外文翻译五分钟搞定5000字
五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】-2
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译工具大全建议收藏在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google翻译：google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译：CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。
英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译6篇
英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译6篇英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译 (1) dear teacher, dear students:hello everybody!my topic today is "making the self-confidence."thomas edison once said: "confidence is the first secret of success."yes, in life, we can not do without self-confidence everywhere. a personwithout faith, is bound to be abandoned by the society of a person, a personhas been abandoned by successful, one was abandoned by the peoplethemselves! therefore, we can say without hesitation: self-confidence isa person's soul!self-confidence does not equal arrogance. it is a determination, hasthe power over life and death. never blindly self-confidence, it is hardhoning the ability of the condensed. ability is like the crown, it is onlymounted on a self-confident fengyun sparkling diamonds, will becomeeye-catching and gorgeous. similarly, there is no ability to foil, andlet confidence no matter how brilliant, but also like the loss of greenflowers, value greatly reduced.i believe we all heard of "with confidence" the idiom story! good atthe northern song painter painting paper with bamboo, when pen to paperwithout thinking each time they claimed a life-like bamboo map. how didhe do it? it turned out that his daily observation of the bamboo hut,seasons, his unshakeable. over time, the length of bamboo thickness, leafshape color, he is familiar with the heart, naturally, put the bamboopainted superb.this is the power of self-confidence!how, if there is no confidence to support him, to encourage him, eventhough the text was the same with earth-shattering, then do not believein their own strength and what is the use? he would be buried in the chineselong history of five thousand years in the dust.self-confidence can pass through time and space, it come and go likethe wind, but in everyone around to stay. but if you can not catch it,it will as the yellow river water gone.in life, we need to seize confidence. hold self-confidence, we canturn in the highest satisfaction of life; in growth, we need to seizeconfidence. hold self-confidence is the most perfect pass into the society;in the struggle, we need to seize confidence. hold self-confidence,success is not far away in front of you!英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译 (2) belief in yourself is the secret of successfrom the moment we are born, our destiny had been set. it is the startof our life. as a little child, we go to school and are curious toeverything in the world.when we get older, we tend to understand the function in this world.we start to think, sometimes wonder about life. next thing we know,we are growing up. the world is changing, and our life is changingeveryday.right now, this particular moment in our life, we think again.we have we done in our life?are we successful?are we rich?are we happy? and flashbacks starts, the memories took charge of ourbrain.we reflect to ourselves, we question ourselves.why are we not successful?why are we not rich?why are we not happy?then, we need to ask how.how to be successful?how to be rich?how to be happy?with the questions, we figure out the answers. one of the dominatingtechqniue to be successful is first start from yourself. believe inyourself. if you don't believe in what you can do, then who else?if you don't care about yourself, then who else? trust your feelings,believe that you can do it. and as long as you hold that thought, nothing,nothing can stop you.the successful future right ahead of you are led by a pathway calledbelief.英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译 (3) Good morning, my dear teachers and friends! My name is Li Bingke, fromclass four O five. Today, I am very happy to be here. My topic is “OurSchool”.My dear friends, welcome to our school! My school is very beautiful!It has a big playground. We can play and do some sports there. Near theplayground, there is a garden. Many trees and flowers are there. So theair is very clean and we can hear birds singing in the trees. It is sowonderful. Our teaching buildings are around the garden and look like ourteachers’ arms to welcome us. We can draw pictures in the art room onthe first floor and read story-books in the library on the second floor.My classroom is on the third floor. It is clean and bright. We like tostudy in it. The computer room is on the fifth floor. We can sing and dancein the music room on the sixth floor. What a lot of fun! We can have lunchin the canteen near Defang Teaching Building.In our school, our teachers work hard and help us with our lessons.We study hard and listen to teachers carefully. After class, our teachersplay with us and we feel very happy.Our school is so nice and our teachers are so kind. We all love them.Dear friends, do you like them?That's all. Thanks!