考研英语阅读超精读法
考研英语一 阅读 超精读 2002年Text1超精读

2002年真题超精读Text 11、If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences andaddressing, the problems will be different.4、If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.词汇句子逻辑关系1、Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because the audience allSt. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,”came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”1具体化(那个故事)2(并列)3并列4具体化5词汇12 句子逻辑关系1、If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it ’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman ’s notorious bad taste in ties.2、With other audiences you mustn ’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.3、 You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.词汇句子逻辑关系1、Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. 3、Often it ’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.1具体化2具体化3词汇3句子 逻辑关系语用:1、Look for the humor.2、It often comes from the unexpected.3、 A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don ’t succeed, give up ” or a play on words or on a situation.4、 Search for exaggeration and understatement.5、Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.词汇 句子逻辑关系篇章结构:论点型(幽默应该选准话题)——亮明论点——论证(论述过程,举例子——给了些建议(整体告诉我们应该这么用))延伸:幽默类型(考研中出现两次)、出国留学考试也容易出现幽默的类型:1、突降:sudden drop (和自然预期的结果不一样(反差))2、夸张:exaggeration (夸到了不可能的程度(去年一滴相思泪,今年未流到嘴边))3、模仿:mimic /'m ɪm ɪk/4、扭曲:twist /tw ɪst/ (名言的改变)。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(一)

众所周知,考研是⼈⽣的⼀次重新洗牌和重⼤机遇,⽽在考研的四门课程中,英语成了许多考⽣前进征途上的⼀只凶猛拦路虎和⼗分困难的羁跘与障碍。
详细分析历年考研英语试卷,⼜可以发现主要⽭盾在于阅读(占60%的分数),故可谓:得阅读者得天下。
阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C,其中Part A为四篇阅读理解,占40分,是阅读理解考试中的主战场。
那么,阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢? 技巧⼀:看懂 阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”,所以,看得懂乃是第⼀项技巧。
任何⼀篇⽂章,若要能看懂它,⾄少需要两个条件:认识单词和看明⽩句⼦。
单词就像盖房的砖⽡,考研词汇⼤约为5500个,这不是⼀个⼩数字,也并⾮三两天时间可以记住的,所以,考⽣必须先买⼀本考研英语词汇书进⾏系统、长期的学习和记忆。
(推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》,该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法,⽽是采⽤历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据,将所有⼤纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从⾼到低排列,⽽且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句,可以使学⽣⽤最少的时间获得的学习效果)。
拿到词汇书之后,⾸先⽤⼤约⼀周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来,如rear,tedious,deteriorate,plausible,jargon,isotope,……,(因为这些单词你可能完全不认识,看到之后两眼漆⿊,所以称之为“⿊”字)。
“⿊”字是阅读的头⼀个障碍,单词不认识,句⼦当然看不懂,所以,消灭“⿊”字是当务之急。
(争取⽤⼀个⽉左右的时间消灭它们!) 考研词汇中,除“⿊”字外,还有⼤量意思⾮常明⽩的所谓“⽩”字,如:able,benefit,culture,space,topic,……。
此类单词可⼀掠⽽过,除“⿊”(完全不认识)和“⽩”(完全明⽩)字两类外,还有许多似会不会的“灰”字,如:treaty,tutor,sample,saddle,fuss,……。
考研英语精读的方法与技巧

