跨文化交际 最终版
跨文化交际整理
Unit 11 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。
跨文化交际 Cross-cultural Communication
Becoming more and more popular
Common in written Chinese, increasingly heard Commonly used
A respectful term of address to known or 先生 (mister/ sir) unknown learned persons, usu. males 老师 (teacher) A respectful term of address to a learned or professional person, who is not necessarily a teacher, used to either male or female, if to a known person, often used with the surname
跨文化交际crossculturalcommunication道客巴巴
跨文化交际
Cross-cultural Communication
Unit 3 What’s in a Name?
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Unit 3. What’s in a Name?
Objectives:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Recognize the terms used to describe English personal names Distinguish between full and short forms of given names Discuss the origin of Chinese and English names Associate certain personal names with their national background Apply linguistic theory to analyzing differences between male and female names Use different strategies to avoid biased language Apply English names, titles and kin terms in an appropriate way Display familiarity with the names of a number of different nationalities
(完整word版)跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality案例：When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy?分析：1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease.2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully.3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him.4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner.Case Two:案例：Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing.Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.分析：1) 0n the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress on warmth and demonstrating friendship. They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality. And the Chinese are used to having a big meal. The more dishes they put out，the greater the warmth and friendship they show.2) In western countries, people stress on freedom. They give the guest great freedom to choose their own foods. And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert，which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese.3) Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the new world (lifestyle). He should have known the custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike’s h ome.Case Three: Equality or Hospitality for Table Manners案例：Lin Hua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China. They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them. They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part，and no one wanted to pay for Linhua. Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.Question: Why did Linhua find them inhospitable?分析：1) In China, to show hospitality, people tend to host the meal. And if they cannot do this, they at least will struggle to pay for the guest.2) In America, people tend to pay for themselves to show equality and independence.3) Linhua knows this custom, but from a Chinese point of view, she still finds this hard to accept, and feels it a little inhospitable.Case Four:案例：I have an American friend. I have invited him several times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 p m. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman’s scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a bottle of wine. After two hours’ chat, I found there was no hint of a meal and said good-bye to him. He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year. After I got home, I found the box already been opened. I was very surprised, Question: What surprised me?分析：1) In China, a visit to home always includes a meal. And the guest always bringsa relatively expensive present to the host. And the present should be well wrapped or untouched.2) In the west, a visit to home only means a meeting, not necessarily including a meal. And the present is treated not as importantly as it is in China.3) I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs, so I felt the American way was very interesting (unusual).Case Five: Way of Entertaining Guests in China ---- Drink more and more案例：Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then ⋯ until he was quite full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.Question: Why was Tom totally confused?