Chapter2 Filtration 过 滤
PF95LP 系列便携式过滤系统安装与操作手册说明书
PARTS LISTINCLUDEDFrymaster, a member of the Commercial Food Equipment Service Association, recommendsusing CFESA Certified Technicians.24-Hour Service Hotline 1-800-551-8633*8195724*5/2019PF95LP Series Portable Filtration SystemsInstallation & Operation Manual Please read all sections of this manual and retain for future referenceInstallation, maintenance, and repairs should be performed by your Frymaster/Dean Factory Authorized Servicer.NOTICE:If this filter unit is cleaned with water, disconnect the unit from power source before cleaning and thoroughly dry the filter unit before reconnecting to electrical power source.NOTICE:Drawings and photos used in this manual are intended to illustrate operational, cleaning and technical procedures and may not conform to on-site management operational procedures.NOTICEIF, DURING THE WARRANTY PERIOD, THE CUSTOMER USES A PART FOR THIS FRYMASTER EQUIPMENT OTHER THAN AN UNMODIFIED NEW OR RECYCLED PART PURCHASED DIRECTLY FROM FRYMASTER DEAN, OR ANY OF ITS AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTERS, AND/OR THE PART BEING USED IS MODIFIED FROM ITS ORIGINAL CONFIGURATION, THIS WARRANTY WILL BE VOID. FURTHER, FRYMASTER DEAN AND ITS AFFILIATES WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIMS, DAMAGES OR EXPENSES INCURRED BY THE CUSTOMER WHICH ARISE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, DUE TO THE INSTALLATION OF ANY MODIFIED PART AND/OR PART RECEIVED FROM AN UNAUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER.PF95LP Series Portable Filtration SystemsInstallation & Operation ManualTABLE OF CONTENTSPage #1. INTRODUCTION 1-1INFORMATION 2-1 2. IMPORTANTINSTRUCTIONS 3-1 3. INSTALLATIONOPERATION 4-14. FILTER5. CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE 5-16. TROUBLESHOOTING 6-1LIST 7-1 7. PARTSPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Parts Ordering/Service InformationPlace parts orders directly with your local Frymaster/Dean Factory Authorized Servicer (FAS). Your nearest Frymaster FAS is accessible at or you can contact the Frymaster Service Department at 1-800-24-FRYER or 1-318-865-1711.To help speed your order, the following information is required:Model Number TypeNumberSerialOptional FeaturesItem Part Number Quantity Needed1.2 Service InformationCall the 1-800-551-8633 or (318) 865-1711 Service Hotline number for the location of your nearest Factory Authorized Servicer. Always give the model and serial numbers of your filter unit. Also, identify if your unit is supplied with or without a heater.To assist you more efficiently, the following information will be needed:Model Number TypeSerial NumberOptional FeaturesNature of Problem:Additional information (i.e. oil temperature at filter time, time of day and other pertinent information) may be helpful in solving your service problem.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.3 After PurchaseIn order to improve service, have the following chart filled in by the Authorized Service Technician who installed this equipment.Authorized ServiceTechnician/FASAddressTelephone/FaxModel NumberSerial Number1.4 Safety InformationBefore attempting to operate your unit, read the instructions in this manual thoroughly. Throughout this manual, you will find notations enclosed in double-bordered boxes similar to the ones below.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.5 Service Personnel1.5.1 DefinitionsA.Qualified and/or Authorized Operating Personnel1.Qualified/authorized operating personnel are those who have carefully read the informationin this manual and have familiarized themselves with the equipment functions, or have had previous experience with the operation of equipment covered in this manual.B.Qualified Installation Personnel1.Qualified installation personnel are individuals, or firms, corporations, or companies that,either in person or through a representative, are engaged in and are responsible for theinstallation of electrical appliances. Qualified personnel must be experienced in such work, be familiar with all electrical precautions involved, and have complied with all requirements of applicable national and local codes.C.Qualified Service Personnel1.Qualified service personnel are those who are familiar with Frymaster/Dean equipment andhave been authorized by Frymaster/Dean to perform service on Frymaster/Dean equipment.All authorized service personnel are required to be equipped with a complete set of service parts manuals and stock a minimum amount of parts for Frymaster/Dean equipment.Failure to use qualified service personnel will void the Frymaster/Dean warranty on your equipment.