考研英语精读的方法与技巧1.阅读速度调整:精读时,不能盲目追求阅读速度,要适当提高阅读速度,但又不能超过自己的阅读理解能力。
可以通过不断练习来提高阅读速度,但要确保在不影响理解的情况下。
2.主题句把握:在阅读文章时,要先抓住主题句,主题句通常出现在开头或者结尾,或者是段落中的第一句话。
了解主题句有助于理解整篇文章的中心思想。
3.关键词标记:阅读时,将重要的关键词标记出来,可以用下划线、圈圈等方式进行标注。
这样做有助于快速回忆文章内容,也方便后续做题时快速定位。
4.理解段落结构:文章通常由多个段落组成,每个段落包含一个中心思想。
了解段落结构,可以从宏观上掌握文章的发展和构思。
为了更好地理解段落结构,可以在读完一段后,简要概括它的内容。
5.掌握词汇的句法功能:在阅读理解中,了解词汇的句法功能对理解句子的意思至关重要。
熟悉常见的词汇用法和搭配,能更准确地理解句子的含义。
6.利用上下文推测词义:阅读过程中,会遇到一些生词或不认识的词汇。
此时可以通过上下文的线索去推测词义,尤其是判断其正面还是否定的含义,或者判断其具体指代的对象。
7.注意细节和逻辑关系:考研英语精读中的阅读理解题目通常需要考生对文章的细节和逻辑关系有较好的理解。
所以在阅读过程中,要时刻关注文章的细节,同时注意段落之间的逻辑连接和转折关系。
8.增加阅读量:阅读量的多少直接关系到阅读理解的能力。
可以通过坚持每天阅读英文材料,增加阅读量,并逐渐提高自己的阅读能力。
9.做题巩固:阅读理解的练习是提高考研英语精读能力的重要手段。
在做题过程中,可以通过分析解题思路和答案选项,逐步加深对文章内容的理解。
10.模拟考试训练:最后阶段,可以进行一些模拟考试的练习,模拟考试能够帮助考生熟悉考试的节奏和氛围,同时检验自己的考试成果。
总之,考研英语精读需要考生具备良好的阅读理解能力和英语基础,并且需要通过大量的练习来提高自己的阅读能力和解题技巧。
同时,需要注重平时的积累和阅读习惯的养成,不断增加自己的阅读量,才能在考研英语精读中取得好成绩。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇_Unit

新东方出版的考研英语阅读理解精读100篇共有25个单元,本文档包含第一个单元,更多英语考研信息请点击UNIT ONETEXT ONETesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers £270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least £80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fixprices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over £116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be £11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations”in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay £26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____[A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation.[B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price. [C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of £80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors[D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula?[A] Retail chains.[B] Farmers.[C] Dairy companies.[D] Politicians3. The word “defiant”(Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.[A] resisiting[B] angry[C] deficient[D] confident4. We may infer from Morrisons’statement that _____ [A] Morrisons turn out to be the most defentive when dealing with OFT.[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support the inquiries into the former Safeway business. [C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said to be _____[A] biased.[B] objective.[C] sympathetic.[D] optimistic.篇章剖析:本文介绍了目前奶制品公司因内部设定价格而面临受到的调查和处罚的状况。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(十一)

