词汇学构词法clipping
英语词汇学论文-构词法
Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径V ocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation（关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning Englishwell. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less”change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded peopleto be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.参考文献（5条）：外语语言文学系列教程张维友英语词汇学教程2009学术论文魏红构词法是迅速扩大英语词汇量的有效方法2009期刊论文丁琳徐玲English word formation processes 2009期刊论文张莉浅谈英语构词法中的词缀发2008广州大学学报卢春媚浅谈英语构词法2002。
构词法讲解
构词法语言中词的总和构成词汇，但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一个严密体系，在这个结构的体系中，词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。
英语中的这些联系的规律总结起来就是构词。
英语中构词的方法就是构词法。
构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。
掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。
一、合成法(Compounding)合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。
这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。
合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。
复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。
如blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，wr it ing desk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。
结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。
如，用辅音字母－s－来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有：salesman, towns people等。
合成的方式常见的有如下几种：（一）合成名词1.名词／代词＋名词：woman-doctor, women-doctors, workshop车间, spaceship, he-goat公羊, coal fire, motorcycle, gas cooker煤气灶, oil well, power plant电厂, silk worm蚕, gold mine, bottleneck, piano keys, teleph one receiver听筒, television screen, chairman, fireman, police officer, postman, pine tree, girl/boy friend, goldfish, raindrop雨点雨滴, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed花坛, tearoom茶馆2.动词＋名词：flashlight手电、闪关灯, watchdog看门狗、监督部门或人员, searchlight探照灯3.形容词＋名词：blacksmith, blackboard, supermarket, superman, darkroom, highchair, hothouse, greenhouse, madman4.副词＋名词：downfall垮台, rainfall阵雨降雨量5.介词＋名词：afternoon, inland内地的, overbalance使失去平衡, crosstalk相声6.动名词＋名词：reading-room, sitting-room, classroom, schoolroom, dining room, building materials建材, dancing girl舞女, cleaning women保洁工, flying machine 飞行器, washing machine, working conditions, boiling point, drinking water, swimming pool, drinking cup, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick.7.现在分词＋名词：running dog走狗, running water流水自来水, flying fish飞鱼, rising sun朝阳、旭日8.名词＋动名词：shoe-making, paper-correcting批卷, letter-writing, story-telling说评书、讲故事, town-planning城市规划, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, daydreaming9.动词＋副词：stand-by, take-off起飞, cut-off截止终止, breakdown10.名词＋介词＋名词：man-of-war战舰, editor-in-chief总编,11.名词＋连词字母＋名词：handiwork手工艺品, nowadays当今（二）合成形容词1、形容词＋名词＋ed：five-storeyed, one-eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed蓝眼睛的、碧眼的2、名词＋名词＋ed：honey-mouthed甜言蜜语的,嘴甜的3、名词／代词＋分词：man-made, heart-broken, self-educated自学的, snow-covered, man-eating, peace-loving, paper-making造纸的, ocean-going远洋航行的, heartfelt 衷心的, handmade, home-made自制的、国产的, sunburnt, weather-beaten饱经风霜的、风吹日晒的4、名词／代词＋形容词：color-blind, ice-cool, seasick晕船的, airsick晕机的, tax-free, grass-green草绿色, snow-white, rock-hard坚硬如石的5、形容词／数词＋名词：full-time, high-grade高级, second-hand6、形容词／数词＋分词：ready-made现成的good-looking7、副词＋分词：far-reaching深远的, so-called, hard-working, well-meaning, well-meant善意的, wide-spread广泛的、普遍的8、副词＋形容词：ever-green常青树, under-ripe,9、形容词＋形容词：dark-blue, red-hot火红的、炙手可热, grey-green灰绿色10、介词＋名词：downhill下山下、向山下, overnight整夜、一夜之间（三）合成副词1、形容词＋名词：sometimes, meanwhile2、副词＋名词：indoors在户内, outdoors, overhead头顶上3、介词＋名词：alongside在..旁边、沿着..边, beforehand事先、提前4、名词＋形容词：skyhigh极高的、昂贵的, stonestill非常寂静的5、副词＋介词：nearby附近的, upalong向上（四）合成动词1、名词＋动词：overhear偷听、无意中听到, underline在下面划线2、形容词＋动词：moonwalk太空步、月球漫步3、副词＋动词：white-wash白涂料、粉刷, safeguard保卫（五）其它合成词1、合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything2、合成介词：outside, inside, throughout二、转化法(Conversion)不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。
英语词汇学——Chapter4
Chapter 4Affixation 词缀法（30%-40%）Compounding 复合构词法（28%-30%）Conversion 转类法（26%）Shortening 缩略法（8%-10%）包括（clipping 截短法acronymy 首字母拼音法）Blending 拼缀法(1%-5%)一. Affixation 词缀法Affixation, also called derivation 派生法（derivatives 派生词）,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Feature: prefixes do not generally change the word –class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Classification: we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.Negative prefixes 否定意义的词缀：a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,nu-.Reversative prefixes 逆向意义的词缀：de-,dis-, un-. e.g. de-compose ,unwarp.Pejorative prefixes 贬义的词缀: mal-, mis- ,pseudo-. e.g. mistrust , pseudo-friend.Prefixes of degree or size表示程度、大小等意义的词缀: arch-, extra- ,hyper- ,macro- ,micro- , mini- ,out- ,over- ,sub- ,super-,sur-, ultra- ,under- . e.g. archbishop , hyperactive ,superfreeze. Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀：anti-, contra- ,counter- pro- . e.g. anti-government,Locative prefixes 方位意义的词缀：extra-,fore- ,inter- ,intra- ,tele-, trans-. E.g. extraordinary, telecommunication,Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序的词缀:ex-,fore-, post- ,pre- ,re- . e.g. ex-professor , foretell ,post-election.Number prefixes 数字的前缀: bi- ,multi- , poly- ,semi-, hemi- ,tri- ,uni- ,mono-. E.g. multi-purpose ,semi-naked, tricycle, monorail.Miscellaneous prefixes 其他种类意义的前缀: auto- ,neo- ,pan- , vice- . e.g. autobiography ,vice-chairman.Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Feature: suffixes mainly change the word class.Classification: we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes , verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes.Adjective suffixes: It is worth noting that both –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases , but differ in meaning . e.g. economic \economical二. Compounding 复合构词法Compounding , also called composition（compounds 复合词）,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words produced through compounding yields 28%-30% of all the new words.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in three aspects:1) Phonetic features.2) Semantic features.3) Grammatical features.Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundse.g. Sit-in ，stockholder , up-bringing2) Adjective compoundse.g. law-abiding , record-breaking ,town-bred , four-leg.3) Verb compoundsThe limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation . Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes:-er, -ing, -ion , etc.三. Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.1. An alternative for conversion is functional shift .2. The derivational process , in which an item is converted to a new word class without theaddition of an affix , is called zero-derivation .3. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns , adjectives ,and verbs .The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.4. Full conversion and partial conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted tonouns.1) Full conversion: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics ofnouns . It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.2) partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all thequalities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles .3) Such words as “the poor ”,”the richer ”,”the most corrupt ”are all examples of partial. 5.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.双音节的名词转化成动词会有重音的变化。
词汇学拼缀法截短法
1.head+tail 4.word + tail 3. head+word (page 82 ) 2.head +(automobile head (page 83) (page83) autocide + suicide) 撞车自杀 (page 82~83) lunarnaut lunar ++autronaut ) 登月宇航员 broasted (broiled + roasted ) 拷炙 medicare （( medical care ） 医疗保险 comsat (communication + satellite )+ <美 >通信卫星（公司） cremains (cremate （烧成灰， 火葬） remains ) 骨灰 bookmobile ( book + automobile ) 流动图书馆 Eurasia （ Europe + Asia ）欧亚大陆 telex ( teleprinter + exchange) 电传电报 chocoholic ( chocolate + alcoholic) 嗜食巧克力的人 workfare ( work + welfare) 工作福利制 telestar ((skating telecommunications + star ) 电视卫星 Amerind (American +Indian ) 美洲印第安人的 skurfing + surfing ) 溜冰板 Reaganomics (Reagan +economics ) 里根经济政策 sitcom nucleonics （ situation+ ( nuclear comedy + electronics ）情景喜剧 )电视问答 核子的，核物理的 telequiz ( telephone + quiz) chunnel ( channel + tunnel )+camp) 海峡隧道 FORTRAN （ formula + automobile translator ）公式翻译程序 tourmobile ( tour + ) 观光车 autocamp (automobile 汽车宿营地
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学1、Compounding（合成法）Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法）A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x,or both, to the base.e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war3、Conversion（词性转移法）Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x.e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.)4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people)5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词）Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO6、Clipping（剪裁法）The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available inits full form.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab7、Blending（混合法）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of whichare not in their full forms.e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)8、Back formation（逆构法）Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorterword is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language.e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or.9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法）The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands.e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine10、Reduplication（复制法）Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.11、Coinage（新造的字）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based onexisting morphemes.e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language12、Classification of English words according to di?erent criteriaA. By origin:1) native words2) loan wordsB. By level of usage :1)common words2)literary words3)colloquial words4)slang words5)technical wordsC. By notion:1)function words（虚词）2)content words （实词）13、inflectional morpheme (or inflectional a?xes) （曲折词缀）An inflectional aifix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is a?xed.e.g. “s” in chairs, pens ; “es” in boxes, tomatoes;“en” in oxen14、root（词根）(1) 书：A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.e.g. work, boy, moon, walk(2) ?网：A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. A rootis the basic part always present in a lexeme.15、stem（词?