2013年北京科技大学618基础英语考研真题
2013年北京科技大学861现代生产管理考研真题
北 京 科 技 大 学 20120133年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================================试题编号：试题编号： 861861 试题名称：试题名称： 现代生产管理现代生产管理 （共（共 4 页）页）适用专业：适用专业： 物流工程、物流工程（专业学位）物流工程、物流工程（专业学位） 说明：说明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================================一、 简答题简答题（（40分，每题10分）1. 计算机的诞生给生产管理带来了巨大的变革，请列举5个可能通过计算机的运算能力改进生产管理例子。
2. 网络和信息技术也给生产管理带来了巨大变革，请列举5个通过网络和信息技术改进生产管理的例子，且这些例子不得与上题例子重复。
3. 某空调生产厂空调销售受季节影响明显，夏季是旺季，冬季是淡季，但每年在旺季淡季的具体时间和销售量都有不同。
请问如果做需求预测的话，你建议他们采用何种定量预测模型，并说明理由。
4. 请简要说明MTO （Make to order ）和MTS （Make to Stoke ）两种生产方式的区别，并分别对MTO 和MTS 各举出4种适合的产品（只列产品名字即可）。
二、 选择题 （20分，每题2分）1．以下不属于定量预测方法的是（ ）A. 德尔菲法B. 简单移动平均法C. 加权移动平均法D. 指数平滑法2.生产管理的内容主要有（ ）三个方面。
北京科技大学考研英语题目(含复试)
一As is vividly depicted by the drawing above, a boy is sleeping soundly① and comfortably in the sofa, with the television on, when his mother comes and turnsoff the television for him, blaming the boy for not having turned off the television again②。
This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life. Many people are used to doing③ everything with the television on, not actually watching it at all. Such a habit can cause waste of much electricity and energy, and result in the emission of carbo n. This deviates from the popular concept of “low carbon life” — to reduce the emission of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, to protect our environment and realize sustainable development. According to statistics, if we can decrease the time for having the television on by one hour each day, we can deduce the amount of carbon emission by 4. 71 kilogram each month。
(NEW)戴淑芬《管理学教程》(第4版)配套题库【名校考研真题+课后习题+章节题库+模拟试题】
益活动，例如支持公益事业等。
6．信息 答：信息是数据经过加工处理后的结果。信息被用来反映客观事物 的规律，从而为管理工作提供依据。但信息和数据的区别不是绝对的。 信息的生成过程如图1所示。
图1 从数据转化为信息的过程 信息具有如下特征：① 价值的不确定性；② 内容的可干扰性；③ 形式和内容的更替性。
① 制度分权是在详细分析、认真论证的基础上进行的，因此具有一 定的必然性。
② 制度分权是将权力分配给某个职位，因此，权力的性质、应用范 围和程度的确定，需根据整个组织结构的要求。
③ 分配给某个管理职位的权力，如果调整的话，不仅影响该职位或 部门，而且会影响与组织其他部门的关系。因此，制度分权是相对稳定 的。除非整个组织结构重新调整，否则制度分权不会收回。
目 录
第一部分 名校考研真题 2016年华中科技大学614管理学考研真题及详解 2015年华南理工大学869管理学考研真题及详解 2014年北京科技大学824管理学与经济学基础（管理学部分）考研真 题及详解 2013年北京科技大学824管理学与经济学基础（管理学部分）考研真 题及详解 2013年北京科技大学621管理学原理考研真题及详解
④ 授权主要是领导者在管理上工作中的一种领导艺术，一种调动下 属积极性、充分发挥下属作用的方法。
CET6-201306真题试卷(第1套)
2013年6月英语六级考试真题试卷（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this party you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on theremark "Good habits result from resisting temptation." You can cite examples to . You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Nation That's Losing Its ToolboxThe scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer. It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs moremanufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down the trade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed."In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like."That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income.By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服)."Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about computers, of course, but they don't know how to build them."Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work."I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which invests in apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturingemployment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000. Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost.A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
北京科技大学研究生英语考试真题
2004/6 Listening Comprehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D.He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B.They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C.They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B.The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C.The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B.For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C.For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B.He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C.He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.16.What did the several hundred college studentscompete to build recently in Washington D.C.? 17.Which department in the United States organized thecompetition?18.How many teams took part in the competition?19.How much did each team spend on equipment andother materials?20.What is the purpose of the competition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1.A: I heard no women were allowed to take part in theOlympic Games in ancient Greece. Is that true? B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even compete in the Games in those days.They could compete in a separate festival.Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2.A: Now you are in the new company, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear.But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3.A: What do you usually do when you feel tired?B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4.A: How do you get along with your partner?B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance of spending timealone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D.They are generally pretty cold to each other.5.A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job. B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I'm fed up with working anunskilled job for a minimum wage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6.A: Did you watch the report about the accident indowntown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck and I saw a lot of ambulances at the scene.Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7.A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I'm astudent of Professor Cohen's. May I speak to himplease?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phone number hemay call you back when he returns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8.A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when I wasface to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before they meet their favorite star they seem to have a lot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can't say anything. Q: What happened to the woman when she met the famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9.A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It's really informative and it is the top one among those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D.Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a committee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims. Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device to carry electric current ever made.The committee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the committee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his computer had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings. They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the committee's report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position. He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a committee to investigatesome of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11.What did the committee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12.What did Bell Labs do after the committee's reportwas released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to the public.C. They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthur Fellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.To be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. A twelve-member committee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation's directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthur Fellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. She is a computer scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in their environment.Brian Tucker from California is another winner. Mr. Tucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes. Mr. Tucker says that being recognized as a MacArthur Fellow will make a huge difference for his company.13.Which of the following is one of the requirements fora MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year'sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15.Why was Brian Tucker given this year's MacArthurFellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B. He helped the developing countries to fight againstearthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a competition to see who could build the best solar-powered house. The United States Department of Energy organized the competition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in this Solar Home Competition. Student teams competed in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the best house powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house.Each house cost as much as $250,000 to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the competition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used computers, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery. The competition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works, because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world. Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。
【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】基础英语2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 618 试题名称：基础英语（共 10 页）适用专业：外国语言文学（包括外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效;请用蓝色或黑色钢笔或签字笔答题。
=============================================================================================================Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. No one appreciated his work during his lifetime, but it is clear that he was a great artist.A. in the aftermathB. by the timeC. in retrospectD. in this eventuality2. He was facing charges on forgery in a court of law but he hired a good attorney to .A. get offB. get throughC. get byD. get away3. The campers their tent in a sheltered valley.A. establishedB. installedC. pitchedD. fixed4. This is work. It calls for a good eye and a steady hand.A. preciseB. precisionC. exactD. exactness5. I’m rather concerned how he will take his school.A. onB. upC. offD. to6. I don’t doubt the plan will be well received.A. thatB. whichC. ifD. whether7. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event is equal to the probability that it will not occur.A. occurringB. occurredC. occursD. occur8. We will not be held responsible for any damage which results rough handling.A. fromB. offC. inD. to9. Now a single cell phone is able to store a large of information about an individual life.A. dealB. numberC. amountD. account10. The long service of decades of the to-be-retired with the company was a present each from the President.A. confirmed byB. recorded inC. acknowledged withD. appreciated for11. Buildings in the southeast of the UK are going to have to be constructed those in Scotland if the report findings are correct.A. asB. likeC. likelyD. are like12. We cannot see any possibility of business your price is on the high side of theprevailing market trend.A. whichB. sinceC. thatD. though13. If out successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city.A. carriedB. is carriedC. having been carriedD. to carry14. We are conscious of the extent work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and empty life.A. to whichB. in whichC. at whichD. by which15. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important of American life.A. fashionsB. frontiersC. facetsD. formatsSection BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence. From the four choices given, choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16. So engrossed in his efforts would Gaugin become that he barely noticed the passing of time.A. delighted inB. frustrated byC. expanded byD. involved in17. Rain abates in the fall throughout most of the Appalachian Mountain region.A. poursB. accumulatesC. lessensD. evaporates18. When a hurricane is about to occur, the National Weather Bureau issues a warning.A. adjacentB. giganticC. perilousD. imminent19. Relaxation therapy teaches one not to fret over small problems.A. worry aboutB. get involved inC. get angry aboutD. look for20. Mark Anthony’s eulogy of Caesar at his funeral is memorably recorded in a play by Shakespeare.A. prayerB. praiseC. biographyD. denunciation21. We regret being unable to entertain your request for providing free boarding to 15 sportsmen for two weeks.A. receiveB. complyC. coincideD. consider22. The ancient Jewish people regarded themselves as the salt of the earth, the chosen few by God to rule the world.A. outcastB. eliteC. nomadD. disciple23. Soon comics were so prevalent as to attract the attention of serious critics.A. successfulB. prosperousC. widespreadD. persuasive24. The progress of civilization itself can be measured by its range of mathematics.A. consideredB. decidedC. assessedD. found out25. The artist spent years on his monumental painting, which covered the whole roof of the church, the biggest in the country.A. archaicB. sentimentalC. outstandingD. entireSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered sets of words. Choose the setof words for the blanks that best fit the meaning of the sentence.26. To list Reilly’s achievements in a fragmentary way is , for it distracts our attention from the themes of her work.A. unproductive … disparateB. misleading … integratingC. pragmatic … comprehensiveD. logical … important27. That many of the important laws of science were discovered during experiments designedto other phenomena suggests that experimental results are the of inevitable natural forces rather than of planning.A. analyze … foundationsB. disprove … predecessorsC. alter … adjunctsD. illuminate … consequence28. The availability of oxygen is an essential for animal life, while carbon dioxide is equally for plant life.A. choice … optionalB. duplication … selectiveC. conversion … exchangeableD. condition … necessary29. Old beliefs die hard: even when jobs became , the long-standing fear that unemployment could return at a moment’s notice .A. vacant … perishedB. easier … changedC. plentiful … persistedD. protected … subsided30. Politeness is not a attribute of human behavior, but rather a central virtue, one whose very existence is increasingly being by the faddish requirement to ―speak one’s mind.