英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译 (4)i have a dreami am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history asthe greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.five score years ago, a great american, in whose symbolic shadow westand today, signed the emancipation proclamation. this momentous decreecame as a great beacon light of hope to millions of negro slaves who hadbeen seared in the flames of withering injustice. it came as a joyousdaybreak to end the long night of their captivity.but one hundred years later, the negro still is not free. one hundredyears later, the life of the negro is still sadly crippled by the manaclesof segregation and the chains of discrimination. one hundred years later, the negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. one hundred years later, the negro is still languished in the corners of american society and finds himself an exile in his own land. and so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.in a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. when the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the constitution and the declaration of independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every american was to fall heir. this note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable rights" of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." it is obvious today that america has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. instead of honoring this sacred obligation, america has given the negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds."but we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. we refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. and so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.we have also come to this hallowed spot to remind america of the fierce urgency of now. this is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. now is the time to make justice a realityfor all of god's children.it would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment.this sweltering summer of the negro's legitimate discontent will notpauntil there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. nineteensixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. and those who hope that thenegro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rudeawakening if the nation returns to busineas usual. and there will beneither rest nor tranquility in america until the negro is granted hiscitizenship rights. the whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake thefoundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.but there is something that i must say to my people, who stand on thewarm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: in the proceofgaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. letus not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cupof bitterneand hatred. we must forever conduct our struggle on the highplane of dignity and discipline. we must not allow our creative protestto degenerate into physical violence. again and again, we must rise tothe majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.the marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the negro communitymust not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our whitebrothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realizethat their destiny is tied up with our destiny. and they have come torealize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译 (5) As everyone knows,English is very important today.It has been usedeverywhere in the world.It has become the most common language on Internetand for international trade. If we can speak English well,we will havemore chance to succeed.Because more and more people have taken notice ofit,the number of the people who go to learn English has increased at ahigh speed. But for myself,I learn English not only because of itsimportance and its usefulness,but also because of my love for it.When Ilearn English, I can feel a different way of thinking which gives me moreroom to touch the world.When I read English novels,I can feel the pleasurefrom the book which is different from reading the translation.When I speakEnglish, I can feel the confident from my words.When I write English,Ican see the beauty which is not the same as our Chinese...I am flying today, speech is the ideal wing, as a middle school student,we are in love fantasy, love to dream, love highlight their personality,love and Zhang Yang us different, we were not mistaken, we now are notqualitatively period of development, there is no one standard for us tojudge their own life and values. We always let adults know that we cando it yourself to live, you can solve their own problems, but we have somedependence. Love day dreaming, perhaps today we want to be a teacher, toeducate our newcomers, and perhaps tomorrow we want to be a scientist toexplore our humanity to the present do not know some of the mystery, orwe have no way to explain Some phenomena ... ...We are willing to bury the reality of the cruelty and injustice, weare our parents, our elders could not understand some of the practice oflife, we do not understand why they like to do ah. It is our wish too muchtoo young to bury social experience. Attitude of life when we are not deep.Down we love fantasy, love to dream of behavior, we need to do onefor the people and human progremake a difference. To our actions to provethat we have!英语5分钟演讲稿及翻译 (6)Honorable Judges, fellow students: Recently, ther is a heated debate in our society. The college students are the beneficiaries of a rare privilege, who receive exceptional education at extraordinary places. But will we be able to face the challenge and support ourselves against all odds? Will we be able to better the lives of others? Will we be able to accept the responsibility of building the future of our country?The cynics say the college students are the pampered lost generation, which would cringe at the slightest discomfort. But the cynics are wrong. The college students I see are eagerly learning about how to live independently. We help each other clean the dormitory, go shopping and bargain together, and take part time jobs to supplement our pocket money.The cynics say we care for nothing other than grades; and we neglect the need for character cultivation. But again, the cynics are wrong. We care deeply for each other, we cherish freedom, we treasure justice, and we seek truth. Last week, thousands of my fellow students had their blood type tested in order to make a contribution for the children who suffer from blood cancer.As college students, we are adolescents at the critical turning point in our lives. We all face a fundamental choice: cynicism or faith, each will profoundly impact our future, or even the future of our country. I believe in all my fellow classmates. Though we are still inexperienced and even a little bit childish. I believe that we have the courage and faith to meet any challenge and take on our responsibilities. We are preparing to assume new responsibilities and tasks, and to use the education we have received to make our world a better place. I believe in our future.。
