词汇学Lecture 3 构词法1
词汇学之构词法课件
re-
表示重复、再次或重新，如 “rebuild”（重建）、 “redo”（重做）。
un-
表示否定或相反意义，如 “unable”（不能的）、 “unexpected”（意外的）
。
in-
表示否定或相反意义，如 “informal”（非正式的）、 “inaccurate”（不准确的）
。
前缀构词法的特点与规律
04 合成词构词法
合成词的定义与构成方式
合成词定义
由两个或两个以上的词素组合而成的词。
构成方式
通过不同的组合方式，如名词+动词、形容词+名词、副词+动词等，形成具有特 定意义的合成词。
常见英语合成词举例
名词+动词
bookcase（书架）、 playground（操场）
形容词+名词
bluebird（蓝鸟）、goodwill（善 意）
副词+动词
overcome（克服）、undermine （削弱）
合成词构词法的特点与规律
特点
合成词的意义通常不是单个词素的简单相加，而是产生新的 意义。
规律
合成词的构词规律与语言习惯、文化背景密切相关，随着语 言的发展，新的合成词不断涌现。
05 转化词构词法
转化词的定义与转化方式
转化词定义
转化词是指一个单词在句子中不产生 形态变化，但词性产生改变的现象。
通过添加前缀或后缀来改变词根的意义或 词性。例如，“unhappy”通过添加“un”前缀形成反义词“happy”。
转化法
缩略法
将一个词从一种词类转化为另一种词类。 例如，“run”可以作为动词表示“跑”， 也可以作为名词表示“跑步”。
将一个较长的词缩短或省略部分音节形成 新词的方法。例如，“advertisement”可 以缩略为“ad”。
词汇学之3种构词法PPT课件
act
argument example revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national clockwise slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
co-
prefixes meaning
examples
arch-
supreme
archbishop
superout-
more than surpassing
supermarket outlive
sur-
over
surcharge
sub-
below
subnormal
overunder-
excessive too little
meaning
not, the converse
of
examples unwise
nonessential dishonest informal immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
quinqu-, pentahexa-, sex-
meaning five
six
sept-, heptaoctaennea-
seven eight nine
examples
quinquagenarian, pentagon
高中英语构词法精品课件
编号：__________ 高中英语构词法精品课件年级：___________________老师：___________________教案日期：_____年_____月_____日高中英语构词法精品课件目录一、教学内容1.1 构词法的基本概念1.2 词根、前缀和后缀1.3 合成词和派生词1.4 词类转换1.5 实例分析二、教学目标2.1 知识与技能2.2 过程与方法2.3 情感态度与价值观三、教学难点与重点3.1 难点3.2 重点四、教具与学具准备4.1 教具4.2 学具五、教学过程5.1 导入5.2 新课导入5.3 课堂活动5.4 练习与巩固六、板书设计6.1 构词法基本概念板书6.2 词根、前缀和后缀板书6.3 合成词和派生词板书6.4 词类转换板书6.5 实例分析板书七、作业设计7.1 作业内容7.2 作业要求7.3 作业评价八、课后反思8.1 教学效果评价8.2 教学方法改进8.3 学生反馈与改进措施九、拓展及延伸9.1 相关知识点拓展9.2 构词法在实际应用中的拓展9.3 构词法相关练习与活动教案如下：一、教学内容构词法是英语学习中的重要组成部分，它包括词根、前缀和后缀，合成词和派生词，以及词类转换等。
通过学习构词法，学生可以更好地理解和运用英语单词，扩大词汇量，提高语言表达能力。
二、教学目标（一）知识与技能1. 学生能够理解构词法的基本概念。
2. 学生能够区分和运用词根、前缀和后缀。
3. 学生能够识别和创造合成词和派生词。
4. 学生能够灵活运用词类转换。
（二）过程与方法1. 学生通过实例分析，掌握构词法的应用。
2. 学生通过课堂活动，提高英语听说读写能力。
（三）情感态度与价值观1. 学生培养对英语学习的兴趣。
2. 学生树立正确的语言学习观念。
三、教学难点与重点（一）难点1. 构词法的理解和运用。
2. 合成词和派生词的识别和创造。
（二）重点1. 词根、前缀和后缀的掌握。
2. 词类转换的运用。
现代汉语词汇学第三章 造词法
50年代后开始有所区分，关于其关系的几种观点：
1. 概念纠缠不清
张寿康《构词法和构形法》：作为一门科学， 构词法就是研究咱们语言中词的构造的规律的 学问。产生新词的时候，新词的结构就是按构 词法产生的。
构形法：构形是词的形态变化的问题。一个词通过不同的形态 变化，来表现不同的语法意义。词的形态变化的方法就是构 形法。
有从事物颜色方面进行说明的
白茫茫、白蒙蒙、白皑皑、白晃晃等；
有从事物情状进行注释说明的
白食、白干、自给、白搭、白吃、白送等；
有从事物的方式进行说明
表白、辩白、独白、道白、告白、剖白等。
有从事物的内涵方面进行说明的
4. 刘叔新 《汉语描写词汇学》（1990）：
其造词法系统是迄今为止最科学、最合理 的一个体系，其科学性与合理性主要得益 于其分类原则的科学性，即一次划分只能 使用一个准则。
第三章 造词法
一、关于造词法和构词法
在构词法研究的早期，构词法系统中 除了对词语作结构分析外，还常常包括 对造词手段的探讨。
译音之字
琉璃、琵琶、般若
合名为词
乔松（《史记·蔡泽传》称王乔、赤松子） 伊管（《邹阳传》称伊尹、管仲）
破字为词
言午（许）、弓长（张）
截名为词
蔺相（《费凤碑》称蔺相如） 葛亮（《晋书》称诸葛亮）
* 外号——号外 年终——终年
（3）变调法 古汉语中： 风（N）——风（V）、冠（N）——冠（V） 好（A）——好（V）、饮（上）——饮（去） 现代汉语中： 男人——男人 女人——女人 肚子——肚子 老公——老公 老子——老子 孙子——孙子
（4）合音法 多咱 俩人 甭说了 不可 之于
河南沛县： 泡（pào）——扑燎（pǔliɑo） 啥（shà）——什么 zuà ： 相声大师侯宝林在他的《戏剧与方言》段 子里，讲到两个河南人对话：“谁？” “我！”
构词法PPT课件
macrocosm (宏观世界)
mal 恶，不良：maltreat / malfunction
micro 微：microphone / micrometer / microeconomics
mid 中，中间：mid-air / mid-stream / midday /
multi 多：multiply / multitude / multimedia /
multinational
non 否定，非，不：non-metal / nonsense /
nonexistent
hypo- [hyp]
下，低，次，少：hypotension (低血压) / hyposensitize (使敏感度减弱)
il- [im-] [in-] [ir-] 在内，进入；否定，不：import / intake /
invade / illegal / impossible / incomplete / irregular
automobile / autonomy
be 使成为，变成，加强：belittle / befriend
bi 二，双：bicycle / bilateral / bilingual
bio 生命，生物；生物学的：biochemistry /
bioengineering / biography / biology
combine / correlate
conter- [contra-] 反，对应：counter-attack / counteraction /
contrast / contradict
de 除去，离开，分，否定：decompose /
词汇学基础第二章词的构造
第二章词的构造现代汉语音义结合的最小单位是语素，语素组成了词，一般认为，由一个语素组成的是单纯词，有两个以上语素组成的是合成词。
单纯词可以从构成它的音节特征划分类型，合成词可以从分析构成它的语素之间的关系划分类型。
后者一般称作词的结构分析。
思路：梳理现代汉语和语言学纲要知识，详解其中要点，提出疑难问题，并按教材思路，给出一种解决办法。
一、构词法（一）构词语素1.构词语素分为两种：（1）词根：a意义实在b在合成词内位置不固定的不成词语素和成词语素（2）词缀：a意义不实在b在合成词内位置固定在前或在后的不成词语素2.补充：区分词缀和词尾除词根、词缀之外还有一种语素叫词尾。
它加在词的末尾，只能改变一个词的形式，而不能构成新词。
如英语的book 加上s 以后成为books, walk 加上-s –ing –ed之后成为walks walking walked这些都是一个词的不同形式，而不是不同的词。
一个词除去词尾，就是它的词干。
汉语中的语素大部分都是词根，词缀不多，没有词尾，这是汉语的一个特点。
不过在汉语的语法著作里，也常常把前缀，后缀叫做“词头”、“词尾”。
词缀不同于词尾。