‖A. superficial … threatenedB. pervasive … undercutC. worthless … forestalledD. precious … affectedPart ⅡProofreading and error correction (20 minutes, 20 points, 2 points each) Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧‖ sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1. anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2. neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. 3. exhibitThe Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the averagechange over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a marketbasket of consumer good and services. The CPI affects nearly all 1.Americans because of the many ways which it is used. Its three major 2.uses are: Firstly, as an economic indicator, the CPI is the most widelyused measurement of inflation and is sometimes viewed as an indicator 3.of the effectiveness of government economic policy. It providesinformations about price changes in the nation’s economy to 4.government, business, labor, and other private citizens, and is used bythem as a guide to make economic decisions. Secondly, as a deflator 5.of other economic series. The CPI and its components are used toadjusting other economic series for price changes and to translate 6.these series into inflation-free dollars. An interesting example ofthese is the use of the CPI as a deflator of the value of the consumer’s 7.dollar to find its purchasing power. The purchasing power ofthe consumer’s dollar measures the change in the value to the consumerof goods and services that a dollar will buy at different dates.By other words, as prices increase, the purchasing power of the 8.consumer’s dollar declines. Third, as a means of adjusting dollar 9.values. The CPI is often used to adjust consumer’s income payments; 10.to adjust income eligibility levels for government assistance;and to automatically provide cost-of-living wage adjustments tomillions of American workers.Part III Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 40 points, 2 points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage One―What does the middleman do but add to the price of goods in the shops?‖ Such remarks are aimed at the intermediate operations between manufactures and final customers. This practice usually attracts a lot of attention from the public and the press and the operation most talked about is what is often called wholesaling.The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in smaller parcels to retailers, and for this service his selling price to the retailer is raised several percent higher. But his job is made more difficult by retail demand not necessarily running level with manufacturers’production. Because he adjusts or regulates the flow of goods by holding stock until required, he frees the manufacturer, to some extent, from the effect on production of changing demand and having to bear the whole risk.The manufacturer can then keep up a steady production flow, and the retailer has no need to hold heavy stocks, who can call on the wholesaler for supplies any time. This wholesale function is like that of a valve in a water pipe. The middleman also bears part of the risk that would otherwise fall on the manufacturer and also the retailer.The wholesaler provides a purely commercial service, for which he is too well rewarded. But the point that is missed by many people is that the wholesaler is not just someone adding to the cost of goods. It is true one could eliminate the wholesaler but one would still be left with hisfunction: that of making sure that goods find their way to the people who want them.1. ―Middleman‖ in the passage almost equals to all the following in meaning except .A. go-betweenB. intermediaryC. manufacturerD. wholesaler2. The wholesaler obtains higher selling prices for .A. small parcels he sellsB. goods he buys in bulkC. the service he providesD. the information he offers3. A middleman’s work may become difficult because .A. manufactures run their production on a much higher levelB. market demand may not be the same as industrial productionC. retailers are not necessary in running their retailing businessD. retailers demand lower levels than those demanded by manufacturers4. What function of the wholesaler is compared to a valve?A. Controlling the flow of goods.B. Pushing up demand from retailers.C. Bearing part of the risk for manufacturers.D. Selling goods to retailers.5. The author quite possibly believes that the function of the wholesaler is .A. good but too costlyB. necessary but harmfulC. removable but necessaryD. acceptable but unnecessaryPassage TwoEvery group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of ―backward‖languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in ―backward‖languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (―this‖ and ―that‖ ) . But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.6. Every group of human beings has .A. its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of lifeB. an extremely complex and delicate languageC. its own elegant music, literature, and other artsD. the process of growing crops or raising animals7. To the professional linguists, .A. there is no intrinsic superiority of culturesB. there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languagesC. all languages came from grunts and groansD. all languages are most severe and standard8. According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to .A. do more activitiesB. learn about a new cultureC. meet more peopleD. need more names9. The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward ―backward‖ languages is .A. restrainedB. subjectiveC. objectiveD. resolute10. This passage is on the whole .A. narrativeB. instructiveC. prescriptiveD. argumentativePassage ThreeIs test anxiety destructive? Can we make test anxiety work for us? The answer to both of these questions is yes. Test anxiety often interferes with student performance but this same test anxiety, if channeled correctly, can help improve performance.In order to lessen the destructive elements of test anxiety, the approach should be to develop improved confidence and knowledge. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability to succeed will increase. As your confidence increases, your anxiety will go down, allowing your knowledge to come through more efficiently. The way you prepare for a test can reduce anxiety during the test.You will be surprised how confident you will feel if you know the material. Studies of memory show if you want to be able to recall information from text or lecture you have to review that material several times. It is important to know your own abilities and operate accordingly. If you know that you learn best by listening, prepare a tape of significant material and listen to the tape.Study partners or study groups are often useful for self-testing. Experience in stressful situations tends to lessen anxiety in those situations. One way to help yourself retrieve material is through the use of mnemonic codes. Learn a code that lets you remember complex material. Developing an outline for an essay question that you know will be on the test or memorizing a formula are forms of code development.Students are often frustrated by the sheer volume of material that has to be studied in college. Many instructors conduct reviews, give hints, identify what is important to study, use handouts or overhead transparency outlines. These materials should be at the top of your study list. If the instructor took the time to identify them, you should assume that they will play an important part of the test. While knowledge acquired during test preparation can help reduce anxiety, it is another thing to take the test itself. Following are a few suggestions to help reduce anxiety during the test.When I arrive at a test, I often find students flipping test pages at the last minute trying to cram it all in at the end. You would be better off trying to relax, meditating a little, and clearing your mind to allow yourself the ability to concentrate on the question that are coming.As soon as the instructor gives you the signal to start, dump out formulas, codes, outlines from your memory onto the test answer sheets so that you will not have to worry about whether you will remember the codes long enough until you get to the appropriate test question.You can build your confidence if you go through the test and answer all of the questions that you know first. Go back and work on those questions that need greater analysis, or that need to be worked out or need to be guessed at and your anxiety will not kick in until later in the test.For those of you whose anxiety increases as study and preparation increase, your goal should be to start concentrating on things that take your mind off the test, i.e., television, books, hobbies, movies, etc. Meditation and aerobic exercise have proven to be very useful methods for reducing undesirable effects of stress.The solution to reducing the destructive influences of stress is to plan to study. Map out a schedule of when you will study each day. Identify the specific topics that you will study each day. Identify the areas of the material that you have had problems with and study those. Your plan should include reading the text material, reviewing notes and homework assignments, identifying the material that needs further explanation, developing codes for memory material and testing yourself. Once you have studied adequately, your confidence will be fairly high, your knowledge will be satisfactory to do well on the test and the stomach butterflies will help you focus on the task at hand.I’d wish you good luck on finals, but you and I both know that the more effectively you study, the luckier you will get.11. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned as a good side of the test anxiety?A. It can help improve performance if channeled correctly.B. It motivates us to study and prepare for exam.C. It can help us to concentrate.D. It can always ensure a good score in the test.12. Which of the following test preparation ways cannot help one reduce anxiety during the test?A. You should know your own abilities and operate accordingly and learn as much as you can.B. Study partners or study groups are useful for self-testing.C. You can retrieve materials by using mnemonic codes.D. You should pay more attention to the materials identified by the teacher.13. What should be at the top of your study list when you prepare a test?A. The most complex materials.B. The questions asked by students.C. The materials reviewed and hints given by the teacher.D. The materials mastered by most students.14. The suggestions to help reduce anxiety during the test are .A. relaxing, mnemonic codes and easy questions firstB. relaxing, dumping and easy questions firstC. relaxing, easy questions first and extreme anxietyD. aerobic exercise, relax and dumping15. According to the passage, useful means for reducing undesirable effects of stress are .A. knowledge and confidenceB. learning ability and instructor’s hintsC. meditation and aerobic exerciseD. rest and meditationPassage FourNo revolutions in technology have as visibly marked the human condition as those in transport. Moving goods and people, they have opened continents, transformed living standards, spread diseases, fashions and folk around the world. Yet technologies to transport ideas and information across long distances have arguably achieved even more: they have spread knowledge, the basis of economic growth.The most basic of all these, the written word, was already ancient by 1000. By then China had, in basic form, the printing press, using carved woodblocks. But the key to its future, movable metal type, was four centuries away. The Chinese were hampered by their thousands of ideograms. Even so, they quite soon invented the primitive movable type, made of clay, and by the 13th century they had the movable wooden type. But the real secret was the use of an easily cast metal.When it came, Europe –aided by simple Western alphabets –leapt forward with it. One reason why Asia’s civilizations, in 1000 far ahead of Europe’s, then fell behind was that they lacked the technology to reproduce and diffuse ideas. On Johannes Gutenberg’s invention in the 1440s were built not just the Reformation and the Enlightenment, but Europe’s agricultural and industrial revolutions too.Yet information technology on its own would not have got far. Literally: better transport technology too was needed. That was not lacking, but there the big change came much later: it was railways and steamships that first allowed the speedy, widespread dissemination of news and ideas over long distances. And both technologies in turn required people and organizations to develop their use. They got them: for individual communication. The postal service: for