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 2: IMPORTANT INFORMATION2.1 GeneralPF95LP portable filters can be used with a variety of Frymaster fryers, as well as othermanufacturers’ equipment. Oil capacity is approximately 105 pounds. Unit specifications are listed below.Model Unit Height (inches) Unit Width (inches) Unit Length (inches) Tank Height (inches) Oil Capacity(pounds)PF95LP 24 18 33 ½ 9 105PF95LP Series filter unit dimensions (unit and tank heights are measured frombottom of casters to top of unit and tank, respectively).PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 2: IMPORTANT INFORMATION2.1 General (cont.)Oil or shortening is gravity-drained from the fryer into the filter, and then filtered through filter paper. Filter powder, which enhances the filtering process, is distributed over the paper prior to filtering.All units are shipped completely assembled with accessories packed inside the filter pan. All units are adjusted, tested and inspected at the factory before shipment.An ON/OFF switch activates/deactivates thefilter pump, and a 7-amp (120V), or 5-amp(230V) circuit breaker switches the power OFF ifan overload occurs. An internal backup thermal-overload switch on the pump-motor providesadditional protection. Remove the 6-Phillips headscrews and remove the motor housing to accessthe thermal overload reset switch.NOTE : If the circuit breaker is triggered,depress the reset button to activate thecircuit after the failure has beendetected and repaired.2.2 Rating Plate Information on the rating plate includes model and serial numbers, as well as electrical requirements. The rating plate is located on the back housing, near the electrical receptacle. Have the rating plate information handy when communicating with the factory about a unit or requesting special parts or information. Without rating plate information, proper identification of the unit cannot be confirmed.7-Amp circuit breaker On/Off SwitchNOTE: An additional thermal overload switch is on the filter motor. Remove the 6-Phillips head screws and then remove themotor housing cover to access the thermal overload switch.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 2: IMPORTANT INFORMATION2.3 Pre-InstallationNOTE: Failure to use qualified service personnel will void the Frymaster/Dean warranty.A.Standards: Use of this filter unit must be in accordance with all applicable state and localcodes.B.Electrical Connections: Domestic PF95 filter units require a 115V 60 Hz., 15 amp electricalsupply. International/CE units require 230V 50 Hz., 7 amp electrical supply. Units areequipped with a grounded male receptacle for use with a 16-3 SJT power cord set. If anextension cord is required, it must be a three-conductor, grounded power cord of at least 16gauge.2.4 Unpacking the Filter SystemEnsure the container is upright. Unpack the filter carefully and remove all accessories from the carton. Do not discard or misplace parts and/or accessories; they will be needed for filter setup and operation. Any accessories or starter kits included with the unit will be packaged inside the filter tank.After unpacking, immediately check the equipment for visible signs of shipping damage. If such damage has occurred, contact the carrier and file the appropriate freight claims. Do not contact the factory, as the responsibility of shipping damage is between the carrier and dealer or end-user.If your equipment arrives damaged:a.File claim for damages immediately – Regardless of extent of damage.b.Visible loss or damage – Be sure this is noted on the freight bill or express receipt and issigned by the person making the delivery.c.Concealed loss or damage – If damage is unnoticed until equipment is unpacked, notifyfreight company or carrier immediately, and file a concealed damage claim. This should be done within 15 days of date of delivery. Retain the shipping container for inspection. NOTE: Frymaster does not assume responsibility for damage or loss incurred in transit.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 3: FILTER PREPARATION3-13.1 Assembling The Filter SystemOn initial installation and before each use, remove all loose parts from the filter, wash the filter pan and all accessories in hot, soapy water and dry thoroughly.PF95LP Series portable filtration systems use a filter support grid, one sheet of filter paper and a hold-down ring to secure the filter paper in place.3.1.1 Filter Paper ConfigurationSee illustration for proper assembly. 1.Filter Pan Cover 2.Hold-Down Ring3.Filter Paper (one sheet)4.Screen/Support Grid5.Filter Pan AssemblyA.First, place the support grid in the bottom of filter pan.B.Place one sheet of filter paper on top of the support grid. Ensure the paper evenly covers the filter pan bottom.C.Position the hold-down ring on top of the filter paper and latch the hold-down ring and filter paper securely against the filter pan bottom, forming a tight seal.D.Sprinkle 8 ounces of filter powder over the filter paper, distributing the powder as evenly as possible. If filtering a second frypot immediately after the first, add only 4 ounces of filter powder for the second filtering.E.Place the crumb catcher screen (if applicable) in the filter pan. Allow the crumb catcher screento rest on the top edges of the hold-down ring.F.Place filter pan cover onto the filter pan assembly.