上海中级口译笔记符号
口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记常用符号4.3.2 口译笔记常用符号在学会了对原语进行逻辑和思维路线再现之后,用适当的符号替换逻辑或者思维再现图中的部分文字,实际上就是口译笔记了,当然在真实的口译实践中,笔记还可以更进一步地简化。
相当多的口译初学者觉得口译员使用的符号很神秘,看起来像天书一样,进而“神话”口译员的工作。
其实口译员使用的符号主要来自于原语、译入语,小部分借用了速记符号。
现在我们看看口译员常用的符号来源:4.3.2.1 汉字、汉字偏旁部首、古汉语、简化汉字、拼音大university, adult, generous, open-minded, large-size…中middle school, medium-sized, intermediate, in the middle of, neutral,…小primary (elementary), kid, children, mea n, petty,…凝聚ningju或者nju饕餮taotie或者ttie“戈”可以用来代替“武器”偏旁部首举例:简化汉字举例:4.3.2.2 英语、英语字母英语单词的缩写规律:保留单词的辅音,去除元音,当然首字母是元音必须保留。
一般保留三至五个辅音就可以帮助回忆整个单词,例如:impoverishment: impvrdebility: dbltrejuvenate: rjvndepartment: dptstandard: stdreference: rfr口译学习者还需要记住常用国际组织、专用名词、国家名及其首都名的缩写,例如:UN, UNESCO, NATO, APEC, OPEC, …Intellectual property protection: IPPNK, SK, CN, US, UK…口译学习者还可以自己开动脑筋,充分发挥自己的创造性和想象力,开发出简介实用的笔记符号,下面以英文大写字母为例,看看如何创造性地在笔记中使用这些大写字母:A: first, top, excellent, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable, unusualE: eyesight, economy, economic, economical, electronic, East F: failure, false, wrong, not true, full, flagG: government, GodH: health, help, support, connect, bridge, cross, HourI: I / we, my (our) party, eyeL: long, lengthen, prolongM: money, mail, mother, mountain, movement, McDonald, man, May, Member (ship), mm…N: nose, nation, name, nothing, no, negation, deny, need, necessary, NorthO: zero, circle, old, orange, our, one, empty, world, all, success, completeP: pm, peace, park, pay, politics, people, perfect, president, prime minister, head, flagshipQ: quality, quantity, quarter, question, cute, balloon, head, suspect, doubt, unknown, difficultyR: respect, representative, request, about, relations, returnS: smile, snake, turns and twists, society, social, silence, curve, slimT: time, tea, cross-disciplinary, compound, T-shirt, T-stage, disagreement, dispute, disapprovalU: you (your party), pitfall, trap, recycle, cycle, return, valley V: victory, triumph, vs, valley, bottom, tipW: west, western, wave, fluctuate, ups and downsX: X-ray, XL, wrong, negation, cross, times, execute, killY: why, year, yes, approve, agree, young, deviate, tree, servant Z: zero, zoo, last, zigzag, turns and twists, dream, sleep (comic strip)从以上例子可以看出,我们可以从拼写、发音以及字母的结构等方面来进行联想,在笔记中创造性地使用这些符号。
口译笔记速记符号归总2

口译笔记速记符号归总2下面举例说明听力笔记的一些技巧:1、不要大量记录文字(汉字、单词)——而要使用符号来表示意思(缩写、图形)Eg:“powerful country”记作“强口”,“我同意”记作“I√ ”;“观点,看法一致”记作“⊙ same”,“economic development”记作“经↑”↑表示“上升、快速上升、快速发展、快速上涨等”↓表示“下降、减少、急剧下降、急速下跌等”;↗表示“缓慢上升,缓慢发展、缓慢上涨等”;←表示“返回,倒退等”;→表示“达到,至,导致,前进等”;+表示“加,增加,此外,另外,又加之”;—表示“减少,减”;>表示“多于,大于,强于”;<表示“少于,小于,不如”;∵表示“因为,由于”;∴表示“所以,因此”;=表示“等于,相同,与……相同”。
t表示thousand;m表示million;b表示 billion;1st表示first。
2、不要横着写:——而要竖着写,竖起来记有利于保持活意思意思以及数量等信息之间的逻辑界限。
3、逻辑关系要清楚明了——不要记流水帐。
以上是一些通行的的原则。
通行的原则存在,通行的方式却不存在,这是因为每个人的对记录符号的使用可能是多样的,同一事物不同的人可能会使用不同的符号,同一符号在不同的人意识中肯能代表不同的意思。
口译速记技巧口译考试之所以难,在于其长度和规定的限时。
估计很多参加过第二阶段口译考试的考生都有这样的经历,听的时候大意可以听懂,但是由于听时未作任何速记,关键词汇,逻辑关系在听后无法正确归纳,导致最后只能译出第一句或最后一句,而中间部分则完全忽略或遗忘。
真是如此,你是不可能通过口译考试的。
因此,自己在平日练习时一定要把速记归入计划之内。
总体上来说,速记符号主要有以下几类 :A。
保留大写字母或第一音节经济: E 教育: Edu 文化: C 政治: P 科技: ST 卫生: H旅游: T 环境: En 工业: I 农业: AB.简写缩略AFAC : as far as … is concerned( 就 …… 而言 )LFT : look forward to ( 期待 )ASAP : as soon as possible( 尽快 )C.图象⊕ 高兴,同意,满意等,如: happy , pleased , satisfied , agree…◎ 悲伤,生气,不满,不同意等,如:sad , angry , irritated , unsatisfied , sorrowful , discomfort , disagree… ⊙ 会议,如 conference , meeting , seminar , symposium…□ 国家,地区,如:中国:□ C ,俄国:□ RD.