect the extent of possible gains from trade?Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non-traded goods. The gains will increase as the proportion of non-traded goods decrease.10．We have focused on the case of trade involving only two countries. Suppose that there are many countries capable of producing two goods, and that each country has only one factor of production, labor. What could we say about the pattern of production and in this case? (Hint: Try constructing the world relative supply curve.)Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection. If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.Chapter 41． In the United States where land is cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle rising ishigher than that of land used in wheat growing. But in more crowded countries, where land is expensive and labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat. Can we still say that raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat? Why or why not?The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used inproduction, not on the ratio of land or labor to output. The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United States. Cattle is land intensive in other countries too if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country. The comparison between another country and the United States is less relevant for answering the question.2． Suppose that at current factor prices cloth is produced using 20 hours of labor for eachacre of land, and food is produced using only 5 hours of labor per acre of land.a. Suppose that the economy ’s total resources are 600 hours of labor and 60 acres ofland. Using a diagram determine the allocation of resources.5TF LF /TF LF /QF)(TF / /QF)(LF aTF / aLF 20TC LC /TC LC /QC)(TC / /QC)(LC aTC / aLC =⇒===⇒==We can solve this algebraically since L=LC+LF=600 and T=TC+TF=60. The solution is LC=400, TC=20, LF=200 and TF=40.b. Now suppose that the labor supply increase first to 800, then 1000, then 1200 hours. Using a diagram like Figure4-6, trace out the changing allocation of resources. Labor Land ClothFoodLCLF TCTFtion).specializa (complete 0.LF 0,TF 1200,LC 60,TC :1200L 66.67LF 13.33,TF 933.33,LC 46.67,TC :1000L 133.33LF 26.67,TF 666.67,LC 33.33,TC :800L ===============c. What would happen if the labor supply were to increase even further?At constant factor prices, some labor would be unused, so factor prices would have tochange, or there would be unemployment.3. “The world ’s poorest countries cannot find anything to export. There is no resource thatis abundant — certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” Discuss.The gains from trade depend on comparative rather than absolute advantage. As to poor countries, what matters is not the absolute abundance of factors, but their relative abundance. Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital when compared to more developed countries.4. The U.S. labor movement — which mostly represents blue-collar workers rather thanprofessionals and highly educated workers — has traditionally favored limits on imports form less-affluent countries. Is this a shortsighted policy of a rational one in view of the interests of union members? How does the answer depend on the model of trade?In the Ricardo ’s model, labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power. This result does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries.In the Immobile Factors model labor may gain or lose from trade. Purchasing power in terms of one good will rise, but in terms of the other good it will decline.The Heckscher-Ohlin model directly discusses distribution by considering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production. In the context of this model, unskilled U.S. labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country. The results from the Heckscher-Ohlin model support labor union demands for import limits. 5. There is substantial inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States. Labor Land Cloth Food0l 800 0l 1000 0l 1200For example, wages of manufacturing workers in equivalent jobs are about 20 percent lower in the Southeast than they are in the Far West. Which of the explanations of failure of factor price equalization might account for this? How is this case different from the divergence of wages between the United States and Mexico (which is geographically closer to both the . Southeast and the Far West than the Southeast and Far West are to each other)?When we employ factor price equalization, we should pay attention to its conditions: both countries/regions produce both goods; both countries have the same technology of production, and the absence of barriers to trade. Inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States