TEXT 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68 year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? [A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people. [B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. [C] Americans are over confident of their medical technology. [D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that . [A] medical resources are often wasted [B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases [C] some treatments are too aggressive [D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of . [A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent [C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support 59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care . [A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly [C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that . [A] medicine will further prolong people's lives [B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living [C] death should be accepted as a fact of life [D] excessive demands increase the cost of health careachieve12 v.①完成,实现;②达到,达成,获得 aggressive5 a.①侵略的,好⽃的;②⼤胆的,积极的 attitude14 n.①(to,towards)态度,看法;②姿势 author69 n.①作者;②创始⼈ billion11 num./n.[美]⼗亿,[英]万亿 cancer11 n.癌 chair4 n.①椅⼦;②主席(职位);vt.主持,担任 claim12 v.①要求;②声称,主张;③索赔;n.①要求;②主张,断⾔;③索赔;④权利,要求权,所有权 conclude5 v.①结束,终结;②断定,下结论;③缔结,议定 confident3 a.(of,in)确信的,⾃信的 confront3 v.①使⾯临,使遭遇;②⾯对(危险等) consent3 v./n.(to)同意,赞成,答应 contempt4 n.轻蔑,藐视 contrast5 v.对⽐,对照;n.对⽐,对照,差异 court10 n.①法院,法庭;②宫廷,朝廷;③院⼦;④球场 doctor12 n.①博⼠;②医⽣;v.伪造,篡改 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的,戏剧性的;②剧烈的,激进的;③显著的,引⼈注⽬的 energetic2 a.有⼒的,精⼒旺盛的 enthusiastic2 a.热情的,热⼼的 excessive3 a.过多的,过分的来源:考试⼤ express4 v.表达,表⽰;a.特快的,快速的;n.快车,快运 failure6 n.①失败,不及格;②失败者;③故障,失灵;④未能 fatal4 a.致命的,毁灭性的 finite2 a.有限的 former10 a.①前任的;②以前的,在前的;pron.前者 frustrate1 v.挫败,阻挠,使灰⼼ fund14 n.资⾦,基⾦;v.资助,投资 governor1 n.总督,州(省)长 hip2 n.髋部;a.时髦的 humble2 a.①谦卑的,恭顺的;②低下的,卑微的;v.降低,贬抑 ideal5 a.①理想的,完美的;②空想的;③理想主义的;④唯⼼的;n.理想 imply12 v.意指,含...意思,暗⽰ inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然发⽣的 intend15 v.想要,打算,企图 justice2 n.①公正,公平;②审判,司法;③法官 justify8 v.证明...是正当的,认为有理 measure14 v.测量;n.①尺⼨,⼤⼩;②[常pl.]措施,办法;③法案,法律规定 mere7 a.①纯粹的;②仅仅,只不过 obvious13 a.明显的,显⽽易见的 optional1 a.可以任选的,⾮强制的 painful5 a.疼痛的,使痛苦的 perish1 v.①丧⽣;②凋谢;③毁灭,消亡 physician10 n.内科医⽣ potential13 a.①潜在的,可能的;②势的,位的;n.潜能,潜⼒ procedure4 n.程序,⼿续,步骤 productive4 a.⽣产(性)的,能产的,多产的 prolong3 v.拉长,延长 proof2 n.①证据,证明;②校样,样张 pursuit6 n.①追赶,追求;②职业,⼯作 quest3 n.寻求 quote5 v.引⽤,援 reality10 n.①现实,实际;②真实 remark7 n.(about,on)评语,议论,意见;v.①(on)评论,谈论;②注意到,察觉 replace7 v.①放回,替换,取代;②归还 reserve2 n.①储备(物),储藏量,储备⾦;②缄默,谨慎;v.①保留,储备;②预定,预约 resource7 n.①[pl.]资源,财⼒;②办法,智谋;③应变能⼒;④设备 reverse1 n.①相反,反转,颠倒;②背⾯,后⾯;a.相反的,倒转的;v.颠倒,倒转,(使)倒退 scholar5 n.学者 sentence9 n.①句⼦;②判决,宣判;v.宣判,判决 shield2 n.①防护物,护罩;②盾,盾状物;v.保护,防护 solve9 v.解决,解答 supreme2 a.①极度的,最重要的;②⾄⾼的,的 surgeon1 n.