符号﹢高兴,男性,同意,增加等,如happy , male , agree , many , +2=more , +3=most , beneficial , good , beautiful , great , gorgeous…-悲伤,女性,不同意,减少等,如sad , female , disagree , little , few , -2=less , -3=least , lack of ,short of…√同意,正确等,如: agree , correct , right…×不同意,错误等,如: disagree , incorrect…↑增长,进步等,如: increase , soar , mushroom , rocket , make progress… ↓下降,退步,恶化等,如 decrease , sink , slide , subside , plump , plunge ,drop , degrade ,deteriorate…>多于,超过,比 …… 低一级等,如: more than , greater than , begger than ,better than , superior to , surpass , transcend , overtake…<少于,比 …… 低级等,如: less than , lower than , smaller than , inferior to…~大约,如: approximately , about , around , some , nearly , almost , similar to…/否定,清除,如: clear , settle , solve , tackle , conquer , eliminate ,extinct…≠与 …… 不同,如: differ from , different from , distinct , unique…$ 金钱,利益,如: interest , benefit , money , fund , capital…E.标点? 问题,麻烦,障碍,如: question , issue , difficult , hardship , barrier ,obstacle…: 主观想法和说辞,如: think , consider , speak , say , talk , mark , announce ,declare , hope ,例: repeat 或 reaffirm 可以用 :2 来替代,声明支持可以用 + :来替代,谴责用 - :。
上海口译速记符号

↑表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc. 表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open, start, etc. 表示发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc 表示增长,进步等,如: increase , soar , mushroom , rocket , make progress… ↓下降,退步,恶化等,如 decrease , sink , slide , subside , plump , plunge , drop , degrade , deteriorate… >>表示"波折":ups and downs, twists and turns, etc. ﹢高兴,男性,同意,增加等,如 happy , male , agree , many , +2=more , +3=most , beneficial , good , beautiful , great , gorgeous…
7) Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions 8) Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting
-悲伤,女性,不同意,减少等,如 sad , female , disagree , little , few , 2=less , -3=least , lack of , short of… √同意,正确等,如: agree , correct , right… 表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/wellknown,etc. ×不同意,错误等,如: disagree , incorrect…
口译笔记常用符号总结

记笔记:常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations)1.常用笔记符号:符号信息意义箭头符号↑上升;提高;增强;上涨;增长;扩大;起飞;升空;提拔;晋升(grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation,promote, upwards)↓ 下降;下沉;降低;滑坡;轰炸;减少;恶化;降职;削减/裁减(drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend, decrease, deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards)↗上扬;渐渐好转(become better and better)↘下挫;不断亏损(become worse and worse)→出口;去;向前;出国;前往;运往;导致;发展成为…(export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause)←回顾;从前;进口;倒退;来自;源于(come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from)例如:café← French意为: café源自于法语数学符号+ 增加;补充;除此之外另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc) —减少;删除;缺乏(minus, lack)×表示“不对的,错的,坏的,不好的,臭名昭著的”(incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious)> 超过,大于,胜过,优于(more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to)< 小于,不足,次于,逊色(fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to)= 等于符号(equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”(equal to, the same as),另外可以表示“是…的对手“(a ri-val, a competitor)等意思。
口译笔记的符号和缩略语

一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统(包括文字符号)。
用各种符号作记录,概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。
学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。
在此基础上,每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。
下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式,供大家在练习和实践中参考。
(一)箭头“→”表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to, etc. 导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc. 追溯到:come/go back to,originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空:launch,ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降:down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化:reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.