may caused by some or all of these reasons.Actually, the barriers to trade always exist in the real world due to transportation costs. And the trade between U.S. and Mexico, by contrast, is subject to legal limits; together with cultural differences that inhibit the flow of technology, this may explain why the difference in wage rates is so much larger.6.Explain why the Leontief paradox and the more recent Bowen, Leamer, andSveikauskas results reported in the text contradict the factor-proportions theory.The factor proportions theory states that countries export those goods whose production is intensive in factors with which they are abundantly endowed. One would expect the United States, which has a high capital/labor ratio relative to the rest of the world, to export capital-intensive goods if the Heckscher-Ohlin theory holds. Leontief found that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas found that the correlation between factor endowment and trade patterns is weak for the world as a whole.The data do not support the predictions of the theory that countries' exports and imports reflect the relative endowments of factors.7.In the discussion of empirical results on the Heckscher-Ohlin model, we noted thatrecent work suggests that the efficiency of factors of production seems to differ internationally. Explain how this would affect the concept of factor price equalization.If the efficiency of the factors of production differs internationally, the lessons of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would be applied to “effective factors” which adjust for the differences in technology or worker skills or land quality (for example). The adjusted model has been found to be more successful than the unadjusted model at explaining the pattern of trade between countries. Factor-price equalization concepts would apply to the effective factors. A worker with more skills or in a country with better technology could be considered to be equal to two workers in another country. Thus, the single person would be two effective units of labor. Thus, the one high-skilled worker could earn twice what lower skilled workers do and the price of one effective unit of labor would still be equalized.chapter 81. The import demand equation, MD, is found by subtracting the home supply equation from the home demand equation. This results in MD = 80 - 40 x P. Without trade, domestic prices and quantities adjust such that import demand is zero. Thus, the price in the absence of trade is2.2. a. Foreign's export supply curve, XS, is XS = -40 + 40 x P. In the absence of trade, the price is 1.b. When trade occurs export supply is equal to import demand, XS = MD. Thus, using theequations from problems 1 and 2a, P = , and the volume of trade is 20.3. a. The new MD curve is 80 - 40 x (P+t) where t is the specific tariff rate, equal to . (Note: in solving these problems you should be careful about whether a specific tariff or ad valorem tariff is imposed. With an ad valorem tariff, the MD equation would be expressed as MD =80-40 x (1+t)P). The equation for the export supply curve by the foreign country is unchanged. Solving, we find that the world price is $, and thus the internal price at home is $. The volume of trade has been reduced to 10, and the total demand for wheat at home has fallen to 65 (from the free trade level of70). The total demand for wheat in Foreign has gone up from 50 to 55.b. andc. The welfare of the home country is best studied using the combined numerical andgraphical solutions presented below in Figure 8-1. Home SupplyHome Demanda b c d e P T =1.7550556070QuantityPrice P W =1.50P T*=1.25where the areas in the figure are:a: 55 (55-50) .5(55-50) (65-55) .5(70-65) (65-55) surplus change: -(a+b+c+d)=. Producer surplus change: a=. Government revenue change: c+e=5. Efficiency losses b+d are exceeded by terms of trade gain e. [Note: in the calculations for the a, b, and d areas a figure of .5 shows up. This is because we are measuring the area of a triangle, which is one-half of the area of the rectangle defined by the product of the horizontal and vertical sides.]4. Using the same solution methodology as in problem 3, when the home country is very small relative to the foreign country, its effects on the terms of trade are expected to be much less. The small country is much more likely to be hurt by its imposition of a tariff. Indeed, this intuition is shown in this problem. The free trade equilibrium is now at the price $ and the trade volume is now $.With the imposition of a tariff of by Home, the new world price is $, the internal home price is $, home demand is units, home supply is and the volume of trade is . When Home is relatively small, the effect of a tariff on world price is smaller than when Home