外科医⽣ sustain5 v.①⽀撑,撑住;②维持,持续,经受,忍耐 system31 n.①系统,体系;②制度,体制 technology27 n.⼯艺,技术 therapy2 n.治疗,理疗 threaten8 v.①恐吓,威胁;②有...危险,快要来临 trend12 n.倾向,趋势;v.伸向,倾向 unlikely5 a.未必的,靠不住的 vain2 a.①徒劳的,徒然的;②⾃负的,虚荣的;n.徒劳,⽩费 worth5 n.价值;a.值得的 advance10 v.①前进,进展;②推进,促进;③提出(建议等);④提前;n.①前进,进展;②预付,预⽀ cataract1 n.①⼤瀑布;②⽩内障 cautiously1 ad.慎重地 clinical1 a.临床的 consumer20 n.消费者 dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地,耀眼地 depression2 n.①沮丧,消沉;②(经济)萧条,不景⽓ disapproval1 n.不赞成 disintegrate1 vt.(使)分解,(使)碎裂 expectancy2 n.期待,期望 extravagantly1 ad.挥霍⽆度地 flexibly1 ad.易曲地,柔软地 genetically2 ad.遗传地 inability1 n.⽆能,⽆⼒ ineffective2 a.⽆效的 infirm1 a.弱的,不坚固的,柔弱的 leader10 n. overfund1 vt.对...提供充⾜资⾦ productively1 ad.有结果地,有成果地 reasonably2 ad.适度地,相当地 routinely1 ad.例⾏公事地 surgical1 a.外科的,⼿术上的;n.外科病房,外科⼿术 treatment7 n.待遇,对待,处理,治疗 unaffordable1 a.供应不起的 underfund1 vt.投资不⾜ unimaginable2 a.,想不到的,不可思议的 unsustainable1 a.不能成⽴的,不能⽀持的 难句1 Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. [结构分析] 1. 本句主⼲结构为:... we demand everything ... ; 2. everything后⾯是that引导的定语从句,that在从句中作主语; 3. 第⼀个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分,第⼆个逗号后⾯是even if引导的让步状语从句; [本句难点]主要是过去分词作状语,以及定语从句的⽤法; [⽅法对策]抓住句⼦主⼲,然后再分析状语等其他成分; [例句精译]由于医疗费⽤由第三⽅⽀付,我们常常要求⽤尽所有的医疗⼿段,即使它们不会有任何作⽤。
15分钟之内搞定考研英语阅读B

15分钟之内搞定阅读B首先要弄清楚阅读B和阅读A的不同之处:阅读A的重点在于准确理解,相比之下B部分更侧重的是对文章的结构的把握。
弄清楚这一点是至关重要的,因为这种本质性的差异使得作A、B两部分的方法大相径庭!步骤一:速读文章(4-5分钟之内),找出中心论点和各段主旨,重点注意blank出的上下文并简单猜测一下此处大概内容。
这一步看似简单,其实其中有很多技巧。
读和读不一样,比如你看我这篇帖子和看报纸上的新闻时候都在读,但侧重点不一样。
现在你是在精读,看报纸是浏览罢了。
但要注意的是,读阅B的时候不能用看报纸一样的那种浏览来速读,而应该始终记得自己的目的:观察文章结构!比如:第一段提出现象,第二段提出相关评论和作者论点,第三段给正例,第四段给反例,最后一个结论。
当然,我举这个例子太俗,也没什么代表性,我只是为了说明一种文章内部一定有某种结构。
限于时间和条件我就不举具体的例子来说明了。
各位可以多练习一下,每次读都要在头脑中替作者构思该怎样写,怎样衔接,怎样才能更有说服力,渐渐的你就可以在很短的时间里迅速掌握文章的结构了。
这里有一点要特别注意:千万别被作者把你的思路带进文章里面。
举个简单的例子,比如某篇文章讲如何才能获取女孩子的芳心(我假设的),至今仍然没有女朋友的你(当然也是假设的)可能对这个话题就很感兴趣,对其中的细节若有所悟,文章所要传达的内容基本都被你吸收了。
如果这是阅读A的文章,你就赚到了,回答问题可能也很轻松;可若是阅读B的文章,你就倒霉了,津津有味的读了半天,结果结构上的特点一点没领会。
明白我的意思了没?步骤二:从A到G仔细的看每一个选项,看一个确定一个,并对不能确定的选项作简单标记(4-5分钟)。
有了步骤一的基础,你可能很容易便能确定某选项的位置了,甚至没看到这个选项的时候你大概已经想到这个选项应该是这个样子的(这种几率很小),也可能对某几个还有些犹豫。
不要紧,还有时间,继续下一步。
步骤三:仔细观察文章blank处的上下文的每一个细节(连词、特定名词etc),回到选项群按细节排查(4-5分钟)。
英语精读方法和技巧

英语精读方法和技巧英语精读方法和技巧(精选篇1)一、每天坚持读书。
朗读:一般*读2到3遍,带着理解去读,而不只是为读而读。
二、听从最初级的听力入手,听懂每个单词、每句话、每段话及每篇*。
逐步增加难度。
每天至少半小时。
三、写每两天写一篇英文日记或者作文,注意写作的语法和单词,好的语法是会为作文加分的。
四、语法从基础到高级,掌握每一个语法点,详细的用笔记记录下来。
笔记所记的都是自己所会的,直到把所有语法细节都掌握。
笔记不能是记的,还要及时的复习,这样记笔记才有用处。
五、词汇每天记忆100到150个新单词,并复习前一天的旧单词。
对于生疏的旧单词,可记录下来,安排适当时间记忆。
这样下来,温故而知新,就不会学着前面忘记后面的了。
六、练习大量的练习可以巩固所学知识。
从练习中增加词汇量和语法的了解。
英语精读方法和技巧(精选篇2)一半是基本功,一半是技巧。
基本功漫谈阅读的基本功是取得阅读高分重要保证,但这需要从长计议,非短期能奏效。
中国大学英语教学体制是中国考生阅读理解能力低的主要原因。
