英美概况翻译
英美概况内容及翻译
英美概况复习此为大学英语专业考试内容，下文含翻译。
USAI. Geography1. Geographic Features1.1 The Eastern HighlandsFormed by the Appalachian Range.?1. An average elevation of 800 meters above the sea level.?2. The highest peak:? Mount Mitchell (1856 m)：the highest peak of the Appalachian Range ?3. East: the narrow Atlantic Coast plain1.2 The Central Plains1. Vast plains between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?2. Drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries?3. Usually divided into two regions:?1) the Great Plains in the west: vast treeless prairies in the west and agricultural areas in the east?2) the Central Lowland in the east: from the five Great Lakes to central Texas1.3 The Western MountainsHigh plateaus and mountainous country?1. The Rocky Mountains: over 3,000 meters above the sea level?The continental divide of the United States ?2. West of the Rockies:? the Columbia Plateau in the north ?the Colorado Plateau in the southGrand Canyon,the Great Basin in between?The Pacific Mountain System consists of three regions: The Cascade Range, the Sierra-Nevada, and the Pacific Coast Range.?The Sierras contain Mount Whitney (4421m), the highest peak in the US outside Alaska.?Death Valley in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level2. ClimateThe United States has a large size and a wide range of geographic features. Every type of climate is represented in the country: The climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semi-arid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in Coastal California, arid in the Great Basin?Extreme weather is common: the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the continental United States, primarily in the Midwest.3. RiversThe Mississippi River (Great River, Big River in Indian language) is 3,770 km long: the second longest river in the United States. It originates from Minnesota and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.?The Missouri River is 4,090 km long. It is the longest river (longest branch of the Mississippi). It is a Mississippi tributary, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin and emptying into the Mississippi River.The length of the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson combination is approximately 6,262 km?The Arkansas River (2,364 km) is the second longest tributary of the Mississippi River. The Ohio River is the largest Mississippi tributary measured by water volume.?The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. Rising in British Columbia, Canada, it runs 3,700 km long, emptying into the Bering Sea.5 great lakesII． American History1. Where did the first Americans come from and why did they migrate to America?Book P 4-52. American Civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the “Union”), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.2.1 The CausesThe coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slaveryNorth made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die. Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and “Know-Nothing” parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.2.2 Factors Affecting the Process and ResultsWhat greatly affected the process as well as the result of the war were the differences between the South and the North in their strategies, geographical features, technology, and manpower and finance.2.2.1 StrategiesAs men poured into the armies, Northern and Southern leaders discussed strategies that would achieve victory.Northern armies would have to invade the Confederacy, destroy its capacity to wage war, and crush the will of the Southern people to resist. The Confederacy could win by prolonging the war to a point where the Northern people would consider the effort too costly in lives and money to persist.The South had a compelling example in the American Revolution of a seemingly weaker power defeating a much stronger one. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Confederacy would win independence by default.Lincoln and other Northern leaders, however, had no intention of letting the Southern states go without a fight. The most prominent American military figure in the spring of 1861 was Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief of the United States Army. With a brilliant mind, Scott conceived a long-range strategy to bring Northern victory. Scott’s plan sought to apply pressure on the Confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, d ividing the Confederacy’s eastern and western states. At the same time, the Union navy would institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufactured goods. Should the South continue to resist evenafter the loss of the Mississippi and the closing of its ports, Scott envisioned a major invasion into the heart of the Confederacy.2.2.2 GeographyGeography played a major role in how effectively the two sides were able to carry out their strategies.The sheer size of the Confederacy posed a daunting obstacle to Northern military forces. Totaling more than 1,940,000 km2 and without a well-developed network of roads, the Southern landscape challenged the North’s ability to supply armies that maneuvered at increasing distances from Union bases.It was also almost impossible to make the North’s blockade of Southern ports completely effective because the South’s coastline stretched 5600 km and contained nearly 200 harbors and mouths of navigable rivers.The Appalachian Mountains also hindered rapid movement of Northern forces between the eastern and western areas of the Confederacy while the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia offered a protected route through which Confederate armies could invade the North.The placement of Southern rivers, however, favored the North. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers provided excellent north-south avenues of advance for Union armies west of the Appalachians.2.2.3 TechnologyTechnological advances helped both sides deal with the great distances over which the armies fought. The Civil War was the first large conflict that featured railroads and the telegraph. Railroads rapidly moved hundreds of thousands of soldiers and vast quantities of supplies; the North contained almost twice as many miles of railroad lines as the South. Telegraphic communication permitted both governments to coordinate military movements on sprawling geographical fronts.The combatants also took advantage of numerous other recent advances in military technology. The most important was the rifle musket carried by most of the infantrymen on both sides. The rifle musket, with an effective range of 225 to 275 meters, allowed defenders to break up attacks long before they reached the defenders’ positions.Other new technologies included ironclad warships, which were used by both sides; the deployment of manned balloons for aerial reconnaissance on battlefields, used mainly by the North. The technology for all of these weapons had been present before the Civil War, but never before had armies applied the technology so widely.2.2.4 Manpower and FinanceAt the beginning of the war, state militias provided most of the troops for both Union and Confederate armies. Soon large numbers of civilianswere volunteering for military service. Throughout the war, the bulk of the forces consisted of volunteers.When the number of volunteers lagged behind the growing battle casualties, both the Northern and Southern governments resorted to drafting men into the armies. The Confederacy passed the first draft act in April 1862. The Union followed almost a year later.Although the draft itself did not produce a sufficient number of soldiers, the threat of being drafted led many to volunteer and collect a bounty, which was paid to volunteers. Some soldiers were unscrupulous enough to enlist, desert, and reenlist to collect the bounty more than