is relatively large. When Foreign and Home were closer in size, a tariff of .5 by home lowered world price by 25 percent, whereas in this case the same tariff lowers world price by about 5 percent. The internal Home price is now closer to the free trade price plus t than when Home was relatively large. In this case, the government revenues from the tariff equal , the consumer surplus loss is , and the producer surplus gain is . The distortionary losses associated with the tariff (areas b+d) sum to and the terms of trade gain (e) is . Clearly, in this small country example the distortionary losses from the tariff swamp the terms of trade gains. The general lesson is the smaller the economy,the larger the losses from a tariff since the terms of trade gains are smaller.5. The effective rate of protection takes into consideration the costs of imported intermediate goods. In this example, half of the cost of an aircraft represents components purchased from other countries. Without the subsidy the aircraft would cost $60 million. The European value added to the aircraft is $30 million. The subsidy cuts the cost of the value added to purchasers of the airplane to $20 million. Thus, the effective rate of protection is (30 - 20)/20 = 50%.6. We first use the foreign export supply and domestic import demand curves to determine the new world price. The foreign supply of exports curve, with a foreign subsidy of 50 percent per unit, becomes XS = -40 + 40(1+ x P. The equilibrium world price is and the internal foreign price is . The volume of trade is 32. The foreign demand and supply curves are used to determine the costs and benefits of the subsidy. Construct a diagram similar to that in the text and calculate the area of the various polygons. The government must provide - x 32 = units of output to support the subsidy. Foreign producers surplus rises due to the subsidy by the amount of units of output. Foreign consumers surplus falls due to the higher price by units of the good. Thus, the net loss to Foreign due to the subsidy is + - = units of output. Home consumers and producers face an internal price of as a result of the subsidy. Home consumers surplus rises by 70 x .3 + .5 (6= while Home producers surplus falls by 44 x .3 + .5(6 x .3) = , for a net gain of units of output.7. At a price of $10 per bag of peanuts, Acirema imports 200 bags of peanuts. A quota limiting the import of peanuts to 50 bags has the following effects:a. The price of peanuts rises to $20 per bag.b. The quota rents are ($20 - $10) x 50 = $500.c. The consumption distortion loss is .5 x 100 bags x $10 per bag = $500.d. The production distortion loss is .5 x50 bags x$10 per bag = $250.。
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案【篇一：克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点】lass=txt>第12章国民收入核算和国际收支1、如问题所述，gnp仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。
在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从gnp中减去，出口的中间品价值加到gnp中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。
例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。
其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的gnp中。
出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的gnp，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。
所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的gnp中减去，并加入美国的gnp。
2、（1）等式12-2可以写成ca?(sp?i)?(t?g)。
美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。
（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。
不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。
例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。
（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。
）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。
一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。
这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。
3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。
这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。
（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。
最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。
克鲁格曼国际经济学中文版第18章
• 外部平衡
– 指一国既没有陷入赤字危机也没有过度的盈余。
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 18-5
在开放经济下的宏观经济目标
国内平衡：充分就业和物价稳定
• 资源利用不足或过度使用都将导致总体价格水平的
– 例子: 美元与加元在1945年实现了可自由兑换。一个拥有 美元的加拿大居民可在美国境内购买商品或把美元卖给加 拿大中央银行。
• 《国际货币基金组织协定》仅要求在经常项目交易
中实行货币的可兑换。
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 18-23
布雷顿森林体系下的内外部平衡
波动，从而降低整个经济的效率。 • 为了避免价格水平的不稳定，政府必须：
– 防止总需求相对于它在充分就业时的水平发生大的 波动。 – 确保国内货币供给的增长不会过快或过慢。
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 18-6
在开放经济下的宏观经济目标
• 向经常项目赤字的国家提供贷款。 • 要求货币的可兑换性。
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 18-21
布雷顿森林体系和国际货币基金 组织
国际货币基金组织的目的与结构
• 《国际货币基金组织协定》致力于在该体系中融入
充分的灵活性，允许各国在不牺牲国内平衡目标与 保持固定汇率的基础上有秩序有步骤地实现外部平 衡。 • 国际货币基金组织主要有两大功能来促进外部调整 中灵活性的实现：