(二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多:and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“-”表示减少、除去、少:minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突:wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“>”表示大于、超过、多于:greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上:smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样:the same as,that is to say, in other words,be equal to, etc. 对手:match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同:not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右:about/around,or so, approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为:because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果:so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.(三) 标点符号“:”表示说:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意:opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?”表示问题:question,issue,problem, etc.“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样:“.d”表示yesterday,“.y"表示last year,“.2m”表示two months ago,“y”表示this year,“y2.”表示 two years later/in two years,“next week”,可以表示为“wk.”“()”表示在……之间:among, within, etc.(四) 其它符号“√”表示好:right/good,famous/well-known,etc. 同意:stand up for,support, agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ”表示和、与:and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc.“☆”表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样:important, best,outstanding,brilliant,model, etc.“∥”表示结束:end,stop,halt,bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者:person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”,中国人可以表示为“中°”,etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判:meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人:man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人:woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家:country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表:represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互:exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.(五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种:●拿掉所有元音。
(完整版)口译笔记常用符号

口译笔记法常用符号inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,…问题;question, problem, …!危险,警告,当心,值得注意的是;dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course°人,人民,伙伴,朋友;people, partner, …✉信息,消息,情报;information, message, intelligence, …删除,废除,放弃;delete, discard, give up, …ഗ贸易,交换,交流,关于,关联,替代;trade, exchange, communication, relationship__ 这个,强调;emphasize a certain word/ phrase.…继续,持续,不断的,长期的,各种各样的,多的;more, continuous, …=> 加强,推动,促进;enhance, promote, …×#不仅;not only, …& 和,而且;and…@关于;aboute.g.例如,比如;for example, such as, …(三)图形符号☺高兴,激动;happy, pleased, excited, …☹失望,不满意,生气;unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, …会议,聚会;conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee,commission, association, union, senate, parliament, convocation, …学校,大学,教育机构;school, college, educational institution, …医院,医疗机构;hospital, medical institution, …○全部的,整个的,所有的,完整的,彻底的;complete, whole, …目标,目的;aim, objective, target, …ര看到,注意到;see, notice, watch, …ര重视,强调;pay attention to, highlight, …□国家,民族;nation, state, republic, kingdom, federal, union, …国际,世界;international, world, …∧领导,顶点,顶级,最高级(上标);top, peak, leader, boss, king, governor, mayor,…国家领导人,政府首脑;state leader, …出口;export, …进口;import, …△城市,都市;city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan, …▽农村,乡村;village, rural, country, countryside, farm, suburb, outskirt, …☆重点,重心,重视,重要的,主要的,杰出的;important, significant, remarkable* 特征,特点,代表;feature, characteristic, quality, nature, trademark, on behalf of…♀女性;woman, female, …♂男性;man, male, …V 胜利,凯旋;victory, triumph, …﹩美元,钱;有钱的,富裕的;dollar, money, rich, well-off, …∪协议,决议,合约,条约;agreement, treaty, contract, compact, convention resolution结束,停止,完成,实现;halt, stop, complete, …‖渠道;channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch, duct, …发展;development, advancement, …开放;opening, …∟过去;in the past, long before, past time, …∟将来;in future, in the future, …↓影响,效果,压力,负担;influence, effect, affect, pressure, stress, burden, load,…(四)趋向符号←邀请,需要,访问,来到;be invited, needed, come (here), …→去,到,走;to, go (there)…↑增加,提升,提高,升级,升值;increase, improve, enhance, grow, lift, promote…↓减少,下降,降低,贬值;decline, decrease, reduce, degrade, lower, diminish, …(五)英文字母y 年;year M 月;month改编自吴钟明. 《英语口译笔记法实战指导》.武汉大学出版社。