①从位置上看，词缀在词中既可以在前，如汉语老乡中的“老”，英语unlike中的un；也可以在词的后面，如汉语“棍子”“作者”中的后一个语素。
也可以在词的前后都加上词缀，如英语unhappiness中的un 和ness词尾只能附加在词的末尾，不能出现在其他位置上。
②从功能上看词缀可以构成新词，是词的构成成分，固定在词的结构之中，是构词语素；词尾不能构成新词，不是词的构成成分，只是改变词的形式，所以是变词语素。
单纯的一个词，没有语境，没有与具体的语法意义相联系，也就没有相应的语法形式和手段，词尾也就无所依附了。
（二）单纯词由一个语素构成的词，叫做单纯词。
1.单纯词的音节特征：可以从不同的角度说明单纯词的音节特征。
（1）从数量上可以分为单音节的（山），双音节的（伶俐），和多音节的（巧克力，歇斯底里）。
英语专业词汇学第三章课本及答案
Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical, cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易；推动) the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing, as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word-building material available in English to create new words. But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分) —word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes(语素；词素), their classification(分类) and identification(辨别), the relationship between morphemes and word-formation(构词法).3.1 MorphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules(句法规则). Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example. This is one word, but can be broken down into de-, con-, text, -a/ , -iz(e), -ation , each having meaning of its own. These segments (部分) cannot be furtherdivided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. Though -ation has a number of variants (变体) such as -tion, -sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function and occur owing to (因为；根据) different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes (morphe is the Greek word for 'form'; -eme as in 'phoneme' (音素) means 'class of' ). In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as 'the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words' (Crystal 1985). Syntactically(从句法上看), however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis (语法分析). For instance, each of the word-forms studies, studying, studied, consists of the morpheme study + ; the forms -es in studies, -ing in studying, -ed in studied are morphemes, which express grammatical concepts (语法概念) instead of deriving new words (See Classifying Morphemes).3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs(词素变体)Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units (具体单位) known as morphs(形素). 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning' (Bolinger and Sears 1981:43). In other words the phonetic or orthographic strings(语音串或拼写字串)or segments (切分成分；节) which realize morphemes are termed 'morphs' (Bauer 1983:15). The morpheme isto the morph what a phoneme (音位) is to a phone (音素). Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green , sad, want, desire, etc. . These morphemes coincide (巧合) with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a set of morphs in different sound context, e. g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. The alternates (作为替换的事物) /s/, /z/ and /iz/ are three different morphs. The same is true of the link verb morpheme {be}. Its past tense is realized by two distinct orthographic forms was , were, each of which happens to be a word-form, realizing {preterit} and {singular}, and {preterit} and {plural} respectively and each has its own phonetic form /woz/ or /wə:/. Therefore, both was, were and their phonetic forms /woz/ and /wə: / are morphs (See discussion in Bauer, p15).An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. Just as we class phones(音素) together as allophones (音位变体) of a single phoneme(音位), so we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. Take the plural morpheme {-s} again. Phonetically, it is realized by /s/, /z/, /iz/, all of which are allomorphs. In English, many morphemes canhave more than one allomorph, particularly those freestanding morphemes which are functional words in their own right. Once they occur in connected speech, they may be realized by different forms, depending on whether they are accented or weakened (Look at the data in the table).Morphem e AllomorphStrong Weak{am} /aem/ /əm/, /m/{ was} /woz/ /WəZ/{have } /haev/ /həv/, /v/{would } /wud/ /wəd/, /əd/,/d/{he} /hi:/ /i:/, /i/{his} /hiz/ /iz/{for} /fo:/ /fə/{to} /tu:/ /tu/, /tə/Then what is the difference between morphs and allomorphs? The relationship can be illustrated by the diagram below.Morpheme{would}morph morph morph morph →allomorph/wud/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/3.3 Classifying MorphemesMorphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping(重叠). For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.1. Free versus Bound Morphemes(自由词素与粘着词素)This is the easiest and most preferred classification in morphological studies, discussed in Hatch and Brown (1995), Crystal (1985), Fromkin and Rodman (1983), Bauer (1983), Bolinger and Sears (1981) and Matthews (2000). Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with(与……完全相同) words, for example, man, earth, wind, car and anger.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particulargrammatical function.Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words (派生词). Let us take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes: recollection (re- collect-ion) , idealistic (ideal-ist-ic) , ex-prisoner (ex- prison -er). Of the nine morphemes, collect, ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes. All the rest re-, -ion , -ist, -ic, ex-and -er are bound as none of them are freestanding units.Free morphemes are all roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words like collect, ideal, prison , whereas bound morphemes consist of either roots or affixes, most of which can be used to create new words like -dict- , -ced- (接近；去), re-, -ion, -ist, -ic and ex-(前). But there are a few affixes which can only indicate such grammatical concepts as tense, aspect, number and case, for example, the -ing in watching, -er in easier, -s in books, and -ed in worked.The English language possesses a multitude of (大量的) words made up of merely bound morphemes, e. g. antecedent, which can be broken down into ante-, -ced- and -ent. Among them, -ced- is a root meaning 'approach, go to', ante-, a prefix meaning 'before' and -ent, a noun suffix meaning 'a person, a thing', thus the whole word antecedent meaning 'something that goes before'(前例；前事；先行词；祖先). These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root (See Root, Stem, Base) and affix.2. Derivational versus Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes (派生词素) because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.In English, derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. For example, a + mor + ai, clear + ance, Life + Like and homo + gen + eous are results of such morphological processes.Inflectional morphemes(屈折词素), in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, fridges, desks, radios and potatoes; the same forms can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular such as likes, works and goes; the form -'s is used to denote the possessive case of nouns such as the children ' s library, the man ' s role and the mother-in-law' s complaints; the suffixes -er, -est are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees like happier—happiest,harder—hardest. Apart from these, there is the past tense marker -ed and progressive marker -ing added to verbs. The differences between inflectional and derivational morphemes can be summarized as follows (See Hatch and Brown, p266): Inflectional Derivational(1) Does not change meaning or part of speech of the stem (1) Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.(2) Indicates syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence.(2) Indicates semantic relations within the word.(3) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.(3) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes.(4) Occurs at margins of words.(4) Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.3. Content versus Grammatical MorphemesOn a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes (Traugott and Pratt 1980:90; Bolinger and Sears, pp66~70; Hatch and Brown, p267). Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as wesee above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes. These morphemes, whether free or bound, have a lexical content, hence the name. Grammatical morphemes, on the other hand, function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes and free morphemes such as in, and, do, have, they, -while, -where, but and that, which are traditionally called functional words.3.4 Identifying Morphemes(词素的区分)Since morphemes are the minimal distinct units, they should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. Generally speaking, lexical morphemes are easy to define:Mono-morphemic: land, skyDouble-morphemic: chill + y, mis + takeTriple-morphemic: anti + govern + ment, sports + man + shipFour-morphemic:un + friend + li + ness, morph + olog( i) + cal + lyOver-four-morphemic: inter + nation + al + iz(e) + ationIf the morphemes are always consistent in form and meaning, there should be no difficulty in identification(区分). However, thereis often mismatch(不一致)between form and meaning. Some morphemes are identical(相同的) in form but different in meaning, for instance, -er in teacher, clearer and eraser. -er in teacher means 'one who', but -er in clearer indicates 'the comparative degree', and -er in eraser denotes 'an object'. Therefore, -er in each case is a different morpheme.Some morphemes are not meaningful in isolation(单独)but acquire meaning by virtue of(通过)their connection in words (Fromkin and Rodman, p116). The classic examples are cranberry(越橘), huckleberry (黑果；乌饭树浆果)and boysenberry(博弈增莓), each seeming to be a kind of berry. But when cran-, huckle- and boysen- are isolated, they are meaningless and they are incapable of forming new words with other morphemes rather than with berry. There are other morphemes which occur in many words, but their meaning is difficult to define, for instance, -ceive in conceive (想象；设想), perceive(感觉，察觉；认为)and receive. Some forms are meaningful, but not morphemes, such as fl- meaning 'moving light' in flash , flame and flicker(闪烁，忽隐忽现), and gl-meaning 'static light' in glow(发光，燃烧)，glisten (闪耀；反光)and glitter(闪光；光彩夺目). These are only sound symbols often employed by poets in their literary creation but do not qualify as morphemes.The identification of inflectional morphemes is more problematic. In most cases, an inflectional morpheme can be segmented (切分)from the stem of a word and naturally can be added to the stem like the plural morpheme {s} in gloves, tables and classes. But what is the plural morpheme in men, sheep and feet ? The same is true of the past tense morpheme {ed} , which is explicit and segmentable in walked, loaded and danced. How can we isolate the past tense morpheme from knew, taught and cut ? To solve the problem, we have to resort to other ways.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.1. AffixAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes like -s, -ed and -ing, and derivational affixeslike pre-, ex-, de-, -less, -dom and -ic. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of words, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Prefixes are all derivational, i.e. they are used to form new words whereas suffixes embrace(包括) both derivational suffixes and inflectional suffixes. Accordingly, the above-mentioned affixes can be further grouped into prefixes: pre-, ex- and de-y and suffixes: -less, -dom, -zc, -5, -ed and -ing.2. Root, Stem, BaseBefore we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying(澄清). The processes of derivation and compounding involve different word-forming elements: affixes and root or stem or base. Indeed, some people use root or stem undiscriminatingly (不加区别地) on all occasions. But these three terms are not the same, and they denote to a greater or lesser degree different concepts despite the semantic overlapping between them.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity (Crystal 1985). As mentioned earlier, the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word. In the word internationalists, removing inter- , -at, -ist, -s leaves the root nation. If we further divide nation as * na/tion or * at /ion, though -tion and -ion coincide with the noun suffix, the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost. Therefore, nation defies(使不能；使落空)further analysis. In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a 'root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed' (Bauer 1983). Take internationalists again. After the removal of the inflectional affix -s and the derivational affixes -ist, -al and inter-, nation is what is left and