五分钟搞定5000字外文翻译
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译
工具大全/node/2151
在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：
1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；
2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；
3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：
1、Google翻译：/language_tools
google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧
比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，。
5000字外文翻译
附录外文文献原文1。
IntroductionMarketing continues to be a mystery to those who create it and to those who sponsor it. Often，the ad that generates record-breaking volume for a retail store one month is repeated the following month and bombs。
A campaign designed by the best Madison Avenue ad agency may elicit mediocre response. The same item sells like hotcakes after a 30—word classified ad，with abominable grammar, appears on page 35 of an all—advertising shopper tossed on the front stoops of homes during a rainstorm! The mystery eludes solution but demands attention。
The success of an enterprise and development of enterprises depends to a large extent on whether or not they have advanced，meet the needs of the enterprise marketing strategy. For Marketing is the definition, The well-known American scholar Philips marketing of the core marketing concept of the following description ："Marketing is individuals or groups to create，provide and exchange with other valuable products，to satisfy their own needs and desires of a social activities and management process. " In the core concept contains a number of elements: needs，desires and needs; Products or provide; Value and satisfaction；exchange and transactions；and networking; market; Marketing and sales were a series of concept.This article is devoted to the idea that your marketing results can be improved through a better Understanding of your customers。
毕业设计 计算机专业外文翻译 5000字
题目Programming Overlay Networkswith Overlay SocketsProgramming Overlay Networks with Overlay Sockets The emergence of application-layer overlay networks has inspired the development of new network services and applications. Research on overlay net-workshas focused on the design of protocols to maintain and forward data in an overlay network, however, less attention has been given to the software development process of building application programs in such an environment. Clearly,the complexity of overlay network protocols calls for suitable application programming interfaces (APIs) and abstractions that do not require detailed knowledge of the overlay protocol, and, thereby, simplify the task of the application programmer. In this paper, we present the concept of an overlay socket as a new programming abstraction that serves as the end point of communication in an overlay network. The overlay socket provides a socket-based API that is independent of the chosen overlay topology, and can be configured to work for different overlay topologies. The overlay socket can support application data transfer over TCP, UDP, or other transport protocols. This paper describes the design of the overlay socket and discusses API and configuration options.1 IntroductionApplication-layer overlay networks [5, 9, 13, 17] provide flexible platforms for develop-ing new network services [1, 10, 11, 14, 18–20] without requiring changes to the network-layer infrastructure. Members of an overlay network, which can be hosts, routers, servers, or applications, organize themselves to form a logical network topology, and commu-nicate only with their respective neighbors in the overlay topology. A member ofan overlay network sends and receives application data, and also forwards data intended for other members. This paper addresses application development in overlay networks. We use the term overlay network programming to refer to the software development process of building application programs that communicate with one another in an application-layer overlay_This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation through grant work. The diversity and complexity of building and maintaining overlay networks make it impractical to assume that application developers can be concerned with the complexity of managing the participation of an application in a specific overlay networktopology.We present a software module, called overlay socket, that intends to simplify the task of overlay network programming. The design of the overlay socket pursues the following set of objectives: First, the application programming interface (API) of the overlay socket does not require that an application programmer has knowledge of the overlay network topology. Second, the overlay socket is designed to accommodate dif-ferent overlay network topologies. Switching to different overlay network topologies is done by modifying parameters in a configuration file. Third, the overlay socket, which operates at the applicationlayer,can accommodate different types of transport layer protocols. This is accomplished by using network adapters that interface to the un-derlying transport layer network and perform