wider publics, the publishing industry.Throughout the 19th century, the postal service formed the bedrock of national and international communications. Crucial to its growth had been the introduction of the stamp, combined with a low price, and payment by the sender. Britain put all three of these ideas into effect in 1840.By then, the world’s mail was taking off. It changed the world. Merchants in America’s eastern cities used it to gather information, enraging far-off cotton growers and farmers, who found that the New Yorkers knew more about crop prices than they did. In the American debate about slavery, it offered abolitionists a low-cost way to spread their views, just as later technologies have cut the cost and widened the scope of political lobbying. The post helped too to integrate the American nation, tying the newly opened west to the settled east.Everywhere, its development drove and was driven by those of transport. In Britain, travelers rode by mail coach to posting inns. In America, the post subsidized road-building. Indeed, argues Dan Schiller, a professor of communications at the University of California, it was the connection between the post, transport and national integration that ensured that the mail remained a public enterprise even in the United States, its first and only government-run communications medium, and until at least the 1870s, the biggest organization in the land.The change has not only been one of speed and distance, though, but of audience. About 200 years ago, a man’s words could reach no further than his voice, not just in range but in whom they reached. But, for some purposes, efficient communication is mass communication, regular, cheap,quick and reliable. When it became possible, it transformed the world.16. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Transporting goods and people is the most important technology in the history of mankind.B. Technology in transporting goods and people has changed human conditions more than anything else.C. Technology in spreading information has changed human conditions more than transportation technology.D. Technology in spreading information can’t change the ec onomic development of society.17. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention probably refers to .A. printing technologyB. transportation technologyC. the Reformation and the EnlightenmentD. industrial revolution18. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the postal service?A. American abortionists were not happy about it.B. The stamp was invented in Britain.C. It helped the independence of America.D. In the 1840s it was the major means of national communications in Britain.19. In the United States, the postal service belongs to .A. a private companyB. the governmentC. road-building enterprisesD. national integration20. Which of the following statements is NOT true about mass communication?A. It can reach no further than human voice.B. It can reach a large audience.C. It is rapid and efficient.D. It can be trusted.Part ⅣTranslation (40 minutes, 30 points, 15 points each)Directions: There are two passages here. Put the underlined part in the first one into Chinese and the underlined part in the second one into English.[1] It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is something that can hold many of the society’s disparate elements together, but it is not an exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of society seem to fly apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fantasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social, which society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work for themselves, but partly for their families; husbands and wives are often ambitious for each other, but harbor some of their most ardent ambitions for their children. Yet to have a family nowadays —with birth control readily available, and inflation a good economic argument against having children — is nearly an expression of ambition in itself. Finally, though ambition was once the domain chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times, increasingly become the domain of the middle class. Ambition and futurity —a sense of building for tomorrow —are inextricable. Working, saving, planning —these, the daily aspects of ambition —have alwaysbeen the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against ambition is not incidentally an attack on the middle class and what it stands for.[2] 世界是千变万化的，疑问是层出不穷的，答案是丰富多彩的，对问题评述的标准不同，答案就不同。
2013年北京科技大学830普通教育学考研真题
北 京 科 技 大 学
20120133年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
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试题编号：试题编号： 830830 试题名称：试题名称： 普通教育学普通教育学 （共（共 1 页）页） 适用专业：适用专业： 教育经济与管理教育经济与管理 专业专业 说明：说明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
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一、 简答题简答题（（每个小题20分，共计80分）
1、 简述现代化工业生产力为现代教育所提供的物质技术基础及其作用表现
2、 简述现代教育的社会生产力功能
3、 科学技术对社会生产发展和经济的价值是什么？
4、人的全面发展必须具备的社会条件是什么？
二、 论述题论述题（（每个小题35分，共计70分）
1、试论科层管理理论的主要思想及其对教育管理的影响
2、您认为现代校长怎样才能实施有效的学校管理。
2013年6月英语六级考试真题与答案(第1套)
2013年6月英语六级考试真题试卷（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this party you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "Good habits result from resisting temptation." You can cite examples to illustrator your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上作答。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Nation That's Losing Its ToolboxThe scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer.It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs more manufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down thetrade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed."In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like." That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income. By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服)."Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about computers, of course, but they don't know how to build them."Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work."I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which invests in apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturing employment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000.Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost.A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