干）Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional a?xes have been removed.e.g. in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable;in the word desired, the stem is desire16、base（词基）Base is any form to which a?xes of any kind can be added.e.g. in the word desirable, desire is the base to which a su?x -able is added.17、echoic words or onomatopoeic words（拟声词或象声词）Words motivated phonetically are called echoi words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.e.g. the woof-woof of a dog, the miaow of a cat18、homonyms（异义词）In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though di?erent in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.e.g. lead (n. & v.), sow (n. & v.), tear (n. & v.)19、complementary antonyms（互补性反义词）Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute.e.g. alive and dead, single and married20、synchronic dictionary（共时词典）Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the from, meaning, usage, etc., of the words of the period.e.g. COD, WCD21、allomorph（同位异形体）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g. the allomorphs -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same su?x22、prefixation（前缀）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.e.g. de-, be-, en-23、semantic motivation（语义动机）Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.e.g.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone; when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being.24、a?ective meaning（情感意义）A?ective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.e.g. Aha! Alas! and Hurrah!25、hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the la tter.e.g. a cat is a hyponym of animal, flute of instrument, chair of furniture26、semantic field（语义场）（1）书：Semantic field theory "took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways."（2）?网：Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.e.g.The words red, green, white etc. make up the semantic field of colors;the words father, mother, son etc. make up the semantic field of kinship27、componential analysis（成分分析法）The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.e.g. cow : [+ Bovine + Adult - Male]man : [+Human + Adult + Male]。
词汇学论文构词法[1]
![词汇学论文构词法[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/81c9f8d628ea81c758f57855.png)
Word-FormationAbstract :A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. Morphological productivity can be defined as the property of a given word formation process to be used to derive a new word in a systematic fashion. Most linguists divide the word-formation into major word-formation and minor word-formation .The major word-formational processes are :-Affixation-Compounding-ConversionThe minor word-formational processes are :-Abbreviation-Back formation-OnomatopoeiaKey W ord : affixation, derivative, compounding, abbreviation, onomatopoeia1 AffixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a process in which a free morph is combined with a bound morph, a prefix, or a suffix. It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases . There are two types of derivative . One bases on free root with affix or bound root , the other bases on bound with affix or other bound root .1.1 Types of affixes- prefixes- suffixes- infixesModern English has a number of highly productive affixes. For example, the prefix over can be added to verbs which express activities to indicate that too much has taken place, i.e. something has been overdone,cf. overcook, overcoat, overstay. Likewise, the suffix –n ess can be added to an adjective make a noun designating the quality express by the adjective, its nouniness, so to speak.1.2Two types of derivative’s structure1.2.1 Free root + affix/bound root1) prefix + free roote.g.: In definite (a. uncertain), un forgettable (a. memorable) , mini bus (coach)2)free + suffixe.g. : wealth y (a. rich) , success ful (a, achieving aims) , extreme ly(adv, to a very high de.g.ree) , comfortab ly(adv. in a comfortableway)3)prefix +free root + suffixe.g. : en rich ment (a. sb/sth being rich or richer) , in ternation al (a.connected with two or more countries) , unchangeable (a. that can notbe changed)4)combining form + free roote.g. Afro-American , Afro-Asian , techno-chemistry , microwave1.2.2Bound root + affix/bound root1)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. contradict (v. to say sb has said is wrong) , descend (v. go down) ,despair (v. give up all hope)2)bound root (without formation)+ suffixe.g. confidence (n. trust in) , liberate (v. emancipation) , linguist (n. aperson who knows several foreign languages well)3)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. distinctive (a. special ) , intolerable (a. can’t bear) , contradiction(n. a lack of agreement between facts)4)combining form + combining forme.g. macrobiosis (n. long life) , microscope (n. an instrument used inscientific study for making very small thing look larger)2CompoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.V ery often compounds are written as two words, which means that they are accepted into dictionaries a little reluctantly. Certainly, dictionaries seem not to list compounds in anything like the numbers in which they are in use. This may be justified perhaps because compounds are frequently transparent and their meanings are relatively accessible without a dictionary. Furthermore, many of them do not become lexicalized, but have a very transitory life.According to the words’characteristic, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives , compound pronouns , compound verbs , compound adverbs , etc .2.1Compound Nounsn. + n.: bar code , mouse mat , Websitea. + n.: blueprint , compact discadv. + n.: off chance , overdose , underclothes-ing + n.: learning strate.g.y , marketing campaign , parking metern. + v.: daybreak , earthquake , parking meteradv + n : downfall , income , offset , output , upliftv. + adv.: get-together , handout , makeupn. + -ing: air-conditioning , brainstorming , family planningprep.