encapsulation and de-encapsulation of messages exchanged by the overlay socket. Currently available network adapters are TCP, UDP, and UDP multicast. Fourth, the overlay socket provides mechanisms for bootstrapping new overlay networks. In this paper, we provide an overview of the overlay socket design and discuss over-lay network programming with the overlay socket. The overlay socket has been imple-mented in Java as part of the HyperCast 2.0 software distribution [12]. The software has been used for various overlay applications, and has been tested in both local-area as well as wide-area settings. The HyperCast 2.0 software implements the overlay topolo-gies described in [15] and [16]. This paper highlights important issues of the overlay socket, additional information can be found in the design documentation available from[12]. Several studies before us have addressed overlay network programming issues. Evenearly overlay network proposals, such as Yoid [9], Scribe [4], and Scattercast [6], have presented APIs that aspire to achieve independence of the API from the overlay network topology used. Particularly, Yoid and Scattercast use a socket-like API, how-ever, these APIs do not address issues that arise when the same API is used by different overlay network topologies. Several works on application-layer multicast overlays inte-grate the application program with the software responsible for maintaining the overlay network, without explicitly providing general-purpose APIs.These include Narada [5], Overcast [13], ALMI [17], and NICE [2]. A recent study [8] has proposed a common API for the class of so-called structured overlays, which includes Chord [19], CAN [18], and Bayeux [20], and other overlays that were originally motivated by distributed hash tables. Our work has a different emphasis than [8], since we assume a scenario where an application programmer must work with several, possibly fundamentally dif-ferent, overlay network topologies and different transmission modes (UDP, TCP), and, therefore, needs mechanisms that make it easy to change the configuration of the un-derlying overlay network..Internet Overlay socket Application Overlay socket Application Application Overlay socket Application Application Overlay socket Application Overlay Network. Fig. 1. The overlay network is a collection of overlay sockets. Root (sender) Root (receiver) (a) Multicast (b) Unicast.Fig. 2. Data forwarding in overlay networks.The rest of the paper is organized as following. In Section 2 we introduce con-cepts, abstractions, and terminology needed for the discussion of the overlay socket. In Section 3 we present the design of the overlay socket, and discuss its components. In Section 4 we show how to write programs using the overlay socket. We present brief conclusions in Section 5.2 Basic ConceptsAn overlay socket is an endpoint for communication in an overlay network, and an overlay network is seen as a collection of overlay sockets that self-organize using an overlay protocol (see Figure 1). An overlay socket offers to an application programmer a Berkeley socket-style API [3] for sending and receiving data over an overlay network.Each overlay socket executes an overlay protocol that is responsible for maintaining the membership of the socket in the overlay network topology. Each overlay socket has a logical address and a physical address in the overlay network. The logical address is dependent on the type of overlay protocol used. In the overlay protocols currently implemented in HyperCast 2.0, the logical addresses are 32- bit integers or_x_y_coordinates, where x and y are positive 32-bit positive integers. The physical address is a transport layer address where overlay sockets receive messages from the overlay network. On the Internet, the physical address is an IP address and a TCP or UDP port number. Application programs that use overlay sockets only work with logical addresses, and do not see physical addresses of overlay nodes. When an overlay socket is created, the socket is configured with a set of configu-ration parameters, called attributes. The application program can obtain the attributes from a configuration file or it downloads the attributes from a server. The configuration file specifies the type of overlay protocol and the type of transport protocol to be used,.but also more detailed information such as the size of internal buffers, and the value of protocol-specific timers. The most important attribute is the overlay identifier (overlay ID) which is used as a global identifier for an overlay network and which can be used as a key to access the other attributes of the overlay network. Each new overlay ID corresponds to the creation of a new overlay network. Overlay sockets exchange two types of messages, protocol messages and application messages. Protocol messages are the messages of the overlay protocol that main-tain the overlay topology. Application messages contain applicationdata that is encap-sulatedn an overlay message header. An application message uses logical addresses in the header to identify source and, for unicast, the destination of the message. If an overlay socket receives an application message from one of its neighbors in the over-laynetwork, it determines if the message must be forwarded to other overlay sockets, and if the message needs to be passed to the local application. The transmission modes currently supported by the overlay sockets are unicast, and multicast. In multicast, all members in the overlay network are receivers.In both unicast and multicast,the com-mon abstraction for data forwarding is that of passing data in spanning trees that are embedded in the overlay topology. For example, a multicast message is transmitted downstream a spanning tree that has the sender of the multicast message