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 3: FILTER PREPARATION3-23.1.1 Filter Paper Configuration (cont.)G.Position filter under the fryer drainpipe to gravity drain the fryer. Lock the rear casters toprevent filter from moving out of position during the filtering process.PF95LP portable filter positioned correctly next to fryer drain valve, with rear casterslocked in place.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4.1 GeneralPF95LP Series portable filters are designed to operate primarily as an independent filter unit. Operations always start by ensuring the unit is properly plugged in, then rolling the filter to the fryer to be filtered. The filter works directly under the fryers’ drain valves. The general layout of aPF95LP Series portable filter with major components identified is illustrated below.4-1PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-24.2 Filtering ToolsThese tools are not required, but are recommended to make the filtering task easier. A.Measuring Cup: Used to measure eight ounces by volume of filter powder.B.Scrub Brush: To clean sediment and residue from the filter pan and frypot.C.Appropriate Clothing.4.3 Filter Preparation1.Position the PF95LP portable filter next to the fryer. Remove filter pan lid and positionfilter unit under frypot drain-valve extension.2.Ensure the filter power switch is in "OFF" position prior to connecting to power supply.3.Plug power cord into electrical outlet. The filter unit is ready for filtering. After filtering,follow instructions in Section 4.4, Changing Filter Paper.4.4 Changing Filter PaperFilter paper should be replaced after each filter session, and most certainly at the beginning of each workday. If filter paper is replaced once per day, excess sediment should be scraped from the filter paper after each frypot is filtered (see photo). Use care not to tear the paper when scraping off sediment. Filter at closing if possible. This ensures the oil is at proper filtering temperature.Note: If filtering at closing, remove and discardthe used filter paper in a fireproof containerwhen filter operations are complete. Wash allcomponents in soapy water and dry completely.If filtering more than one frypot with the samefilter paper, scrape excess sediment from the filter paper after each filtering.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-34.4 Changing Filter Paper (cont.)Remove and replace the paper as follows: 1.Remove filter cover. Place the hose wand in the wand holster, located on the left side of the pan (arrow).2.Open the locking latches of the hold-down ring and lift the ring out of the filter tank.3.Roll both ends of the filter paper into the center, ensuring no sediment falls out,and discard.Removing hold-down ring. Note location of wand holster (arrow).Removing dirty filter paper from pan.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-44.4 Changing Filter Paper (cont.)4.Remove and check the filter papersupport screen for cleanliness and clean if necessary.5.Check the filter-pan for cleanliness and clean if necessary; check the drain ports at the bottom rear of the filter pan and clear any solidified shortening from the opening (black arrow). Also ensure vent hole on top of tube is clear of shortening and/or debris (white arrow).6.Replace the filter paper support screen and place a new sheet of filter paper ontop of the screen.Removing paper support screen from pan.Solidified shortening can build-up in the nipple-pipe assembly (black arrow).Placing new sheet of filter paper over paper support screen.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-54.4 Changing Filter Paper (cont.)7. Replace the hold-down ring and secureby locking latches in place.8. Measure 8 ounces of filter powder anddistribute evenly over the paper surface.9. Replace filter pan cover. The filter isready for operation.Secure the hold-down ring latches to lock filter paper in place. Evenly distribute 8 ounces of filter powder over the filter paper surface. Filter unit ready for filtering operations.