分析：1) Traditional Chinese custom requires that during the course of entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the guest’s glass or cup, and always adds more food to the guest’s plate or bowl without asking whether it’s wanted.2) Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the American guest in the case didn’t know this.3) He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it’s not good manners to leave food in one’s own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situation.Case SixAs a foreign student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Keiko Ihara (Japanese) was on a strict budget. She had all her tuition and books paid for by scholarships and grants and until recently was comfortably housed in the dormitory. Wanting to live in the community rather than in the dormitory, she found a small apartment to share with a friend. Her college friends, knowing of her situation, offered to round up some of the necessary items for apartment living. Keiko politely declined, saying she could manage. Wanting to help out her friends found some old but still usable household appliances and furniture. Mary had an old desk that was in hergarage. Ed had some chairs from his uncle, and Joe and Marion had a few extra dishes. They cheerfully brought them over one day. Keiko seemed very embarrassed, but gracefully accepted them, sincerely and profusely thanked them.The following week they were each presented with a gift from Keiko. Mary got an ornate jewelry box, Ed a volume of woodcuts by a famous Japanese artist, and Joe and Marion a beautiful Japanese vase, all of which were of considerable worth and value, much more than the old things they had donated to her. They all protested that she could not afford to give such elaborate gifts; they really expected nothing as the household items were not really being used and they would rather have her use them. Keiko, however, insisted that they take the gifts. In the end, they accepted the gifts, although they all felt uncomfortable as they knew she was really sacrificing to give them.Questions:1. What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?2. Why did Keiko’s friends feel very uncomfortable when they received valuablegifts in return?分析：Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case SevenSelma, who is from the US, is in a student exchange program in Indonesia. One day, she was asked to attend a birthday party and she was delighted, for she was curious to know what an Indonesian birthday party was like. To her surprise, she was the only one that dressed in typically Western clothes. Although she had no strong reason to become uneasy, her uneasy feeling prevailed as the party was going on. To make herself feel better, she went to the food table and began to help herself. But, upon leaving the table, she tripped on the leg of a chair and spilled her drink on the floor. One of the girls stooped down to mop up the spill and everyone else laughed out loud. Selma, uncertain what to do next, quietly moved out of her way with her head lowered in shame.Questions:3. What functions does laughing serve in similar situations in China?4. What should we do to help ourselves or other people out of embarrassmentcaused by cultural differences in laughing?分析：Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don‘t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‘s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.。
跨文化交际论文(3篇)
跨文化交际论文（3篇）一、关于跨文化交际的重要性随着社会的发展，全球经济一体化的形成，我国人民对于教学方式和教学内容有了新的期许，在现代社会中，想要获得成功，就需要具备良好的交际表现能力。
在跨文化的语境中所认为成功的交际是能够带来发展机会、财富以及和平的；失败的交际会使得敌对局面、偏见以及冲突产生。
在科技水平的迅猛发展中，我们正在经历的社会形势是多种多样的，如：信息化、全球化以及网络化等，不断地丰富着我们的生活。
不同文化背景的人们相互交际是一个复杂的过程，在讲外语和理解外语时都应该遵循该外语的语用规律及文化规则。
对于法语的口语教学而言，这也是一种跨文化交流的行为，语言的不同使得其表达的意识也会有差异，在法语中时常使用到的词汇用汉语解释意境就可能很大不同。
如：在法语中有着非常丰富的代词，代词用法比较复杂，因而学生在没有熟练掌握的情况下，使用法语代词会变得非常困难。
针对于您(vous)和你(tu)在法语中的用法，我们在课堂或者课后的练习中已经习惯了使用tu，随后在一些非常正式的场合也会将tu脱口而出，显然这意味着交际错误出现了。
另外，与tu所对应的动词有着简单的变位，因而学生更加喜欢在表达上使用到tu，长时间下来他们容易将语言场合忽视掉，这样错误语域的选择是外语学习中的大忌。
因此，我们需要十分的重视对学生这方面的教育，逐步将跨文化交际教学的能力加强，尽可能的将错误语境的现象减少。
如：中国自古有“爱屋及乌”的说法，法国也有着Qui m'aime，aime mon chien的说法，翻译过来就是“爱屋及狗”。
可见，中法两国巨大的文化差异，也体现在人们对于宠物的不同态度，若是学生没能够很好的掌握到、认识到这一点，就很容易发生语境错误，对于跨文化的交流非常不利。
二、培养学生跨文化法语口语交际的能力根据著名学者Gudykunst的理论，有效的跨文化交际能力应该包括基本交际能力系统、情感和关系能力系统、情节能力系统和交际方略能力系统。
(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版
Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
跨文化交际--价值观
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Kluckhohn与Strodtbeck的价值取向理论
◆ Kluckhohn和Strodtbeck是美国的人类学家。 ◆ 是最古典的价值观理论。
◆ 来源：20世纪30年代对美国的5个社团调查研究的结果。
强调行动
强调静止的存 在
强调发展的存 在
5、人与人之间的关系
人与人的关系 取向 看法
人们承认并接受 社会等级关系的 存在，更重视人 的出身和地位。
代表
阿拉伯国家中的 王权关系
影响 （交际模式）
看重家庭出身， 财产和地位并以 此衡量人的价值 标准，重视交往 时的礼仪和规范 注重与别人关系 的和谐，强调礼 尚往来
6