+n.: afternoon , by-product , overcoat2.2Compound AdjectivesAs adjective is a core : airsick , band-new ; dark-blue , icy-cold ;all-mighty , evergreen , overripeAs noun is a core : blue-collar , present-day ; breaknecl , cross-country ;chicken-hearted , dog-eared , wine-coloredAs –ing or –ed is a core : energy-saving , epoch-marking ; easy-going ,far-reaching ; mass-produced , poverty-stricken ; absent-minded ,half-done , newly-built2.3Compound V erbs1)Formed by back-formation : house-keep from housekeeperwindowshop from window-shoppinghenpeck from henpecked2)Formed by conversion : to blue-printto cold-shoulderto honeymoon3) adv. + v. : cross-questionoffsetoverthrow3ConversionConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. In other words, conversion or zero derivation is a type word class change without the addition, removal ,or change of any element in the word. In this process a noun maybe used as a verb or a verb can be used as a noun. Furthermore, a noun can be used attributively as an adjective. The most frequent type of conversion is from noun to verb, probably because there are so relatively few verbalizing affixes in English.3.1 n.→ v.1)to put in/on, such as, bottle(n.)→to bottle(=to put …into a bottle)2)to give, to provide with, such as, butter(n.) →to butter(=to spread butteron)3)to deprive of, such as, skin(n.) →to skin(=to remove the skin from)4)to…with, such as, hammer(n.) →to hammer(=to strike with a hammer)5)to be/act as …with respect to, such as, ape(n) →to ape(=to imitate like aape)6)to make/change…into, such as, fool(n.) →to fool(=to make a fool of)7)to send…/go by, such as, bicycle(n.) →to bicycle(=to go by bicycle)3.2adj.→ v.bare(adj.) →to bare, calm(adj.) →to clam, brave(adj.) →to brave3.3v.→ n.V erb converting into noun express the verb’s original action or condition mostly, such as, attempt, look, swim, smile, walk, etc.3.4adj.→ n.Most adjective can be used as noun, such as, an American, an Canadian,etc. There are three type of conversion, full conversion, partial conversionand special conversion.3.5n.→ adj.a brick garage (The garage is brick.)a cotton dress (The dress is cotton.)a gold watch, an iron box, the job market4ShorteningAbbreviation or shortening is the way of shortening or simplifying syllables to make new words. There are various forms of abbreviation, but main forms are four: clipped word, initialism, acronym, blend.4.1 ClippingsSpeakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. It includes apocope, aphaeresis, front and back clipping, and syncope.1) Apocopeapprox.← approximately, auto← automobile2) Aphaeresisburger→ hamburger, bus→ omnibus3) Front and back clippingsThe shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word. e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)4) Syncopefluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilizationContractions which is the clipping word with punctuation also can be regarded as this type.4.2 Initialisms and AcronymsInitialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar(radio detecting and ranging). Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet. Commonly thought of as a series of letters that make up a “word” there is a distinction between acronyms and shorthand.4.3BlendsBlends are words formed by combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are created originally for comic effect. Following are some examples:Chunnel(=channel + tunnel) / brunch(=breakfast + lunch) / motel(=motorist+hotel)5Back-formationBack-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.e.g. beggar---beg burglar---burgleThe majority of backformed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation:1)Object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing) meaning somebody seessights. Similar examples are: globe-trot(from globe-trotter orglobe-trotting).2)Adverbial + verb, as spring-clean (from spring-cleaning) meaningsomebody cleans in the spring.Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.6OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The barking of a dog.The crack of a whip.The roll of thunder.The tinkling of bells.There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:1)The repetition of words: quack; ticktack2)The repetition of words with a vowel change: clitter-clatter; ping-pong;tick-tack.3)Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant change : rub-a-dubt;ran-danReference: Wang Rongpei, Wang Zhijiang, An Advanced Reader of English Lexicology, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006汪榕培，王之江，《英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，2008。
词汇学4-词的构成
Words from Proper Names 1. Names of people: Watt, Ohm, pasteurize people: 2. Names of places: china, champagne places: 3. Names of books: utopia books: 4. Tradenames: nylon, orlon, dacron, rayon Tradenames:
Reduplication
Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a wordcompound word is created by the repetition: repetition: of one word like go-go; goof two almost identical words with a change in the vowelssuch as pingpong; of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, consonants, as in willy-nilly “willingly or unwillingly” willyunwillingly” Other examples: tick-tick (of a watch); zigzag (a line which examples: tickfiddleturns right and left alternatively at sharp angles); fiddle-faddle (trifling matters); yo-yo (a stupid or foolish person); no-no (sth. yonothat is unacceptable or forbidden).