once.The Civil War, like all wars, called for great sums of money to pay troops and supply them with equipment. At the outset of the war the Confederacy depended on loans, but this source of finance soon disappeared as Southerners began to be affected financially by the cost of the war and unable to buy bonds. Instead it relied on paper money, freely printed. The Confederacy suffered greatly from severe inflation and debt throughout the war. The Confederate rate of inflation was about 9200%.The Union financed its armies by loans and taxes to a much greater degree than the Confederacy, even resorting to an income tax. The people of the North were more prosperous than those of the South. A national banking system was established by Congress to stimulate sales of U.S. bonds. Northerners had savings with which they could buy the bonds and had earnings from which taxes could be taken.2.3 The Process2.6.1 Eastern Theater (1861-1863)2.6.3 Western Theater (1861-1863)2.6.4 Trans-Mississippi Theater (1861-1865)3. America in World War IWorld War I, military conflict, from August 1914 to November 1918, that involved many of the countries of Europe as well as the United States and other nations throughout the world.World War I was one of the most violent and destructive wars in European history.Of the 65 million men who were mobilized, more than 10 million were killed and more than 20 million wounded.The term World War I did not come into general use until a second worldwide conflict broke out in 1939. Before that year, the war was known as the Great War or the World War.1.1 Coalitions InvolvedThe war began as a clash between two coalitions of European countries.The first coalition, known as the Allied Powers, included the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Russian Empire.The Central Powers, which opposed them, consisted of the empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary.1.2 The Immediate CauseThe immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist.The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century, particularly in the political and economic policies that prevailed in Europe after 1871, the year that Germany emerged as a major European power.2. The Great DepressionOn October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.However, the post-war industrial boom and the prosperity were soon to vanish. The Great Depression in the United States, worst and longest economic collapse in the history of the modern industrial world, began from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s.2.1 The CausesThe depression was caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy.It is a common misconception that the stock market crash of October 1929 was the cause of the Great Depression. The two events were closely related, but both were the results of deep problems in the modern economy that were building up through the “prosperity decade” of the 1920s.As is typical of post-war periods, Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away from international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism.The self-centered attitudes of the 1920s seemed to fit nicely with the needs of the economy. Modern industry had the capacity to produce vast quantities of consumer goods, but this created a fundamental problem: Prosperity could continue only if demand was made to grow as rapidly as supply. Accordingly, people had to be persuaded to abandon such traditional values as saving, postponing pleasures and purchases, and buying only what they needed. Advertising methods were used to persuade people to buy such relatively new products as automobiles and such completely new ones as radios and household appliances. The resulting mass consumption kept the economy going through most of the 1920s.But there was an underlying economic problem: Income was distributed very unevenly, and the portion going to the wealthiest Americans grew larger as the decade proceeded. This was due largely to two factors: While businesses showed remarkable gains in productivity during the 1920s, workers got a relatively small share of the wealth this produced. Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 percent, but workers’ wages grew by only 8 percent. Corporate profits shot up by 65 percent in the same period.As a result of these trends, in 1929 the top 0.1 percent of American families had a total income equal to that of the bottom 42 percent. This meant that many people who were willing to purchase new products did not have enough money to do so. To get around this difficulty, the 1920s produced another innovation—“credit,” an attractive name for consumer debt. People were allowed to “buy now, pay later.”International problems also weakened the economy. After World War I the United States became the world’s chief creditor as European countries struggled to pay war debts and reparations. Many American bankers were not ready for this new role. They lent heavily and unwisely to borrowers in Europe, especially Germany, who would have difficulty repaying the loans, particularly if there was a serious economic downturn. These huge debts made the international banking structure extremely unstable by the late 1920s.In addition, the United States maintained high tariffs on goods imported from other countries, at the same time that it was making foreign loans and trying to export products. This combination could not be sustained: If other nations could not sell their goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to buy American products or repay American loans.The rising incomes of the wealthiest Americans fueled rapid growth in the stock market, especially between 1927 and 1929. Soon the prices of stocks were rising far beyond the worth of the shares of the companies they represented. People were willing to pay inflated prices because they believed the stock prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit.In 1928 the Dow Jones industrial average, an index that tracks the stock prices of key industrial companies, doubled in value in less than two years. But the stock boom could not last. The great bull market of the late 1920s was a classic example of a specul ative “bubble” scheme. In the fall of 1929 confidence that prices would keep rising faltered, then failed.Starting in late October the market plummeted as investors began selling stocks. On October 29, known as Black Tuesday, the worst day of the panic, stocks lost $10 billion to $15 billion in value. By mid-November almost all of the gains of the previous two years had been wiped out, withlosses estimated at $30 billion.The stock market crash announced the beginning of the Great Depression.2.3 R oosevelt’s New DealThe initial government response to the Great Depression was ineffective, as President Hoover insisted that the economy was sound and that prosperity would soon return.But business owners saw no reason to increase production while unsold goods clogged their shelves. By 1932 investment had dropped to less than 5 percent of its 1929 level. By the election year of 1932, the depression had made Hoover so unpopular that the election of the Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt was all but assured. Shortly after his inauguration in 1933, Roosevelt quickly lifted the nation’s spirits with the rapid and unprecedented actions of the New Deal.The New Deal produced a wide variety of programs to reduce unemployment, assist businesses and agriculture, regulate banking and the stock market, and provide security for the needy, elderly, and disabled. The basic idea of early New Deal programs was to lower the supply of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. The government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops and to create codes for many industries that regulated competition while guaranteeing minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The New Deal also tried to increase demand, pumping large amounts of money into the economy through public works programs and relief measures.Public works projects not only provided jobs but built schools, dams, and roads. The New Deal helped people to survive the depression. Unemployment was reduced, but remained high through the 1930s. Farm income rose from a low of $1.9 billion in 1932 to $4.2 billion in 1940. The demands of the depression led the United States to institute social-security programs and accept labor unions, measures that had been taken decades earlier in many European nations.3.2.1 US and Japanese ConflictIn the final result, however, the United States had little choice in the matter. When France had fallen to Germany, Japan had begun to move into French Indo-China, which had been France's source of rubber and was thought to be rich in oil. The United States government had no desire to see Japan in possession of its own stocks of these essential resources and so threatened to place an embargo on these goods. The Japanese responded in an unexpected way. On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Japanese naval aircraft attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at anchor at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands. The Pearl Harbor Attack brought the United States into the war on December 8. Germany and Italy declared war on the United Stateson DecemberThe CongressThe United StatesCongress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election.As provided by the United States Constitution, each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives represents a district and serves a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. The 100 Senators serve staggered six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Senate is elected.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.What is American General Education?见书English2.1 The Iberians1) They are the earliest settlers on the British Isles.2.2 The Celts1) From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.2) The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland.3) These people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.4) At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric and Brythons, still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C.3. Roman Britain3.1 Roman InvasionRoman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France. They gave some help in the struggle to resist the Roman invasion of France. As a result, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 BC. He landed in Kent with several thousand Roman troops, but meeting resistance and bad weather, the Roman withdrew soon after. In the following year, Julius Caesar and the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. Julius Caesar and his soldiers did not stay long in England before they withdrew again. The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history because Julius Caesar kept a diary and wrote down what he saw in England. The successful invasion of England by the Romans did not take place until nearly a century later, in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Claudius I. The Romans did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now England by driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans failed to conquer Scotland, they built two great walls, the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent the Picts in Scotland from invading England.3.2 Influences of Roman InvasionThe 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.1. Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well Hadrian’s Wall. People who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villas——vast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellings—were also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic.2. A network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;3. A number of towns. They introduced a system of organized government and built a network of towns, mostly walled. These town used names ending with “ster”, “cester”, or “shire” -- Leicester, Worcester and Yorkshire—deriving from castra, the Latin word for camp; the Roman capital was London.4. Christianity; the Romans brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, we proclaimed in 306 AD.5. Water and sewage systems.1.1 Anglo-SaxonSoon after the Romans left, a band of new invaders landed in the southern part of England, in what is now the country of Kent. They were known in history as the Jutes. Other Germanic tribes came trooping after them. This continued for many years. The Saxons came from northern Germany and established their kingdoms in Essex (East Saxow), Succes (South Saxon) and Wessex (West Saxon). In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, also from northern Germans, came and settled in the east part of England. After the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as England, the movement, know in history as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest, was complete. But we must bear in mind that theses Germanic tribes never obtained possession of what we now call Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The inhabitants of these countries were still Celts.The England was divided into seven principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy in English history: Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain.The influence of Anglo-Saxon?The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law.?They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. In this system, the arable land around a village was divided into three hedgeless (open) big fields. These fields were divided into narrow strips which were shared out among the villagers. Good land was thus fairly distributed. One great field was left “fallow” each year so that its soil could recover its richness after two years’ cultivation.?They set up the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. There were wastelands, known as commons, which were used by villagers to graze livestock and get firewood. This system was the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. It helped to shape the English community life and the Anglo-Saxon concept of equality.?They created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.2. Viking Invasion (800–1066)In the 8th century, the Vikings from theScandinavian countries of northern Europe, Norway and Denmark, began to attack the English coast. In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England gradually became united under Alfred the Great.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He was not only an able warrior but also adedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system.After the death of Alfred, his successors were not as capable as he had been. Taking advantage of the situation, more Dane came and set about taking possession of the entire country. The Anglo-Saxon king didn’t care for fighting, but he dreamed of buying off the Danes. As a result, more invaders came. In 1016, the Witan chose Canute, the Danish leader, as king of England. Canute, who made England part of a Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.3. Norman Conquest3.1 Norman Conquest: CauseAfter the death of Canute’s son, the crown was passed to Edward the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king.When Edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the English throne, the king of Norway, the Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousi n), and Harold Godwinson( a brother of Edward’s wife).William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had taken the crown. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him. he was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, ma ny of Harold’s soliders went back home to gather in the crops/. The coast was thus left undefended.William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England in Sep. 1066. Harold, who had been fighting in the north, hurried back with the exhausted troops. They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but in the final hours William’s superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive. Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the English army fled.William became known as William the Conqueror, the first Anglo-Norman king of England.3.2 Control of EnglandAfter Willam became the king, he took a few measures to control England Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion.All land was the king’s: William claimed ultimate possession of。