几乎所有到美国读书的中国学生会感觉到自己的阅读能力明显不足,因为在国外,通常学生每次课后作业需要阅读长达数十页到数百页的*,非常不适应,感到自己多年来在中国炼就的高超语法水平(如虚拟语气有多少种特例、很多八百年都用不上一次的词语搭配)却无用武之处。
据我多年应试与教学的体会,中国学生阅读最大的障碍在于对英语长句、复杂句的感觉和把握。
*读不懂,其实读不懂的还是难的句子,目前在研究生入学考试阅读部分中出现含有50~70个词汇长度的句子已属司空见惯,如果文中充满了主系和主谓宾单句的话,恐怕没有谁读不懂!对于大多数同学而言,个别单词不认识并不会造成语义理解的障碍,除非您的单词量实在是太小了,事实上很多同学阅读水平处在这样的一个阶段:很多单词是认识的,但句子长的,结构复杂了,句子语义理解起来就很慢、很吃力,或根本不理解,从而导致整个*理解的障碍。
考研英语阅读精读真题精选

考研英语阅读精读真题精选"Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness"wrot eMiltonFriedman,aNobelPrize-winningeconomist"Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedto increaseitsprofits."ButevenifyouacceptFriedman'spremiseandregardcorporatesoc ialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'smoney ,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompa niesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$ 15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingf irm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa"signal"thatacompany 'sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany'sproductsasani ndirectmaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse"haloeffect"wherebyitsgoodde edsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseef fectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.Arecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberypros ecutionsunderAmerican'sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproduc tsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybyth ehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostc omprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirm'spoliti calinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedforthelen iency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidno treceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlye valuateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacom pany'srecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategiving byabout20%resultinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypic alpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials."saysoneresearcher.Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionat howmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect ,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotr oublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostl ypunishment.诺贝尔经济学奖得主、经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼写道,企业社会责任有且仅有一种,“那就是,利用自身资源从事能让其获利的各种活动。
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超精读——全面提升英语阅读能力作者:丁晓钟来源:点点英语经常有同学问我:有没有什么捷径能够顺利地通过四六级、考研或者其它英语考试? 我的回答总是:没有。
但是,帮助同学们找到一套科学的学习方法,不仅可以提高英语能力,而且对考试也有切实的帮助,是我一直所追求的。
在国内这样的非母语学习环境里,如何在英语学习上少走弯路,最为行之有效和直接的提高英语水平的办法就是大量阅读,并作精细阅读,这样才能带动“听说写译”等其它能力的突破。