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4.5 Unit Operation1.When filtering, follow these steps:2.Follow the appropriate instructions in Sections 4.3 and 4.4 to prepare the filter unit for operation.3.Position the filter unit under the fryer drain valve extension prior to draining fryer.4.Turn the fryer main power switch to the "OFF" position.5.Open the fryer door and place the filter in the proper position under the fryer drain valveextension (see photo below). Lock rear casters to prevent filter movement during the filtering process.4-6PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-74.5 Unit Operation (cont.)6.Open the drain-valve and allow the frypot oil to drain into the filter pan.7. With the oil return wand in frypot, turn filter switch "ON" to begin pumping clean oil into the fryer. Allow the oil to recycle through the fryer for a few seconds to wash out sediment on the bottom of the frypot before closing the drain valve.Note: The oil return wand can also bemounted in the wand holster inside the pan,for extended filtering periods (polishing) priorto refilling frypot. NEVER LEAVE THE FILTER SYSTEM UNATTENDED WHILEFILTERING!Frypot draining into filter pan. Ensure oil is at operating temperature before opening drain valve. Use the nozzle to rinse sediment and debrisfrom the frypot during the filtering process ("U"units only).PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-84.5 Unit Operation (cont.)8. When filtering is complete, close the drain valve handle. It takes approximately 5 to 7 minutes for the filter to pump all the oil back into the fryer.9. Allow the pump to run for 10-15 seconds after air starts to flow through the wand, before shutting off the filter. Clearing residual shortening or oil from the return lines reduces the likelihood of clogged lines.NOTE: After filtering, scrape off debris and sediment accumulated on the filter paper anddiscard into a fireproof container.NOTE:If filtration operations problems are encountered during use, please refer to Chapter 6 in this manual.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 5: PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE5.1 GeneralCleaning operations fall into three general categories:∙Wiping unit clean, interior and exterior, after each filter session.∙Cleaning, changing filter paper and preparing the unit for the next day’s business.∙Weekly cleaning to remove oil deposits and other particles that were previously missed.5.2 Each Filter UseEach time the portable filter is used:∙Wash down the insides of the filter pan with hot oil during the filtering process. DO NOT allow excessive residue buildup to occur inside the filter pan.∙Change filter paper after each filter session or at the end of the day. Scrape sediment from filter paper after each frypot is filtered within a filter session. Do not filter more than three fryers per one sheet of filter paper.∙Wipe up any oil which may have splashed or spilled.∙Wipe all exterior surfaces of the filter unit.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 5: PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE5.3 Daily- Close Of BusinessAt the close of a working day, filter the oil in all fryers. When the last fryer is finished, follow these steps:1.Ensure the flexible hose and pump lines are clear by running the filter pump for anadditional 10–15 seconds after air bubbles start coming from the oil return line. Then drain the flexible hose.2.Discard the filter paper after use.3.Remove the filter pan cover and hold-down ring assembly, then remove the filter paper andfilter support screen.4.Wash all filter components with soapy water and rinse.5.Dry all filter parts and filter pan thoroughly before reassembling.6.Check all fittings at the rear of the filter unit; ensure that all fittings are properly tightened.5.4 WeeklyFollow the same procedure as for "Daily", with these additional steps:∙Wash the filter pan with hot, soapy water and a brush. Dry and reassemble with new filter paper.∙Clean thoroughly under, around, and behind the fryers and filtering area.∙Do not operate motor/pump until all traces of water have been removed from the pan.Under no circumstances should water or boil-out solution be allowed to enter the pump housing; irreparable damage will result, and all warranties will be voided.∙Check the connections of the inlet lines and tighten if lines become loose or start to leak oil.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 6: TROUBLESHOOTING6.1 Operating ProblemsPlugged lines and plugged filter paper account for over 90 percent of filtration system malfunctions.A general troubleshooting chart included in this chapter provides systematic instructions to assist the operator in diagnosing common malfunctions. Contact a factory-authorized service technician for troubleshooting beyond the scope of the operator.A.Plugged Lines1.To guard against plugged lines when using solid shortening, follow these guidelines:a.At the end of the filtering cycle, let the filter bubble into the fryer through the flexiblehose for about 10-15 seconds. If it is blowing bubbles, air is moving through the linesand