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北 京 科 技 大 学20120133年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================================试题编号：试题编号： 618618 试题名称：试题名称： 基础英语基础英语 （共（共 1010 页）页） 适用专业：适用专业： 外国语言文学（包括外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学） 说明：明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================================Part Vocabulary Ⅰ(30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections: There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. In my opinion, he’s the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.A. in allB. at bestC. for allD. by far2. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. andB. asC. butD. or3. She is a musician than her brother.A. much ofB. much asC. more ofD. more as4. my family’s consistent encouragement I wouldn’t have accomplished my graduate study.A. But forB. But withC. Except forD. As are5. Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees, occupations for which technical training is necessary.A. so too there areB. so also there areC. so there are tooD. so too are there6. In such desperate strains did he find himself that he was reduced to the violin in the streets.A. playB. playingC. be playingD. having played7. Those twins are so alike that it is next to impossible to distinguish .A. who is whoB. which is whichC. one and the otherD. one another8. He is determined to prove his innocence, he has to go to the highest court.A. even thoughB. even asC. even ifD. even so9. When the young man realized that the police had spotted him, he made the exit as quickly as possible, only to find that two policemen were waiting outside.A. offB. fromC. towardsD. for10. The stark reality is that our education system people, but industry does not find them useful.A. turns outB. produces outC. churns outD. bring out11. On that rainy night, John told his father that the lock on the door loose.A. was feltB. felt likeC. was feelingD. felt12. Critics charge that this is partly because Europe is still moving slowly to government stimulus programs and right its own ailing financial system.A. roll backB. roll downC. roll inD. roll out13. when she started complaining.A. Not until he arrivedB. No sooner had he arrivedC. Hardly had he arrivedD. Scarcely did he arrive14. Noise pollution generally receives less attention than air pollution.A. doesB. it doesC. receivesD. it does over15. corn is usually believed to be the American favorite vegetable, broccoli is actually the favorite vegetable, according to the poll done.A. ActuallyB. HoweverC. WhileD. DespiteSection BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence. From the four choices given, choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that for most humans the left half of the brain controls language.A. fields of studyB. groups of expertsC. seminarsD. regulations17. Your analogy was not a good one because the two situations are not similar.A. comparisonB. categorizationC. classificationD. cognition18. The conquerors stole not only the gold and silver that were needed to replenish the badly depleted treasury but also the supplies that were vital to the nation.A. substituteB. recollectC. restockD. resume19. Whenever he goes, he readily accommodates to new circumstances.A. finds a lodging inB. makes a close study ofC. provides lodging forD. adapts himself to20. Even after ten years her name conjures up such beautiful memories.A. covers upB. revealsC. brings to mindD. makes up21. Many of his arguments have no pertinence to the subject under discussion.A. significanceB. valueC. enlightenmentD. relevance22. The graduate committee must be in full accord in their approval of a dissertation.A. indecisiveB. sullenC. vocalD. unanimous23. We regret being unable to entertain your request for providing free boarding to 15 sportsmen for two weeks.A. receiveB. complyC. coincideD. consider24. The artist spent years on his monumental painting, which covered the whole roof of the church, the biggest in the country.A. archaicB. sentimentalC. outstandingD. entire25. The ancient Jewish people regarded themselves as the salt of the earth, the chosen few by God.A. outcastB. eliteC. nomadD. discipleSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence.26. Eric was frustrated because, although he was adept at making lies sound when telling the truth, he the power to make himself believed.A. plausible…lackedB. convincing…heldC. honest… foundD. true… acquired27. The techniques now available to livestock breeders will continue to be but will probably be by new ones under development.A. fruitful… reversedB. refined… upgradedC. inconvenient… reassessedD. used… supplemented28. Any population increase beyond a certain level necessitates greater vegetable foods; thus, the ability of a society to choose meat over cereals always arises, in part, from the number of people.A. production of … estimatingB. spending on … concealingC. recourse to … limitingD. attention to… varying29. Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen’s novels has oscillated between and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary .A. dismissal…admirersB. adoration… contemporariesC. disapproval…readersD. indifference…followers30. The actual of Wilson’s position was always by his refusal to compromise after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement.A. outcome…foreshadowedB. logic…enhancedC. rigidity…betrayedD. uncertainty… alleviatedPart ⅡProofreading and error correction (20 minutes, 20 points, 2 points each) Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1. anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2. neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. 3. exhibitIn his 1988 best seller A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawkingmade readers wonder: if the universe is expanding, where is it expandingto?Now Hawking has teamed up his daughter, Lucy Hawking, to write (1) George’s Secret Key to the Universe, the first in a trilogy of novels directedat the fertile minds of children. In an interview on e-mail, Hawking (2) explains: “The aim of the book is to encourage children’s sense of wonderat the universe. We want them to look up outward only then will they (3)be able to make the right decisions to safeguard the future of the humanrace.”George’s Secret Key to the Universe, aimed 9-11-year-olds, (4)tells the story of a young boy, George, and a cheery astrophysicist,Eric, who talking computer opens a portal to the unknown universe. The (5)duo make spacesuits and use the portal to search for planets to whichhumanity can escape the irreversible warming of the earth. Along the way, (6)George and the reader learn from the basics of astrophysics and astronomy (7)through illustrations and captioned photographs. “You don’t needactual secret key to explore the universe, ” George ultimately discovers. (8) “There’s one that everyone can use. It’s called physics.”The Hawkings portray the universe as harmony and largely benign. (9)But our present knowledge of the universe suggests that is, in fact, adesolate and often violent expanse place in which humankind plays an (10) inconsequential role.Part III Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 40 points, 2 