中级口译笔记符号

>:大于,高过,高于;surpass, exceed, 大于,高过,高于 more than, superior to 常见速 小于,少于 低于; 少于, <: 小于 少于,低于; less than, inferior to 记符号 ≤: 小于或等于 ≥:大于或等于 大于或等于 =: 等于、意味着 相同,一致,公平; 等于、意味着,相同 一致,公平; 相同, the same as; equal to; similar to ≠: 不等于 ≈ :大 ,大 ;about, almost, nearly… 大 +: , ;plus, add, moreover, besides _: , , ; minus, deduct, except,… [ ]: … , … ;among, within, … =>: > , 致;lead to, result in , the 致; conclusion is,…
常见速 记符号
• ‖: 渠道;channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch,… • O: 发展;development, advancement,… : 将来 ; in (the) future,… : 过去;in the past, long before, past time,… : 影响,效果,压力,负担; 1) influence, effect, affect, impact,… 2) pressure, stress, burden, load,….
• □ : 出口;export,… 出口; • □ : 进口;import,… 进口; • •
常见速 记符号
: 城市,都市;city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan,… 城市,都市; : 农村,乡村;village, rural, country, countryside, farm, 农村,乡村; suburb, outskirt,…
(完整word版)上海新东方中级口译笔记

(完整word版)上海新东方中级口译笔记新东方中级口译笔记:口译(1)Notice:1、vocabulary 2、Model Sentence 3、Shorthand(略)4、Chinese一、Geremonial Speeches1、welcome/reception/thanks/apology/wishesA:title:president总统,总裁,大学校长Chairman主席,董事长CEO/CFO headmaster中小学校长vice副premier总理(社会主义国家) Chancellor(德) prime (minister部长)首相(英) managing代理mayor市长Your Honor阁下Your Excellency殿下representative 代表participant与会代表B:Expression of emotion:on behalf of,representing谨代表express,extend表达staff员工board 董事会crew机组人员,船员,球员faculty师资队伍delegation代表团sincere,cordial,heartfelt 诚挚的,由衷的authentic,gunuine真挚的hospitality热情好客gracious盛情的Model Sentence:On behalf of (sb), I'd like to express (emotion) to (sb) (1)for sth. (2)who on the occasion of,at the joyous moment of值此之际2、Making ToastMS:(1)May I propose a toast(2)May I ask you to join me in a toast(3)May I aske you to raise your glasses to.. toCheers!3、Confenrencesiminar,symposium专题讨论panel discussion小组讨论MS:(1)I regard it as my great pleasure/honor/privilege(2)It's my great honor(3)I'm honored to introduce you Mr.(title),who is delivering/addressing a speech on the topic of (sth).二、Politics1、International PoliticsA:Displomacy;B:cooperation (1)Economy/Trade (2)Environmenal Protection (3)anti-terrorismstatesman政治家politician政客ambassador大使embassy大使馆sovereignty主权territory 领土/空/海integrity完整declaim谴责interfere with干涉safe guard捍卫internal affairs内政state affairs国事stand/stance立场persistent一贯坚持的advocate,call for主张difference 分歧clash,conflict冲突friction磨擦contradiction矛盾hegemony霸权主义power politics 强权政治10个短语:相互理解,相互尊重,相互信任,相互平等,互惠互利mutual understanding, respect, trust, equality, benefits 求同存异seek commonground while putting aside differences 和睦相处,睦邻友好,与邻为伴,与人为善good neighbour policy(harmonius 和谐coexistence)MS:插入语subject,( ),v. object (1)which (2)doing (3)n. (4)with n.doing (5)adj./adv.(6)because/when/if (7)noun/prep phrase (8)n.+(1)-(7)WORDS(ADD):与会来宾guest present 光临participation,presence,attandance 业绩achievement 永久的everlasting,permanent,eternal,immortal 稳定stability,tranquility 国际大都市cosmopolitan city,cosmopolis 大都会metropolitan city,metropolis 活力energy,dynamism,dynamics,vigor 热情enthusiasm,zeal 多样性diversity 举国同庆national celebration 良辰佳时good time 事业有成good career 吉祥如意luck 高度礼仪utmost courtesy 非凡的extraordinary 改革开放reform and opening up 计划经济planned economy 广阔的extensive 前景prospect 万能词:most,gorgeous新东方中级口译笔记:口译(2)HW:1、离江苏省著名旅游城市苏州仅40公里之遥的古镇周庄被称之为“东方威尼斯”,每年以其典型的江南水乡的景色吸引着无数海内外游客纷至沓来。
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o表示“人”people/person,因为“o”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如:日本人:Jo。