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案【篇一：克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点】lass=txt>第12章国民收入核算与国际收支1、如问题所述，gnp仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。
在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从gnp中减去，出口的中间品价值加到gnp中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。
例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。
其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的gnp中。
出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的gnp，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。
所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的gnp中减去，并加入美国的gnp。
2、（1）等式12-2可以写成ca?(sp?i)?(t?g)。
美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。
（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。
不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。
例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。
（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。
）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。
一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。
这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。
3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。
这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。
（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。
当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。
最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。
国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章
第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A 国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？答案提示：第二章答案1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
国际经济学第八版下册答案
国际经济学第八版下册答案【篇一：克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-ch10】>trade policy in developing countries? chapter organizationimport-substituting industrializationthe infant industry argumentpromoting manufacturing through protectionismcase study: mexico abandons import-substituting industrializationresults of favoring manufacturing: problems of import-substituting industrializationtrade liberalization since 1985export-oriented industrialization: the east asian miraclethe facts of asian growthtrade policy in the hpaesindustrial policy in the hpaesbox: india’s boomother factors in growthsummary? chapter overviewthe final two chapters on international trade, chapters 10 and 11, discuss trade policy considerations in the context of specific issues. chapter 10 focuses on the use of trade policyin developing countries and chapter 11 focuses on new controversies in trade policy.while there is great diversity among the developing countries, they share some common policy concerns. these include the development of domestic manufacturing industries, the uneven degree of development within the country, and the desire to foster economic growth and improve living standards. this chapter discusses both the successful and unsuccessful trade policy strategies which have been applied by developing countries in attempts to address these concerns.many developing countries pose the creation of a significant manufacturing sector as a key goal of economic development. one commonly voiced argument for protecting manufacturing industries is the infant industry argument, which states thatdeveloping countries have a potential comparative advantage inmanufacturing and can realize that potential through an initial period of protection. this argument assumes market failure in the form of imperfect capital markets or the existence of externalities in production. such a market failure makes the social return to production higher than the private return. this implies that a firm will not be able to recapture rents or profits that are in line with the contribution to welfare made by the product or industry establishment of the firm. without some government support, the argument goes, the amount of investment which will occur in this industry will be less than socially optimal levels.chapter 10 trade policy in developing countries 43given these arguments, many nations have attempted import-substitution-led industrialization. in the 1950s and 1960s the strategy was quite popular and did lead to a dramatic reduction in imports in some countries. the overall result, though, was not a success. the infant industry argument did not always hold, as protection could let young industries survive, but could not make them efficient. by the late 1980s, most countries had shifted away from the strategy, and the chapter includes a case study of mexico’s change from import substitution to a more open strategy.since 1985 many developing countries had abandoned import substitution and pursued (sometimesaggressively) trade liberalization. the chapter notes two sides of the experience. on the one hand, trade has gone up considerably and changed in character. developing countries