thus is the root.A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, understatement. To make things more clearly, we say that the stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes. As Bauer defines, a stem is 'that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed' (ibid). In other words, any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. Consider the word internationalists again. Nation is a root as well as a stem as the plural -s can be added to it; national is not a root as it can be further divided, but a stem because an inflectionalaffix -s can be added to it when used as a noun; similarly, international is not a root but a stem for the same reason. This is also true of internationalist, which is a stem.A base is used in this book as an all-purpose term, referring to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. In the case of internationalists, nation is a base, national is a base, so are international and internationalist.nation(root, stem, base)national(stem, base)international(stem, base)internationalist (stem, base)InternationalistsIt should be noted that such an example gives the impression that a stem is just as good as a base. This is not true. In many cases, a form of word can neither be a root nor a stem, but only a base. This often happens when we deal with derivational affixes exclusively, for example impracticality(不切实际；无用；不现实). Removing the derivational affix -ity leaves only the base form impractical, and by further removing im- we have the base form practical left and by still further analysis, only practice remains.impracticalityimpractical (base)practical(base)practice(root, stem, base)Therefore, in the chapters to follow, we shall employ only the term base to refer to any basic word-building element.英语词汇学第三单元课后练习及答案Questions and Tasks1. Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h.what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( ) j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexicalmorphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes?Give examples to illustrate their relationships.3. Analyze the words in terms of root, stem and base.individualistic undesirablesanize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffix参考答案1. a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base2. Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end ofwords to denote grammatical concepts such as -s (-es) , -ed,-ing and -est (to show superlative degree of adjectives andadverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes andsuffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un- , -lion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles,auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexicalmorphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixesand suffixes.3.individualisticindividualist+ic[stem, base]individual+ist[stem, base]individu+al[stem, base]in+dividu[root, stem, base]undesirablesun+desirable[stem, base]desir+able[root, stem, base]4. morpheme free morpheme=free rootbound morpheme bound rootaffix inflectional affixderivational affix prefixsuffix。
词汇学第三单元
例如：disco discotheque（迪斯科）、
doc doctor（医生）、
Fri Friday（星期五）
kilo kilogram（公斤）、
photo photograph（照片）、
prep preparation（准备）、
taxi taxicab（出租汽车）、
uni university（大学）
Ad Advertisement、 AIDS（Aids） Acquired Immume Deficiency Syndrome（获得性免疫缺损综合征，即艾滋病）、 CAD Computer-aided Design（计算机辅助设 计）、 CI Corporate Imagine（企业形象）、 IMAX Image Maximization/Maximum（全景电 影）、 Co. Ltd. Limited Company/Corporation（股 份有限公司）、 MTR metro（地铁）
Digital Video →DV (数字视频） Global Positioning System →GPS （全球卫星定位系统） Global System for Mobile Communication → GSM（全球移动通信系 统）
Short Message Sevice → SMS（短信服务） Subscriber Identity Module → SIM（用户身份识别卡） Wireless Local Area Network →WLANSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome; DINK → Double Income ; PETS→Public English Test System; APEC →Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ROM→Read-only Memory (只读内存)
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2. root, stem and base 2.1 Similarities They all refer to the part of a word when affixes have been removed. New words are created on the basic part. 2.2 Differences --- A root is the basic form which cannot be further analyzed. It is the part that carries the basic meaning when all affixes are removed. e.g. internationalists decontextualization greenhouse