the filter is less likely to be plugged.b.When filtering is complete, disconnect the flexible line and hang it up to drain.B.Plugged PaperImproper use of the filter powder will cause a slow oil flow return rate. The first indication of paper plugging is a surging, jerking movement of the hose. To correct this, review the instructions for the correct use of filter powder, and change the filter paper more frequently. When filtering several fryers prior to changing paper, ensure that excess sediment is scraped off the filter paper after filtering each frypot. If plugged paper remains a problem, review the chart in section 6.2 for proper diagnosis.6.2 General TroubleshootingThe following chart contains information to assist the user in diagnosing the most common malfunctions with portable filtration systems. Possible solutions and/or corrective actions are given for each scenario.If the malfunction cannot be diagnosed using the information in this section, contact your Factory Authorized Service Agent for repairs.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 6: TROUBLESHOOTING6.2 General Troubleshooting (cont.)PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 6: TROUBLESHOOTING6.3 Wiring Diagrams6.3.1 PF95LP 120V Wiring6.3.2 PF95LP 230V WiringPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 7: PARTS LIST7.1 Main ComponentsItem Part # Description1 824-1089 Caster, Rear- Locking- 2"2 810-2141 Caster, Front- Swivel- 2"3 823-3613 Frame, Filter PF95 Series4 823-3680 Pan, Filter- PF95 Series* 809-0070 Nut, ¼-20 Hex SS (Filter Pan to Frame- 4 Required)* 809-0190 Washer, .625 x .275 x 40 Flat SS (Use With 809-0070)5 823-8435 Screen, Paper Support- PF95 Series* Not IllustratedPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 7: PARTS LIST7.1 Main Components (cont.)6 106-2032SP Ring, Hold-down Assy- 4-Handle PF95 Series* 810-2289Ring, Hold-down Assy- 6-Handle PF95 Series7 810-2108Handle, Latch (For Hold-Down Rings)* 809-0808Screw, Shoulder- 5/16-18 x 0.803" (For Latch Handles)8 210-1883Lid, Filter Pan- PF95 Series9 810-2105Handle, Chrome- Pan Lid* 809-0918Screw, #10-24 x ½" (Pan Lid Handle)* 809-0191Washer, ¼" Spring10 823-3684Housing, Top- Motor/ComponentSwitch11200-1542Housing,Housing12823-3590Back,Motor13 807-3577Breaker, Circuit- 7 Amp (120VAC)* 807-3538Breaker, Circuit- 5 Amp (230VAC)14 807-1041Switch, Toggle- On/Off SPST- "U" Series Only15 106-1831SP Disconnect, Quick Assembly- 3/8"16 813-0772Nipple, 3/8" NPT x Close- SS17 813-0691Elbow, ½ x 3/8" Chrome-Plated18 813-0761Nipple, ½ NPT x 5" SS5GPMFilter-19810-2252Pump,20 810-2100Motor, Filter Pump- 115/230V 1/3 HP* 807-3689Harness, Wire- Receptacle To Motor* 807-3752Harness, Wire- Motor To Switch/Circuit Breaker21 210-2955Bracket, Receptacle Mount- 120V Units Only* 210-3818Bracket, Receptacle Mount- 230V Units Only22 807-1219Receptacle, 120 VAC Three-Wire* 807-3795Receptacle, 230 VAC Three-Wire23 200-1588Tray, Pump and Motor24 807-1224Cordset, 120V Filter* 807-3831Connector, Export Plug- 230V (Cord Not Included)Rear25210-2978Cover,26 210-1570Cover, Switch/Circuit Breaker27 200-2956Bracket, Power Cord Storage*Not IllustratedPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 7: PARTS LIST7.2 Plumbing, Oil-Return Components and AccessoriesItem Part # Description1 813-0022Nipple, ½" NPT x Close2 813-0062Elbow, ½" NPT 90°3 810-1668Adapter, Male- 5/8 O.D. x ½" (Flexline to NPT)4 810-1400Flexline, 5/8 x 21"5 813-0629Plug, ½" NPT Square Head6 813-0003Tee, ½" NPT7 810-2172Connector, Disconnect- Male8 813-0632Elbow, Street- 3/8" 90° NPT BM9 810-2113Hose, ½ x 3/8" Fittings- 61-½" LongWandAssembly10106-1454SP*106-1455SPHose/Wand Assy- Complete (Items 7–10) * 803-0284Filter Paper, "16 3/x8 x 24 3/8” — 100 Sheets* 803-0002Filter Powder, Carton (80 1-Oz Applications) *Not IllustratedTHIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKFrymaster, L.L.C., 8700 Line Avenue, Shreveport, Louisiana 71106TEL 1-318-865-1711PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES SERVICE HOTLINE1-800-551-863381957245/2019。
生物分离工程名词解释[1]
![生物分离工程名词解释[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b513057c571252d380eb6294dd88d0d232d43c41.png)
Chapter 1Downstream processing(DSP)：The isolation and purification of a biotechnological product to a form suitable for its intended use. The separation and purification of products synthesized by bioprocesses:Biotechnology：the use of cultured microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells to produce products useful to humans.Modern biotechnology：Built on genetic engineering to produce commercial products or processes.Chapter 2Coagulation：the chemical alteration of the colloidal partic les to make them stick together凝聚值：表示电解质的凝聚能力，使胶粒发生凝聚作用的最小电解质浓度m mol/L. Flocculation: a process whereby particles are aggregated into clusters.Filtration separates solid from a liquid by forcing the liquid through a filter medium. Conventional or dead-end filtration: the fluid flows perpendicular to the medium which result in a cake of solids depositing on the filter medium.Crossflow filtration:The fluid flows parallel to the medium to minimize buildup to solids on the medium.Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures.分离因数（Z）：离心力与重力的比值。