ⅹ表示政府,统治:government,govern;governmental official 可以表示为ⅹo。
⊙:“通货膨胀”(inflation)因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A:农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B:商业:business。
C×:冲突,矛盾(conflict,confrontation)W:工作,职业(work, employ )。
??Worker employer employee employmenti:工业(industry, industrial)字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。
□:“国家”、“民族”、“领土”(country, state, nation)→□表示进口,□→表示出口;□/□国家之间,国与国椅子:主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。
??chairman, host, presidentU:合同、协议类(treaty, agreement, contract)在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义)在U内填入2,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral (三边的)。
填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。
如果在U上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。
︿表示“领导人”:leader, headhead of government, head of companyV 表示victory,success 成功等⊙:会议、开会等(meeting,conference,negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium)∞;“捕鱼业”等合fishery 有关的词汇。
圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.笑脸:表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.??unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad、O表示听到、众所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don’t care much, etc. @ 表示位于箭头线条→包含许多意思,如出口、输入、打入、到达、传达、前往、交给、导致、运往、开放,或lead to, cause, result in, as a result, consequently, export to, go to, arrive in, end in, present to, give to, submit to, etc.←表示来源,来自,进口,收到,回归,回到或be/come from,return,receive from, result from, develop from, etc.↓表示向下、下跌、下降、减少、恶化、使降职、削减或decrease, reduce, decline, drop, deteriorate, descend, etc.↑表示上升,增长,增加,扩大,提高,发展,加强,上涨,提拔,晋升或up/ upward/ rise,increase,arise,ascend, go up, improve, promote. etc.﹋表示“波折”:ups and downs, twists and turns, roller coaster, etc.数学符号+表示加上、另外、多或plus, in addition to, many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.++(+2)“多”的比较级:more,越来越+3 表示“多”的最高级:most-表示“少”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.- -越来越少less and less×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念或不同意、否定、不等于等:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.√表示正确、好、肯定、被采取、有名、著名、同意、赞同、批准、支持或famous,good,affirmative, agree, approve, stand up for support.、./ 表示“否定”,“消除”等概念:cross out, eliminate>表示大于、好于、超过、多于、优于或bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than 或,superior to,surpass 。
<表示少于、小于,不如,次于,低于,逊色或less/smaller/ fewer than, under, worse than, inferior to,etc.= 表示“同等”概念:means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to表示“对手”概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.≠表示“不同”概念:be different from,表示“无敌”概念:matchless, peerless,~表示“大约”概念about/around,or so,approximately, etc.∴表示所以、因此、因而、从而或therefore, thus, so, etc.∵表示因为或because, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.( ) 表示“在......之间”或包括在内:among, within, include/ including, inside, etc. ∈表示属于belong to标点符号: 表示各种各样“说”的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.表示“问题”:question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?. (dot) 这个“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样无点表示现在当下Wk表示this week “y”表示this year,点在左边表示过去:“.d”表示yesterday, “.y”表示last year, “.2m”表示two months ago。
点在右边表示将来“2y.”two year later ;“next week”, 可以表示为“wk.”∧表示转折but yet however☆表示“重要的”状态:important,exemplary(模范的)best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.表示“交流”状态:exchange,mutual, etc.☆○??& 表示“和”,“与”:and,together with,along with,accompany,along with,further more,etc.∥表示“结束”:end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc地名简写大写字母表示如K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland。
借助“|-”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。