points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage OneModern industrial society grants little status to old people. In fact, such a society has a system of built-in obsolescence. There is no formal system for continuing our education throughout ourgrown obsolete, we are treated exactly like those who have never gained an education or job skills and are not encouraged or given the opportunity to begin anew.As a society becomes more highly developed, the overall status of older people diminishes. Improved health technology creates a large pool of old people, who compete for jobs with the young. However, economic technology lowers the demand for workers and creates new jobs for which the skills of the aged are obsolete, forcing older people into retirement. At the same time, young people are being educated in the new technology and are keeping pace with rapid changes in knowledge. Finally, urbanization creates age-segregated neighborhoods. Because the old live on fixed incomes, they must often live in inferior housing. All these factors —retirement, obsolete knowledge and skills, inferior standards of living —lower the status of the aged in society.A century ago, when one could expect to live only to 50 or so, the life span more or less coincided with the occupation and family cycle. But today the average life span allows for fifteen to twenty years of life after these cycles. It appears that our life span is outpacing our usefulness in society.1. By “a system of built-in obsolescence” the author means .A. no formal system exists in modern industrial societyB. old people have no status in modern industrial societyC. young people have chances in modern industrial societyD. knowledge changes rapidly in modern industrial society2. The more highly developed a society is, .A. the more advanced technology will beB. the larger the number of people will beC. the more diminished old people’s status will beD. the lower the overall status of the old people will be3. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Retired people could only live on fixed incomes.B. Retired people are more skillful than young people.C. Young people are educated in the new technology.D. Young people are keeping pace with rapid changes.4. The sentence “our life span outpaces our usefulness” means we can live longer .A. and make progressB. and do more workC. but move slowlyD. but become useless5. The author’s attitude toward the aged is .A. realisticB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. sympatheticPassage Two“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.” Mahatma Gandhi probably never said these words, despite claims to the contrary, but they perfectly describe the progress of open-source software over the past 15 years or so. Such software, the underlying recipe for which is created by volunteers and distributed free online, was initially dismissed as the plaything of nerdy hobbyists. Big software firms derided the idea that anyone would put their trust in free software written by mysterious online collectives. Was it really secure? Whom would you call if it went wrong?At the time, selling software to large companies was sometimes likened to drug dealing, because once a firm installed a piece of software, it had to pay a stream of licence fees for upgrades, security patches and technical support. Switching to a rival product was difficult and expensive. But with open-source software there was much less of a lock-in. There are no licence fees, and the file formats and data structures are open. Open-source software gained ground during the dotcom boom and even more so afterwards, as a way to cut costs.Microsoft, the world’s biggest software company, went from laughing at the idea to fighting it, giving warning that there might be legal risks associated with using open-source software and even calling it a “cancer” that threatened to harm the industry. Yet the popularity of open-source programs such as the Linux operating system continued to grow. The fact that Google, the industry’s new giant, sits on a foundation of open-source code buried the idea that it was not powerful or reliable enough for heavy-duty use. One by one the industry’s giants embraced open source. Even Microsoft admits that drawing on the expertise of internet users to scrutinize and improve software has its merits, at least in some cases.The argument has been won. It is now generally accepted that the future will involve a blend of both proprietary and open-source software. Traditional software companies have opened up some of their products, and many open-source companies have adopted a hybrid model in which they give away a basic version of their product and make money by selling proprietary add-ons. The rise of software based on open, internet-based standards means worries about lock-in have become much less of a problem.But now there is the danger of a new form of lock-in. “Cloud computing”—the delivery of computer services from vast warehouses of shared machines—enables companies and individuals to cut costs by handing over the running of their e-mail, customers databases or accounting software to someone else, and then accessing it over the internet. There are many advantages to this approach for both customers (low cost, less complexity) and service providers (economies of scale). But customers risk losing control once again, in particular over their data, as they migrate into the cloud. Moving from one service provider to another could be even more difficult than switching between software packages in the old days. For a foretaste of this problem, try moving your MySpace profile to Facebook without manually retyping everything.The obvious answer is to establish agreed standards for moving data between clouds. An industry effort to this effect kicked off in March. But cloud computing is still in its infancy, and setting standards too early could hamper innovation. So buyers of cloud-computing services must take account of dangers of lock-in, and favour service providers who allow them to move data in and out of their system without too much hassle. This will push providers to compare on openness from the outset—and ensure that the lessons from the success of open-source software are not lost in the clouds.6. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the open-source software?A. SkepticalB. ContemptuousC. SupportiveD. Enthusiastic7. Why would the author describe software selling as drug dealing?A. It is illegal.B. It costs huge “running money” after first time purchasing.C. It is hard to stick to software.8. Which of the following facts is not the reason for Microsoft to change its view on open-source software?A. Linux uses open-source software.B. Google is based on open-source code.C. Open-source software is proved to be reliable for heavy-duty running.D. The number of open-source program is increasing.9. Which of the following statements is true about the future of open-source software?A. It will transform into a private owned property which can be better protected.B. Traditional software can only earn money from value-added services.C. Users may be less worried about the losing of data by using open-based program.D. Open-source program is always free of charge.10. Which of the following statements is true about “cloud computing”?A. It is an online program such as Facebook or Myspace.B. It may hamper innovation.C. It intends to provide a third party database for data owner and service provider.D. It may cause data losing in the cloud.Passage ThreeThe Roman language served as the first model for answering the question. Even to someone with no knowledge of Latin, the similarities among Roman languages would have made it natural to suggest that they were derived from a common ancestor. On the assumption that the shared characteristic of these languages came from the common ancestor, it would have been possible to reconstruct many of the characteristics of the original common language. In much the same way it became clear that the branches of the Indo-European family could be studied and a hypothetical family tree constructed, reading back to a common ancestor.This is the tree approach. The basic process represented by the tree model is one of divergence: when languages become isolated from one another, they differ increasingly, and dialects gradually become different until they become separate languages.Divergence is by no means the only possible tendency in language evolution. Johannes Schmidt introduced a “wave” model, in which linguistic changes were like waves, eventually leading to convergence; that is, growing similarity among languages that were initially quite different.Today, however, most linguists think primarily in terms of family trees. It is necessary to construct some models of how language change might occur according to a process-based view. There are four main classes of models.The first is the process of initial colonization, by which an uninhabited territory becomes populated; its language naturally becomes that of the colonizers. Second are processes of divergence, such as the linguistic divergence arising from separation or isolation mentioned above in relation to early models of the Indo-European languages. The third group of models is based on processes of linguistic convergence. The wave model, formulated by Schmidt in the 1870’s, is an example, but convergence methods have not generally found favor among linguists.Now, the slow and rather static operation of these processes is complicated by another factor:of the world the languages initially spoken by the indigenous people have come to be replaced, fully or partially, by languages spoken by people coming from outside. Were it not for this large complicating factor, the world’s linguistic history could be faithfully described by the initial distribution of Homo Sapiens, followed by the gradual workings of divergence and convergence. So linguistic replacement also has a key role to play in explaining the origins of the Indo-European languages.11. The characteristics of the original common language can be described on the basis of .A. the similarities among Roman languagesB. the hypothetical family treeC. the process known as divergenceD. the common features of Roman languages12. According to Johannes Schmidt, .A. languages change on a large scale like wavesB. divergence is not the only possible tendency in language changeC. language evolution can be explained in terms of divergence and convergenceD. different languages will become increasingly similar until they develop into one language13. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that .A. there doesn’t exist any satisfactory model of language changeB. most linguists explain language change only in terms of divergenceC. most linguists generally don’t accept the idea of language convergenceD. the first process in language evolution is colonization, followed by divergence14. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Linguistic replacement can be ignored for the linguistic history to be fully described.B. Linguistic replacement cannot be ignored in explaining where the Indo-European languages come from.C. Because of linguistic replacement, the other three models prove to be incorrect.D. Compared with the other models, linguistic replacement is the most important model.15. This passage is primarily written to .A. discuss the importance of linguistic replacementB. introduce the origin of the Indo-European languageC. explain the divergence of the Indo-European languagesD. introduce models concerning the origin of the Indo-European languagesPassage FourHaving reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn’t find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we foundourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles the river entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who had scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.16. Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to .A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty17. The travelers wanted to get to the river because .A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route18. One reason why it took the travelers so long to get to the river was that .A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks19. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because .A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination20. To get past the waterfall, the guide had to .A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPart ⅣTranslation (40 minutes, 30 points, 15 points each)Directions: There are two passages here. Put the underlined part in the first passage into Chinese and the second passage into English.[1] It is simple enough to say that since books have classes — fiction, biography, poetry— we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty-two chapters of a novel— if we consider how to read a novel first— are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building: but words are more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing. Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist is doing is not to read, but to write; to make your own experience with dangers and difficulties of words. Recall, then, some event that has left a distinct impression on you— how at the corner of the street, perhaps, you passed two people talking. A tree shook; an electric light danced; the tone of the talk was comic, but also tragic; a whole vision, an entire conception, seemed contained in that moment.[2] 从古至今多少诗人赞美过窗子，多少歌手歌唱过窗子，多少情人的眼睛凝望过窗子……窗子的变化，是值得人们考察一番的。