clip词根
clip词根Clip词根在英语中表示剪切、夹住的意思，常见于许多与剪切、固定相关的词汇中。
下面将从不同的角度介绍与clip词根相关的词汇及其应用。
一、修剪和裁剪1. Hairclip：发夹，用于将头发固定在头部。
2. Paperclip：回形针，用于将纸张固定在一起。
3. Nail clipper：指甲钳，用于修剪指甲的工具。
二、夹紧和固定1. Bulldog clip：夹子，用于夹住纸张或其他材料，使其保持固定状态。
2. Binder clip：活页夹，用于夹住文件或纸张，以便于存档或整理。
3. Money clip：钱夹，用于夹住纸币，以便于携带和存放。
三、剪辑和编辑1. Video clip：视频片段，指从整个视频中剪辑出来的小段落。
2. Sound clip：音频片段，指从整个音频中剪辑出来的小段落。
3. Movie clip：电影片段，指从整个电影中剪辑出来的小片段。
四、固定和连接1. Paper clip：纸夹，用于固定纸张。
2. Alligator clip：鳄鱼夹，用于连接电路中的导线。
五、剪报和剪贴1. Press clipping：剪报，是将新闻报道从报纸或杂志中剪下来收集整理的行为。
2. Scrapbooking：剪贴簿，是将照片、纸张、装饰品等材料剪贴在相册或纸张上制作成个人纪念册的活动。
六、其他相关词汇1. Clipart：剪贴画，是指从各种来源收集的图像，用于在文档、网页等中插入和装饰。
2. Clipboard：剪贴板，是计算机操作系统中的一个功能，用于复制和粘贴文本或图像。
3. Clipper ship：快速帆船，19世纪用于迅速运送货物和邮件的帆船。
总结：Clip词根在英语中常见于与剪切、固定相关的词汇中，包括修剪和裁剪、夹紧和固定、剪辑和编辑、固定和连接、剪报和剪贴等方面。
这些词汇在日常生活和工作中都有广泛的应用，帮助我们完成各种任务和活动。
通过了解和掌握这些词汇的含义和用法，我们能够更加准确地表达自己的意思，丰富自己的词汇量，提高英语沟通能力。
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(3).Front and back clipping
influenza flu detective tec prescriptionscript apollinaris polly
aLeabharlann 8(4). Middle clipping
spectacles specs mathematics maths
Examples:
gasoline gas hamburger burger delicatessen deli microphone mike
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4.2. Why do we have clipping as a way of word-formation?
This is because in modern times, people tend to economical in writing and speech to keep up with the tempo of new life style. To save time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used.
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4.3.Five common types of clipping:
1.Front clipping 2.Back clipping 3.Front and back clipping 4.Middle clipping 5.Phrase clipping
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(1).Front clipping
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(5). Phrase clipping
popular music pop public house pub zoological garden zoo permanent wavesperm
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In some cases, clipping give rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciation. This change in form and sound is possibly due to the informality typical of clipped forms.
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4.1. Definition
Clipping 截短法
In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts
(Marchand: 1969). long short
Chapter 4 --English Word Formation
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Types of Word Formation
Affixation( Prefixation ,Suffixation) Compounding Conversion Blending Clipping Acronymy (Initialisms ,Acronyms) Back-formation Onomatopoeia Sound Reduplication Commonization of Proper Names
Eg. refrigerator fridge microphone mike television telly handkerchief hanky comfortable comfy
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robot bot Internet net turnpike pike omnibus bus telephone phone violoncello cello parachute chute
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(2). Back clipping
doctor doc gasoline gas cablegram cable examination exam advertisement ad
For convenience and casualness in speech, people often omit one or two syllables from a word, and when it’s written down, a new spelling form is coined to suit the oral form.