the Republic of Korea (ROK,南朝鲜):Kthe Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK,北朝鲜): KCentral London:LDWestern Europe(西欧):|EU,Eastern Germany (东德):G|。
缩略词➢去元留辅mkt: market mgr: managermsg: message std: standardrcv: receive infm: information➢去尾留首imp:importantins:insurance exch:exchange IOU:I owe you I/O:Instead of➢首尾皆留wk:week rm:room pl:people hr:hour amt:amount➢根据发音r: are tho: though thru: through4mal: formal before:b4 / bfyour: ur th4: therefore长单词缩略中国重要组织机构缩略词•CPPCC Chinese People‘s Political Consultative Conference •NPC the National People’s Congress•PLA People’s Liberation Party•CCP Chinese Communist Party•BFA Boao Forum of Asia•ECFA Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement•BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China常用缩略词Acc account, accountantAcdg accordingAcpt acceptAdm administratorAds addressAgr agricultureAgt agentAlt altitudeAmap as much as possibleAmb ambassadorAmt amountAnc ancientAnon anonymousApt apartmentArch architectureArr arrival/arriveAsap as soon as possibleAss assistant, associationAt atmosphereAtt attorney, attentionAv averageAve avenueBal balanceBd boardBk bookB/L bill of loadingBLDG buildingBp birthplaceBr branch, brotherBu bureauC capacityCap capital, century, centigrade Cat catalogueCc carbon copy 复印件,抄送Cert certificateCFM confirmCncl cancelCp compareCit citizenCiv civil/ civilizationCml commercialc/o care ofcomm. Commissioncorp corporationdec declarationdef defendant 被告,保卫dept departmentdep deposit 存款disc discountdz dozened education, editorencl enclosure, enclosedexp exportexch Exchangeext Extenteco ecnonomyff and the followingfig figuresfin finance/ financialfit flightfr frequentft foot, feetfut futureFYR for your referenceGA General Assembly 联合国大会Gen generallyGent gentlemenGov governmentHf halfHQ headquartersHr hourHt heightImp importImps impossibleImpt importantIndv individualinfo InformationI/O Instead ofIOU I owe youIvo In view ofLat latitudeL/C letter of credit 信用证Lib library/librarianLiq liquidLit literatureMag magzineMdl ModelMed medicine/medical Mem memberMemo MemorandumMin MinimumMkt MarketMod modern, moderate Mph mile per hourMsg MessageNLT no later thanOrg organizationOrig originalPara paragraphPc piece, personal computer Pd paidPE physical educationPkg Packing, packagePL PeoplePls pleasepoli political, politicspop popular, population prim primary, primitiveprin principleprof professorpub public, publishqr quarterqt quantityqua qualityref Referencerept receiptrep representative, represent rev revise, reverse, revenue sci scienceSec SectionSig signal, signatureSq squareStd Standardsoc society,socialstab stabiltiy, stabletech technologyTel TelephoneTemp temperature, temporary Tho ThoughTKS ThanksTrans transactionTrf TrafficUlt ultimateUsu usuallyVs versusVv vice versa 反之亦然Wt WeightXL Extra large数学符号:+ 表示"多",“另外”: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc. ++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级:more, , plus, add, moreover, besides,etc.+3 表示"多"的最高级:most-表示"少", “减去,除去,除了”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of , minus, deduct, except, etc.× 表示"错误"、"失误"和" 不好的,负面的"的概念:wrong/incorrect,mistake,notorious,negative, etc.> 表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示"高" 概念:superior to,surpass, etc< 表示"少于"概念:less than /smaller,etc.表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc.= 表示"同等,一致,公平"概念:means,that is to say, in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示"在......之中,在……之内":among, within, etc.≠ 表示"不同,不公平,有差距"概念:be different from, disparity,etc. 表示"无敌"概念:matchless, peerless, etc.~表示"大约"概念:about/around,almost, nearly, or so, approximately, etc./ 表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.标点符号:: 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。