药物代谢动力学精品PPT课件
脂溶性物质直接溶于膜的类脂相而通过 体内大多数药物的转运方式
离子障 ion trapping 分子型极性低，亲脂，可通过膜； 离子型相反
特 点：
➢ 转运速度与脂溶度lipid solubility 成正比
了解
各种给药途径对药物吸收的影响 。
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
Absorption
Drug in Tissues Of Distribution
Drug Administration
Drug Concentration in Systemic Circulation
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
Process of Drug in the Body
➢药物经过给药部位进入直至排出机 体的过程。
➢包括药物的吸收(absorption)、分布 (distribution)、代谢(metabolism)和排 泄(excretion)，即ADME。
熟悉
被动转运、主动转运、易化扩散的概念 及特点。
肝药酶概念及特性。药物分布、再分布 ，血浆蛋白结合率，结合型药物的特点 ，血脑屏障和胎盘屏障。药物的生物转 化：药酶抑制剂、药酶诱导剂；药物的 排泄：肾脏排泄，胆汁排泄。
零级消除动力学的概念、特点。
表观分布容积概念及意义；负荷量、清 除率的含义。
Drug Metabolism or
Excreted
Distribution
Elimination
Drug Concentration at Site of Action
生物分离工程概述
Careful consideration of these questions can provide clues that will lead to optimal processes for the recovery of products of adequate quality coupled with high recovery and minimum effort. （上述问题的考虑将有助于优质、高效产物分离过程 的优化）
Products Engineering
Effective ways to get useful products
（获得产品的有效途径）
Methods and tools of Science and Technology Research Raw materials Pretreatments bioreactions bioseparations products 原材料 预处理 生物反应 生物分离 产物
The recovery plant usually represents a major investment and, consequently the separations cost a substantial fraction of the total cost of the final
（获得高纯度的干燥产品） several steps （需要几步）
separations are elaborate and expensive （分离过程精细，成本高）
Table 3 typical products from fermentation
products Antibiotics Amino acids Ethanol Organic acids Enzymes r-DNA protein
颇尔切向流超滤系统手册
颇尔切向流超滤系统手册实验室小试、中式规模颇尔公司提供业界领先的切向流过滤(TFF)技术，以满足日益增加的生物技术和生物工艺过程中的多样性需求并应对各种挑战。
这些产品的设计目的是在保证过滤效果一致以及获得最高过滤量的前提下，简化处理过程并使处理过程呈流水线化。
切向流超滤（TFF）能快捷、高效地进行生物分子的分离与纯化处理；可用于低至10毫升、高达数千升样品溶液的浓缩和脱盐处理；也可以用于不同大小生物分子的分离、细胞悬液收集、以及发酵液和细胞裂解液的澄清。
易于装配，操作简单-用管路和少许管路配件，简单地连接切向流超滤装置、泵以及压力表，向储槽中加入样品，即可开始工作。
快捷高效-对比透析，装配更轻松，处理速度快；对比离心浓缩装置或搅拌式超滤装置，可在更短的时间内获得更高浓度。
仅需在同一系统中执行两步操作-在同一系统中完成样品的浓缩和渗滤处理，节约时间并避免损失产物。
工艺和缩放-由于结构材料与平板式超滤器流体通路，实验室规模下的条件可以应用于生产规模的应用中。
处理低至10mL、或高达千升体积的样品，均可提供对应的切向流超滤装置。
成本低廉-切向流超滤装置与平板式超滤器经清洗后可再次使用，也可在单次应用后废弃。
可执行简单的完整性测试，检验滤膜和密封的完整性。
切向流超滤概论为什么要使用切向流超滤切向流（也称为“错流”）超滤中，泵推动流体通过滤膜表面，冲刷去除其上截留的分子，从而使滤膜表面的积垢程度降至最低。
在渗余物流体中产生紧靠滤膜的压力，使溶质和小分子通过滤膜。
如此方能完成过滤。
利用细分筛网分离沙子与鹅卵石的模拟实验，有助于理解切向流超滤的机理：筛网眼象征滤膜上的孔隙，而沙子与鹅卵石象征待分离的分子，在直流过滤中，沙子-鹅卵石混合物被迫向着筛网眼方向移动，随着一些较小的砂粒通过筛网眼落下，在筛网表面形成以个鹅卵石层，阻碍顶部砂粒向筛网方向移动并通过筛网眼（图1），在直流过滤中，增加压力，仅能对混合物施加压力，而无助于分离的促进；相比之下，在切向流超滤模式中，通过混合物的再循环防止限制层的形成，此再循环类似于：振动以去除阻塞筛网眼的鹅卵石，使得位于混合物顶部的砂粒落下并通过筛网眼。
密理博超滤管
表3. 典型的浓缩液回收率
分子量标准/ 浓度
细胞色素 c (0.25 mg/mL)
装置 MWCO
10K
旋转时间 （分钟）
15
浓缩液体积 （μL）
摆桶式 定角式
76
54
浓缩系数 （x）
摆桶式 定角式 52.3 76.6
浓缩液回收率 （%）
摆桶式 定角式 97.3 98.5
旋转条件：转桶转子，4,000 × g，或35°定角转子，7,500 × g，4 mL起始体积，室温， n=6（3个滤膜批次的平均值）。灰色体积取自表1。
表4. Amicon® Ultra超过滤器的化学相容性
酸 氨基磺酸 甲酸 磷酸 硫酸 乳酸
浓度 ≤ 3% ≤ 5%* ≤ 30% ≤ 3% ≤ 50%
三氟乙酸(TFA) 三氯乙酸(TCA) 硝酸 盐酸 乙酸
浓度 ≤ 30%* ≤ 10%* ≤ 10% ≤ 1.0 M ≤ 50%*
碱 氢氧化铵
≤ 10%
旋转时间 （分钟）
15 15 15
旋转条件：转桶转子，4,000 × g，或35°定角转子，7,500 × g，4 mL起始体积，室温， n=6（3个滤膜批次的平均值）。
决定样本回收率的因素包括相对于所选装置的MWCO的蛋白质溶质的性质、起始浓度和浓缩系 数。 表3提供了Amicon® Ultra-4 10K装置的典型回收率。
●● 带有200微升（μL）尖端的移液管，用于浓缩液回收
适用性
为确保对预定用途的适用性，建议进行初步的回收和截留试验。 请参见“如何量化回收” 部分。
保质期
保质期自生产之日起三年。请参考包装标签上的到期日。
2
Amicon® Ultra-4 10K离心过滤器
药物合成反应(闻韧_第三版)第二章课后答案Chapter_2_Alkylation_Reaction
第二章烃化反应习题及答案1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物(1)+3432(2)Br BrCH3Li(3)NO2CH2BrCO2CH3OCH323(4)KNO O+DMF H2NNH22Oo(5)INH2O+DABCO, DMF(6)MeO OMe OMe2NH, MeOH(7)MeO NHSO2NO22323(8)PhCH2CH2MgBr +N CHO THF武汉工程大学化工与制药学院(9)511O K 511(10)OOBrOMe+SnCl4o2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。
(1)CH 2CO 2Me(2)R (3)CH 2(CO 2Et)2CO 2H CO 2H(4)HOH 22OH PhH 2COH 22OCH 2Ph(5)2(6)OTfCl+MePh(7)O SO2Ph OPh(8)N NCHO3(9)(10)MeO MeBrMeOMeHNHex2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。
（参考答案）题号答案注释(1) 1. Na; 2. BrCH2CO2Me(2) 1. 2 LDA, 2. RX(3) 1,2-dibromoethane,TEBA,OH－(4) NaH,PhCH2Br, THF(5) PhCH2Cl, K2CO3, DMF(6) Cat.Pd(OAc)2, (±)-BINAP, Cs2CO3, THF, 70℃(7) PhC≡CH, i-PrMgCl, ZnBr2, THF(8) MeI,NaH,THF(9) 1.LDA,THF,-78℃; 2. MeI, -78 to 25℃(10) HexNH2, Pd2(dba)3 (±)-BINAP, t-BuONa, toluene Hex= Hexyldba= dibenzylideneacetone3. 阅读（翻译）以下有关反应操作的原文，请在理解基础上写出：（1）此反应的完整反应式（原料、试剂和主要反应条件）；（2）此反应的反应机理（历程）。
增加给药剂量可相应增加血药浓度
B A
time
Fig. 3-10 The theoretical plasma concentrations resulting over a period of time after the oral adimistration of three different formulations of the same dose of the same drug. Each drug has a different speed of absorption but has the same AUC.