export far more of the gdpthan prior to liberalization, and more of it is in manufacturing as opposed to agricultural or mining sectors. at the same time, the growth experience of these countries has not been universally good and it is difficult to tell if the success stories are due to trade or due to reforms that came at the same time as liberalization. the east asian “miracle” of the high-performing asian economies (hpaes) provides a striking andcontroversial example of export-oriented industrialization. while these countries encountered difficulties in the late 1990s (see chapter 22), this chapter focuses on their spectaculargrowth from the 1960s to 1990s. it is acknowledged that the growth was extremely impressive; the controversy is over the source of the success in these countries. some observers argue that although these countries do not practice free trade, they have lower rates of protection (and more outward orientation) than other developing countries. other observers argue that the interventionist industrial policies pursued by the hpaes have been the reason for success, and outward orientation is just a by-product of active rather than passive government involvement in industry. still others argue that high rates of domestic savings and rapid improvements in education are behind the stunning growth performance.? answers to textbook problems1. the countries that seem to benefit most from international trade include many of the countries of thepacific rim, south korea, taiwan, singapore, hong kong, malaysia, indonesia, and others. though the experience of each country is somewhat different, most of these countries employed some kind of infant industry protection during the beginning phases of their development, but then withdrew protection relatively quickly after industries became competitive on world markets. concerningwhether their experiences lend support to the infant industry argument or argues against it is still a matter of controversy. however, it appears that it would have been difficult for these countries to engage in export-led growth without some kind of initial government intervention.the japanese example gives pause to those who believe that protectionism is always disastrous.however, the fact of japanese success does not demonstrate that protectionist trade policy wasresponsible for that success. japan was an exceptional society that had emerged into the ranks of advanced nations before world war ii and was recovering from wartime devastation. it is arguable that economic success would have come anyway, so that the apparent success of protection represents a “pseudo-infant-industry” case of the kind discussed in the text.a. the initial high costs of production would justify infant industry protection if the costs to thesociety during the period of protection were less than the future stream of benefits from a mature, low cost industry.b. an individual firm does not have an incentive to bear development costs itself for an entireindustry when these benefits will accrue to other firms. thereis a stronger case for infantindustry protection in this instance because of the existenceof market failure in the form of theappropriability of technology. 2. 3.44 krugman/obstfeld ? international economics: theory and policy, eighth edition4. india ceased being a colony of britain in 1948, thus its dramatic break from all imports in favor ofmexico (as opposed to recently deposed colonial firms in india) may have helped keep mexico open to importing capital goods necessary in the manufacturing process.in some countries the infant industry argument simply did not appear to work well. such protection will not create a competitive manufacturing sector if there are basic reasonswhy a country does not have a competitive advantage in a particular area. this was particularly the case in manufacturing where many low-income countries lack skilled labor, entrepreneurs, and the level of managerialacumen necessary to be competitive in world markets. the argument is that trade policy alone cannot rectify these problems. often manufacturing was also created on such a small-scale that it made the industries noncompetitive, where economies of scale are critical to being a low-cost producer.moreover protectionist policies in less-developed countries have had a negative impact on incentives, which has led to “rent-seeking” or corruption.question 6 involves assessing the impact of dual labor markets. the topic is not covered extensively in the current edition of the book and instructors may not want to assign the question unless they bring additional material into the classroom to augment the text.a. we know that the wages should be equivalent, so, given that80 – la ? wa, we can substitute wm for wa, and recall that wm ? 100 – lm. combined with the information that la ? lm ? 100, we getl*a?40 and the equilibrium wage ? 40.b. since wm ? 50, lm ? 50 and thus la ? 50 and wm ? 30, we have a net loss of (0.5)(10)(20) ? 100 in national income. 5. 6.【篇二：国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章】1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