英美概况笔记（中英文对照整理版）[1]
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英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。
下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。
英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。
2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。
美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。
3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。
英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。
4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。
英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。
5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。
英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。
6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。
英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。
7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。
英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。
8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。
由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。
以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。
这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。
英美概况知识点总结英语
英美概况知识点总结英语1. Geography:The United Kingdom (UK) is located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a diverse landscape, including rolling hills, mountains, and fertile plains. It is also known for its coastline and numerous islands.On the other hand, the United States (US) is a vast country in North America, with 50 states and a federal district. It is the fourth-largest country in the world by land area and has a diverse geography that includes mountains, plains, deserts, and coastlines, as well as the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.2. Politics and Governance:The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The Head of State is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, while the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The UK Parliament has two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The political system is based on the principle of parliamentary sovereignty.In contrast, the United States is a federal republic with a presidential system. It has a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President is both the head of state and the head of government, and the Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The US political system is based on the principles of federalism and checks and balances.3. Economy:The UK has one of the largest economies in the world, with a focus on services such as finance, healthcare, education, and creative industries. London is a global financial center, and the UK has a strong manufacturing and technology sector as well. It is also a member of the European Union, although it recently departed from the bloc following the Brexit referendum in 2016.The United States has the world's largest economy, characterized by its diversity and innovation. It is a global leader in technology, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. The US economy is driven by private enterprise and innovation, with cities like New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco serving as major economic hubs.4. Education:The UK has a well-established education system, including prestigious universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16, and the system is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary (higher) education. The UK is known for its high-quality education and research facilities.In the United States, education is decentralized, with each state responsible for its own education system. The US has a wide range of educational institutions, including Ivy League universities, public and private colleges, and community colleges. The US is also a popular destination for international students seeking higher education.5. Culture and Society:Both the UK and the US have rich and diverse cultural traditions. The UK is known for its literature, theater, music, and art, with a strong influence from its historical legacy. British culture has also been shaped by its multicultural population, with significant contributions from immigrants and diverse ethnic communities.The US is a melting pot of cultures, influenced by the traditions of Native American, African, European, Asian, and Latin American communities. It has made significant contributions to global popular culture, including music, film, and sports. The US is also known for its emphasis on individualism and the "American Dream," the belief that anyone can achieve success through hard work and determination.6. Healthcare:The UK has a public healthcare system known as the National Health Service (NHS), which provides free or subsidized healthcare to all residents. The NHS is funded through taxation and offers comprehensive medical services, including primary care, hospital treatment, and emergency services.In the United States, healthcare is provided through a combination of private and public systems. While public programs like Medicare and Medicaid offer coverage to specific groups, the majority of Americans are covered by private health insurance. The US has a complex healthcare system with varying levels of access and quality, and healthcare costs are a major issue for many Americans.In conclusion, the United Kingdom and the United States are two influential and diverse countries with distinct characteristics in terms of politics, economy, education, culture, and healthcare. Despite their differences, they share a common language and history, and they continue to have a significant impact on global affairs. Understanding the nuances of these two nations can provide valuable insights into the complexities of international relations and the modern world.。
英美概况第3章英译汉
威廉用大议会取代了盎格鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团—贤人会议。大评议会
由他的土地承租人组成, 一旦国王召集, 他们就得到大评议会服务。在南部城
市温切斯特、威斯敏斯特和格洛斯特, 大议会一年开会三次。
为了可靠地记录所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税,
合法国王, 通过父亲他又继承了安菇伯爵的封号, 通过1152 年与亚奎丹公主的
埃莉诺的婚姻, 他获得了所有从诺曼底至西班牙边境的法国西部。
亨利二世采取措施结束了史蒂芬森国王统治时的混乱局面。
他迫使弗兰芒雇佣军离开英国, 收回史蒂芬森赠出的皇室土地, 拆除几十
座史蒂芬森时造的城堡, 加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力, 依靠由英国自
莉诺联姻后云集到伦敦的。1242 年他发动对法战争, 代价昂贵, 丢失了整个普
瓦图地区。1258 年国王又索要金钱以助其儿子加冕为西西里国王, 使矛盾发展
到顶点。
贵族们在亨利三世的内兄西蒙·德·孟福尔的领导下反叛, 迫使国王和其
儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受“ 牛津协定”。其主要的两条条款是: 亨利应任命24
yeoman 自由民
Ⅰ. 诺曼统治( 1066—1381)
1. 威廉一世的统治( 1066—1087 年)
在威廉统治下, 英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据此制度, 国王个人拥
有全国所有土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族, 条件是贵族保证服役和交
租。贵族的这些地产分散于各处, 这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。
二人组成, 陪审员的作用是作证人, 而非听取证词作出裁决。
作为法律改革的一部分, 亨利二世希望改革教会管理中的某些弊端。他坚
英语国家概况美国篇中英翻译
英语国家概况美国篇中英翻译chapter 13 geography 地理位置美国的全称是美利坚合众国。
我们通常简称它为美国。
The full name of the United States is the United States of America ，Often we just call it the United States, the U. S. or simply America.1. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州(1959年)。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American(1959年).Alaska lies in northwestern Canada，and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2.美国陆地面积为930万平方公里。