药动学——药物体内过程
其他转运方式
易化扩散(facilitated diffusion) 胞吞(endocytosis) 胞饮(pinocytosis)、 膜孔滤过(filtration through pores)、 离子对转运(ion-pair transport)等
药动学——药物体内过程-吸收
负荷剂量（Ｄ1）：为立即达到有效血药 浓度，开始给药时采用的剂量。 维持剂量（Ａ SS ）：指使血药浓度维持 稳态浓度所需的给药剂量。
药动学——房室模型
一室模型 二室模型 三室模型
药动学——药物消除动力学
零级动力学消除 （恒量［速］消除）：指当体内药物 过多时，机体以最大能力消除药物 （恒量［速］消除），血中药物消 除速度与血药浓度无关。其特点是 ①恒量消除②t1/2不恒定③易蓄积中 毒
药动学——一级消除动力学
一级动力学消除（恒比消除） 指血浆药物消除速度与血药 浓度成正比。
tissues
binding and storage
生物分离技术：Chapter 1 生物分离工程概述
表1 通过发酵法生产的生物产品类别
Molecular type
Antibiotics Amino acids
Enzymes Organic acids and
solvents Vitamins, yeast, growth
factors, nucleotides Miscellaneous-dextrans,
学时 3学时 3学时 3学时 2学时 4学时 4学时 4学时 3学时 2学时 2学时
教材及参考书目
▪ 教材《新编生物工艺学》下册
俞俊棠
▪ 《生物分离原理及技术》
欧阳平凯
▪ 《生物分离工程》
孙彦
▪ 《生化分离工程》
严希康
▪ 《现代生物分离工程》
曹学君
▪ 《生物分离技术》
谭天伟
▪ 《Bioseparation Process Science》 Antonio
表2生物分离方法与化工分离方法的比较分离技术分离方法原理应用离心离心过滤离心沉降离心力筛分菌体泡沫分离泡沫分离汽液平衡细胞碎片膜分离微滤超滤纳滤反渗透压差筛分细胞萃取有机溶剂萃取双水相萃取超临界流体萃取液液平衡抗生素色谱凝胶色谱反相色谱离子交换色谱亲和色谱筛分分配平衡静电作用蛋白质电泳凝胶电泳等电点电泳筛分电荷核酸蛋白质结晶沉淀溶液结晶等电点沉淀液固平衡有机酸多肽大约80的化工分离方法可应用于生物分离技术中
时，还必须关注特定杂质的去除；
与传统的化学试剂的纯度概念不同，生物产 物对有害物质有严格的控制，生产过程也要求 有严格的管理，在最终产品中往往不允许有极 微量的有害杂质存在。
表 2 生物分离方法与化工分离方法的比较
分离技术 分离方法
原理
应用
离心 泡沫分离
过滤芯完整性测试资料方案
Business Practice 商业惯例 Government Guidelines & Regulations法规要求 Part of corporate standard operating procedure公司标准操作规程 Auditing requirement审计需要
Regulations about integrity test 法规中对完整性测试的规定
该包括在最差条件下进行的微生物挑战试验。
Regulations about integrity test
法规中对完整性测试的规定
• Revision of annex 1 to EC Guide to GMP for sterile medicinal products (1997)
• 欧盟对于无菌药品GMP指南的附件一(1997版)
破坏性和非破坏性测试两者必须 有关联
Regulatory requirement 法规需要
FDA Aseptic Guidelines FDA无菌指南
Validation justification for the use of a test 测试应用的验证理由
Integrity Testing
Correlations 完整性测试关联
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Filtrate
pump Barometric seal
Figure 2.2 Flowsheet for continuous rotary vacuum filtration
However the small size of microorganisms make filtration of fermentation beers or other biological solutions considerably more complicated.