结合我个人的学习体会,并经过长时间的思考和教学中的摸索,我总结出了一套以阅读为突破口,提高英语综合能力和突破四六级和考研等等英语考试的“超精读”方法,希望能对同学们有所帮助。
对大部分中国学生来说,欠缺的不是泛读,而是精读。
总的来说,同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。
这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言,注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配,代词和名词的指代,对精彩句型的模仿,以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。
另外,还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系,是因果、递近、转折还是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句,以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系,体会每句话在文章中的作用。
在阅读过程中,要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词,作者和专家的观点,以及语气的把握。
特别注意作者和专家的观点,专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补,以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对,是关注还是乐观等等。
如果是真题,还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。
在此过程中,可把文章尽可能的多读几遍,甚至翻译一下,提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度,阅读速度自然也就提高了。
如果能做到上面几点,那么你才能说真正地理解了文章,阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高,其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。
先从听力说起,据研究,一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。
试想,有的同学连听力原文都看不懂,怎么可能听懂呢。
另外,在超精读的过程中,所积累的词汇能力,对词汇题也有很大帮助,我曾做过统计,如果对10套左右的四六级、考研阅读真题中的词汇进行过深入学习,大纲中的重点词汇就已经囊括大半。
最好的词汇记忆方法是通过阅读来学习,可以记得又牢又准确。
对翻译、完形、改错、简短回答问题等小题型,你就会觉得得心应手,因为你对这些题型的解题能力和你的阅读、词汇能力最相关。
关于作文,许多同学喜欢背模版,其实模版作文千篇一律,很难拿到高分。
如果在读英语报刊和真题的过程中,我们有意识地摘抄积累一些精彩地道的词汇和句型,考试时信手拈来,无疑会使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。
实际上,我们所阅读的英语文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。
如果我们能在早晨、傍晚朗读或背诵英语报刊文章或真题阅读文章,经常进行翻译练习,耳濡目染接触到的都是地道的英语,坚持下去,我们的听说读写译能力很自然地就会得到提高。
第一步:准备好阅读材料,训练阅读速度,捕捉文章大意。
不要查字典、看译文。
在阅读英语报刊(推荐阅读Time, Newsweek, the Economist等)或者真题的时候,第一遍都必须首先注意提高阅读速度。
对报刊上的文章,第一遍读的时候不要查字典,记下起止时间,计算单位时间的阅读量。
对真题,更加要控制在规定的时间内完成,阅读时就要随时对可能的考点作出标记,最后结合解题技巧来解题。
这时的重点放在训练速度,掌握文章大意、结构,以及作者和专家等的观点。
第二步:总结文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气,复合词的使用,总结各类重要搭配,对各类重要词汇进行扩展,正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代,并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的词汇。
1.从文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气角度,复合词的使用进行总结。
①准确性英语初学者在词汇的使用上一般太宽太泛,欠缺准确性。
比如想到走,只会用walk, 其实表示“走”的词汇有很多,如:stroll漫步, 闲逛; stagger 摇晃地走等等。
②形象性英语母语的人在使用英语的时候用词经常非常形象化,而我们一般用词就比较刻板。
比如上升,很多人只会用increase, 其实用climb 这个简单的词就很形象。
再如下文:Diana’s sudden death triggered a global outpouring of grief and boosted an already thriving “Diana Industry”. Described in an editorial in the Daily Mirror tabloid as the “grief industry”, interest in Diana has also spawned hundreds of “exclusive” biographies by people who claim to have been close to her.trigger n. (枪的)扳机; v. 引发, 引起, 触发spawn n.鱼等的)卵; v. 产卵,催生,造成,使产生③多样性词汇的多样性也是看一个语言学习者词汇掌握是否丰富的重要方面。