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第一章练习与答案1为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2•仿效图1 —6和图1 —7试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3•在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5•如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1 —13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6 •说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7•如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
&根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
9*・为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？答案提示：第二章答案1 •根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A B答案提示行比较。
（表2-2（a）和表2-2 （b）部分的内容）2•假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。
表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。
所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。
3•证明如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势。
一一题出错了证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。
答案提示：如果a X b X，则称A国在X生产上具有绝对优势；如果a X / a Y b x / b＜，则称A国在X生产上具有比较优势。
当a Y =b Y或者a Y b Y的时候，由a x b x可以推出a X /a Y b X / b Y，但是，当a Y b Y的时候，a X b X不能保证a X /a Y b X /b Y。
所以，即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比较优势。
4•根据书中第二个例子的做法，如果按照比较劣势的原则进行国际分工，那么会对世界生产带来什么净影响？答案提示：5.假设某一国家拥有20 , 000万单位的劳动，X、Y的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，试确定生产可能性边界方程。
11 1 1答案提示：L x L Y = 200000000 ；X = L x ；Y = 1 L Y5 4 5 46•根据上一题的条件，再加上以下几个条件，试确定该国的出口量，并在图中画出贸易三角形。
（1）X的国际相对价格为2；（2）进口为2，000个单位。
答案提示：封闭条件下，此国生产可能性边界的斜率是14— ------ :=5——二:PX。
因为X的国际相14P5对价格为2,所以此国出口X进口Y。
出口1,000个单位的X可以换得2,000个单位的Y。
贸易三角是C A DA'（见图2-5（a））。
7•在图2—2 （b）中，过剩供给曲线两端是否有界限？试解释原因。
答案提示：过剩供给曲线两端是有界限的，因为一国生产能力和消费需求是有界限的。
8*.仿照图2—4,你能否画出这样一种情形：两条曲线的交点所决定的国际均衡价格与某一国封闭下的相对价格完全相同？如何解释这种结果？答案提示：从大国、小国的角度考虑。
9.试对下列说法加以评价：（1）由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图；（2）因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场缺乏竞争力；（3）发展中国家的工资水平比较低是因为国际贸易的缘故。
答案提示：以上三种观点都不正确。
10*•试根据李嘉图模型证明：如果A国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势，那么贸易后A国的名义工资水平肯定高于B国。
答案提示：比较W a.「P W与W b「P：之间的大小。
第三章答案1.根据下面的两个表，试判断：（1）哪个国家是资本相对丰富的；（2）哪个国家是劳动相对丰富的；（3）如果X是资本密集型产品，Y是劳动密集型产品，那么两国的比较优势如何？要素禀赋A B劳动4520资本1510表2要素禀赋A B劳动1230资本4860答案提示：表1中A国劳动相对丰裕，A国在生产Y产品上有比较优势。
表2中A国资本相对丰裕，A国在生产X产品上有比较优势。
2. 如果A国的资本、劳动总量均咼于B国，但资本相对更多些，试仿照图3—3和图3 —4的做法，确定两国生产可能性边界线的位置关系。
答案提示：3.根据上一题，试在图中画出两国在封闭和开放下的一般均衡。
答案提示：b)/ /P w /4.如果两个部门的要素密度完全相同，那么要素禀赋差异还会引发国际贸易吗？如果贸易发生的话，那么国际分工与贸易型态如何？试将你得出的结果与李嘉图模型加以比较。
答案提示：如果两个部门的要素密度完全相同，那么要素禀赋差异将不会引发国际贸易。
不过，国际贸易还可能存在，这时候的国际分工将有更多的偶然性质。
5*•试证明在图3—7中，两国的消费点共同位于从原点出发的一条直线上。
答案提示：根据两国的消费结构来判断6*.如果两国存在技术差异，那么贸易后两国要素价格是否均等，为什么？答案提示：如果两国存在技术差异，那么贸易后两国要素价格将不均等。
可采用图3—8的方式来解释7.需求逆转是否会影响要素价格均等？为什么？答案提示：需求逆转导致两个国家相同产品的价格不一样，使得要素价格无法均等。
& 如何根据罗伯津斯基定理，来解释要素禀赋不同的两个国家生产可能性边界之间的差另U?答案提示：罗伯津斯基定理是，在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。
如果两个国家的要素禀赋不一样，则某种要素多的国家，会生产更多密集使用该要素的产品，反之亦然。
所以，两个国家的生产可能性边界就出现了差别。
9.如果一国的资本与劳动同时增加，那么在下列情况下，两种产品的生产以及该国的贸易条件如何变化？(1)资本、劳动同比例增加；(2)资本增加的比例大于劳动增加的比例；(3)资本增加的比例小于劳动增加的比例。
答案提示：(1)两种产品的产量同比例增加，贸易条件没有变化。
(2)资本密集型产品的生产增加更快，资本密集型产品的价格有下降的压力。
(3)劳动密集型产品的生产增加更快，劳动密集型产品的价格有下降的压力。
10.对小国来说，经济增长后福利如何变化？答案提示：对于小国来说，经济增长以后，不对国际价格形成影响，其贸易条件不会变化，所以福利将上升。
11.在战后几十年间，日本、韩国等东亚的一些国家或地区的国际贸易商品结构发生了, 明显变化，主要出口产品由初级产品到劳动密集型产品，再到资本密集型产品，试对此变化加以解释。
答案提示：随着国际贸易的开展，日本、韩国等东亚国家发挥了比较优势，促进了生产，提高了福利。
随着资本的不断积累，日本、韩国等国家的比较优势由起初的初级产品和劳动密集型产品的生产变成了资本密集型产品的生产，所以贸易结构也就相应地发生了变化。
12 •试析外资流入对东道国贸易条件和比较优势的影响。
答案提示：外资流入可以从一定程度上改变东道国的要素禀赋，比如，使得原来资本相对稀缺的国家变成资本相对丰裕的国家。
当要素禀赋改变以后，东道国可以发挥新形成的比较优势进行国际贸易，提高福利水平。
如果外资流入的东道国在资本密集型产品的生产上增加特别多，以至于影响到国际价格，这将使得此国此种产品的出口价格有下降的压力，不利于贸易条件的维持和改善。
第四章习题答案提示1 •如果劳动不是同质的话，那么劳动技能的差别是否会造成特定要素的存在？试举例说明。
答案提示：会的。
2•如果短期内资本和劳动都不能自由流动，那么国际贸易对要素实际收入会产生什么影响？答案提示：出口产品密集使用的要素，其价格将上升；进口竞争产品密集使用的要素，其价格将下降。
3•根据本章所建立的特定要素模型，试析劳动增加对要素实际收入和两个部门的生产会产生什么影响？（提示：将图4—1中的纵坐标由原点Q或c y向外平行移动，然后比较一下新旧均衡点）。
答案提示：劳动增加并且完全就业，则整个经济的资本-劳动比例下降，劳动力价格将下降。
劳动力增加将增加密集使用劳动力产品的产量；资本密集型产品的产量下降。
4•如果是某一特定要素增加，那么要素实际收入和两个部门的生产又将如何变化？（提示：考虑一下劳动需求曲线的变动）。
答案提示：某一特定要素增加，将导致密集使用该要素产品的产量上升，同时由于另一个部门释放出了一部分共同要素，使得另一个部门的产量下降了。
共同生产要素的收入将上升。
5•根据你对3和4题的回答，试判断在上述两种情况下，罗伯津斯基定理是否依然有效？答案提示：依然有效。
6•假设某一国能源部门（比如石油部门）和制造业部门除劳动是共同的投入要素外，各使用一种不同的特定要素，那么，世界市场上能源价格的上涨对该国制造业部门的生产会产生什么影响？答案提示：随着世界市场能源价格上升，一部分劳动力将由制造业部门流到能源部门，能源部门产量增加，制造业部门的产量下降。
7.根据特定要素模型，试判断短期内国际贸易能否导致要素价格均等化？为什么？（提示：根据要素禀赋理论，长期条件下，要素禀赋的任何变化都不影响要素实际收入，但在短期内，要素禀氟的变化会影响要素实际收入，根据这一区别，并联系一下两国的要素禀赋的差异，再加以分析）。
答案提示：根据特定要素模型，短期内，特定要素在两个部门间无法流动。
按照本章的分析，虽然都是资本，但是 x 和y 部门的资本回报是不一样的，所以不会导致要素价格均等化。