修身、齐家、治国、平没有受到过限制， 我梦想改变这个世界。 当我成熟以后， 我发现我不能改变这个世界，我将目光缩短了些， 决定只改变我的国家。 当我进入暮年后， 我发现我不能改变我的国家，我的最后愿望仅仅是 改变一下我的家庭。但是，这也不可能。 当我躺在床上，行将就木时，我突然意识到： 如果一开始我仅仅去改变我自己，然后作为一个 榜样，我可能改变我的家庭； 在家人的帮助和鼓励下，我可能为国家做一些事情。 然后谁知道呢？我甚至可能改变这个世界。
这是威斯特敏斯特大教堂地下室的墓碑林的墓志铭。
三、价值观特点
1、价值观属于深层文化。
2、价值观是人们行为的指南。 3、价值观既是稳定的，也是变化的。 4、不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分。 5、价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反应。
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四、价值观的理论研究
1、Kluckhohn与Strodtbeck(1961)的价值取向理论。
跨文化交际(完整版)
Unit 1 Language and Culture in CommunicationTheory Communication is something we do every day. It takes place so naturally that we simply fail to notice it until it hiccups or breaks down. Though it is commonplace, it is no exaggeration to say that communication is life and life is communication.1.When you join a social gathering, you must be aware of rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed. There is a technical term for such rules and procedures—schema.2. Face and politeness are two other areas which are extremely value—sensitive. One of the distinctive features of Chinese politeness is self—denigration and other—elevation.Case 1:Litz is a professor of cross—cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party.The schema from Litz’s point of view includes the following:1. Giving invitation: by phone / by mail2. Prepare everything before the arrival of guests3. Receiving guests: open the door / express welcome / take their overcoats / introduce guests / offer them drinks / make them comfortable4. Serving food: set the table / soup first / main course / desert5. Post dinner activities: chat / play music / offer more drinks6. Seeing guests off: thank them for coming / good nightLitz’s evening party was not very successful, because she was upset by one of her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin:Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!Lin: It’s not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in.Lin: (comes in)Litz: Can I take your coat?Lin: No, thanks.Litz: Ok, this way please.Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it)Analysis: Litz was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz’s offering to hang Lin’s coat is one of Litz’s ways (it’s on Litz’s schema). On Lin’s side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.Case 2:Finding an Interested BuyerGeorage Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well .He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea ofwhom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interests. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.Mr. Li responded in fairly good English,” That would be interesting.”Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time,” When can we meet?” asked George.“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li.“It sure is,” said George,” How about 10 o’clock? Meet you here.”“Tomorrow at 10 o’clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.“Right,” said George, “I’ll see you then?”“Hmm, yes; why don’t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.“OK,” responded George,” It was nice meeting you.”The next day at 10 o’clock he approached Mr. Li’s company’s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.Analysis: 英美人士做事情讲究守时。
跨文化交际的ppt总结
跨文化课程重点总结第一课文化、交际、跨文化交际一、跨文化交际的重要性跨文化交际的机会是由全球化引起的交通和通讯系统的发展(缩短旅游时间，电视网络，互联网，国际电影业)国家间的文化迁移(多元文化主义)新经济领域(跨国公司)不断增长的世界人口(有限的自然资源、污染、国际冲突)二、文化是什么（一）文化的定义1、《简明牛津词典》:文化是“艺术和被集体视为人类智慧成就的其他表现形式”。
2、从人类学的角度定义文化:文化是“一个特定时代或民族的风俗、文明和成就”。
3、(霍尔,1983)我们将文化定义为“信仰、习俗、价值观、行为、制度和交流方式的总和，这些都是在一个可识别的群体中被共享、学习和代代相传的。
”4、1871年爱德华·泰勒爵士的定义(第一次使用这个术语):"这个复杂的整体包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的其他能力和习惯"5、Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) 克罗伯和克拉克洪。
文化由显性和隐性的模式组成，是通过符号获得和传递的行为，构成了人类群体的独特成就，包括在人工制品中的体现;文化的本质核心是由传统的(即历史的派生和选择的)思想，尤其是它们所依附的价值观所组成的;文化系统一方面可以被认为是行动的产物，另一方面可以被认为是进一步行动的制约因素。
6、Porter & Samovar 波特和萨莫瓦尔“知识、经验、信仰、价值观、态度、意义、等级、宗教、时间观念、角色、空间关系、宇宙观念、物质对象和财产的积累，这些都是一群人通过个人和群体几代人的奋斗过程中获得的。
”—《跨文化交际读本》7、文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。
”－陈独秀8、“文化是生活的样法。
”“文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。
”－梁漱溟9、“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。
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mutual bow
In Japan, mutual bow is largely determined by rank: the social inferior bows first lowest, and longest, and the superior decides when to stop bowing. It may involve several repeats, and the angle at which the trunk of human body moves downward from vertical position is of great importance.