比如一篇文章讲汽车,其中就使用了car / motorcar / automobile / auto / vehicle 等词进行替换,你如果都掌握了,就可以很容易判断文章的主题。
还有一篇关于老年人的作文,一般人只会用old people, 如果你使用了the old / the elderly / the aged / the elderly population / senior citizens, 显然就技高一筹。
再如阅读理解中原文用legislator, 答案用lawmaker进行替换。
以上这些例子都说明了词汇的多样性的重要。
④感情色彩及语气动词、形容词和副词等的使用经常都表达了作者的感情色彩和语气,把握这一点对深入理解原文,或者考试时解题都很有作用。
The study’s director _89___ that “interactive leadership may emerge 90 the management style of choice of many organizations.” (2003.1 CET-6 Cloze)A)predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed这道题有争议,因为A)和B)从中文的意思上来看都可以,其实如果注意到句子中的may所表达的不确定语气就可以确定本题必选A) predicted 无疑。
因为predicted 意思是预测,表达的是一种不确定性,而proclaimed 一般表示在正式场合的宣布、声明,无此语气。
⑤复合词现代英语中复合词的使用非常广泛,且很多字典上都不一定能查到,平时要注意多总结。
比如-free 这个词表示“没有,免除”,可以组成很多复合词,flood-free 没有洪水的,fat-free 没有脂肪的。
再如孙英杰B尿样阳性,face a multi-year ban, 体会一下复合词的使用是不是句子有了英语的味道?2.总结文章中动词和名词(动宾)搭配、形容词和名词的搭配、副词和动词、形容词的搭配、各类介词搭配(动词和介词、形容词和介词、名词和介词、介词和名词)。
①动词和名词(动宾)搭配动词作为英语中最活跃的词性,具有强大的组词功能,尤其是与名词的搭配千变万化,但又在很大程度上是约定俗成的。
如果不加以注意,就容易犯错误。
比如一位同学作文中的表达:People take more emphasis on the health,这里的take就应该用place或者put。
曾经请同学翻译一句话:他的英语在这个学校最好。
一般人都翻译成:His English is the best in this school. 其实如果平时掌握了地道的动宾搭配,翻译成:His English tops this school. 是不是更好呢?例如:Chinese President Hu Jintao and British Prime Minister Tony Blair reached vital consensus on Wednesday on promoting the existing comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.从以上句子中我们就必须总结两个动宾搭配:(1). reach consensus on … 在…方面达成共识;(2). promote the existing comprehensive strategic partnership 促进现有的全面战略伙伴关系②形容词和名词的搭配英语中形容词表达的涵义很广,同一个形容词可以修饰不同的名词,不同的形容词可以修饰同样的名词,学习中一定要注意积累。
如有个同学的造句:The traffic in Nanjing is crowded. 这里crowded 就用错了,应该用heavy。
另外,heavy 还可以修饰smoker / rain 等等。
再如outstanding / superior / rare / top 都可以形容students, 指优秀的学生。
不要想到好坏就想到good, bad,。
比如不好的效果可以用ill effects , unfavorable effects 等等。
③副词和动词、形容词的搭配副词的使用经常使你的句子非常简洁和地道,比如你听到小日本被炸了,你的反应是不是pleasantly shocked (愉快的震惊)呢?再如intensely / crucially important 都可以代替very important。
如果你是李宇春的忠实粉丝,但如果是a hopelessly devoted fan 而耽误了学习就不好啦。
④各类介词搭配(动词和介词、形容词和介词、名词和介词、介词和名词)有专家称,英语是介词的语言,从这一点就可以看出介词的重要性。
多掌握各类介词固定搭配,可以使你的英语表达更地道。
3.注意对文章中重要词汇进行一定的扩展。
我们可以从词汇的同义词、反义词,同根词、相关性等等角度进行扩展,让你的词汇形成一个网络,而不是孤立的个体。
4.正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代如果无法正确识别指代,读者就无法把句子和句子连接成具有连贯意义的整体,就无法把握作者的思路延展。
例1:2003年6月六级阅读理解第三篇(32)Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. (This = the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.)In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school. (本文是一篇人文类的议论文,讨论的主要对象public education在第一句话中就提到,属于开门见山类的文章。