as the root (see Figure 2(a)). When an overlay socket receives a multicast message, it forwards the message to all of its downstream neighbors (children) in the tree, and passes the mes-sage to the local application program. A unicast message is transmitted upstream a tree with the receiver of the message as the root (see Figure 2(b)). An overlay socket that receives a unicast message forwards the message to the upstream neighbor (parent) in the tree that has the destination as the root. An overlay socket makes forwarding decisions locally using only the logical ad-dresses of its neighbors and the logical address of the root of the tree. Hence, there is a requirement that each overlay socket can locally compute its parent and its children in a tree with respect to a root node. This requirement is satisfied by many overlay network topologies, including [15, 16, 18–20].3 The Components of an Overlay SocketAn overlay socket consists of a collection of components that are configured when the overlay socketis created, using the supplied set of attributes. These components include the overlay protocol, which helps to build and maintain the overlay network topology, a component that processes application data, and interfaces to a transport-layer network. The main components of an overlay socket, as illustrated in Figure 3, are as follows:The overlay node implements an overlay protocol that establishes and maintains the overlay network topology. The overlay node sends and receives overlay protocol messages, and maintains a set of timers. The overlay node is the only component of an overlay socket that is aware of the overlay topology. In the HyperCast 2.0. Overlay socket Forwarding EngineApplication Programming InterfaceStatistics InterfaceProtocol MessagesApplicationReceiveBufferApplicationTransmitBuffer Overlay NodeO verlay NodeInterfac eNode AdapterAdapter InterfaceSocket AdapterA dapter InterfaceApplication MessagesApplication ProgramTransport-layer NetworkApplication MessagesFig. 3. Components of an overlay socket.software, there are overlay nodes that build a logical hypercube [15] and a logical Delaunay triangu-lartion [16].The forwarding engine performs the functions of an application-layer router, that sends, receives, and forwards formatted application-layer messages in the overlay network. The forwarding engine communicates with the overlay node to query next hop routing information for application messages. The forwarding decision is made using logical addresses of the overlay nodes. Each overlay socket has two network adapters that each provides an interface to transport-layer protocols, such as TCP or UDP. The nodeadapter serves as the in-terface for sending and receiving overlay protocol messages, and the socket adapter serves as the interface for application messages. Each adapter has a transport level address, which, in the case of the Internet, consists of an IP address and a UDP or TCP port number. Currently, there are three different types of adapters, for TCP, UDP, and UDP multicast. Using two adapters completely separates the handling of messages for maintaining the overlay protocol and the messages that transport application data.The application receive buffer and application transmit buffer can temporarily store messages that, respectively, have been received by the socket but not been deliv-ered to theapplication, or that have been released by the application program, but not been transmitted by the socket. The application transmit buffer can play a role when messages cannot be transmitted due to rate control or congestion control con-straints. The application transmit buffer is not implemented in the HyperCast 2.0 software.Each overlay socket has two external interfaces. The application programming in-terface (API) of the socket offers application programs the ability to join and leave existing overlays, to send data to other members of the overlay network, and receive data from the overlay network. The statistics interface of the overlay socket provides access to status information of components of the overlay socket, and is used for monitoring and management of an overlay socket. Note in Figure 3 that some components of the overlay socket also have interfaces, which are accessed by other components of the overlay socket. The overlay manager is a component external to the overlay socket (and not shown in Figure 3). It is responsible for configuring an overlay socket when the socket is created. The overlay manager reads a configuration file that stores the attributes of an overlay socket, and, if it is specified in the configuration file, may access attributes from a server, and then initiates the instantiation of a new overlay socket.4 Overlay Network ProgrammingAn application developer does not need to be familiar with the details of the components of an overlay socket as described in the previous section. The developer is exposed only to the API of the overlay socket and to a file with configuration parameters.The configuration file is a text file which stores all attributes needed to configure an overlay socket. The configuration file is modified whenever a change is needed to the transport protocol, the overlay protocol, or some other parameters of the overlay socket. In the following, we summarize only the main features of the API, and we refer to [12] for detailed information on the overlay socket API.4.1 Overlay Socket APISince the overlay topology and the forwarding of application-layer data is transparent to the application program, the API for overlay network programming can be made simple. Applications need to be able to create a new overlay network, join and leave an existing overlay network, send data to and receive data from other members in the overlay.The API of the overlay socket is message-based, and intentionally stays close to the familiar Berkeley socket API [3]. Since space considerations do not permit a description of the full API, we sketch the API with the help of a simplified example. Figure 4 shows the fragment of a Java program that uses an overlay socket. An application program configures and creates an overlay socket with the help of an overlay manager (o m). The overlay manager reads configuration parameters for the overlay socket from a configu-ration file (hypercast.pro p), which can look similarly as shown in Figure 5. The applica-tion program reads the overlay ID with command om.getDefaultProperty(“OverlayID”) from the file, and creates an configuration object (confi g) for an overlay socket with the.