because
of
high
non-Newtonian
viscosity
or
highly
compressible cakes. That is to say, we must modified these procedures for bio-separations. 一般，由于料液通常都是高的非牛顿粘度流体或者是高度可压缩滤饼， 发酵液和其它生物溶液是极其难以过滤的，也就是说，我们必须对这
Chapter 2
第二章
Filtration
过 滤
Filtration separates solid from a liquid by forcing the liquid through a solid support or filter medium. This is a straightforward procedure for well defined crystals. 过滤是将料液通过固体支持或者过滤介质时，使得固 体物质从溶液中分离，对于好的定形的晶体，这是一 种最直接的步骤。
particles, forming bridges between them. As a result, the
colloidal particles flocculate as large, less dense aggregates which are more easily filtered. These polyelectrolytes can be
pH 2.8
3
pH 3.8 600 pH 4.2 400
200
0 0
pH 4.6
6
12
18
Time,minutes
Fig2.1 The effect on filtrate volume of pH and filter aid
图2.1
pH值与助滤剂对过滤体积的影响
5% 3%
600
2% 1% filter aid in feed
Alum（明矾） Ferric chloride crystals（三氯化铁）
Synthetic polyelectrolytes added as pretreatments can both reduce electrostatic repulsion and adsorb on adjacent
但对微小而形状多变的微生物细胞，发酵液和其它生
物溶液的过滤就变得复杂了 。
Generally, fermentation beers and other biological solutions are notoriously hard to filter. They are often hard to filter
硅藻土是百年前水生植物沉淀下来的遗骸。
（2）、Perlites
珍珠岩
The perlites are volcanic rock processed to yield an expanded form. 珍珠岩是处理过的膨胀火山岩。
Table 2.1. Typical properties of Filter Aids
400
(b)Effect of filter aid
100 0
0
6
12
18
Time,minutes
Fig2.1 The effect on filtrate volume of pH and filter aid 图2.1 pH值与助滤剂对过滤体积的影响（续）
Simple acids and bases（简单的酸或碱）
△P－通过厚度为l的床产生的压降
μ: viscosity of the liquid μ－液体粘度
·Darcy’s law holds only when Re<5
当Re<5时达西定律才成立
Re= dvρ/μ(1-ε) d-滤饼粒子的大小或孔的直径 ε-the void fraction in the cake 滤饼空隙率 (2.2) d-particle size or pore diameter in the filter cake
Darcy’s law relates the flow rate through a porous
bed of solids to the pressure drop causing that flow
Darcy定律把流速与通过固体多孔床产生的压降联系起来。 V=k △P/μ l V directly Proportional to △P 流速正比于压降
1、for incompressible cake, simplest case 适用于不可压缩和简单的可压缩滤饼 2 、 for compressible cake, common for bio-
separations
适用于可压缩滤饼，普遍使用于生物分离过程
Darcy’s law （达西定律）
3、Adsorption on Filter Aids 助滤剂上的吸附
（1）、Diatomaceous earths 硅藻土
Diatomaceous earths are the skeletal remains of the tiny aquatic plants deposited centuries ago.
by
screening
the
electrostatic
repulsion which commonly exists between colloidal particles. When this electrostatic repulsion is reduced, attractive London-vander waals forces predominate. The colloids can then coagulate as larger, dense particles which are more easily filtered. 简单电解质降低了胶体粒子间的排斥电位，从而使得范德华引力起 主导作用，聚合成较大的胶粒，粒子的密度越大，越易分离。
cake 滤饼
传统的过滤
Conventional filtration
Conceptual representation of plate and frame filter filtrate
filter
filter
solids recovery upon backflush
Figure2.1 Schematic respresentation od s filter press
些生物分离程序进行修改。
A
1、Heating
Pretreatment 预处理
加热 凝聚和絮凝 助滤剂上的吸附
2、Coagulation and flocculation 3、Adsorption on filter aids
These
treatments
are
also
useful
for
centrifugation and sedimentation. 这些方法也适用于对于离心和沉淀过程。
simple electrolytes through acids and bases to
synthetic polyelectrolytes. 第二种预处理方法是通过电解质的加入促进原始溶液的 凝聚和絮凝，试剂有简单的电解质、酸、碱、合成的聚 合电解质。
Simple
electrolytes
act
1、 Heating
加热
The simplest pretreatment and the least expensive
method is to heat the feed. Such heating can not
only improve the feed’s handling characteristics, but also may pasteurize it. The chief constraint of this approach is the thermal stability of the product.( lead to irreversible reaction). 最简单、最经济的预处理方法是加热，加热不仅可以增加 料液的操作特性，也可以对其进行灭菌。但加热变性的方
filter
Flowsheet for continuous rotary vacuum filtration
wash sprays Air connection Continuos rotary filter Moisture trap cake
Wash water pump
30'
Dry vacuum pump Vacuum receivers Wash Air out
法只适合于对热稳定性的产物。
2、Coagulation and flocculation 凝聚和絮凝
The second pretreatment method is the addition of electrolytes to promote ation in the initial solution. Useful agents rang from