4.3.2 adjective compounds N + v-ing record-breaking law-making Adj + v-ing easy-going N + adj/v-ed flood-hit gene-related Adj +adj deaf-mute bitter-sweet adj + n-ed short-sighted N + n-ed lion-hearted Adv + v-ing forth-coming out-going Adv + v-ed far-fetched well-behaved V-ed + adv worn-out made-up
Lecture 3 Word-formation (I)
ms to be tackled
1. General remarks 2. Basic concepts: root, stem and base 3. Three majors: affixation, compounding, conversion
Note: the covering area of base is wider than stem which is wider than root, i.e. base ﹥stem ﹥root
3. Derivation 派生法
or affixation 词缀法
3.1 definition a word-formation process by adding prefixes, suffixes, or both to the base. The words created in this way are called derivatives. 3.2 Features of affixes --- mainly come from Greek, Latin and Romanic languages (Fr. It. Sp.) cf. P17 --- affixes are polysemous and synonymous in meaning cf. 17-18 --- prefixes modify or restrict the lexical meaning of roots, suffixes change or determine grammatical class of roots. --- productivity of affixes 3.3 Classification prefixation & suffixation
These examples can be reclassified according to the syntactic relations of the components. e.g. Subject + verb: toothache earthquake & daybreak Verb+ object: brainwashing housekeeping sightseeing Verb + adverbial: moon walk diving board sunbathing outbreak downfall uphold Subject + object: news reporter stockholder restrictive relation: timetable watchdog hangman Appositive relation: girl friend & pine tree
4.3.3 verb compounds: two main groups by conversion (converted from nouns) e.g. to nickname to honeymoon to moonlight by back-formation (removing suffixes) e.g. to house-keep to mass produce to babysit
--- A stem (词干)is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional rather than derivational affixes have been removed. e.g. Internationalists writes—writing—writings easy—easier—easiest --- A base(词基) is the form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem but not completely equal to the latter two concepts. e.g. nation (root, stem, base) national (stem, base) international (stem, base) internationalist (stem, base) internationalists (x)
4.2.1 orthographic criterion: a personal preference 4.2.2 phonological criterion: stress/accent e.g. a ’dark room V.S. a dark ’room ’greenhouse a green ’house ’hot line a hot ’line ’fat head a fat ’head 4.2.3 semantic criterion: a single semantic unit The meanings of most compounds cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds.
e.g. red meat = beef or mutton a green hand = inexperienced person a hot dog = a typical American fast food
However, a lot of compounds obtain their meanings from the component parts. e.g. swine flu scarlet fever tax cut washing machine exam-centered gene-related Guangzhou-based 4.3 classification Compounding takes place within any of the word classes. The part of speech of a compound may or not be identical to that of its components. Compounds are classified according to their parts of speech. The classified ones are subclassified according to the parts of speech or syntactic relation of their components.
4. Compounding / composition （合成法） 4.1. Definition: compounding is the process of wordformation by joining two or more bases to form a new unit. It has been productive at every period of the English language. 4.2 characteristics: Compounds are largely the result of lexicalization of phrases (well-behaved; stay-athome; once-in-a-lifetime). They can be written solid (airline), hyphenated (air-line) and open (air line). They can be or formed from various parts of speech . There are different criteria to define a compound.
Note some adjective compounds that are formed by over two components. Such formations show the tendency of nominalization in modern English by putting compound modifiers ahead of noun phrases. When a word unavailable is needed, one can choose an phrase or even a sentence and then hyphenate the words. It is the common practice used by journalists and writers.