就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.3.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
Of all states of American，Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The Rockies，the backbone of the North American Continent，is also known as the Continental Divide.5. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释：1. Big AppleIt is the nickname of New York City.2. Mayflower CompactIt was a social contract whereby the forty-one men who signed it agreed to abide by the new government’s laws in exchange for shared protection. It is cited as one of the foundations for the American Constitution.3. Union JackIt’s the nickname of the Union Flag of UK. Jacks are additional national flags flown by warships (and certain other vessels) at the head of the ship.4. Hadrian’s WallBuilt by the Roman Emperor Hadrian, it is a continuous Roman defensive barrier gu arding the province of Britain from barbarian invaders.5. OxbridgeThis term is now used to refer to Cambridge and Oxford collectively, often with imp lications of their superior intellectual or social status6. Joan of ArcShe gathered an army and fought against the English to rescue France during the Hundred Years’ War. But later she was captured and sold to the English. At last, she was sentenced to death. But her courage was an example of her people.7. Black RodBlack Rod, an official in the parliament, is best known for his part in the ceremonie s of State Opening of Parliament. He summons the Commons to attend Queen’s sp eech and leads them to the Lords. As Black Rod approaches the doors to the Com mons to make his summons, they are slammed in his face.8. Boston Tea PartyEast India Company sent to America large quantities of tea in the evening, Decemb er 16, 1773. About 50 men disguised themselves as Indians who went on board, br oke open the tea chests and poured the tea into the water.9. MagellanHe is a Portuguese who sailed for the Spanish King. He first sailed to South Americ a and then southwest along the coast.10. The Niagara FallsThe Niagara Falls are waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international bo rder between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. 11. Checks and BalanceThis system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one of the three branches---executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch. 12. Question TimeAn hour of “Question Time” in the parliament happens every day after prayers and some preliminaries, except on Fridays. Members of the parliament ask questions of Government Ministers (including the Prime Minister) which they are obliged to answ er.13. Bloody MaryAs a queen, she took effects to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British history and the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname “bloody Mary”.14. Early BirdIt’s the world’s first communication satellite launched by the USA.15. HeptarchyDuring Anglo-Saxon Times, The small Anglo-Saxon tribes gradually merged into seve n or eight little kingdoms.16. Uncle Tom’s CabinIt is a novel composed by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel makes the miserable li fe of the negroes in the south of America exposed to the world and shows great s ympathy for the negroes.17. Proclamation of EmancipationIt’s a document issued by Lincoln and his government at the end of the American Civil War. It made ending slavery in the South a war goal, and dissuaded the British from intervening.18. Head StartIt is a preschool program of the US Department of Health and Human Services that focuses on assisting children from low-income families.19. APThe Associated Press is an American news agency. It is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States。
英美概况填空翻译解释
英美概况一、填空：1、The most important rivers in Scotland are Clyde and Forth.2.In 1965,big oil fields were discovered under the North Sea.3. The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons, while the Scots, welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.4.The major languages spoken in Britain are English, Gaelic and Welsh.5.The Church of England is the established church of the English nation.6.Protestant churches not belonging to the Church of England are called Free Churches, including such sects as Baptists, the United Reformed Church, Methodists and Quakers.7. The Roman Catholic Church was much persecuted in England for a long time after the Reformation.8.Most of the British social customs are based on the Christian tradition.9.During World WarⅡ,Britain was forced to borrow large amounts of money from the United States and Canada.10.Under Margaret Thatcher, public Expenditure was reduced, foreign exchange controls lifted ,rules governing banks Loosened and worker strikes restricted.11.The Conservative Party carried out an extensive programme of Privatization throughout the 1980s12.The negative aspect of Thatcher's reform was a rapid increase in taxation.13.Britain's traditional customers in trade were the commonwealth countries and its former colonies. Now Britain trades mainly with the common Market, the US and Canada.14.the British government is established on the basis of constitutional monarchy.15.Britain has no written constitution and many of the rules that govern the system are customs or conventions and ordinary laws.16.Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, but in reality, she must act on the advice of the ministers.17.Parliament consists of the monarch/sovereign, the House of commons and the House of Lords.18.The President of the House of Lords is the Lord chancellor and the presiding officer of the House of Commons is "Mr. speaker" .19.Parliament's main functions are debate, making laws and supervising the government and financing.20.The Prime Minister controls not only the cabinet but also the Parliament。
英美概况英国的扩张(英文版)
Small Island，Big worldAs it is a fact that England has been a big country in the world for a long period,not only on the land ,but also on the sea.The British Empire was the largest country at that time,which occupied about 33 million square kilometers,taken up one fifth of the world’s total dry land and about 135 tomes as large as Great Britain.It ruled over a population of 560 million,which was more than ten times as large as that of Britain.It was called an empire “on which the sun never set”.Because on almost all the continents of the world Britain had its colonies that kept the sun can be seen on the sky all the time.Britain’s Overseas ExpansionBritish overseas expansion was clearly part of an older tradition of European empire building.They traced this back to classical Greece and Rome,Spanish and Portuguese expansion following Columbus’ voyage to the new world.Britain’s overseas expansion was begin with several battles against Spanish during Elizabeth ’era.Elizabeth avoided open hostility with Spain,but she secretly encouraged English seadogs to raid Spanish colonies and plunder the Spanish ships that were returning back home to Spain.At first,the Spanish king did not know that Britain was their most dangerous rival or Elizabeth’s intention until Spanish king Philip was at the helm of the state.So ,in 1588,the king dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels which named “the Invincible Fleet ”to England.The fleet sailed up the English Channel and a large naval battle out.The English battleships threw their enemies into panic with fire ships.The badly battered the Spanish’s fleet fled to northward in confusion.Caught in a storm ,many of the Spanish warships died and only half of them survived and went back to Spain,never dare to come to England again.The lost of the war made Spain lose its lead position on the sea,while ,on the other hand,Britian could take over Spanish power became the leader.The victory