// Generate the configuration object OverlayManager om = newOverlayManager("hypercast.prop");String MyOverlay = om.getDefaultProperty("OverlayID"); OverlaySocketConfig config = new om.getOverlaySocketConfig(MyOverlay); // create an overlay socketOL Socket socket = config.createOverlaySocket(callback);// Join an overlaysocket.joinGroup();// Create a messageOL Message msg = socket.createMessage(byte[] data, int length);// Send the message to all members in overlay networksocket.sendToAll(msg);// Receive a message from the socketOL Message msg = socket.receive();Fig. 4. Program with overlay sockets.# OVERLAY Server:OverlayServer =# OVERLAY ID:OverlayID = 1234KeyAttributes= Socket,Node,SocketAdapter# SOCKET:Socket = HCast2-0HCAST2-0.TTL = 255HCAST2-0.ReceiveBufferSize = 200# SOCKET ADAPTER:SocketAdapter = TCPSocketAdapter.TCP.MaximumPacketLength = 16384# NODE:Node = DT2-0DT2-0.SleepTime = 400# NODE ADAPTER:NodeAdapter = NodeAdptUDPServer NodeAdapter.UDP.MaximumPacketLength = 8192 NodeAdapter.UDPServer.UdpServer0 =128.143.71.50:8081Fig. 5. Configuration file (simplified) given overlay ID. The configuration objectalso loads all configuration information from the configuration file, and then creates the overlay socket(config.createOverlaySocke t).Once the overlay socket is created, the socket joins the overlay network (socket.join-Grou p). When a socket wants to multicast a message, it instantiates a new message (socket.createMessage) and trans-mits the message using the sendToAll method. Other transmission options are send-To-Parent, send-To-Children, sendToNeighbors, and sendToNode, which, respectively, send a message to the upstream neighbor with respect to a given root (see Figure 2), to the downstream neighbors, to all neighbors, or to a particular node with a given logical address.4.2 Overlay Network Properties ManagementAs seen, the properties of an overlay socket are configured by setting attributes in a configuration file. The overlay manager in an application process uses the attributes to create a new overlay socket. By modifying the attributes in the configuration file, an application programmer can configure the overlay protocol or transport protocol that is used by the overlay socket. Changes to the file must be done before the socket is created. Figure 5 shows a (simplified) example of a configuration file. Each line of the configuration file assigns a value to an attribute. The complete list of attributes and the range of values is documented in [12]. Without explaining all entries in Figure 5, the file sets, among others, the ov erlay ID to …1234 ‟, selects version 2.0 of the DT protocol as overlay protocol (…Node=DT2-0 ‟), and it sets the transport protocol of the socket adaptor to TCP(…SocketAdapter=TCP ‟).Each overlay network is associated with a set of attributes that characterize the properties of the over-lay sockets that participate in the overlay network. As mentioned earlier, the most important attribute is the overlay ID, which is used to identify an y network, andwhich can be used as a key toaccess all other attributes of an overlay network. The overlay ID should be a globally unique identifier.A new overlay network is created by generating a new overlay ID and associating a set of attributes that specify the properties of the overlay sockets in the overlay network. To join an overlay network, an overlay socket must know the overlay ID and the set of attributes for this overlay ID. This information can be obtained from a configuration file, as shown in Figure 5.All attributes have a name and a value, both of which are strings. For example, the overlay protocol of an overlay socket can be determined by an attribute with name NODE. If the attribute is set to NOD-E=DT2- 0, then the overlay node in the overlay socket runs the DT (version 2) overlay protocol. The overlay socket distinguishes between two types of attributes: key attributes and configurable attributes. Key attributes are specific to an overlay network with a given overlay ID. Key attributes are selectedwhen the overlay ID is created for an overlay network, and cannot be modified after-wards.Overlay sockets that participate in an overlay network must have identical key attributes, but can have different configurable attributes. The attributes OverlayID and KeyAttributes are key attributes by default in all overlay networks. Configurable at-tributes specify parameters of an overlay socket, which are not considered essential for establishing communication between overlay sockets in the same overlay network, and which are considered …tunable‟.5 ConclusionsWe discussed the design of an overlay socket which attempts to simplify the task of overlay network programming. The overlay socket serves as an end point of commu-nication in the overlay network. The overlay socket can be used for various overlay topologies and support different transport protoc-ols. The overlay socket supports a simple API for joining and leaving an overlaynetwork, and for sending and receiving data to and from other sockets in the overlay network. The main advantage of the overlay socket is that it is relatively easy to change the configuration of the overlay network. An implementation of the overlay socket is distributed with the HyperCast2.0 soft-ware. The software has been extensively tested. A variety of different applications, such as distributed whiteboard and a video streaming application, have been developed with the overlay sockets. Acknowledgement. In addition to the authors of this article the contributors include Bhupinder Sethi, Tyler Beam, Burton Filstrup, Mike Nahas, Dongwen Wang, Konrad Lorincz, Jean Ablutz, Haiyong Wang, Weisheng Si, Huafeng Lu, and Guangyu Dong.应用层覆盖网络的出现促进了新网络服务和应用的发展。