• E.g. nod as saying "yes“; place one’s finger to his lips “Let’s be quiet”
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Complementing 补充
• Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message.
African American women
less smile
(2)dominant members
less smile, poker face
Touch
Height
Smile
Gaze
Bow
In Japan, people commonly greet each other by bowing instead of handshaking.
Americans like sitting with one ankle on the other knee; In some Latin and Asian countries, you can cross your legs but not put your ankle on your knee; In Ghana and in Turkey, it is extremely offensive.
social status or age of the person
If the person is higher status or older than you are, it's common to bow deeper and longer, showing respect.
Sit
Many countries in Latin America, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East are different from America, such as Germany and Sweden, where people are expected to sit erect.
Subcultures of Eye Contact
White American adults teach their children “look at me when I talk to you” Black mother admonish their children “Don’t look at me in tone of voice!”
In Syria women must not cross their legs at all in public, though men can.
In Peru, man can place the ankle on knee, but women must cross their entire legs at the knee
Handshake
England
r East and parts of Africa
√
×
Parts of Europe,Latin America,the Middle East
Touch
Touch-----
e.g. (as a gesture of comfort) doctor to patient Same-sex dyads: women VS men
People often sit with feet on chairs or even desks. They sometimes sit with their backsides on tables and desks as a way of expressing their individuality or carefree attitude.
5 degree
15 Degrees
30 degrees
45 degrees
silent smile
Japanese do not normally evince any significant emotion through public facial display. The most commonly observed expressions are either a placid , unrevealing countenance(面部 表情) or a nondescript smile, whose actual meaning or intent may be totally indecipherable(难懂的) For Japanese don't like to express their feelings.they tend to think to express their feelings is shameful. If foreigners know their weak points, they think as if they are weaker than them. So they smile to cover their shame and awkward questions.
Touch
Height
Smile
Gaze
Height
Height-----power
Women taller than men Men taller than women
Touch
Height
Smile
Gaze
Smile
Smile-----
(1)white female others
admonished to smile,please
e.g. At an Egyptian university, a British professor was
denounced because he revealed the sole of his foot
silent smile mutual bow Japanese nonverbal behavior
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Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• • • • • •
5/5/2014
Repeating Complementing Substituting Regulating Contradicting Accenting
Repeating 重复
• People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and emphasize their point of views.
Highest Respect Bow最敬礼, 45 degrees
This is the bow you should be used to apologize, because it shows the most amount of respect (or regret) possible (at least, until you get on your knees)
hand gestures
Hand gestures
Englishmen are stingy(吝啬的)about their hand movements
Italians are great hand movers. so are Russians and Latin Americans
Italians hand gestures
You could probably do a little more than 30 degrees if you wanted to, too. You wouldn’t use this bow with good friends or relatives
5 degree 15 Degrees 30 degrees 45 degrees
Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless cues between people
It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as body language, but nonverbal communication encompasses much more, such as voice, touch, facial expression
It is a very severe insult in many Muslim countries to put the ankle on the knee. Because when you do so, one foot or the sole of the shoe is usually pointing at someone.
5 degree
15 Degrees
30 degrees
45 degrees
Greeting Bow, Eshaku (会釈), 15 Degrees