not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion as a colonizing nation.What’s more,British overseas expansion helped the state gather many property for this empire’s construction.British Foreign ExpansionIn the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Britain experience the Industrial Revolution.It is a big event for all the British.During the Industrial Revolution,a varity of chater companies were the tentacles and they spearheaded the foreign expansion and colonization.These companies,such as the East India Company,had the right to use the English Navy.Charter companies would first force a foreign country to open its market,then they would control the market and establish the British sphere of influence.If the British had occupied the land,the natives would have to leave their land or controlled by them.At the same,as a result of the Industrial Revolution,the empire was quite eager for raw material and expanding its foreign market.So the Britain began to expand its colonies all over the world.The expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland,soon,many continents had became British colonies.In Asia,the East India company was founded in 1600.At first,it traced with India through a few trading posts it had managed to secure on the coast and the southern tip of the peninsula.They also managed to edge out the French and Portuguese colonists who had also come for conquest.By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete.The British aggression caused angeramong the natives.In 1857,a large anti–aggression mutiny broke out when the colonial authority ordered the hired native Indian soldiers to use greased catridges.Many of the Indian troops were from the Hindus,who regarded touching of the fat of a cow as contamination worse than death,and the Mohammedans who were also horrified by the fat of the swine.Many parts of the country were involved in the revolt.After the mutiny was suppressed,the control of India was passed to British Crown in 1858,and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.After conquering India,British merchants tried to make a profit in China.But because the Chinese economy was still based on agriculture and self–sufficiency,British used to suffer a deficit in the early trades.To make a profit,British merchants started to import opium into China from India .After China banned the opium trade in1799,still some British merchants continued to smuggle opium into China .In 1839,the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu ordered the confiscation of about 20 000 chests of opium and burnt them at Canton.The British used this as a excuse and launched a war of aggression against China in 1840.The British troops occupied Hong Kong in 1841,and invaded Zhenjiang before threatening Beijing itself.Due to failure of the Opium War,the Qing dynasty signed the Treaty of Nanjing,which included China ceded Hong Kong to British,opened five ports to British trade and many money to Britain .Among all the colonies of Britain ,Hong Kong was the last one to get its independence until 1997.As for other areas of Asia ,Btitish invaded Burma and occupied the coastal areas.At the same time,Singapore was forced to become British colony.So,Britain had a strategic base to the Indian Ocean and the Far East.After that,British power could expand to the whole Malaysia.It controlled the Strait of Malacca and built the Straits Settlements.In Africa,at the end of the 19 century,this continent is the focus of British colonial expansion.As for its abundant mineral resources, British wanted to control this area and get the resources for their industrial development .Besides,Btitish confined to a number of forts and slave trading posts on the West Coast.The Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip and Egypt in the northern part of the continent were the two chief centers of British advance in Africa.Britain was eager to control the Cape of Good Hope in order to protect its route to India. After England seized Cape Town from Dutch in 1806,English setters began to flock in and they brought in the English language.Then the English colonists pushed northward until the South Africa Union was organized by the English Parliament in 1910.Britian was also interested in controlling Egypt and Sudan.Egypt and France built the Suze Canal which was opened to navigation in 1869.In 1875,the British government bought half of the Suez Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian ruler,while the other half was still held by the French .After fierce struggle,the British drove the French from Egypt and gained control of the Suez Canal in 1882.The British suppressed a rebellion and occupied Egypt.By the beginning of the twentieth century,about one third of Africa was controlled by British colonialists.In East Africa,British occupied Somali,Zanzibar,Malawi and Buganda in 1980s and 1990s.In South Africa ,the British South Africa Company invaded to Zambia in 1890.In North America,when the old colonial powers:Portugal,Spain were concentrating their attention on dominating on the sea the deserted east coast of North American became the first British colonial areas of activity.The early immi grants were actually “pushed out of Europe” because they refused to conform to the rules they did not like in their home country .They hated the system which had impoverished and persecuted them. The first colony was Newfoundland,established in 1583.Until 1733, 13 colonies on the east coast of North America were under British control.In the 18th century the population in the British colonies inNorth America quickly increased from 260000 to 2, 3 million within a fewdecades(1700-1770). Also, 3, 4 million slaves were brought to the British colonies from Africa between 1162 and1807. The settlers in the colonies were mostlyself-governed while still under rule of the English Crown.But conflicts started. Additional taxes on tea or legal documents led to discrepancies. The settlers rejected any sort of taxation .The confrontation tightened up through the Townshend Acts or the Boston Massacre.The reaction of the settlers was for instance the Boston Tea Party in 1773. After several tough battles,i n 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed. In the North American Independence War (1776-1783) Britain had to admit defeated and with the Peace of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the independence of the colonies. At the early 17 century,France and Britain began to compete in establishing colonies in Canada.But after seven years war ,Britain defeat France and monopolized Canada in1763.by the 1840s, British North America had 1.5 million people: 650,000 in Lower Canada, 450,000 in Upper Canada, and more than 300,000 in Atlantic Canada.In Latin American,British began to immigrate to Bahama Islands and controlled it in 1783.After that,British could controlled Caribbean.In Oceania,as a newly found continent ,it was a large continent of low populationdensity.During 1583 and 1587,a British named James Cook investigated the east coast of Australia and claimed the east coast region for Britain,naming it New South Wales.The British began to immigrant to the land.In 1788,the British government began to transport convicts to Australia and established some penalty settlements for these convicts.As more and more free colonists had come to settle,the British government was forced to stop transferring convicts to Australia after1840.The sudden discovery of gold in Australia led to the gold rushes which brought large numbers of free immigrants to Australia,resulting in the founding of six separate colonies.In 1901,the six separate and self-governing colonies were united to form one dominion----the independent Commonwealth of Australia. Until 1900 Australia became profitable exporters of wool and gold.At the southeast to the Australia land, lying another