英语演讲稿5分钟带翻译
英语演讲稿5分钟带翻译Ladies and gentlemen, 。
Good morning! Today, I am honored to stand here and share with you my thoughts on the topic of "The Importance of Learning English". 。
English, as a widely spoken language, plays a significant role in our daily lives. It is not only a tool for communication, but also a key to open the door to the world. 。
First and foremost, learning English can broaden our horizons. With the rapid development of globalization, English has become the most commonly used language in international communication. By mastering English, we can easily access a wealth of information, communicate with people from different countries, and understand diverse cultures. 。
Secondly, English is essential for personal and professional development. In today's competitive world, having a good command of English can greatly enhance our competitiveness in the job market. Many multinational companies require their employees to be proficient in English, and a high level of English proficiency can lead to more opportunities for career advancement. 。
五分钟搞定5000字英语在线翻译工具
五分钟搞定5000字英语在线翻译工具五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译英语在线翻译工具大全 /node/2151在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献;2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了;3. 如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google翻译： /language_toolsgoogle，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google 里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在 google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的!我就是这么用的。
五分钟搞定5000字外文文献翻译
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译
工具大全 /node/2151
建议收藏
在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，
首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：/6946901637944806
翻译时的速度： பைடு நூலகம்
这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。
英语演讲稿5分钟带翻译(实用20篇)
英语演讲稿5分钟带翻译（实用20篇）英语演讲稿5分钟带翻译第1篇we are busier and busier now. sometimes we just feel stressed and painful and we forget to smile. please smile! smile to others around you. smile to the world!smile is important in our life. for ourselves, smile can make us happy and relaxed when we are sad or stressed. when you smile, the world in your eyes are better.for others, smile can make others feel comfortable and relaxed and they will like you.also, smile can bring you success. i once read a story. a salesman tried his best to sale things but always failed before. then he learned how to smile. he smiled all the time and others felt he was so kind and his smile was so attractive that they all wanted to but his things. finally, the man became successful.no matter you are happy or sad, do it now. the power of a smile is large. it can make all of us feel happy including yourself. smile to the world, to others and to everything.我们现在忙,忙。
外文文献翻译---五分钟搞定5000字
外文文献翻译---五分钟搞定5000字在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI 的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google翻译：/language_toolsgoogle，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
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五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。
【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】来源：董绪的日志
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译
工具大全/node/2151
建议收藏
在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：
1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；
2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；
3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：
1、Google翻译：/language_tools
google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜
索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧
比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，
首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译：
CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。
主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。
估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。
网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。
3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：/694690163794 4806
翻译时的速度：
这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，
或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。
在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。
再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。
具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面）
大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。
我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。
提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下：
1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。
这个本将是你以后的财富。
你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。
你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。
不信，你可以试一试
2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。
你有了这个过程。
写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。
许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。
当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。
3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。
写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。
所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。
最起码到最后你会很满意。
呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。