country----New Zealand, originally settled by Maoris,was first discovered by Dutch in1642.James Cook visited New Zealand in the 1770s and claimed it for England.English missionaries began to arrive in the early nineteenth century before the New Zealand Company started systematic colonization in the1840s.New Zealand achieved self-government in 1852 .Then Britain had completed its control in the Oceania,this area also became one of British accesses to raw materials for the industrial constriction and foreign market for their goods.Decline of the British EmpireThe old Btitish colonial system began to decline in the 18th century.during the longperiod of unbroken Whig dominance of domestic political life,the Empire became less important and less well-regarded,until an ill-fated attempt to reverse the resulting“salutary neglect”provoked the American War of Independence,depriving Britain of her most populous colonies.Although Britain was the first country to industrialise,other countries,such as Germany,United States also took rapidly step to start their industrialization,Britain experienced real competition abroad.Especially after the World War 1,British suffered a heavy lose,which led to debt accumulation,loss of capital markets and manpower deficiencies in the staffing of far-flung imperial posts in Asia and the African colonies.The Empire’s end began with the onset of the World War 2,when a deal was reached between the British government,and the Indian independence movement,whereby the Indians would cooperate and remain loyal during the war,after which they would be grantedindependence.Following India’s lead,nearly all of Britain’s other colonies would become independent over the next two decades.This vast colonial empire finally out of sight.Effect of British Foreign ExpansionThe foreign expansion ,as for the Britain,has reached their goals----achieve accesses to more materials and foreign markets.Through the expansion all over the world,British got a large amount of capital fund,which contributed quite a lot to British economic construction.Cities grew and prospered with the development of industry and foreign trade.The Strand in London became the finest street in Europe.Fleet Street flourished as a publishing center.British foreign expansion has changed people’s life.“Respectable”districts for rich people in the near suburbs were expanding.A middle class house in England in the nineteenth century commonly had there or fourservants ,usually women,while a rich house had many more.But the majority of workers excluded from a decent life.The street swarmed with barefooted children who wore very few clothes that were no protection against rain and wind.Many children were forced to go to factories to work more than 12 hours a day at the age of eight or nine.An increasing number of people required the government to solve these problems.Under the pressure of public demand,the government took some measures to ensure workers rights and mitigate the social conflicts.When it comes to the colonies,British expansion was a disaster for the colonial people.After the settler arrive at a new place,they would try every method to make the colonial people give in.When the land was under their control,they plundered the raw materials and bullied the locals.They had to leave their home land for decades of years before independence.The plunder also slow down the economic development of the colonies.However,on the other hand,since the Britain was more developed than any other countries at the time,the colonialists brought many advanced technology,culture and experience,which helped the colonies developed,anyhow.Although the colonial era has passed,we must bear in mind a saying“Backwardness will lead to defeat”.Only our nation is strong enough can we avoid bullied by the stronger countries.。
英美概况词汇
Glossarythe U.K.1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2.the British Isles 不列颠群岛3.the Commonwealth 英联邦4.the Pennines 奔宁山地（奔宁山脉地区，有“英格兰的脊梁”之称）5.the Severn 塞汶河（英国最长河流）6.the Thames River 泰晤士河7.Ben Nevis 尼维斯山（英国最高峰）8.Stonehenge (威尔特郡的) 圆形石林9.the Ice Age 冰川期，冰河时代（距今一万多年前）10.the Lake District 湖区（英格兰东北部，以美丽的湖光山色著称）11.the native Celts 土著凯尔特人12.Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁-撒克逊人13.the Indo-European language family 印欧语系14.the Germanic Language 日尔曼语15.the bourgeois democracy 资产阶级民主16.constitutional monarchy 君主立宪17.the Church of England （the state church) 英国国教18.the Gunpowder plot of 1605 1605 年火药阴谋案19.enclosure movement 圈地运动20.No. 10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号(英国首相府邸)21.Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂22.the Tower of London 伦敦塔23.the Buckingham palace 白金汉宫24.Hyde Park （伦敦）海德公园（因常举行政治性集会而著称）25.Parliament Houses 议会大厦26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.William the Conqueror 征服者威廉28.Julius Caesar 凯撒29.Mayflower 五月花号mon Law 习惯法31.the Act of Supremacy 至尊法案32.magistrates’ court 地方法庭33.the Bar Examination 取得律师资格的考试34.the Liberal Democratic Party 自民党35.the Conservative Party 保守党36.the Labor Party 工党37.the Government Party 执政党38.the British Cabinet 英国内阁39.shadow cabinet 影子内阁，预备内阁40.the Opposition Party 反对党41. the House of Lords (the Upper House) 上议院42.the House of Commons (the Lower House) 下议院43. the Privy Council 枢密院（国王的私人参议机构）44. Cabinet minister 内阁大臣45. the Lords Spiritual 上议院神职议员46. the Lords Temporal 上议院世俗议员47. Free Church 独立教派48.the circuit courts 巡回法庭49.the Great Charter 大宪章50.feudal aristocracy 封建贵族51.constitutional monarchy 君主立宪政体52.the Renaissance 文艺复兴53.Humanism 人文主义54.the Divine Rights of Kings 君权神授55.the original sin 原罪56.the Reformation 宗教改革57.the New Testament 新约全书58.the Old Testament 旧约全书59.Tudor Monarchy 都铎王朝60.Plantagenet Dynasty 金雀花王朝（英国历史上第一个王朝）61.Christian Church 基督教62.Islam 伊斯兰教63.Catholicism 天主教64.Protestantism 新教65.Puritanism 清教主义66.Martin Luther 马丁·路德（宗教领袖）67.the Industrial Revolution 工业革命68.the Glorious Revolution 光荣革命69.Roman Civilization 罗马文明70.primitive accumulation of capital 资本的原始积累71.the Chartist Movement 宪章运动（1838-1848）72.the British Empire 大英帝国73.Oliver Cromwell 克伦威尔74.Margaret Thatcher 撒切尔75.Winston Churchill 丘吉尔76.Bloody Mary 血腥玛丽（英国国王亨利八世之女，为强行恢复天主教，血腥镇压新教徒而得名）77.Pope 罗马教皇78.archbishop 大主教79.Hebrews 希伯莱人80.Jewish Church 犹太教81.the Foreign Secretary 外交大臣82.the Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政大臣83.the Secretary of State 国务大臣84. the Prime Minister 首相85. general election 大选86.grammar school 文法学校87.boarding school 寄宿学校88.prep school or preparatory school 预科学校89.public or private school (GB) 私立学校pulsory full-time education 全日制义务教育91. GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) 中学教育普通证书92. GNVQ（General National V ocational Qualification）国家普通职业资格证书93. Compulsory Education 义务教育94. Secondary Education 中等教育95. Further Education 延续教育96. Higher Education 高等教育97. Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount and Baron 公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵、男爵98. the Whig Party 辉格党99. Fabian Society 费边社100. Lord Chancellor 大法官101. legislative branch 立法机构102. executive branch 行政机构103. the B.B.C. (the British Broadcasting Corporation) 英国广播公司104. Reuters (Reuters News Agency) 路透社105. Easter （耶稣）复活节（指每年过春分月圆后第一个星期日）106. Good Friday 耶稣受难日107.Guy Fawkes Day 盖伊·福克斯日（11月5日英国庆祝1605年火药阴谋案主谋之一Guy Fawkes 被捕的纪念日）108.the Times 《泰晤时报》109.the Guardian 《英国卫报》110.Daily Express （英）《每日快报》111. the Anglican Church英国圣公会；英国国教112.the Archbishop of Canterbury坎特伯雷大主教113.the Authorized Version（基督教《圣经》的）英译钦定本114.the Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役115.Big Ben（伦敦议会厅上）大钟116.the Black Death黑死病117.Boxing Day节礼日118.the British Museum大不列颠博物馆119.East End伦敦东区120.Gaelic盖尔语121.the Garden of Eden伊甸园122.the Gospels福音123.Great Council国王咨询会议124.the League of Nations国际联盟125.the Lend-Lease Act租借法126.Lord Protector护国公127.the Nonconformist Church不信奉英国国教的教会128.the Orthodox Eastern Church东正教129.Poll Tax人头税130.the Tory Party托利党the U.S.A.1.the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾2.gold rush 淘金热3.the Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉契亚山脉4.the Rockies 落基山脉5.the National Grand Canyon Park 大峡谷国家公园ernment principles 政府原则7.delegated powers 特有权8.separation of powers/ division of power 权力分配9.racial discrimination 种族歧视10.the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布11.the Great Lakes 五大湖12.the Mississippi River 密西西比河13.the Yellow Stone National Park 国立黄石公园14.the Bering Strait 白令海峡15.the New England 新英格兰（指美国东北部的六个州）16.ABC (American Broadcasting Corporation) 美国广播公司17.the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (ATT) 美国电话电报公司18.Capitol Hill 国会山19.the Pentagon 五角大楼20.the Senate 参议院21.House of Representatives 众议院22.Statue of Liberty 自由女神23.the White House 白宫24.Chinatown 唐人街25.the Pilgrim Fathers 移居美国的一批英国清教徒26.the Stamp Tax 印花税27.the Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件28.No taxation without representation 没有代表权不缴税29.Continental Congress 大陆会议30.the War of Independence 独立战争31.Federalists and Anti-Federalists 联邦派与反联邦派32.Bill of Rights 人权法案33.the Emancipation Proclamation 解放黑奴宣言34.the Federal Reserve Act 联邦储备条例35.the Korean War 朝鲜战争36.the Chinese V olunteers 中国人民志愿军37.the Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义38.the beat generation 垮了的一代39.the Watergate Affair 水门事件40.the Pearl Harbor incident 日本偷袭珍珠港事件41.Thanksgiving Day 感恩节(the 4th Thursday in Nov.)42.Independence Day 独立纪念日(July 4th)43.St. Valentine’s Day 圣瓦伦丁节(Feb. 14th)44.The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言45.the constitutional convention 制宪会议46.the American Constitution (Constitution of the United States) 美国宪法（世界上第一部成文宪法）47.the Monroe doctrine 门罗主义48.Ku Klux Klan 三K党49.the American Civil War 美国内战50.Lost Generation 迷茫的一代51.the appeasement policy 绥靖政策52.the Allies 同盟国53.the Civil Rights Movement 民权运动54.federalism 联邦主义55.the Department of State 国务院56.the Defense Department 国防部57.the Justice Department 司法部58.impeach 弹劾59.brain trust 智囊团60.the Democratic Party 民主党61.the Republican Party 共和党62.FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 联邦调查局63.CIA (The Central Intelligence Agency) 中情局64.Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》65.The New York Times 《纽约时报》66.The Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》67.Associated Press (AP) 美联社68.the New York Stock Exchange 纽约股票交易所69.melting pot 大熔炉70.Great Depression 大萧条71.Ivy League Schools 常青藤联盟72.European Community 欧共体73.the inauguration ceremony 就职仪式74. the Chinese Exclusion Act 排华法案75. checks and balances 相互制衡制度76. Chief Justice and Associate Justice 首席大法官与大法官77. Courts of Appeals 上诉法院78. the Supreme Court 最高法院79. the abolition movement废奴运动80.the American Socialist Labor Party 美国社工党81. Anti-War Movement反战运动82.the Axis Powers轴心国83.the Battle of Gettysburg葛底斯堡战役84.the Boston Massacre波士顿惨案85.the Cairo Conference 开罗会议86.Cambridge University剑桥大学87.the Cold War 冷战88.Containment Policy 遏制政策89.Harriet Beecher Stowe斯托夫人90. Harvard University 哈佛大学91. Marshall Plan 马歇尔计划92. the “New Deal”新政93. the “Open Door Policy” 门户开放政策94. the Quakers贵格教会（教友派）95. the Rockefeller Interest Group洛克菲勒财团96. the Salvation Army救世军97. sit-in demonstration静坐示威运动98. Westward Movement 西进运动99. Wilson’s Fourteen Points威尔逊的十四点建议100. Yale University耶鲁大学。
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配合文库中的《英美概况》使用一，地理1。
地理特点1.1东部高地由阿巴拉契亚山脉形成的？1。
一个平均海拔800米以上的海拔？2。
最高峰：米切尔山（1856米）：对阿巴拉契亚山脉的最高峰？3。
东：狭窄的大西洋海岸平原1.2中原1。
阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的落基山脉和辽阔的平原？2。
排泄密西西比河及其支流？3。
通常分为两个区域：？1）在西部大平原：在东部农业区的西部和广大无树木的大草原？2）在东部中央低地：从五个大湖中央德州1.3西部山区高原和山区的国家呢？1，落基山脉：超过海拔3000米？而美国大陆分裂？2。
西落基山脉：在哥伦比亚北部高原？在南科罗拉多高原大峡谷，在大盆地之间？太平洋山系统包括三个区域：在喀斯喀特山脉，山脉，内华达州和太平洋海岸山脉？该山脉包含惠特尼山（4421米），在美国阿拉斯加以外最高的高峰？死亡谷在加州东部，低于海平面85米2，气候美国拥有庞大的规模和地域范围广的特点。
每个气候类型是在代表国家：气候是在大平原的100经络西部，在西南地区，地中海的沙漠温带大部分地区，在夏威夷和佛罗里达州南部的热带，在阿拉斯加极地，半干旱海岸加利福尼亚州，在大盆地干旱？极端天气是共同的：国家接壤的墨西哥海湾很容易发生飓风，和世界上大多数龙卷风在美国大陆的主要是在中西部地区，时有发生。
3。
河流密西西比河（大河，在印度语大河）是3770公里长：第二个最长的美国河流。
它起源进入墨西哥湾，从明尼苏达州和清空？密苏里河4090公里长。
它是最长的河流（密西西比河最长的分支）。
这是一个密西西比河的支流，流经从杰斐逊，麦迪逊和加勒廷合流，进入密西西比河排空。
而在密西西比- 密苏里- 杰弗逊组合的长度约为6262公里？阿肯色河（2364公里）是第二最长的密西西比河支流。
俄亥俄河是密西西比河的最大支流的水量计算？育空河是北美洲西北部的主要水道。
在不列颠哥伦比亚省，加拿大瑞星，它运行3700公里长，进入白令海排空。
5大湖泊二，美国历史1，在哪里做的第一个美国人和来自他们为什么迁移到美国？图书P 4-52，美国南北战争美国南北战争（1861-1865），也被称为国家间的战争，是在美国内战。
南方奴隶州宣布十来自美国的分裂，形成了美国南部邦联（南部邦联）。
由杰斐逊戴维斯的带领下，他们又打了对美国联邦政府（以下简称“联盟”），这是所有自由州和五个边境奴隶州的支持。
2.1原因一个奴隶主南与日趋反奴役北共存了冲突可能。
林肯并没有提出反对奴隶制在那里已经存在的联邦法律，但他在他的1858家划分的讲话，表示希望“逮捕了它的进一步蔓延，并把它在公众心目中应休息，相信它是在最终灭绝“课程。
对在关于奴隶制到新创建的领土扩张主要集中在19世纪50年代的政治斗争了。
该组织的所有领土有可能成为自由的土壤状态，增加运动走向分裂国家的南部。
南北双方认为，如果奴隶制不能扩大它会枯萎，死亡。
一个奴隶主南与日趋反奴役北共存了冲突可能。
林肯并没有提出反对奴隶制在那里已经存在的联邦法律，但他在他的1858家划分的讲话，表示希望“逮捕了它的进一步蔓延，并把它在公众心目中应休息，相信它是在最终灭绝“课程。
对在关于奴隶制到新创建的领土扩张主要集中在19世纪50年代的政治斗争了。
该组织的所有领土有可能成为自由的土壤状态，增加运动走向分裂国家的南部。
南北双方认为，如果奴隶制不能扩大它会枯萎，死亡。
失去联邦政府控制，反对奴隶制的力量，而从权力政府已经控制了北方的恐惧，恐惧带来的危机南头到19世纪50年代中后期。
对奴隶制的道德分段分歧，民主和自由劳动与奴隶种植园的经济价值的范围和造成的辉格“认识全无”当事人崩溃，新的出现（1848年自由土壤党，共和党在1854年，1860年宪法联盟）。
1860年，最后剩下的国家的政党，民主党，分裂沿截面线。
2.2影响因素的过程和结果什么很大的影响的过程，以及战争的结果是在其战略的分歧南北，地理特征，技术，人力和资金。
2.2.1策略由于男子浇入军队，北方和南方领导人讨论的策略，将取得胜利。
北方军队会入侵南部邦联，摧毁其发动战争的能力，并粉碎了南部人民抵抗意志。
南部邦联可以赢得战争延长到一个地步，北人会认为太昂贵的努力在生命和金钱来坚持。
南都在一个看似弱小战胜一个更强大的一个电源美国革命的一个引人注目的例子。
如果朝鲜选择不安装的军事努力，胁迫脱离联邦的州回联盟，邦联将赢得默认的独立性。
林肯等北方领导人，但是，并没有让南州去不战的意图。
最突出的美国在1861年春季军事数字温菲尔德斯科特，美国军队一般总司令。
有了一个辉煌的头脑，斯科特设想了一个长期战略，使北方的胜利。
斯科特的计划寻求适用于来自各方面的南部邦联的压力。
一个海军和陆军部队合力将扫下来的密西西比河，分裂联邦的东部和西部各州。
与此同时，联盟将建立一个海军封锁否认南部邦联进入欧洲制造的商品。
如果南方继续抵抗，即使是在密西西比和港口关闭亏损，斯科特设想到南部邦联心脏的大规模入侵。
2.2.2地理地理如何有效地发挥了双方能够履行其战略的主要作用。
对南部邦联的庞大规模构成了北方军队令人生畏的障碍。
总额超过1940000平方公里和没有道路发达的网络，南北方山水的挑战“的能力，在供应军队从联盟基地增加距离操纵。
它也几乎不可能使北 ' S的南部港口的封锁完全有效，因为南方的“海岸线伸展5600公里并载有近200个港口通航河流和河口<XML：？命名空间前缀= O NS =“瓮：架构-微软COM：办公室：办公“/>阿巴拉契亚山脉也阻碍了南部邦联之间的东部和西部地区部队迅速行动，而北弗吉尼亚州雪兰多山谷的提供受保护的途径，通过它的同盟军可能入侵朝鲜。
南方河流的位置，但是，赞成北。
在密西西比州，田纳西，坎伯兰河和为联盟军队的阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的进步优秀南北途径。
2.2.3技术技术进步有助于双方的军队战斗过的很远的距离处理。
南北战争是第一次大规模冲突特色铁路和电报。
铁路快速移动的士兵和大量的物资数十万，北有近两倍，作为南方铁路线多英里。
电报通信所允许两国政府协调广阔的地域方面的军事动向。
该战斗人员也参加了许多其他军事技术的最新发展优势。
最重要的是步枪步枪通过双方的步兵最进行。
该步枪步枪用的225至275米的有效范围，允许攻击后卫分手很久以前他们到达的维护者的立场。
其他新技术铁定战舰，其中包括双方使用;载人气球上战场空中侦察用于北方为主，部署。
对于所有这些武器的技术目前已在南北战争之前，但从来没有过的军队如此广泛的应用技术。
2.2.4人力及财务在战争开始，国家为民兵提供联盟和同盟军部队最。
不久，大批平民被志愿服兵役。
在整个战争中，大量的部队组成的志愿者。
当后面的战斗伤亡日益落后的义工人数，无论是北部和南部的军队将采取政府起草的男子。
南部邦联通过了1862年4月的第一个法案草案。
欧盟随后将近一年后。
尽管草案本身没有产生足够数量的士兵，对正在起草导致许多志愿者，并收集了赏金，这是支付给志愿者的威胁。
一些士兵被不法足以争取，沙漠和reenlist收集奖金超过一次。
南北战争，像所有的战争，呼吁数额巨大的资金支付部队和设备供应他们。
在战争一开始，联邦依靠贷款，但这种资金的来源很快就消失的南方人开始受到战争和无力购买债券的成本经济。
相反，它依赖于纸币，自由打印。
南部邦联遭受了严重的通货膨胀和债务大大整个战争。
同盟的通货膨胀率约为9200％。
欧洲联盟资助的贷款和税收来比联邦更大程度的军队，甚至诉诸所得税。
北方的人比南方的繁荣。
一个国家的银行体系是由美国国会成立的美国国债，以刺激销售。
北方人有积蓄，他们可以购买债券，并从中可以采取税收收入。
2.3过程2.6.1东部战区（1861年至1863年）2.6.3西部剧院（1861年至1863年）2.6.4跨密西西比剧院（1861-1865）3。
美国在第一次世界大战第一次世界大战时，军事冲突，从1914年8月至1918年11月，在世界各地，涉及的许多欧洲国家以及美国和其他国家。
第一次世界大战是欧洲历史上最暴力和破坏性的战争之一。
在这6500万谁动员男性，10多万死亡，20多万受伤。
第一次世界大战一词没有进入一般使用，直至第二次世界冲突爆发于1939年进行。
在这一年之前，战争被称为伟大的战争或世界大战。
1.1联盟参与战争一开始是两个欧洲国家联盟之间的冲突。
第一个联盟，作为盟国称，包括英国，法国，比利时，塞尔维亚，黑山和俄罗斯帝国。
中央权力，反对他们，包括德国和奥匈帝国的帝国。
1.2直接原因战争的直接原因是费迪南德大公弗朗西斯，到了奥匈帝国王位继承人暗杀，由塞尔维亚民族主义者。
冲突的根本原因，但是，他们深深扎根在上个世纪欧洲的历史，特别是在政治和经济政策，在欧洲盛行后，1871年，这一年，德国作为欧洲的一个主要力量出现。
2。
大萧条10月24日，1929年，美国股市崩溃。
利润的纸被消灭了数十亿美元在几个小时内。
这导致了长期经济衰退。
但是，战后工业蓬勃发展，繁荣很快消失。
在美国大萧条，最严重的和最长的现代工业世界历史上经济崩溃，开始从1929年底至1940年初。
2.1原因而抑郁症是由一种在经济严重弱点。
这是一个普遍的误解认为，1929年10月股市暴跌是大萧条的原因。
这两个事件是密切相关，但两者都是在现代经济中的深层问题，通过了建立“繁荣的十年”的20世纪20年代的结果。
由于是战后时期的典型，在咆哮的二十年代美国人转身向内，远离国际问题和社会关注，走向更大的个人主义。
20世纪20年代的以自我为中心的态度似乎以适应经济的需要，很好。
现代工业有能力生产大量的消费品，但创造了一个根本的问题：只有在能够继续繁荣的需求作出迅速成长为供应。
因此，人们被说服放弃作为储蓄，推迟享乐和采购，以及只购买他们所需要的这种传统观念。
广告的方法被用来说服人们购买这种相对较新的汽车和收音机等全新的产品和家用电器的。
由此产生的大众消费保持了经济经过20世纪20年代最去。
但是有一个基本的经济问题：收入是分布很不均匀，以及部分前往富有的美国人越积越多，在这个十年中进行的。
这主要是因为两个因素：虽然企业在20世纪20年代发现的生产力显着增长，职工得到了在此生产的财富相对较小的份额。
1923年和1929年之间，制造业每人每小时产量增长了32％，但工人的工资只增长了8％。
企业利润由65％的投篮在同一时期。
由于这些趋势，在1929年最高的0.1％的美国家庭有一个总收入等于42％的底部。
这意味着，谁愿意购买新产品的许多人没有足够的钱这样做。
为了解决这个困难，20世纪20年代产生的另一个创新的“信用”，为消费者债务吸引力的名称。
人们可以“立即购买，后付款。
”国际问题也削弱了经济。
第一次世界大战后，美国成为世界“首席债权人作为欧洲国家挣扎着支付战争债务和赔款。
许多美国银行家们没有准备好为这个新角色。